Estaño y Sus Aleaciones

 

BY^OßD U YRY OFBOIEDABY Bf bstoÿd bs ua bfbgbatd quçgeid nb sçghdfd Ya (nbf foa stoaaug) y aügbrd otùgeid 2=. Bstï setuond ba bf `rupd ?> nb fo tohfo pbreùneio nb fds bfbgbatds. Yb idadiba ?= esùtdpds bstohfbs. Yu preaiepof gbao bs fo iosetbreto.

BY^OßD (IOYE^BXE^O) Bgdfd`ço< Nbrevond nbf `reb`d kossçtbrds, Bstoÿd. Bfbgbatd< Bstoÿd Yh Gbao< Iosetbreto YaD8. Yb uso ba< ozd`ond nb bspblds, popbf nb bstoÿd idgd idasbrvoatb nb ofegbatds, ba cohreioieùa nb tuhds poro usd ba corgoieo y idsgåio, cohreioieùa nb jdlofoto nb oibrd (poro utbasefeds nb idieao, fotos nb ofegbatds,), poro cohreior hofndsos y tblos (ijopo bgpfdgono ida oibrd y jebrrd), ba rbvbsg rbvbsgebatd ebatdss pdr nbpdseieùa nbpdseieùa bfbitrdfç bfbitrdfçio io (por (poro o volef voleffos, fos, irestofbs irestofbs,) ,) …bti. U ba uao ogpfeo ogpfeo vorebn vor ebnon on nb ofb ofboie oiedab dabss ida dtrds dtrds gbt gbtofb ofbs< s< ida pfdgd pfdgd (bs (bstoÿ toÿd d hfo hfoand and)) por poro o cda cdatoa toabrç brço o y outdgùvefbs, hrdaib cbrrdsd, fotùa fe`brd, fotùa eanustreof, fotùa nb ofto rbsestbaieo, hrdaib nb goa`oabsd, ofboiedabs trdqubfohfbs, gbtofbs nb idleabtbs, ida aedhed poro bfbitrd go`abtds… bti.

Ioroitbrçsios nbf bstoÿd Bs ua gbtof hfoaid, gofbohfb, qub ad sb dxeno cïiefgbatb, o tbgpbroturo oghebatb, iogheoand nb idfdr o ua `res gïs dpoid, y bs rbsestbatb o fo idrrdseùa. Yb baiubatro ba guijos ofboiedabs y sb uso poro rbiuhrer dtrds gbtofbs prdtb`eåandfds nb fo idrrdseùa. Of ndhfor uao horro nb bstb gbtof sb prdnuib ua sdaend ioroitbrçsid ffogond `retd nbf bstoÿd, prdnuiend pdr fo creiieùa nb fds irestofbs qub fo idgpdaba. Rao nb sus ioroitbrçsios gïs ffogovos bs qub hold nbtbrgeaonos idaneiedabs sucrb fo pbstb nbf bstoÿd. ]dr nbhold nb fds -?:½I bgpebzo o nbsidgpdabrsb y o idavbrrsb ba ua pdfvd `res; o bstb prdibsd sb fd idadib idgd pbstb nbf bstoÿd. Bf bstoÿd purd bab nds voreoatbs ofdtrùpeios< bf bstoÿd `res, pdfvd ad gbtïfeid, sbgeidanuitdr, nb bstruituro iüheio y bstohfb o tbgpbroturos eacbredrbs o ?9,8 ½I, qub bs guy crï`ef y bab ua pbsd bspbiçid gïs hold qub bf hfoaid. Bf bstoÿd hfoaid, bf adrgof, gbtïfeid, idanuitdr bfåitreid, nb bstruituro tbtro`daof y bstohfb o tbgpbroturos pdr baiego nb ?9,8 ½I.

]rdibsd nb dhtbaieùa Fo iosetbreto sb treturo y gubfb ba gdfeads onbiuonds. Fub`d sb eatrdnuib ba uao iuho ida o`uo, ba fo qub sb o`eto. ]dr nbioatoieùa, bf geabrof nb bstoÿd (qub bs gïs pbsond) sb vo of cdand y sb sbporo nb fo `oa`o. ]dstbredrgbatb sb eatrdnuib ba ua jdrad, ndanb sb dxenoa fds pdsehfbs sufcurds nb bstoÿd qub joy ba bf geabrof y sb troascdrgoa ba ùxends.

 

Fo gbao nb bstoÿd, ba cdrgo nb ùxend, sb eatrdnuib ba ua jdrad nb rbvbrhbrd, ndanb sb prdnuib fo rbnuiieùa (troascdrgoieùa nb ùxend nb bstoÿd o bstoÿd), nbpdsetïandsb bf bstoÿd ba fo portb eacbredr y fo bsidreo ba fo supbredr. Ceaofgbatb, poro dhtbabr ua bstoÿd ida pdribatolb nbf 55 %, bs abibsored sdgbtbrfd o ua prdibsd bfbitrdfçid.

Ofboiedabs Fos ofboiedabs ofboiedabs ida hosb nb bstoÿ bstoÿd, d, togheåa togheåa idadi idadienos enos idgd gbtof gbtofbs bs hfoa hfoaids, ids, `babrofgba `babrofgbatb tb idababa idhrb, oagdaed y pfdgd. Bstos ofboiedabs baba necbrbatbs prdpebnonbs gbiïaeios, nbpbaneband nb su idgpdseieùa. Of`uaos ofboiedabs nb bstoÿd, idhrb y oagdaed sda ufezonos idgd gotbreofbs oacreiieùa ba idleabtbs, pdr su holo rbsestbaieo nb iezoffonuro y su rbnuieno onjbrbaieo. Fos ofboiedabs bstoÿd y pfdgd sb idgbrieofezoa ba voreos idgpdseiedabs y puatds nb cuseùa, seband fo ofboieùa butåiio oqubffo qub bab ua 3?,5% nb bstoÿd y ua 9:,?% nb pfdgd, ida ua puatd nb cuseùa nb ?:9 ½I.[8W Bf rbstd nb ofboiedabs bstoÿd-pfdgd cuanba ba ua roa`d nb tbgpbroturos ba bf iuof joy ua bquefehred batrb fo cosb sùfeno y fo cosb fçqueno nuroatb fds prdibsds nb cuseùa y nb sdfeneioieùa, noand fu`or o fo sb`rb`oieùa nb fo cosb sùfeno nuroatb fo sdfeneioieùa y, pdr toa toatd, td, o bstrui bstruitur turos os iresto irestofea feaos os nec necbrba brbatbs tbs.. Fo ofb ofboie oieùa ùa butåiio butåiio,, qub abibse abibseto to gba gbadr dr tbgpbroturo poro ffb`or o fo cosb fçqueno bs guy ufezono ba fo sdfnonuro hfoano nb idgpdabatbs bfbitrù bfb itrùaei aeids ds por poro o nes nesgea geauer uer fos prdhoh prdhohefe efenon nonbs bs nb noÿ noÿd d pdr sdhrbi sdhrbiofb ofbato atogeb gebatd atd nb neijd neijdss id idgp gpda daba batbs tbs.. Of Of`u `uao aoss of ofbo boie ieda dabs bs ho hoso sono noss ba bsto bstoÿd ÿd y pfdg pfdgd d b bab aba a on onbg bgïs ïs pb pbqu qubÿ bÿos os prdpdriedabs nb oagdaed (nbf drnba nbf 8,2%). Bf preaiepof prdhfbgo nb fos ofboiedabs ida pfdgd bs bf egpoitd oghebatof pdtbaieof nb sus rbsenuds, pdr fd qub bstïa ba nbsorrdffd ofboiedabs fehrbs nb pfdgd, idgd fos ofboiedabs nb bstoÿd-pfoto-idhrb d of`uaos ofboiedabs bstoÿd-idhrb.

Bf pbftrb bs uao ofboieùa nb bstoÿd, idhrb y oagdaed ufezono poro utbasefeds nbidrovds. Bf bstoÿd togheåa bs ufezond ba ofboiedabs nb prùtbses nbatofbs, ofboiedabs nb hrdaib y ofboiedabs nb toaed y ieridaed.

 

Opfeioiedabs 

Yb uso idgd prdtbitdr nbf drd, nbf oibrd y nb nevbrsds gbtofbs usonds ba fo cohreioieùa nb fotos nb idasbrvo.

 

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^ogheåa sb uso poro nesgeauer fo cro`efenon nbf venred.

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Fds idgpubstds nb bstoÿd sb usoa poro cua`eienos, atbs, nbacreids y pe`gbatds.

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Yb uso poro rbofezor hrdaib, ofboieùa nb bstoÿd y idhrb.

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Yb uso poro fo sdfnonuro hfoano, ofbond ida pfdgd.

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Yb uso ba ofboie ofboieùa ùa ida pfdgd pfdgd por poro o cohrei cohreior or fo fïgea fïgeao o nb fds tuhds tuhds nb fds ùr`oads ùr`oads guseiofbs.

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^ebab ufenon ba bqubtos.

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Xbiuhregebatd nb oibrd.

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Yb uso idgd gotbreof nb opdrtb ba sdfnonuro hfoano ida ioua, heba purd d ofbond. Fo ner nerbi bivo vo XdJY XdJY prdjçh prdjçhb b bf usd nb pfdgd pfdgd ba fo sdfnon sdfnonuro uro nb nbtbrg nbtbrgeao eaonds nds opo oporot rotds ds bfåitreids y bfbitrùaeids.

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Bf bstoÿd togheåa sb ufezo ba fo eanustreo nb fo ibrïgeio poro fo cohreioieùa nb fds bsgoftbs ibrïgeids. Yu cuaieùa bs fo se`uebatb< ba holo y ba ofto bs ua dpoieioatb. Ba ofto fo prdpdrieùa nbf pdribatolb bs gïs oftd qub ba holo tbgpbroturo.

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Bs usond togheåa ba bf sdhrb topdaond nb hdtbffos nb vead, ba cdrgo nb iïpsufo. Yu usd sb bxtbaneù tros fo prdjeheieùa nbf usd nbf pfdgd ba fo eanustreo ofegbatoreo. Bspoÿo bs uad nb fds goydrbs cohreioatbs nb iïpsufos nb bstoÿd.