Estrategias de Comunicación Efectiva - SEMANA 1

 

ml Lstrdtlefds bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd Rlndhd 4 Ntrd. Olzfd Drl``dhc Bdstf``c

 

¡RLDH IFLHZLHFMCR! Rlndhd 4 Ntrd. Olzfd Drl``dhc Bdstf``c

 

Lstrdtlefds ml bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd

³Buä`ls sch `cs tlnds qul rlvfsdrlncs lstd slndhd3 

RLNDHD 4  ▻

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L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd @lylhmc bch brldtfvfmdm Ml `d pd`dird lsbrftd d `d crd` [rlpdrdbfòh pdrd uhd bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd 2

 

Lstrdtlefds ml bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd

¡Bcnlhblncs! 

 D`euhcs lstumfcs dsleurdh qul1 ▻ 4. @ds pd`dirds sc`c trdhsnftlh uh 5% ml` nlhsdal. ▻

9. L` tchc ml vcz ml` 9; d` 2;%.

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2. L` `lheudal bcrpcrd`1 Ml :; d 7;%. Ls mlbfr, pcmlncs bchb`ufr qul bdsf uh 62% ml` nlhsdal sl trdhsnftl pcr l` tchc ml vcz y l` `lheudal bcrpcrd` c hc vlrid`. =

 

4. L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd 4.4 @d fnpcrtdhbfd ml `d bcnuhfbdbfòh  @d bcnuhfbdbfòh vd näs d``ä ml` `lheudal crd`, ls mfjuhmfr fhjcrndbfòh rl`dbfchdmd d uh tlnd lsplbîjfbc? pcr lalnp`c, uhd pc`îtfbd lh `d credhfzdbfòh mchml sl `dicrd. ]dnifæh sl rljflrl d` lstf`c ml vlstfr c ml plfhdrsl, d `d ` d `lbturd ml uhd cird ml drtl, `d `lbturd ml uh p`dhc drquftlbtòhfbc, l` bòmfec julhtl ml uh prcerdnd fhjcrnätfbc, d `cs elstcs qul utf`fzdh `cs slrls gundhcs pdrd mlhctdr derdmc, mlsderdmc, jl`fbfmdm, trfstlzd, ltb. Ls pcr l``c qul d` trdtdr d `d bcnuhfbdbfòh bcnc uh cialtc ml lstumfc surel uh erdh prci`lnd yd qul sl trdtd ml uh ärld ml lstumfc nu`tfmfsbfp`fhdrfd qul lxfel fhtlerdr l` bchcbfnflhtc ml` bcnpcrtdnflhtc gundhc ml ndhlrd fhtlerd` pdrd bcnprlhmlr l` dbtc bcnuhfbdtfvc. <

 

4. L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd 4.4 @d fnpcrtdhbfd ml `d bcnuhfbdbfòh  Lxfstlh mcs tfpcs ml bcnuhfbdbfòh1 vlrid` y hc vlrid`. Mlhtrc ml `d prfnlrd sl bchsfmlrd d `d bcnuhfbdbfòh crd` y lsbrftd? `d sleuhmd fhb`uyl l` `lheudal bcrpcrd` y elstud`. ]cmd bcnuhfbdbfòh, vlrid` c hc vlrid`, prlbfsd ml uhd slrfl ml l`lnlhtcs iäsfbcs, dsî bcnc ml` lnp`lc ml uh bòmfec y uh bdhd` bcnc nlmfc ml trdhsnfsfòh. Bòmfec1 Rfstlnd ml sfehcs y rle`ds qul plrnftlh jcrnu`dr y bcnprlhmlr l` nlhsdal

Bdhd`1 Ls l` l` nlhsdal nlmfc d trdvæs ml` bud` sl trdhsnftl

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4. L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd 4.4 @d fnpcrtdhbfd ml `d bcnuhfbdbfòh  [drd rlj`ladr `d erdh fnpcrtdhbfd ml `d bcnuhfbdbfòh lh l` bdnpc prcjlsfchd`, sl gd bchsfmlrdmc hlblsdrfc pdrtfr ml d`euhcs puhtcs1 ▻

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]cmd bcnuhfbdbfòh fhvc`ubrd sfehcs y bòmfecs, sflhmc `cs sfehcs, dbtcs c drtljdbtcs qul sl rljflrlh d bchblptcs sfehfjfbdtfvcs. @cs bòmfecs, sch sfstlnds ml credhfzdbfòh ml `cs

sfehcs qul mltlrnfhdh bònc æstcs pulmlh lstdr fhtlrrl`dbfchdmcs. Lstcs sfehcs y bòmfecs sch trdhsnftfmcs, pulstcs d mfspcsfbfòh ml ctrcs? y trdhsnftfr`cs c rlbfifr`cs ls `d präbtfbd ml `ds rl`dbfchls scbfd`ls.

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4. L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd 4.4 @d fnpcrtdhbfd ml `d bcnuhfbdbfòh  ▻

@d bcnuhfbdbfòh ls blhtrd`, prcpfd ml bud`quflr bu`turd, pulstc qul sfh l``d hc gdirîd bdifmd `d lxfstlhbfd ml hfheuhd bu`turd lh l` nuhmc. [cr `c tdhtc, l` lstumfc ml `d bcnuhfbdbfòh fnp`fbd l` lstumfc ml `d bu`turd d `d bud` lstä fhtlerdmd.

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Bdmd dbtfvfmdm, hlecbfc, lnprlsd l fhstftubfòh tflhl su prcpfd bu`turd, pdrtl ml `d bcnuhfbdbfòh nfsnd y ctrcs bcnpcrtdnflhtcs ml quflhls `d bchjcrndh.

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4. L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd 4.4 @d fnpcrtdhbfd ml `d bcnuhfbdbfòh 

L` lnfscr ls `d plrschd qul lnftl c lhvîd l` nlhsdal, `c bcmfjfbd. L` bcmfjfbdr ls crmlhdr `ds pd`dirds ml jcrnd bcherulhtl, ml td` ndhlrd qul sl pulmd lhtlhmlr l` nlhsdal. L` nlhsdal ls l` bchtlhfmc lxprlsdmc y trdhsnftfmc nlmfdhtl bòmfecs, b`dvls, fnäelhls, ltb., pcr pdrtl ml` lnfscr d` rlblptcr. Bchstd ml `d fmld c fhjcrndbfòh blhtrd` qul sl quflrl trdhsnftfr .

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4. L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd 4.4 @d fnpcrtdhbfd ml `d bcnuhfbdbfòh 

L` bdhd` ls l` nlmfc c vlgîbu`c pcr l` bud` sl lhvîd y vfdad l` nlhsdal. L` rlblptcr ls `d plrschd c l` erupc ml plrschds d quflh c quflhls sl nlhsdal. mfrfel l` nlhsdal. Ls l` mlstfhdtdrfc qul mlbcmfjfbd l` nlhsdal. @d rltrcd`fnlhtdbfòh ls l` l`lnlhtc b`dvl qul prcpfbfd `d fhtlrdbbfòh  lhtrl l` lnfscr   y l` rlblptcr , dnids pdrtls sl dsleurdh ml qul l` nlhsdal jul rlbfifmc, bcnpdrtfmc y bcnprlhmfmc.

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4. L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd 4.9 Bdrdbtlrîstfbds ml `d bcnuhfbdbfòh  Gdy qul bchsfmlrdr qul sl bcnuhfbd bch `d bchmubtd y qul bch `d duslhbfd ml æstd, tdnifæh gdy bcnuhfbdbfòh, `d bud` prlslhtd `ds sfeuflhtls bdrdbtlrîstfbds1

Bcnc

Bchvlhbfchd`

]äbftd

Fnpcsfif`fmdm ml bcnuhfbdr

Nñ`tfp`ls sfehfjfbdmcs

prcblsc

 Driftrdrfd

[rdenätfbd

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4. L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd 4.9 Bdrdbtlrîstfbds ml `d bcnuhfbdbfòh  Bcnc prcblsc @d bcnuhfbdbfòh ls uh prcblsc ml bdräbtlr scbfd` l fhtlrplrschd`, lh l` qul sl ``lvd d bdic uh fhtlrbdnifc ml fhjcrndbfòh, vlrid` y hc vlrid`, sl lalrbl uhd fhj`ulhbfd rlbîprcbd y sl lstdi`lbl uh bchtdbtc d hfvl` rdbfchd` y lncbfchd` lhtrl `cs pdrtfbfpdhtls, sl bcnpdrtlh lxplrflhbfds, bchcbfnflhtcs y slhtfnflhtcs d trdvæs ml uh bdhd`  qul dbtñd bcnc scpcrtl lh `d trdhsnfsfòh ml `d fhjcrndbfòh.

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4. L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd 4.9 Bdrdbtlrîstfbds ml `d bcnuhfbdbfòh  Bchvlhbfchd`   @cs sfehcs utf`fzdmcs lh `cs nlhsdals mlilh slr bcnuhls pdrd l` lnfscr y pdrd l` rlblptcr , ml lstd ndhlrd, l` rlblptcr pulml bcmfjfbdr `d ` d fhjcrndbfòh l fhtlrprltdr`d. @cs bòmfecs sul`lh lstdr jcrndmcs pcr slôd`ls (sfehcs y sînic`cs). Duhqul tcmcs `cs `lheudals gundhcs sch bchvlhbfchd`ls, hc tcmcs sch ml feud`ls bdrdbtlrîstfbds hf pcsllh fmæhtfbcs cialtfvcs.

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4. L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd 4.9 Bdrdbtlrîstfbds ml `d bcnuhfbdbfòh  ]äbftd @d bcnuhfbdbfòh ls tdhtc lxp`îbftd bcnc täbftd, yd qul sl utf`fzdh nlhsdals mfrlbtcs y sutf`lzds lh `ds bchvlrsdbfchls y/c hlecbfdbfchls, yd sldh lstds jcrnd`ls c hc jcrnd`ls. Lh elhlrd` sl rlburrl d `cs nlhsdals elstud`ls lh `ds cpcrtuhfmdmls qul sl prlslhtdh prci`lnds. Fndefhlncs d uhd plrschd qul lstä lh uhd rluhfòh c bcnfmd ml trdidac, `l sfrvlh uh p`dtf``c qul hc ls ml su derdmc plrc djfrnd qul `l eustò l` p`dtf``c, sfh lnidrec, su rcstrc lxprlsd mlsderdmc.

4=

 

4. L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd 4.9 Bdrdbtlrîstfbds ml `d bcnuhfbdbfòh  Driftrdrfd 

@d prdenätfbd bchsfmlrd `cs l`lnlhtcs lxtrd`fheðîstfbcs lxtrd`fheðî stfbcs qul mltlrnfhdh l` usc ml` `lheudal, bcnc `d fhtlhbfòh bcnuhfbdtfvd, l` bchtlxtc vlrid` y `d sftudbfòh c bchcbfnflhtc

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@c qul mfstfheul d `d bcnuhfbdbfòh lstrfbtdnlhtl gundhd ml` rlstc ls `d bdpdbfmdm ml rlprcmubfr sfehcs? dsî bcnc utf`fzdr sînic`cs, rl`dbfchls driftrdrfds juhmdnlhtdmds lh uh bchslhsc scbfd` lhtrl uh bchblptc bch dqul``c qul rlprlslhtd.

[rdenätfbd Lstumfd `cs prfhbfpfcs qul rleu`dh l` usc ml` `lheudal lh `d bcnuhfbdbfòh, ls mlbfr, `ds bchmfbfchls qul mltlrnfhdh tdhtc l` lnp`lc ml uh lhuhbfdmc bchbrltc pcr pdrtl ml uh gdi`dhtl bchbrltc lh uhd sftudbfòh bcnuhfbdtfvd bchbrltd, bcnc su fhtlrprltdbfòh pcr pdrtl ml` mlstfhdtdrfc. 4<

 

4. L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd

Mlhctdtfvc1 Budhmc ls l` sfehfjfbdmc lxdbtc ml uhd pd`dird.

4.9 Bdrdbtlrîstfbds ml `d bcnuhfbdbfòh 

Bchhctdtfvc1 Ls l` sfehfjfbdmc plrschd` c prfvdmc qul sl md d `d pd`dird, ls suialtfvc.

Fnpcsfif`fmdm ml hc bcnuhfbdr hdmd Hc gdy hdmd qul sld `c bchtrdrfc ml bchmubtd. @d hc-bchmubtd hc lxfstl? ls fnpcsfi`l hc bcnpcrtdrsl. Lh uhd sftudbfòh ml fhtlrdbbfòh, tcmd bchmubtd tflhl vd`cr ml nlhsdal, bcnuhfbd d`ec.

Nñ`tfp`ls sfehfjfbdmcs lh l` nlhsdal Lh `cs nlhsdals vlrid`ls y hc vlrid`ls, sl mlsld trdhsnftfr ‐sfehfjfbdmcs„ y hc sc`dnlhtl pd`dirds, rdzòh pcr `d bud` fhtlrvflhl `d ‐plrblpbfòh„ l ‐fhtlrprltdbfòh„ plrschd`. L` sfehfjfbdmc ml uh nlhsdal c pd`dird pulml slr ‐mlhctdtfvc„ c ‐bchhctdtfvc„. 4:

 

4. L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd 4.2 Glrrdnflhtds pdrd uhd bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd  ³Buä`ls sch `cs dpcycs vlrid`ls3 

Ls juhmdnlhtd` fmlhtfjfbdr `cs l`lnlhtcs òptfncs pdrd uhd dmlbudmd bcnuhfbdbfòh d` ncnlhtc ml mdr d bchcblr uh nlhsdal y lxfstlh mfvlrscs rlburscs jîsfbcs dsî bcnc dpcycs vlrid`ls qul sch ml erdh utf`fmdm.

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4. L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd 4.2 Glrrdnflhtds pdrd uhd bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd  Mlsbrfpbfòh

• Rl utf`fzd pdrd qul l` c `cs mlstfhdtdrfcs rlbchstruydh uhd fndelh nlhtd` ml` cialtc, lvlhtc, plrschd, `uedr c fmld.

Mljfhfbfòh

• bcnprlhsfòh Budhmc uhd pd`dird fnpcrtdhtl pdrd ls `d ml suls fmld y æstd mlsbchcbfmd pdrd `cs rlblptcrls.

• Rl fhtlhtd b`drfjfbdr uh bchblptc mlsbchcbfmc pcr l` rlblptcr nlmfdhtl `d

 Dhd`ceîd

rljlrlhbfd bchcbfmd. d uhd fmld qul sî sl bchsfmlrd

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4. L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd 4.2 Glrrdnflhtds pdrd uhd bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd  F`ustrdbfòh

• [ulml slr rld` c gfpctætfbd. Rl utf`fzd budhmc l` crdmcr quflrl fhsfstfr lh uh puhtc, budhmc quflrl pchlr æhjdsfs.

Lstdmîstfbds

• Rl bftdh lstdmîstfbds pdrd lsplbfjfbdr `d fmld prfhbfpd`, bulhtd bch näs brlmfif`fmdm sf sl `l bftd bcnc rlsu`tdmc ml uhd fhvlstfedbfòh pcr uhd fhstftubfòh.

• Rl utf`fzd budhmc sl mlsbrfilh `cs pdscs c

Lxp`fbdbfòh

ltdpds drtfjfbfd`. ml uh prcblsc, yd sld hdturd` c

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4. L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd 4.2 Glrrdnflhtds pdrd uhd bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd  Bdsc lsplbîjfbc

• Rl bftd uhd plrschd, uh `uedr, uh cialtc c lvlhtc pdrd bchbrltdr y lalnp`fjfbdr `d fmld blhtrd`.

Bcnpdrdbfòhbchtrdstl

• Rl mlsbrfilh `ds slnladhzds y mfjlrlhbfds qul sl plrbfilh lhtrl mcs plrschds, cialtcs, `uedrls, lvlhtcs, dbbfchls c fmlds.

Mfvfsfòh y b`dsfjfbdbfòh

• Rl derupd d `ds plrschds, cialtcs, `uedrls, lvlhtcs c fmlds ml dbulrmc bch su prfhbfpfc sfehfjfbdhtl l fhjcrndtfvc.

]lstfnchfc

• L` lnfscr bftd mfrlbtdnlhtl, c bch sus prcpfds pd`dirds d uhd julhtl bchcbfmd pcr l` pñi`fbc y qul tflhl brlmfif`fmdm pdrd æstl. @d julhtl qul bftd pulml slr uhd plrschd, fhstftubfòh c tlxtc jdncsc.

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4. L` prfnlr pdsc gdbfd `d bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd 4.2 Glrrdnflhtds pdrd uhd bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd  ³Buä`ls sch `cs rlburscs jîsfbcs3 

@cs l`lnlhtcs vfsud`ls sch fnpcrtdhtls yd qul bcnp`lnlhtdh `d fhjcrndbfòh qul sl trdhsnftl. @cs rlburscs qul pulmlh utf`fzdrsl sch1 ▻ ▻

[rlslhtdbfchls/Mfderdnds/[rcylbbfchls [fzdrrds l`lbtròhfbds

▻

Rftfcs wli fhtlrdbtfvcs

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L`lnlhtcs nu`tfnlmfd (dumfcs y vfmlcs)

▻

Mrdndtfzdbfchls

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9. @lylhmc bch brldtfvfmdm 9.4 Lstrdtlefds ml sîhtlsfs   D` rld`fzdr uhd `lbturd, `lbturd, prfnlrc sl gd ml fmlhtfjfbdr l` tlnd prfhbfpd` d sfhtltfzdr, sfhtltfzdr, sl mlil tlhlr prlslhtl l` cialtfvc qul vd d tlhlr l` tlxtc y sl elhlrdh fmlds. ]dnifæh sl gdbl uhd rlvfsfòh c uh dhä`fsfs ml ndtlrfd`ls. Rl fhmded y sl rld`fzdh `lbturds qul sdilncs hcs gdh ml dpcrtdr c iflh, lhrfqulblr bch mfvlrsds fmlds y

plhsdnflhtcs, lstc bch `d jfhd`fmdm ml dpcydrhcs lh l` mlsdrrc``c ml` tlxtc qul vdncs d lsbrfifr. Rl pulml sfhtltfzdr `d fhjcrndbfòh ml dbulrmc d1

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9. @lylhmc bch brldtfvfmdm 9.4 Lstrdtlefds ml sîhtlsfs  4. Lsqulnds1 Rl credhfzdh `ds fmlds lh crmlh  alrärqufbc, ml dbulrmc d `ds fmlds prfhbfpd`ls y slbuhmdrfds. Rl pd`dirds b`dvl l utf`fzdh fmlds bcrtds pdrd su l`dicrdbfòh.

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9. @lylhmc bch brldtfvfmdm 9.4 Lstrdtlefds ml sîhtlsfs  ▻

9. Ndpds nlhtd`ls1 [drtflhmc ml uhd pd`dird c fmld prfhbfpd` sl dscbfdh vdrfds fmlds rl`dbfchdmds bch l` tærnfhc. Ls uh bchauhtc ml pd`dirds, fnäelhls y bc`crls qul bchjcrndh `d lstrubturd driòrld bch uhd alrdrqufzdbfòh ml `ds fmlds.

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9. @lylhmc bch brldtfvfmdm 9.4 Lstrdtlefds ml sîhtlsfs  ▻

2. Ndpds bchblptud`ls1 Rch fhstrunlhtcs ml rlprlslhtdbfòh ml` bchcbfnflhtc, qul mdh fmld b`drd ml bchblptcs bcnp`lacs y jdbf`ftdh su dprlhmfzdal. @d rlprlslhtdbfòh näs bcnñh ls nlmfdhtl jfeurds elcnætrfbds, duhqul pulmlh fhb`ufr lh su mfslôc fnäelhls pdrd rlprlslhtdr vfsud`nlhtl `c qul sl quflrl.

9<  

9. @lylhmc bch brldtfvfmdm 9.4 Lstrdtlefds ml sîhtlsfs  ▻

=. Budmrcs sfhòptfbcs1 Rch rlprlslhtdbfchls eräjfbds ml `d fhjcrndbfòh y ml sus rl`dbfchls. Bch l``cs pulmls rld`fzdr `d b`dsfjfbdbfòh sîhtlsfs ml mdtcs, d` feud` qul bchy ctrcs prcblmfnflhtcs bcnc1 `cs e`csdrfcs, `cs rlsñnlhls y `cs lsqulnds.

9:  

9. @lylhmc bch brldtfvfmdm 9.9 Bcnprlhsfòh `lbtcrd L` hfvl` ml bcnprlhsfòh mlplhml ml `ds mlstrlzds ml lstd ltdpd. Rl gdbl uh æhjdsfs lh `d vfsud`fzdbfòh e`cid` ml `ds pd`dirds, jrdsls y crdbfchls. @d `lbturd pulml slr mlhctdtfvd y bchhctdtfvd. Gdy trls puhtcs d bchsfmlrdr1

4. @D [YL@LB]\YD1 Lh lstd jdsl sl elhlrd l` fhtlræs pcr l` tlxtc qul sl s l vd d `llr. [drd l``c tflhl qul vlr l` eustc pdrtfbu`dr ml bdmd plrschd, dsî bcnc su lmubdbfòh, su vcbdiu`drfc y usc ml` `lheudal. Rl plrbfil `c qul lvcbd `d `lbturd y `d prlmfbbfòh ml `cs bchtlhfmcs d pdrtfr ml bflrtcs l`lnlhtcs bcnc sch l` tîtu`c, l` prò`cec, l` dutcr, `cs eräjfbcs y `d pcrtdmd.

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9. @lylhmc bch brldtfvfmdm 9.9 Bcnprlhsfòh `lbtcrd 9. @D [CR@LB]\YD ▻

Rl gdbl uh dhä`fsfs d hfvl` bchhctdtfvc, mlhctdtfvc y brîtfbc.

▻

Rl bchsu`tdh julhtls dmfbfchd`ls.

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L` `lbtcr iusbd prcjuhmfzdr `d y/c fhjcrndbfòh c `ds scirl bf rbuhstdhbfds bfrbuhstdhbfds prcmubbfòh ml` tlxtc, scirl scirl l` dutcr `ds cpfhfchls `d `lbturd.qul rcmldrch d `d

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9. @lylhmc bch brldtfvfmdm 9.9 Bcnprlhsfòh `lbtcrd 2. L@ BCH]LW]C ML @D @LB]\YD Fnp`fbd `ds bfrbuhstdhbfds lh `ds qul sl mlsdrrc``d `d `lbturd y lh `ds qul sl rld`fzd l` lsbrftc nfsnc. @cs jdbtcrls qul sl tcndh lh bulhtd sch l` `uedr, l` tflnpc, `d bu`turd qul prlvd`lbl y `d sftudbfòh.

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9. @lylhmc bch brldtfvfmdm 9.2 [rcpflmdmls ml uh tlxtc   @cs tlxtcs tflhlh bcnc jfhd`fmdm bcnuhfbdr c fhjcrndr d`ec, sl prcmublh lh uhd sftudbfòh mltlrnfhdmd lh uh bchtlxtc lsplbîjfbc. ]cmc tlxtc pcsll uhd lstrubturd, bch l`lnlhtcs qul lstäh crmlhdmcs ml dbulrmc d rle`ds erdndtfbd`ls, puhtudbfòh, bcglrlhbfd, ltb. Lstc edrdhtfzd l` sfehfjfbdmc ml` nlhsdal y l` æxftc ml `d bcnuhfbdbfòh.

¡Zldncs `c qul mlil tlhlr uh tlxtc! 

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9. @lylhmc bch brldtfvfmdm 9.2 [rcpflmdmls ml uh tlxtc   ▻

(lxprlsdmds trdvæs ml crdbfchls crdbfchls y pärrdjcs) lstæh Bcglrlhbfd1 [lrnftl qul `ds fmlds (lxprlsdmds rl`dbfchdmds bcrrlbtdnlhtl uhds bch ctrds y qul sldh, lh bchslbulhbfd, lhtlhmfi`ls. Eudrmdh rl`dbfòh bch l` tlnd c dsuhtc d` bud` sl vd d rljlrfr l` tlxtc. Mlil gdilr uhd bcglrlhbfd `fheðîstfbd (bchsfstl lh `d bchbcrmdhbfd slnähtfbd qul gdy lhtrl `ds

crdbfchls) y bcglrlhbfd bcglrlhbfd e`cid` (bchsfstl lh fmlhtfjfbdr l` prcpòsftc ml` dutcr y l` mlsdrrc``c dreunlhtd` ml` tlxtc).

24  

9. @lylhmc bch brldtfvfmdm 9.2 [rcpflmdmls ml uh tlxtc   ▻

Dmlbudbfòh1 Ls `d prcpflmdm ml` tlxtc qul tflhl qul vlr bch l` slhtfmc bcnuhfbdtfvc qul quflrl märsl`l märsl`l d` nlhsdal lsplbîjfbc lsplbîjfbc ml qul sl trdtl, sl mlil mljfhfr l` prcpòsftc ml` nlhsdal qul sl quflrl prcmubfr (bchncvlr, plrsudmfr, mlncstrdr). Rfehfjfbd bchsfmlrdr l` `lheudal y l` vcbdiu`drfc dprcpfdmc d `cs jfhls bcnuhfbdtfvcs.

[cr lalnp`c, gdy qul tlxtcs qul pulmlh bchsfmlrdrsl bcnc dmlbudmcs pdrd scbfd`ls l` äniftc dbdmænfbc y ctrcs sl utf`fzdh lh lspdbfcs lsplbîjfbcs bcnc sch `ds rlmls

29  

9. @lylhmc bch brldtfvfmdm 9.2 [rcpflmdmls ml uh tlxtc   ▻

Bcglsfòh1 @ds fmlds ml uh tlxtc mlilh lstdr uhfmds dmlbudmdnlhtl, mlil gdilr rl`dbfòh lhtrl uhd fmld y ctrd nlmfdhtl `cs sfehcs ml puhtudbfòh, `cs bchlbtcrls `fheðîstfbcs (dmvlrifcs, bchauhbfchls y prlpcsfbfchls), y `d bchbcrmdhbfd lhtrl l` sualtc s ualtc y l` prlmfbdmc.

▻

Bcrrlbbfòh crtceräjfbd1 Ls fnpcrtdhtl qul bud`quflr tlxtc sld b`drc l fnplbdi`l lh budhtc d `ds rle`ds crtceräjfbds. Lstds prcpflmdmls mlilh lstdr prlslhtls lh tcmcs `cs tlxtcs sfh fnpcrtdr l` prcpòsftc c bchtlhfmc qul pulmdh tlhlr.

22  

[drd `cerdr uhd bcnuhfbdbfòh ljfbdz ls hlblsdrfc prdbtfbdr1 lsbrfifr y `llr

2. Ml `d pd`dird lsbrftd d `d crd` 2.4 L`lnlhtcs erdndtfbd`ls

2=  

2. Ml `d pd`dird lsbrftd d `d crd` 2.4 L`lnlhtcs erdndtfbd`ls  @d lsbrfturd rlquflrl ml uh dprlhmfzdal sfstlnätfbc y ml` mlsdrrc``c ml gdif`fmdmls, tdhtc nctrfbls bcnc fhtl`lbtud`ls. Rl mlil lsbrfifr bch prlbfsfòh, b`drfmdm, slhbf``lz y bchbfsfòh, bchsfmlrdhmc dsplbtcs crtceräjfbcs y erdndtfbd`ls pdrd qul gdyd uhd dmlbudmd bcnprlhsfòh scirl l` tlxtc y d` ncnlhtc ml gdi`dr`c, ml lxpchlr`c c mfd`cedr`c, hc gdyd bchjusfòh. @cs prfhbfpd`ls l`lnlhtcs erdndtfbd`ls qul mlilncs bchsfmlrdr sch1

Rfhtdxfs

Ncrjcsfhtdxfs

2<  

2. Ml `d pd`dird lsbrftd d `d crd` 2.4 L`lnlhtcs erdndtfbd`ls  ▻

RFH]DWFR1

Ls `d pdrtl ml `d erdnätfbd qul lstumfd l` crmlh y lstdi`lbl bcnc mlilh lh`dzdrsl `ds pd`dirds pdrd jcrndr uhd crdbfòh erdndtfbd`, dsî bcnc `ds hcrnds qul gdh ml sleufrsl pdrd uhfr uhds crdbfchls bch ctrds, d jfh ml jcrndr crdbfchls bcnpulstds c plrîcmcs.

]F[1 @d crdbfòh sfnp`l bchstd ml uh sc`c vlric y uh sc`c sualtc, nflhtrds qul `d crdbfòh bcnpulstd ml mcs c näs vlrics y mcs c näs sualtcs.  D `ds crdbfchls lh`dzdmds lhtrl sî pdrd jcrndr uh slhtfmc `òefbc `òefbc sl `ls ``dnd plrîcmc. Lh l` plrîcmc bdil uh bche`cnlrdmc ml jrdsls u crdbfchls

2:  

2. Ml `d pd`dird lsbrftd d `d crd` 2.4 L`lnlhtcs erdndtfbd`ls  ▻

RFH]DWFR1

Nflhtrds qul `d sfhtdxfs lsplbfjfbd `ds rle`ds sleñh `ds bud`ls uhd lxprlsfòh c uhd crdbfòh lstä ‐iflh jcrndmd„, jcrndmd„, `d  `d slnähtfbd sl lhbdred ml `ds rle`ds ml dbulrmc bch `ds bud`ls mfbgd lxprlsfòh u crdbfòh ls pcrtdmcrd ml uh sfehfjfbdmc c fhtlrprltdbfòh. fhtlrprltdbfòh.

@d sfhtdxfs sl rl`dbfchd bch `d erdnätfbd y `d rlmdbbfòh, nflhtrds qul `d slnähtfbd bch `d plrblpbfòh ml `ds

pd`dirds.

25

 

2. Ml `d pd`dird lsbrftd d `d crd` 2.4 L`lnlhtcs erdndtfbd`ls  ▻

LALN[@C ML \HD CYDBFÒH BCH V RFH RFH]DWFR

Bch sfhtdxfs

Rf nl guiflrd ncadmc dylr nl gdirîd lhjlrndmc

Rfh sfhtdxfs

Lhjlrndmc nl gdirîd dylr ncadmc sf nl n l guiflrd

LALN[@C ML \H [LYÎCMC1 Lh dqul``d bdsd dhtfeud, `cs rlbulrmcs lstdidh `dtlhtls lh dqul``cs nuli`ls mlsvlhbfadmcs, sf``ds rctds, drndrfcs dr ndrfcs vflacs, glrrdals

]dnifæh gdy uhd sfhtdxfs mlhtrc ml` plrîcmc.

lhncglbfmcs, lh uhd pd`dird lh tcmc dqul``c fhslrvfi`l.

27

 

2. Ml `d pd`dird lsbrftd d `d crd` 2.4 L`lnlhtcs erdndtfbd`ls  ▻

NCYJCRFH]DWFR

Ls l` bchauhtc ml l`lnlhtcs y rle`ds qul plrnftlh bchstrufr crdbfchls, `ls md slhtfmc y lstumfd `ds rl`dbfchls ml bchbcrmdhbfd. Lstä bcnpulstd pcr `d sfhtdxfs y `d ncrjc`ceîd. ncrjc`ceîd.



@d ncrjc`ceîd didrbd l` dhä`fsfs ml `d crdbfòh y `ds bchauedbfchls ml `ds pd`dirds qul ``lvd.



Lstumfd l` sfehfjfbdmc sfehfjfbdmc y juhbfchdnflhtc ml `ds pd`dirds , `ds

bdtlecrfzd ml dbulrmc d su juhbfòh1 vlric, sustdhtfvc, dmaltfvc, ltb.  

2. Ml `d pd`dird lsbrftd d `d crd` 2.4 L`lnlhtcs erdndtfbd`ls  ▻

LALN[@C ML NCYJCRFH]D NCYJCRFH]DWFR WFR Rusdhd gfzc uh pdstl` pdrd su jdnf`fd

[rlmfbdmc

Rusdhd ls l` sualtc Gfzc vlricls l`

26

=;  

2. Ml `d pd`dird lsbrftd d `d crd` 2.9 [rfhbfpfcs pdrd `d rlmdbbfòh ml uh mfsbursc   @d lsbrfturd ls uhd rlprlslhtdbfòh ml` plhsdnflhtc. L` plhsdnflhtc ls uh ‐lhtl ml rdzòh„ y hc gdy ctrd ndhlrd ml mdr`c d bchcblr sfhc ‐ndtlrfd`fzähmc`c„ ‐ndtlrfd`fzähmc`c„ bch  bch `d schcrfmdm ml `d pd`dird gdi`dmd, ls mlbfr, lxprlsähmc`c yd sld ml ndhlrd gdi`dmd c lsbrftd. ]cmc mfsbursc mlil bchtlnp`dr `cs sfeuflhtls puhtcs1 ▻ Jfadbfòh

ml` prcpòsftc1 Rl gdbl mfsbursc pdrd d`ec y pdrd d`euflh. [ulml slr fhjcrndtfvc,

lxb`dndtfvc, plrsudsfvc, mfsudsfvc c db`drdtcrfc. ▻ [rcblsdnflhtc

bcehftfvc ml `d fhjcrndbfòh1 @d bchblpbfòh qul sl tlhed ml `d

fhjcrndbfòh mlil slr b`drd. Rl bchsfmlrd l` rlbchcbfnflhtc, sl`lbbfòh, bchtlhfmc, credhfzdbfòh ml `d fhjcrndbfòh.

=4  

2. Ml `d pd`dird lsbrftd d `d crd` 2.9 [rfhbfpfcs pdrd `d rlmdbbfòh ml uh mfsbursc   Mltlrnfhdbfòh ml `d sftudbfòh bchtlxtud`1 Mltlrnfhd l` erdmc ml dmlbudbfòh ml` mfsbursc. Rl dmlbud l` lstf`c, l` `lheudal, sl bchsfmlrd l` bchtlxtc scbfd`, gfstòrfbc, rl`fefcsc, ltb. Rl bchsfmlrd l` pñi`fbc d` qul sl mfrfefrä.

Bcmfjfbdbfòh ml` nlhsdal1 Fnp`fbd l` mcnfhfc ml `ds rle`ds ml` bòmfec rlsplbtfvc y ml su usc c dp`fbdbfòh. Bcmfjfbdr dmlbudmdnlhtl l` nlhsdal ml` mfsbursc supchl drtfbu`dr `cs l`lnlhtcs qul `c bcnpchlh pdrd jdbf`ftdr su dscbfdbfòh. Rl tcnd lh bulhtd `d sl`lbbfòh y tfpc ml bchtlhfmc, `d credhfzdbfòh y `d julhtl ml` tlnd, `d fhtlhbfòh, l` bòmfec y `cs bchtlxtcs.

Lnfsfòh ml` nlhsdal1 @d prcmubbfòh ml uh mfsbursc bu`nfhd bch `d lalbubfòh ml` nlhsdal, l` bud` mlil slr ljfbflhtl y dtrdbtfvc pdrd `d dumflhbfd.

=9  

2. Ml `d pd`dird lsbrftd d `d crd` 2.9 [rfhbfpfcs pdrd `d rlmdbbfòh ml uh mfsbursc   Rl mlilh tdnifæh bchsfmlrdr l` crmlh c lstrubturd ml uh mfsbursc1

 Dniflhtdbfòh

Fhtrcmubbfòh

Bulrpc c mlsdrrc``c

Bchb`usfòh

=2  

2. Ml `d pd`dird lsbrftd d `d crd` 2.9 [rfhbfpfcs pdrd `d rlmdbbfòh ml uh mfsbursc    Dniflhtdbfòh l fhtrcmubbfòh1 fhtrcmubbfòh1 Dhtls ml `d lxpcsfbfòh lxpcsfbfòh sl gd ml bchstdtdr qul qul tcmc lstæ `fstc y `cs cylhtls credhfzdmcs lh l` `uedr. L` lxpcsftcr sul`l slr prlslhtdmc prlslht dmc d` pñi`fbc pcr uh tlrblrc y l` cialtfvc ls bdptdr `d dtlhbfòh ml `d dumflhbfd y prlslhtdr l` tlnd qul sl sustlhtdrä. s ustlhtdrä.

Bulrpc1 Rl mlsdrrc``d y sustlhtd l` bchtlhfmc blhtrd`, sl bcnuhfbd ml ndhlrd b`drd, bcglrlhtl y uhftdrfd `cs bchblptcs bcrrlspchmflhtls gdstd dectdr l` p`dh y l` tflnpc prlvfstc. Rl gdblh rdzchdnflhtcs mlmubtfvcs d pdrtfr ml prlnfsds, dsî bcnc rdzchdnflhtcs fhmubtfvcs y dhd`ceîds.

==  

2. Ml `d pd`dird lsbrftd d `d crd` 2.9 [rfhbfpfcs pdrd `d rlmdbbfòh ml uh mfsbursc   Bchb`usfòh1 Budhmc l` cialtfvc ls fhjcrndtfvc sul`l gdblrsl uhd sîhtlsfs ml `c yd mfbgc y budhmc vd näs d``ä ml `c fhjcrndtfvc (qul ls dreunlhtdtfvc c lxpcsftfvc), `d bchb`usfòh bchsfstl lh rldjfrndr `d tlsfs blhtrd` c lh gdblr uhd fhvftdbfòh d qul `cs cylhtls dsundh mltlrnfhdmd pcsfbfòh, tcnlh uhd mlbfsfòh c lnprlhmdh d`euhd dbbfòh. ]lrnfhdmc l` mfsbursc, ls rlbcnlhmdi`l mdr `d pd`dird d `cs cylhtls pdrd qul gdedh prleuhtds y pfmdh db`drdbfchls db`drdbfchls bch rlsplbtc mumds d` lxpcsftcr

=<  

2. Ml `d pd`dird lsbrftd d `d crd` 2.2 Zfbfcs ml` `lheudal D`euhcs vfbfcs ml` `lheudal d bchsfmlrdr pdrd d hulstrd vfmd bctfmfdhd1 ▻ ▻

Dpòbcpl1 Bcrtdr fhjcrnd`nlhtl uhd pd`dird ‒ pd`dird ‒  Ifbf, Ycmrf

▻

- ]rls trfstls tferls Bdbcjchîd1 Bcnifhdbfòh ml schfmcs fhdrnòhfbcs - ]rls Lujlnfsnc1 Mfsjrdzdr bch dmcrhcs l` `lheudal mfrlbtc - Zftd` `îqufmc

▻

hulvds - Nähmdnl uh lndf` Hlc`cefsnc1 Diusc bch pd`dirds hulvds mlsml nf wlisftl

▻

- Ruifr [`lchdsnc1 Ylpltfbfòh fhhlblsdrfd ml pd`dirds c fmlds - Ruifr

drrfid? lhtrdr dmlhtrc

 

2. Ml `d pd`dird lsbrftd d `d crd` 2.2 Zfbfcs ml` `lheudal D`euhds nu`ltf``ds qul pcmlncs lvftdr1  ndhcs lh `cs ic`sf``cs, dbdrfbfdrsl 4. Nu`ltf``ds bcrpcrd`ls1 `d idrif``d, tdpdrsl `d bdrd, rdsbdrsl

9. Nu`ltf``ds crd`ls1 ln, lstl, bdbgdf, c sld, ls mlbfr   2. Nu`ltf``ds lsbrftds1 lvfmlhtlnlhtl, lh mljfhftfvd, lstä b`drc @ds nu`ltf``ds sfrvlh pdrd lhbuirfr mumds, vdbîcs, vfbfcs ml` bcnuhfbdmcr.

=:

=5  

=. [rlpdrdbfòh pdrd uhd bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd =.4 Bcnuhfbdbfòh lh erupcs plqulôcs  @d bcnuhfbdbfòh lh uhpcr erupc fhjcrnd`, ls crflhtdmd uh ls `firl l bccrmfhdmcr y `d pdrtfbfpdbfòh ls blrrdmd pcrqul sl trdtd ml uh hñnlrc ml pdrtfbfpdhtls `fnftdmc.

Ylvfslncs `ds pdutds iäsfbds pdrd l` æxftc ml `d bcnuhfbdbfòh lh

uh erupc   

=. [rlpdrdbfòh pdrd uhd bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd =.4 Bcnuhfbdbfòh lh erupcs plqulôcs  Crmlh, rlspltc d `d pd`dird ml `cs mlnäs

Rustlhtc ml fmlds bch b`drfmdm y prlbfsfòh

[rcncvlr `d pdrtfbfpdbfòh ml tcmcs `cs fhtlerdhtls

Hc plrnftfr qul `d mfsbusfòh sl blhtrl lh mcs plrschds

Iusbdr uhfmdm lh l` tlnd trdtdmc

B`drfmdm lh bchb`usfchls jfhd`ls

=7

=6  

=. [rlpdrdbfòh pdrd uhd bcnuhfbdbfòh ljlbtfvd =.9 [rlslhtdbfchls lh pñi`fbc  L` pñi`fbc sch tcmcs dqul``cs cylhtls, rlblptcrls d quflhls sl mfrfel l` lnfscr lh uh bchtlxtc mltlrnfhdmc, bch uh cialtfvc lsplbîjfbc y bch `d lxplbtdtfvd ml rlbfifr fhjcrndbfòh c uhd rlspulstd scirl d`eñh tlnd.

Ls fnpcrtdhtl qul bcnc crdmcr c lnfscr, tcnlncs lh bulhtd `c sfeuflhtl1 4. @cs dmaltfvcs y dmvlrifcs lxprlsdh cpfhfchls, `c bud` fhvftd d qul l` pñi`fbc pulmd mfsbutfr scirl l``c. Rl mlil slr cialtfvc, slhbf``c y b`drc.