Estrategia de La Cadena de Suministro y Ubicación de Instalaciones

 

D. KYW]CWKDJC GK BC ICGKNC GK Y[LJNJYW]@ Z [MJICIJÙN GK JNYWCBCIJ@NKY JNYWCBCIJ@NKY

Ykdÿn Mcbb`u (=557), bc icgknc gk suljnjstr` i`lprkngk t`gcs bcs civjgcgks rkbcij`ncgcs i`n kb fuo` y trcns`rlcijùn gk mjknks gksgk bc ktcpc gk lctkrjc prjlc acstc bbkdcr cb usucrj` ncb. nc b. U`r `tr `tr` ` bcg` bcg` G·Cbkss G·Cbkssj` j` (=53=) (=53=) lknij` lknij`nù nù quk b`s sul suljnj jnjstr str`s `s nkiksc nkikscrj` rj`ss pcrc pcrc bc pr`guiijùn kstãn kspcrijg`s knt`niks pcrc b`drcr tknkrb`s gjsp`njmbks kn kb klp` y i`n i`st`s cgkiucg`s sk acik nkikscrj` dks`ncr gk lcnkrc kkivc bc icgknc gk suljnjstr`, p`rquk gk n` skr csì sk pukgkn vkr pkrougjicg`s tcnt` ibjkntk i`l` bc klprksc. Ucrc bbkdcr c icm` t`g` kst` sk acik nkikscrj` i`n`ikr b`s i`nikpt`s sjdujkntks? 

[nc icgknc gk suljnjstr` sk `rjdjnc gk unc s`bjijtug gkb ibjkntk.

  B`dìsic ks unc pcrtk gkb pr`iks` gk bc icgknc gk suljnjstr` quk pbcnkc, kokiutc y

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i`ntr`bc kb fuo` y cblcikncljknt` kijkntk y kicz, acijc gkbcntk y acijc ctrãs, gk mjknks y skrvjij`s, csì i`l` gk bc jn`rlcijùn rkbcij`ncgc, gksgk kb punt` gk `rjdkn acstc kb punt` gk i`nsul`, i`n kb n gk scscikr b`s rkqukrjljknt`s gk b`s ibjkntks.  Bcs ktcpcs gk unc icgknc gk suljnjstr` pjic jnibuykn ibjkntks, ljn`rjstcs, gjstrjmujg`rks

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` lcy`rjstcs, cmrjicntks, y pr`vkkg`rks gk i`lp`nkntks y lctkrjcs prjlcs.  Kb `mokv` gk unc icgknc i cgknc gk suljnjstr` gkmk skr bc gk lcxjljzcr kb vcb`r t`tcb dknkrcg`.

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 Bcs gkijsj`nks kn unc icgknc gk suljnjstr` sk ibcsjicn kn trks ictkd`rìcs, kstrctêdjic gk

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pbcnkcijùn y `pkrcvc8 gkpkngjkng` gk bc rkiuknijc gk icgc gkijsjùn y gkb pkrj`g` kn kb iucb knk jlpcit` bc gkijsjùn t`lcgc.

 

KBKLKNW@Y UC]C BC UBCNJFJICIJ@N Kb kxclkn iujgcg`s` gk b`s gct`s mãsji`s rki`djg`s pr`p`rij`ncrã b`s cntkikgkntks pcrc kvcbucr bc vjcmjbjgcg gk bcs s`buij`nks têinjics quk sk vcycn c `rlubcr. [n cnãbjsjs gktcbbcg` gk b`s cspkit`s quk sk kstugjcn mrkvklkntk c i`nnucijùn, skrvjrã s`mrk t`g` pcrc cijbjtcr kb pr`iks` gk kvcbucijùn.

KYWCG@ GK GKYC]]@BB@ DKNK]CB Kb gkscrr`bb` gk bc i`lkrijcbjzcijùn gkb pksicg` gkmkrã tknkr kn iukntc kb njvkb tkin`bùdji` gk b`s acmjtcntks gk bc z`nc kn iuksùn y bcs ki`n`lìcs gk ksicbc kn bc pr`guiijùn, cblcikncljknt`, trcnsp`rtk y gjstrjmuijùn gkb pksicg`. Ucrc quk kb i`st` gk pr`guiijùn skc b` lãs mco` p`sjmbk, bcs jnstcbcij`nks pcrc kb gksklmcrquk y bc i`lkrijcbjzcijùn gkb pksicg` kn pkqukóc ksicbc gkmkrãn skr sjlpbks y mcrctcs, lcntknjkng` cb ljsl` klp` un mukn njvkb gk tkin`b`dìc k ajdjknk

LCWK]JC U]JLC Acy quk acikr un kxclkn gktcbbcg` gkb suljnjstr` gk bc lctkrjc prjlc, tknjkng` kn iukntc bcs gjkrkntks kspkijks, su gurcijùn kslcgc, bc i`lp`sjijùn sjic y quìljic, bcs tcbbcs i`lkrijcbks gjsp`njmbks, b`s v`bÿlknks citucbks y bcs prkvjsj`nks gk gjs gjsljn ljnuijù uijùn, n, kstcmj kstcmjbjg bjgcg cg ` jnirklk jnirklknt` nt` gk b`s gks gksklm klmcrq crquk ukss kn kb utur` utur`.. Wclmjê Wcl mjên n acmrã acmrã quk kst kstugj ugjcr cr bcs fuituc fuitucij` ij`nks nks kst kstcij cij`nc `ncbks bks gk b`s v`b v`bÿlk ÿlknks nks gksklmcricg`s gk icgc kspkijk p`r un pkrj`g` gk vcrj`s có`s.

CYUKIW@Y GK BC I@LK]IJCBJ_CIJÙN GK UKYICG@ Z U]@G[IW@Y UKYS[K]@Y Yj kb kstugj` gk jgknicijùn ac l`strcg` quk b`s prjnijpcbks gkkit`s gkb sjstklc pukgkn puk gkn rklkgj rklkgjcrs crsk k i`nstr i`nstruyk uykng` ng` jnstcb jnstcbcij cij`nk `nkss pcrc pcrc bc i`lkri i`lkrijcb jcbjzc jzcijù ijùn n gkb pksicg`, kb pcs` sjdujkntk skrã acikr un kstugj` gk lkricg`, quk gkmkrã t`lcr kn i`nsjgkrcijùn b`s sjdujkntks kbklknt`s? 

kb v` v`bu bulk lkn n gk pksi pksicg cg` ` qu quk k sk vc c lcnk lcnkoc ocrr y bc icn icngc gcg g gk pr pr`g `gui uit` t`ss pksqukr`s quk b`s i`nsuljg`rks kstcrìcn gjspukst`s c i`lprcr gurcntk un gktkrljncg` pkrì`g` gk klp` c un prkij` gcg`

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bcs prkkrknijcs y citugks gk b`s i`nsuljg`rks

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kb i`st` gk bc lctkrjc prjlc (p`r kspkijks prjnijpcbks), i`st` gk bc rki`djgc gkb pksicg` (jnibujg`s kb ajkb`, bcs icocs pcrc kb pksicg` y bcs pêrgjgcs gk pks`), b`s i`st`s gk unij`ncljknt` y gk trcnsp`rtk gksgk b`s budcrks gk gksklmcrquk

 

acstc b`s prjnijpcbks ikntr`s gjstrjmujg`rks y pukst`s gk vkntc cb p`r lkn`r, y `tr`s i`st`s bc rk rkbc bcij ijùn ùn kntr kntrk k bc icpc icpcij ijgc gcg g pr prkv kvjs jstc tc gk bcs bcs jnst jnstcb cbci cij` j`nk nkss pc pcrc rc kb

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gk gksk sklm lmcr crqu quk k y bc i`lkr i`lkrij ijcb cbjz jzci cijù jùn n y bcs bcs icn icngc gcgk gkss gk lc lctk tkrj rjc c pr prjl jlc c gjsp`njmbks cnucblkntk kb nÿlkr` prkvjst` gk gìcs cb có` kn quk kb sjstklc gk rki`djgc/gjs rki`djgc/gjstrjmu trjmuijùn ijùn

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gk pksicg` p`grìc unij`ncr c icpcijgcg pbknc bcs kspkijks quk i`n lcy`r pr`mcmjbjgcg sk vkngkrãn y kb p` gk lcnjpubcijùn

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quk sk pr`p`ngrã (p`r koklpb`, pksicg` knrjcg` ` pkiks vjv`s kn gkpùsjt`s, kti.).

KLUBC_CLJKNW@ Kn kstc csk gk bc pbcnjicijùn sk kbjdk pr`vjsj`ncblkntk bc umjicijùn gk b`s gksklmcricgkr`s, b`s punt`s gk rki`djgc y b`s budcrks gk i`lkrijcbjzcijùn, y bukd`, c lkgjgc quk sk cvcnzc kn bc pbcnjicijùn, sk vc rkkvcbucng` su jg`nkjgcg. Kn iucnt` c bc kbkiijùn gk b`s budcrks, acy quk tknkr kn iukntc b`s sjdujkntks cit`rks? 

bc gjsp`njmjbjgcg gk pkiks y ` lcrjsi`, bc gjstcnijc c bcs z`ncs gk pksic8

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bc kxjstknijc gk icljn`s, krr`icrrjbks ` vìcs ncvkdcmbks, u `tr`s skrvjij`s gk trcn trcnsp sp`r `rtk tk

kntr kntrk k

b` b`ss

budc budcrk rkss

ksi` ksi`dj djg` g`ss

pr pr`v `vjs jsj` j`nc ncbl blkn kntk tk

pc pcrc rc

b`s b`s

gksklmcricgkr`s y ikntr`s gk rki`djgc y b`s lkricg`s8 

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bc gjsp`njmjbjgcg y kb i`st` gkb tkrrkn` y b`s i`st`s gk su prkpcrcijùn8 bc gjs gjsp`n p`njmj jmjbjg bjgcg cg gk cduc, cduc, gk un sjstkl sjstklc c gk kbj kbjljn ljncijù cijùn n gk rksjgu rksjgu`s, `s, gk i`lmusmbk y, acstc ijkrt` punt`, gk kbkitrjijgcg, jnfuyk tclmjên kn bc kbkiijùn gk b`s budcrks8

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b`s budcrk budcrkss gkmkn gkmkn tknkr tknkr ksp kspcij cij` ` suijk suijkntk ntk tcnt` tcnt` pcrc pcrc bcs jnstcb jnstcbcij cij`nk `nkss prkvjstcs ount` cb lcr y kn krrc, i`l` pcrc uturcs clpbjcij`nks8

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gkmkn prkkrjrsk tkrrkn`s pbcn`s pcrc kvjtcr b`s i`st`s cgjij`ncbks pcrc su njvkbcijùn8

 

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bc gjsp`sjijùn gk b`s pksicg`rks gkb budcr c ubjzcr bcs jnstcbcij`nks prkvjstcs pcrc kb gksklmcrquk y bc i`lkrijcbjzcijùn gkb pksicg`.

KYWJLCIJÙN GK B@Y I@YW@Y Z F[KNWKY GK FJNCNIJCIJÙN Gkmkrã Gkm krã acikrs acikrsk k unc ks kslci lcijùn jùn gk b`s i`s i`st`s t`s gk cgqujs cgqujsjij jijùn ùn gkb tkr tkrrkn rkn`, `, prkpcr prk pcrcijù cijùn n gkb budcr, budcr, i`nstr i`nstruiij uiijùn, ùn, kqujp` kqujp` y skrvji skrvjij`s j`s nk nkiks ikscrj crj`s `s pcr pcrc c bcs jnstcb jns tcbcij cij`nk `nkss gk gksklm gksklmcrq crquk uk y i`l i`lkri krijcb jcbjzc jzcijù ijùn, n, tk tknjk njkng` ng` kn iukntc iukntc bc pr`pjkgcg gkb pr`ykit` y b`s lctkrjcbks, csì i`l` b`s i`st`s gk b`s skrvjij`s y lcn` gk `mrc, gk lcnkrc quk rkfkokn bcs vcrjcij`nks uturcs rkspkit` gk b`s i`st`s citucbks. Acmrã quk kbcm`rcr un icbkngcrj` pcrc bc cgqujsjijùn y bc kokiuijùn gk bcs `mrcs, c n gk kstcmbkikr bcs kiacs gk kntrkdc y kb i`nsjdujkntk culknt` gk bcs nkiksjgcgks gk `ng`s. Bc kslcijùn gk b`s i`st`s gkmkrã skr b` lãs i`lpbktc p`sjmbk k jnibujr t`gc bc jnvkrsjùn gk icpjtcb, csì i`l` un pr`drclc gk b`s jndrks`s prkvjst`s y gk b`s i`st`s i`s t`s ks kslcg lcg`s `s gk unij`n unij`nclj cljknt knt` ` y lcntkn lcntknjlj jljknt knt`, `, gk lcnkrc lcnkrc quk kb `r `rdc dcnj njsl sl` ` gk n ncn cnijc ijcijù ijùn n kstê kstê pb pbkn kncl clkn kntk tk cb i`rrj i`rrjkn kntk tk gk bc sjtu sjtuci cijù jùn n ncnijkrc prkvjstc gkb pr`ykit` gurcntk su i`nstruiijùn y kn bcs csks jnjijcbks gk unij`ncljknt`.

I@NIKUW@Y GKB GJYKÓ@ MÃYJI@ Gurcntk bc csk gk pbcnjicijùn gkmkrã prkpcrcrsk tclmjên un gjcdrclc gk fuo` i`n bc skiuknijc gk bcs `pkrcij`nks, kb kqujp` nkikscrj` y b`s skrvjij`s quk acdcn acd cn cbtc, cbtc, b` iucb iucb cijbjt cijbjtcrã crã bc pbcnj pbcnjici icijùn jùn gkb pr`yki pr`ykit` t` pr`vjs pr`vjsj`n j`ncb cb y bc kvcbucijùn gk bcs nkiksjgcgks t`tcbks gk skrvjij`s. Kstk gjcdrclc gk fuo` p`grìc prkpcrcrsk prkpc rcrsk kstcmb kstcmbkijkn kijkng` g` icgc unc gk bcs csks quk jntkrvjknk jntkrvjknkn n kn bc rki`djgc rki`djgc gkb pksicg`, kn kb lcr ` kn krrc, skdujgcs gkb trcnsp`rtk, bc rkikpijùn, bc ibcsjicijùn, kb pkscg`, kb bcvcg`, kb knrjcg`, kb cblcikncljknt`, kti., y p`grìc tkrljncr i`n kb trcnsp`rtk c b`s pukst`s ljn`rjstcs

 

GJYW]JM[IJ@N FJYJIC GK CBLCIKNKY Kn kb cblcikn gk pbcntc Iajiclc, kb crkc pkrljtk tknkr lcs `rgkn p`r b` quk gkmkrjcn kstcr jnstcbcg`s cncqukbks g`ngk b`s lctkrjcbks kstkn skpcrcg`s p`r drup`s i`l`? sci`s bcljncg`s, scb jngustrjcb, cgjv`s, cn`xjgcntk ajgr`xjg` gk ksiclcs, sci`s nkdr`s, cijg` subiclji`.

]kspkit` c bc gjstrjmuij`n sjic gk b`s cblciknks kn pbcntc iajiclc n` acy un `rlct` gknjg`, nj un budcr gktkrljncg`, yc quk sk jlpr`vjsc un clmjkntk pcrc quk iulpbc bc uni`n gktkrljncgc i`n b`s jnsul`s gk cblcikn gkntr` gk bc pbcntc kn kokiuij`n y c lkgjgc quk cvcnzc bc pr`guiij`n, sk acik kb trcsbcg` gk b`s lctkrjcbks gk ciukrg` c bcs nkiksjgcgks quk sk prkskntkn. Kn kstc pcrtk sk rkcbjz` bcs sjdujkntks lko`rks? Kn kb cblcikn gk pbcntc iajiclc cb acmkr kspcij` suijkntk sk cgqujrj` cncqukbks y sk umji` b`s jnsul`s gk pr`guiij`n s`mrk pcrjaukbcs gk lcgkrc cmrjicgcs, sk ubjzk lctkrjcbks quk s`n s`mrcntks gk `mrcs yc kokiutcgcs kn pbcntc. Sukgcng` gjstrjmujg` kb cblcikn i`l` sk lukstrc kn bc sjdujkntk durc

 

LÊW@G@ GK B@Y FCIW@]KY U@NGK]CG@Y

FCIW@] GK GK B@ B@ICBJ_CIJ@N 3. Gjsp`njmjbjgcg gk lcn` gk `mrc =. Wrcnsp`rtk 9. Ur`xjljgcg c lkricg`s 7. Ykrvjij`s pumbji`s ;. Gjsp`njmjbjgcg gk rkiurs`s

U@NGK]CIJ@N

ICBJFJICIJ@N (ksicbc 3-355)

GKB FCIW@] (%)

I[JGCG C

5.=; 5.5; 5.35 5.9: 5.=3

45 ;5 1; 4; 65

I[JGCG M 65 65 15 45 45

Cpbjicng` Yo< ∓ Tj . Fjo sk `mknkn b`s sjdujkntks vcb`rks gk puntucij`n, i`l` sk lukstrc c i`nnucij`n.

FCIW@] GK GK B@ B@ICBJ_CIJ@N

U@NGK]CIJ@N GKB FCIW@] (%)

ICBJFJICIJ@N (ksicbc 3-355) I[JGCG C I[JGCG M

3. Gjsp`njmjbjgcg gk lcn` gk `mrc =. Wrcnsp`rtk 9. Ur`xjljgcg c lkricg`s 7. Ykrvjij`s pumbji`s ;. Gjsp`njmjbjgcg gk rkiurs`s

5.=; 5.5; 5.35 5.9: 5.=3

34.; =.; 1.; =:.9 3=.6

3;.5 9.5 1.5 =4.9 37.4

U[NW[CIJ@N W@WCB

3.55

45.7

61.55

Gkb cncbjsjs cntkrj`r sk pukgk i`nibujr quk bc ijugcg C ks prkkrcmbk pcrc b`icbjzkr bc nukvc pbcntc.