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[ìdlbnj dnjnrm` an rnfursgs nj n` prgfnsg pnjm`. @gs rnfursgs jg anvg`utlvgs5 [nhgrbm y sõp`lfm. [nfursgs anvg`utlvgs5 @m mpn`mflöj nj n` prgfnsg graljmrlg y nj n` prgfnalblnjtg mkrnvlmag9 N` rnfursg an qunem fgjtrm `m ljmablslöj an gtrg rnfursg y fgbg sustltutlvg an `m mpn`mflöj. N` rnfursg an fmsmflöj pnjm`. @m rnvlslöj pnjm`. N` rnfursg an rnsflslöj an `m snjtnjflm alftmam fgjtrm rngs musnjtns. @gs rnfursgs fgjtrm `ms rnsg`uflgjns an` @ntrmag an `m Mabljlstrmflöj an Eustlflm [NHN[NJFLMV @NDLV@MQLXMV [nm` Anfrntg an =1 an snptlnbkrn an =33;, pgr n` qun sn mprunkm `m @ny an Njeulflmblnjtg Frlbljm`, fuyms õ`tlbms bgalhlfmflgjns sn cmj prgauflag pgr @ny Grdíjlfm =6/;?=>, an > an gftukrn, an bgalhlfmflöj an `m @ny an Njeulflmblnjtg Frlbljm` pmrm n`  hgrtm`nflb  hgrtm `nflblnjtg lnjtg an `ms dmrmj dmrmjtâms tâms prgfn prgfnsm`ns sm`ns y `m rndu` rndu`mflöj mflöj an `ms bnalams an ljvnstldmflöj tnfjg`ödlfm, y pgr @ny 1=/;?=>, an > an gftukrn, an bgalhlfmflöj an `m @ny an Njeulflmblnjtg Frlbljm`

 pmrm `m mdl`l mdl`lzmfl zmflöj öj an `m eustlf eustlflm lm pnjm` y n` hgrtm hgrtm`nflb `nflblnjtg lnjtg an `ms  dmrmjtâms  dmrmj tâms prgfn prgfnsm`ns sm`ns @ny Grdíjlfm 8/=, an = an eu`lg, an` _ganr Eualflm`, fuym õ`tlbm bgalhlfmflöj sn cm prgauflag pgr @ny Grdíjlfm =6/;?=>, an > an gftukrn, an bgalhlfmflöj an `m @ny an Njeulflmblnjtg Frlbljm` pmrm n` hgrtm`nflblnjtg an `ms dmrmjtâms prgfnsm`ns y `m rndu`mflöj an `ms bnalams an ljvnstldmflöj tnfjg`ödlfm @ny Grdíjlfm =?/=, an ;4 an mkrl`, an` Nstmtutg an `m vâftlbm an` an`ltg

GKENQLXGV  Mjm `lzmr  Mjm`lz mr `gs frl tnr tnrlgs lgs dn dnjnr jnrm`n m`n s qun rld nj nj n` íbk íbkltg ltg an `gs rnfursgs anjtrg an` prgfnsg pnjm` Nxmbljmr n` rìdlbnj an rnfursgs fgjtrm `ms rnsg`uflgjns an `gs @ntrmags an `m Mabljlstrmflöj an Eustlflm

[ìdlbnj dnjnrm` an rnfursgs nj n` prgfnsg pnjm`

=.

[ÌDLBNJ DNJN[M@ AN [NF^[VGV NJ N@ _[GFNVG _NJM@

=.= Fgjfnptg an rnfursg DÖBNU G[KMJNEM `g anhljn fgbg5 ‐ Mftg prgfnsm` an ujm pmrtn qun, hrnjtn m ujm rnsg`uflöj lbpudjmk`n y pnreualflm`, plan `m mftumflöj an `m @ny m su hmvgr ‒.

=.; Dmrmjtâm fgjstltuflgjm` Nj n` íbkltg an` prgfnsg pnjm`, `gs rnfursgs njfunjtrmj rmzöj an snr fgjstltuflgjm`bnjtn prgtndlam m trmvìs an` ‐anrnfcg an` fgjanjmag m qun `m snjtnjflm snm rnvlsmam pgr uj Qrlkujm` supnrlgr‒, anrnfcg qun sndõj rnltnrmam eurlspruanjflm an` Qrlkujm` Fgjstltuflgjm` sn fgjhldurm fgbg pmrtn an` ‐anrnfcg m uj prgfnsg fgj tgams `ms dmrmjtâms‒ rnfgjgflag nj n` mrt. ;1 FN

=.6 F`mslhlfmflöj an `gs rnfursgs hrnjtn m `ms rnsg`uflgjns eualflm`ns nj n` prgfnsg pnjm` M `gs rnfursgs fgjtrm rnsg`uflgjns an` `ntrmag an `m Mabljlstrmflöj an Eustlflm5 rnpgslflöj y rnvlslöj jgs rnhnrlrnbgs m` hljm` an nstn tnbm, pgr `g qun jgs fnjtrmrnbgs mcgrm nj `m f`mslhlfmflöj fltmam.

M. _gr sus nhnftgs - [nfursgs lbpnaltlvgs5 Lbplanj fgj su ljtnrpgslflöj qun ujm rnsg`uflöj pgstnrlgr anvnjdm hlrbn cmstm nj tmjtg jg sn rnsun`vm. - [nfursgs anvg`utlvgs5 Vgj mqun``gs fuyg fgjgflblnjtg fgrrnspgjan m` supnrlgr enrírqulfg rnspnftg an` ördmjg qun alftö `m rnsg`uflöj rnfurrlam. - Vuspnjslvgs5 Vu mablslöj mablslöj lbplan lbplan `m nenfuflöj nenfuflöj an `m rnsg`urnsg`uflöj rnfurrlam. An sunrtn qun `gs rnfursgs m` snr mabltlags punanj mabltlrsn5 - Nj uj sg`g nhnftg5 Anvg`utlvgs. - Nj mbkgs nhnftgs5 Anvg`utlvg y suspnjslvg.

K. Vndõj n` ördmjg qun ankm rnsg`vnr rnsg`vnr Fgbg mfmkmbgs an vnr pganbgs alstljdulr5 - Jg anvg`utlvgs5 [nhgrbm y sõp`lfm. - Anvg`utlvgs5 Mpn`mflöj, fmsmflöj y qunem.

naltgrlm`    }         fnp

Lbpgrtmjtn [nfursgs anvg`utlvgs5 `m trmbltmflöj y rnsg`uflöj an` rnfursg fgrrnspgjan m` ördmjg supnrlgr enrírqulfg m` qun alftö `m rnsg`uflöj rnfurrlam

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_rgfnalblnjtgs _rgfnalblnj tgs Eualflm`ns. A) _rgfnalblnj _rgfnalblnjtg tg _njm`. Qnbm >>

F. Vndõj n` ördmjg qun alftö alftö `m rnsg`uflöj rnsg`uflöj lbpudjmam - [nsg`uflgjns an ördmjgs ujlpnrsgjm`ns5 [nhgrbm, mpn`mflöj y qunem. - [nsg`uflgjns an ördmjgs fg`ndlmags5 Võp`lfm, fmsmflöj y qunem.

A. Vndõj n` tlpg an rnsg`uflöj lbpudjmam

Vmkâm qun @m @ny Grdíjlfm =/;?? Anpösltg pmrm rnfurrlr @m ljtnrpgslflöj an rnfursgs graljmrlgs y nxtrmgraljmrlgs, `m rnvlslöj y `m rnsflslöj an snjtnjflm hlrbn m ljstmjflm an` rnkn`an, nj `gs öranjns eurlsalfflgjm`ns flvl`, sgflm` y fgjtnjflgsg-mabljlstrmtlvg, prnflsmríj an `m fgjstltuflöj an uj anpösltg m tm` nhnftg.

 

naltgrlm`    }         fnp

[ìdlbnj dnjnrm` an rnfursgs nj n` prgfnsg pnjm`

Nj n` granj pnjm` nstn anpösltg snrí nxldlk`n õjlfmbnjtn m `m mfusmflöj pgpu`mr. Nj n` granj sgflm` y pmrm n` nenrflflg an mfflgjns pmrm `m nhnftlvlama an `gs anrnfcgs `mkgrm`ns nj `gs prgfnalblnjtgs fgjfursm`ns, n` anpösltg snrí nxldlk`n õjlfmbnjtn m qulnjns jg tnjdmj `m fgjalflöj an trmkmemagr g knjnhlflmrlg an` rìdlbnj põk`lfg an `m Vndurlama Vgflm`. N` anpösltg õjlfmbnjtn anknrí fgjsldjmrsn pmrm `m ljtnrpgslflöj an rnfursgs qun ankmj trmbltmrsn tr mbltmrsn pgr nsfrltg. Qgag n` qun prntnjam ljtnrpgjnr rnfursg fgjtrm snjtnjflms g mutgs qun pgjdmj hlj m` prgfnsg g lbplamj su fgjtljumflöj, fgjsldjmrí fgbg anpösltg5 m) 6? nurgs, sl sn trmtm an rnfursg an qunem.  k) >? nurgs, sl sn trmtm an rnfursg rnfursg an mpn`mflöj mpn`mflöj g an rnsflslöj rnsflslöj an snjtnjflm snjtnjflm hlrbn m ljstmjflm an` rnkn`an. rnkn`an. f) >? nurgs, sl sn sn trmtm an rnfursg nxtrmgraljmrlg nxtrmgraljmrlg pgr ljhrmfflöj prgfnsm`. a) >? nurgs, sl n` rnfursg hunrm n` an fmsmflöj, ljf`ulag n` an fmsmflöj pmrm `m ujlhlfmflöj an agftrljm. n) >? nurgs, nurgs, sl hunrm rnvlslöj. rnvlslöj. Mslblsbg, pmrm `m ljtnrpgslflöj an rnfursgs fgjtrm rnsg`uflgjns alftmams pgr n` Eunz g Qrlkujm` qun jg pgjdmj hlj m` prgfnsg jl lbplamj su fgjtljumflöj nj fum`qulnr ljstmjflm snrí prnflsm `m fgjsldjmflöj fgbg anpösltg an ;> nurgs. N` blsbg lbpgrtn anknrí fgjsldjmr qulnj rnfurrm nj rnvlslöj `ms rnsg`uflgjns alftmams pgr n` @ntrmag an `m Mabljlstrmflöj an Eustlflm. Vn nxf`uyn an `m fgjsldjmflöj an anpösltg `m hgrbu`mflöj an` rnfursg an rnpgslflöj qun `m `ny nxlem fgj fmríftnr prnvlg m` rnfursg an qunem. N` Bljlstnrlg Hlsfm` tmbklìj qunamrí nxnjtg an fgjstltulr n` anpösltg qun pmrm rnfurrlr vlnjn nxldlag nj nstm @ny. N` Nstmag, `ms FF.MM., `ms njtlamans `gfm`ns y `gs grdmjlsbgs mutöjgbgs anpnjalnjtns an tgags n``gs qunamríj nxnjtgs an fgjstltulr n` anpösltg rnhnrlag. M` jgtlhlfmrsn `m rnsg`uflöj m `ms pmrtns, sn ljalfmrí `m jnfnslama an fgjstltuflöj an anpösltg pmrm rnfur nfurrlr, msâ fgbg `m hgrbm an nhnftumr`g. @m mablslöj an` rnfursg prnflsmrí qun, m` ljtnrpgjnrsn n` blsbg sl sn trmtm an rnsg`uflgjns ljtnr`gfutgrlms, m `m prnsnjtmflöj an` rnfursg an qunem, m` prnsnjtmr `m anbmjam an rnsflslöj an snjtnjflm hlrbn nj `m rnkn`aâm y rnvlslöj, g m` mjujflmrsn g prnpmrmrsn n` blsbg nj `gs anbís fmsgs, sn cmym fgjsldjmag nj `m gpgrtujm njtlama an frìaltg y nj `m «Funjtm an Anpösltgs y Fgjsldjmflgjns¹ mklnrtm m jgbkrn an` Euzdmag g an` Qrlkujm`, `m fmjtlama gkentg an anpösltg, `g qun anknrí snr mfrnaltmag. N` @ntrmag an `m Mabljlstrmflöj an Eustlflm vnrlhlfmrí `m fgjstltuflöj an` anpösltg y anemrí fgjstmjflm an n``g nj `gs mutgs. Jg sn mabltlrí m tríbltn jljdõj rnfursg fuyg anpösltg jg nstì fgjstltulag. Vl n` rnfurrnjtn cuklnrm ljfurrlag nj anhnftg, gblslöj g nrrgr nj `m fgjstltuflöj an` anpösltg, sn fgjfnanrí m `m pmrtn n` p`mzg an ; aâms pmrm `m suksmjmflöj an` anhnftg, fgj mpgrtmflöj nj su fmsg an agfubnjtmflöj mfrnaltmtlvm. An jg nhnftumr`g, sn alftmrí mutg qun pgjdm hlj m` tríbltn an` rnfursg, g qun ljmabltm `m anbmjam, qunamjag hlrbn `m rnsg`uflöj lbpudjmam. Vl sn nstlbmrn tgtm` g pmrflm`bnjtn n` rnfursg, g `m rnvlslöj g rnsflslöj an snjtnjflm, nj `m blsbm rnsg`uflöj sn alspgjarí `m anvg`uflöj an `m tgtm`lama an` anpösltg. Fumjag n` ördmjg eurlsalfflgjm` ljmabltm n` rnfursg g `m anbmjam, g fgjhlrbn `m rnsg`uflöj rnfurrlam, n` rnfurrnjtn g anbmjamjtn pnranrí n` anpösltg, m` qun sn amrí n` anstljg prnvlstg nj nstm alspgslflöj. naltgrlm`    }         fnp

63>

_rgfnalblnjtgs _rgfnalblnj tgs Eualflm`ns. A) _rgfnalblnj _rgfnalblnjtg tg _njm`. Qnbm >>

@gs anpösltgs pnralags y `gs rnjalblnjtgs an `m funjtm qunamj mhnftmags m `ms jnfnslamans anrlvmams an `m mftlvlama an` Bljlstnrlg an Eustlflm, anstljíjagsn nspnfâhlfmbnjtn m suhrmdmr `gs dmstgs fgrrnspgjalnjtns m` anrnfcg m `m mslstnjflm eurâalfm drmtultm, y m `m bganrjlzmflöj n ljhgrbmtlzmflöj ljtndrm` an `m Mabljlstrmflöj an Eustlflm. M nstgs nhnftgs, `gs ljdrnsgs prgfnanjtns an `gs anpösltgs pnralags y `gs rnjalblnjtgs an `m funjtm dnjnrmríj frìaltg nj `gs nstmags an dmstgs an `m snfflöj =6 ‐Bljlstnrlg an  Eustlflm‒. N` Bljlstnrlg an Eustlflm trmjshnrlrí mjum`bnjtn m fmam Fgbujlama Mutöjgbm fgj fgbpntnjflms msublams nj bmtnrlm an Eustlflm, pmrm `gs hljns mjtnrlgrbnjtn ljalfmags, n` fumrnjtm pgr flnjtg an `g ljdrnsmag nj su tnrrltgrlg pgr nstn fgjfnptg, y anstljmrí uj vnljtn pgr flnjtg an `m fumjtâm d`gkm` pmrm `m hljmjflmflöj an` njtn ljstrubnjtm` pmrtlflpmag pgr n` Bljlstnrlg an Eustlflm, `ms FF.MM. y n` FD_E, njfmrdmag an n`mkgrmr ujm p`mtmhgrbm ljhgrbítlfm qun msndurn `m fgjnftlvlama njtrn tgags `gs Euzdmags y Qrlkujm`ns an Nspmým. @m fumjtâm an` anpösltg pmrm rnfurrlr pgarí snr mftum`lzmam y rnvlsmam mjum`bnjtn bnalmjtn [nm` Anfrntg. @m nxldnjflm an nstn anpösltg snrí fgbpmtlk`n fgj n` anvnjdg an `m tmsm nxldlam pgr n` nenrflflg an `m pgtnstma eurlsalfflgjm`. N` anpösltg prnvlstg nj `m prnsnjtn alspgslflöj jg snrí mp`lfmk`n pmrm `m ljtnrpgslflöj an `gs rnfursgs an sup`lfmflöj g an fmsmflöj nj n` granj eurlsalfflgjm` sgflm`, jl an rnvlslöj nj n` granj eurlsalfflgjm` flvl`, qun fgjtljumríj rndu`íjagsn pgr `g prnvlstg, rnspnftlvmbnjtn, nj `m @ny an _rgfnalblnjtg @mkgrm` y nj `m @NF (AM =>ª @G_E).

=.8 [ndu`mflöj Xlnjnj rndu`mags nj `m @NFrl.5 - N` @lkrg L, Qâtu`g S ‐ An `gs rnfursgs fgjtrm `ms rnsg`uflgjns prgfnsm`ns‒. - N` @lkrg X ‐An `gs rnfursgs an mpn`mflöj, fmsmflöj y rnvlslöj‒.

;.

@GV [NF^[VGV JG ANXG@^QLXGV5 [NHG[BM \ VÕ_@LFM

;.= Jmturm`nzm Mbkgs rnfursgs tlnjnj nj fgbõj jg sg`g n` snr jg anvg`utlvgs, tmbklìj n` cnfcg an snr graljmrlgs y nstmr alrldlag fgjtrm rnsg`uflgjns qun jg pgjnj hlj m` prgfnsg. Manbís, mbkgs sn sgbntnj m laìjtlfm trmbltmflöj, an mcâ qun punam mhlrbmrsn qun sn trmtm an` blsbg rnfursg fuym anjgbljmflöj vmrâm sndõj sn ljtnrpgjdm hrnjtn m rnsg`uflgjns an ördmjgs ujlpnrsgjm`ns, rnhgrbm, g hrnjtn m `m an ördmjgs fg`ndlmags, sõp`lfm.

;.; Bgtlvgs an` rnfursg Alfcgs rnfursgs punanj ljtnrpgjnrsn fgjtrm tgags `gs mutgs an` eunz, g trlkujm`, rnspnftlvmbnjtn, fgj nxfnpflöj5 - Nj n` an rnhgrbm, rnhgrbm, anjtrg an` an` _rgfnalblnjtg Mkrnvlmag, an `gs mutgs an` an` eunz an ljstrufflöj ljstrufflöj g an `g `g pnjm` qun nstìj nxfnptumags an rnfursg (mrt. 488 @NFrl). - Nj n` an an sõp`lfm, an `gs mutgs an` trlkujm` fgjtrm `gs `gs qun `m `m @NFrl prnvnm prnvnm nxprnsmbnjtn nxprnsmbnjtn gtrg rnfursg rnfursg (;64 @NFrl.)

638

 

naltgrlm`    }         fnp

[ìdlbnj dnjnrm` an rnfursgs nj n` prgfnsg pnjm`

;.6 Nhnftgs - Jg tlnjnj nhnftgs suspnjslvgs. - N` rnfursg an rnhgrbm nj n` _rgfnsg _rgfnsg Vubmrlg Graljmrlg sn fgjhldurm prnfnptlvg prnfnptlvg pmrm pganr pganr rnfurrlr pgstnrlgrbnjtn nj mpn`mflöj9 pnrg pgaríj ljtnrpgjnrsn mbkgs nj uj blsbg nsfrltg, nj fuyg fmsg n` an mpn`mflöj sn prgpgjarí sukslalmrlmbnjtn, pgr sl hunrn ansnstlbmag n` an rnhgrbm (mrt. ;;; @NFrl). Jg gfurrn msâ nj n` _rgfnalblnjtg Mkrnvlmag agjan n` rnfursg an mpn`mflöj pgarí ljtnrpgjnrsn sukslalmrlmbnjtn fgj n` an rnhgrbm g pgr snpmrmag, slj qun nj jljdõj fmsg snm jnfnsmrlg ljtnrpgjnr prnvlmbnjtn n` an rnhgrbm pmrm prnsnjtmr `m mpn`mflöj (mrt. 488 @NFrl).

;.1 Qrmbltmflöj M. Ljtnrpgslflöj Nj p`mzg an 6 aâms ansan `m jgtlhlfmflöj an `m rnsg`uflöj m rnfurrlr, bnalmjtn nsfrltg hlrbmag pgr `ntrmag mfgbpmýmag an tmjtms fgplms fgbg `ms anbís pmrtns (mrt. ;== @NFrl).

K. [nsg`uflöj N` ördmjg eualflm` rnsg`vnrí nj p`mzg an ; aâms.

6.

[NF^[VGV ANXG@^QLXGV5 @M M_N@MFLÖJ NJ N@ _[GFNVG G[ALJM[LG \ NJ N@ _[GFNALBLNJQG MK[NXLMAG9 N@ [NF^[VG AN ]^NEM FGJQ[M @M LJMABLVLÖJ AN GQ[G [NF^[VG \ FGBG V^VQLQ^QLXG AN @M M_N@MFLÖJ

6.= @m mpn`mflöj nj n` prgfnsg prgfnsg graljmrlg y nj n` prgfnalblnjtg mkrnvlmag Vn trmtm an uj rnfursg graljmrlg, anvg`utlvg y alrldlag fgjtrm rnsg`uflgjns qun punanj snr g jg anhljltlvms.

M. Fmsgs nj `gs qun prgfnan prgfnan m. Fgjtrm mutgs • Nj n` Vubmrlg Vubmrlg Graljmrlg

[nfursgs fgjtrm `gs sldulnjtns mutgs an `gs eunfns an Ljstrufflöj (rnsg`vlnjag `m Mualnjflm _rgvljflm`)5 - Mutg an ljmablslöj an qunrn``m. - Mutg an ljclklflöj. - Mutg an anjndmflöj an príftlfm an al`ldnjflms al`ldnjflms m `ms pmrtns. - Mutg an ansnstlbmflöj an `ms prntnjslgjns an` prgfnsmag prgfnsmag rn`mtlvms m su sltumflöj pnrsgjm`. pnrsgjm`. - Mutg an prgfnsmblnjtg. - Mutg nstlbmjag n` rnfursg an anjndmflöj an` prgfnsmblnjtg. - Mutg anf`mrmjag `m suhlflnjflm an `m hlmjzm.

naltgrlm`    }         fnp

634

_rgfnalblnjtgs _rgfnalblnj tgs Eualflm`ns. A) _rgfnalblnj _rgfnalblnjtg tg _njm`. Qnbm >>

• Nj n` _rgfnalblnjtg _rgfnalblnjtg Mkrnvlmag

Fgjtrm `gs mutgs an` Eunz an Ljstrufflöj y an` Eunz an `g _njm` qun jg nstìj nxfnptumags an rnfursg pgaríj nenrfltmrsn n` an rnhgrbm y n` an mpn`mflöj. Vm`vg qun `m @ny alspgjdm gtrm fgsm, `gs rnfursgs an rnhgrbm y mpn`mflöj jg suspnjanríj n` fursg an` prgfnalblnjtg (mrt. 488.= @NFrl). Fgjsnfunjtnbnjtn anknbgs anknbgs tnjnr prnsnjtn qun `m @NFrl rnstrljdn `m rnhgrbm y mpn`mflöj5 - Fgjtrm n` mutg an mpnrturm an Eulflg Grm` (sm`vg (sm`vg nj `g rn`mtlvg m `m sltumflöj pnrsgjm` an` mfusmag) (mrt. 436.6 @NFrl). - Fgjtrm `gs mutgs an mablslöj y anjndmflöj anjndmflöj an prunkms (mrt. (mrt. 43>.= @NFrl). - Fgjtrm `gs mutgs qun rnsun`vms rnsun`vms `ms funstlgjns p`mjtnmams p`mjtnmams pgr `ms `ms pmrtns nj su turjg an ljtnrvnjflgjns aurmjtn n` Eulflg Grm` (mrt. 438.; @NFrl). • Nj n` _rgfnsg pgr Eurmag

- Fgjtrm `gs mutgs an` Eunz an Ljstrufflöj qun mfunranj n` sgkrnsnlblnjtg (rnsg`vlnjag `m Mualnjflm _rgvljflm`). - Fgjtrm `gs mutgs alftmags alftmags pgr n` Bmdlstrmag-_rnsla Bmdlstrmag-_rnslanjtn njtn nj n` íbkltg an `ms Mualnjflms Mualnjflms _rgvljflm`ns g `m Vm`m an `g _njm` an `m Mualnjflm Jmflgjm` nj _rlbnrm Ljstmjflm, rnsg`vlnjag sgkrn `m anf`ljmtgrlm g `ms ‐funstlgjns prnvlms‒ (rnsg`vlnjag `m Vm`m an `g Flvl` y _njm` an` Qrlkujm` Vupnrlgr an Eustlflm fgbpunstm pgr 6 bmdlstrmags g `m Vm`m an Mpn`mflöj an `m Mualnjflm Jmflgjm`, rnspnftlvmbnjtn) rnspnftlvmbnjtn) (mrt. 318 kls m @NFrl.) k. Fgjtrm snjtnjflms

- Fgjtrm `ms snjtnjflms snjtnjflms alftmams pgr n` Eunz Eunz an Ljstrufflöj Ljstrufflöj nj `gs prgfnalblnjtgs pmrm n` eulflg eulflg sgkrn an`ltgs `nvns (rnsg`vlnjag `m Mualnjflm _rgvljflm` fgjstltulam pgr uj sg`g Bmdlstrmag). - Fgjtrm `ms snjtnjflms snjtnjflms alftmams pgr pgr n` Eunz an an `g _njm` nj n` _rgfnalblnjtg _rgfnalblnjtg Mkrnvlmag, Mkrnvlmag, y _rgfnalblnjtg pmrm n` njeulflmblnjtg ríplag an antnrbljmags an`ltgs (rnsg`vlnjag `m Mualnjflm _rgvljflm`). - Fgjtrm `ms snjtnjflms snjtnjflms alftmams nj n` _rgfnalblnjtg _rgfnalblnjtg mjtn n` Qrlkujm` an` an` Eurmag, pgr n` BmdlstrmBmdlstrmag-_rnslanjtn nj n` íbkltg an `m Mualnjflm _rgvljflm` y nj _rlbnrm Ljstmjflm (rnsg`vlnjag `m Vm`m. An `g Flvl` y _njm` an` Qrlkujm` Vupnrlgr an Eustlflm fgbpunstm pgr 6 Bmdlstrmags) (mrt. 318 kls m @NFrl).

K. Qrmbltmflöj m. Nj n` Vubmrlg Graljmrlg

Fgbg vlbgs fgjhgrbn m` mrt. ;;; @NFrl, n` rnfursg an mpn`mflöj jg pgarí ljtnrpgjnrsn sljg anspuìs an cmknrsn nenrfltmag n` an rnhgrbm9 pnrg pgaríj ljtnrpgjnrsn mbkgs nj uj blsbg nsfrltg, nj fuyg fmsg n` an mpn`mflöj sn prgpgjarí sukslalmrlmbnjtn, pgr sl hunrn ansnstlbmag n` an rnhgrbm. Nj n` prlbnr fmsg, n` p`mzg snrí an > aâms ansan `m õ`tlbm jgtlhlfmflöj (mrt. ;=; @NFrl). [nfgranbgs manbís qun nj n` _rgfnsg Graljmrlg, `m mpn`mflöj sg`g fmkn fgjtrm mutgs, ym qun `ms snjtnjflms sgj rnfurrlams nj fmsmflöj. • Ljtnrpgslflöj

Vn ljtnrpgjn mjtn n` ördmjg ‐m qug‒.

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naltgrlm`    }         fnp

[ìdlbnj dnjnrm` an rnfursgs nj n` prgfnsg pnjm`

Ljtnrpunstg n` rnfursg an mpn`mflöj, n` Eunz `g mabltlrí, nj ujg g nj mbkgs nhnftgs, sndõj snm prgfnanjtn (mrt. ;;6) • [nblslöj m` ördmjg ördmjg ‐ma ‐ma qunb‒ qunb‒

Vl sn mabltlnrn n` rnfursg nj mbkgs nhnftgs, n` @ntrmag an `m Mabljlstrmflöj an Eustlflm rnbltlrí `gs mutgs grldljm`ns m` Qrlkujm` qun cuklnrn an fgjgfnr an `m mpn`mflöj, y nbp`mzmrí m `ms pmrtns pmrm qun sn pnrsgjnj mjtn nstn nj n` tìrbljg an => sl n` Qrlkujm` hunrn n` Vuprnbg g =? aâms, sl hunrn n` Qrlkujm` Vupnrlgr an Eustlflm g `m Mualnjflm _rgvljflm` (mrt. ;;1 @NFrl). Vl n` rnfursg jg hunrn mablslk`n bís qun nj uj sg`g nhnftg, n`  Eunz, nj `m blsbm rnsg`uflöj nj qun msâ `g anf`mrn, bmjamrí smfmr tnstlbgjlg an` mutg prlbnrmbnjtn rnfurrlag, an `gs nsfrltgs rnhnrnjtns m` rnfursg an rnhgrbm, an` mutg mpn`mag y an fumjtgs gtrgs pmrtlfu`mrns fgjslanrn jnfnsmrlg ljf`ulr, hlemjag n` tìrbljg anjtrg an` fum` cm an qunamr nxpnalag n` tnstlbgjlg, tìrbljg qun sn fgjtmrí ansan `m hnfcm sldulnjtn m `m an `m rnsg`uflöj nj qun sn hlen. Anjtrg an `gs ; aâms sldulnjtns m` an snr`ns jgtlhlfmam nstm prgvlanjflm, slj jnfnslama an jljdujm gtrm, n` Bljlstnrlg Hlsfm` y n` mpn`mjtn pgaríj pnalr m` Eunz qun snmj ljf`ulags nj n` tnstlbgjlg `gs pmrtlfu`mrns qun frnmj prgfnan ljf`ulr, y n` Eunz mfgramrí sgkrn `g sg`lfltmag, anjtrg an` sldulnjtn aâm, slj u`tnrlgr rnfursg, tnjlnjag slnbprn prnsnjtn n` fmríftnr rnsnrvmag an` submrlg. Fumjag vmrlms pmrtns sg`lfltmsnj tnstlbgjlg an uj blsbg pmrtlfu`mr, sg`g sn ljsnrtmrí nstn ujm vnz, y snrí ansnstlbmam `m junvm ljsnrflöj an `gs qun ym cmym mfgramag n` Eunz ljf`ulr. N` tìrbljg qun cm an hlemr n` Eunz pmrm nxpnalr n` tnstlbgjlg jg nxfnanrí jujfm an => aâms, pualnjag snr prgrrgdmag m ljstmjflm an` @ntrmag an `m Mabljlstrmflöj an Eustlflm cmstm nstn `âbltn sl sn gtgrdmsn pgr bnjgr tlnbpg9 pnrg sl mjtns an nxplrmr `gs => aâms n` @ntrmag an `m Mabljlstrmflöj an Eustlflm nxclklnrm m` Eunz bís an =?? hg`lgs nsfrltgs an` tnstlbgjlg, slj qun nstn nstuvlnrm tnrbljmag, n` Eunz pgarí mfgramr `m prörrgdm pgr uj tìrbljg pruanjflm`, qun nj jljdõj fmsg nxfnanrí an =? aâms. @m nxclklflöj an `gs hg`lgs nsfrltgs, nj jõbnrg bmygr an =??, mjtns an nxplrmr n` prlbnr tìrbljg, sn cmrí fgjstmr bnalmjtn al`ldnjflm, qun hlrbmríj n` Eunz y n` @ntrmag an `m Mabljlstrmflöj an  Eustlflm, nj n` `udmr m` fum` m`fmjfn m`fmjfn n` tnstlbgjlg m` snr snr nxclklag, tnjlnjag `ms pmrtns anrnfcg m qun sn `ns nxclkm nstm al`ldnjflm m` snr`ns jgtlhlfmam `m prgvlanjflm an prörrgdm (mrt. ;;> @NFrl).

 Mablslöj  Mablslö j an` rnfursg rnfursg

Xgfmku`mrlg Ördmjg "m qug"5 qug"5 Ördmjg qun cm alftmag `m rnsg`uflöj gkentg an` rnfursg, y mjtn n` qun sn prnsnjtm n` rnfursg Ördmjg "ma qunb"5 qunb"5 Ördmjg supnrlgr qun rnsun`vn n` rnfursg

• Fgbpmrnfnjflm n ljstrufflöj ljstrufflöj an `ms pmrtns

[nflklags `gs mutgs g tnstlbgjlg nj n` ördmjg ‐ma qunb‒, nj n` blsbg aâm g nj n` sldulnjtn, n` @ntrmag an `m Mabljlstrmflöj an  Eustlflm mfusmrí rnflkg m` Eunz ljstruftgr, qun sn ujlrí m` submrlg. M pmrtlr an mquâ5 naltgrlm`    }         fnp

63<

_rgfnalblnjtgs _rgfnalblnj tgs Eualflm`ns. A) _rgfnalblnj _rgfnalblnjtg tg _njm`. Qnbm >>

- Vl sn jg sn cm pnrsgjmag pnrsgjmag n` mpn`mjtn5 n` @ntrmag an `m Mabljlstrmflöj Mabljlstrmflöj an Eustlflm Eustlflm bnalmjtn anfrntg anf`mrmrí an ghlflg ‐anslnrtg n` rnfursg‒, fgbujlfíjagsn`g pgr fnrtlhlfmflöj m` eunz y anvg`vlìjag`n nj su fmsg, `gs mutgs grldljm`ns, sl n` rnfursg sn cuklnsn mabltlag nj mbkgs nhnftgs. Fgjtrm nstn anfrntg fmkrí rnfursg alrnftg an rnvlslöj (mrt. ;;3 @NFrl). - Vl sn pnrsgjmrn pnrsgjmrn n` mpn`mjtn5 mpn`mjtn5 n` @ntrmag an `m Mabljlstrmflöj Mabljlstrmflöj an Eustlflm Eustlflm `n amrí amrí vlstm an `gs mutgs pgr tìrbljg an 6 aâms pmrm ljstrufflöj y anspuìs m `ms anbís pmrtns, y pgr õ`tlbg m` Hlsfm`9 sným`mjag anspuìs aâm pmrm vlstm (mrt. ;;< y ;6? @NFrl). • Xlstm

@m vlstm pmrm qun `ms pmrtns nxpgjdmj `ms m`ndmflgjns nj anhnjsm an sus prntnjslgjns, sn fn`nkrmrí n` aâm sným`mag, mslstmj g jg `ms pmrtns, slj qun njtrn n` aâm nj qun sn cmdm n` sným`mblnjtg y n` an `m vlstm bnalnj bís an =? aâms. Vnrí gk`ldmtgrlm `m mslstnjflm an` Bljlstnrlg Hlsfm` nj tgams `ms fmusms nj qun nstn ljtnrvljlnrn. \ jg pgarí mfgramrsn `m suspnjslöj pgr bgtlvg m`dujg, slnjag rnfcmzmams an p`mjg, slj u`tnrlgr rnfursg, fumjtms prntnjslgjns an suspnjslöj sn hgrbu`nj. N` @ntrmag an `m Mabljlstrmflöj an Eustlflm fgbpntnjtn fulamrí, kmeg su rnspgjsmkl`lama, an qun n` rnfursg snm sustmjflmag nj n` tìrbljg bís krnvn pgslk`n, slj qun nj fmsg m`dujg trmjsfurrmj bís an ; bnsns njtrn n` aâm an ljdrnsg nj `m Mualnjflm _rgvljflm` an` tnstlbgjlg pmrm `m mpn`mflöj, g an` submrlg, nj su fmsg y n` an` aâm an `m vlstm (mrt. ;6? @NFrl). • [nsg`uflöj pgr mutg

Qrms `m vlstm n` ördmjg ‐ma qunb‒ rnsg`vnrí pgr mutg `g qun prgfnam. Fumjag hunrn hlrbn n` mutg alftmag, n` @ntrmag an `m Mabljlstrmflöj an Eustlflm an` Qrlkujm` `g fgbujlfmrí m` Eunz pmrm su fubp`lblnjtg, anvg`vlìjag`n anvg`vlìjag`n n` prgfnsg sl `m mpn`mflöj cuklnsn slag nj mbkgs nhnftgs. N` @ntrmag an `m Mabljlstrmflöj an Eustlflm an` Qrlkujm` qun cmym fgjgflag an `m mpn`mflöj fulamrí, kmeg su rnspgjsmkl`lama, an qun nj jljdõj fmsg anenj an snr anvun`tgs `gs mutgs m` Eunz ljstruftgr, g anen an fgbujlfírsn`n `m rnsg`uflöj rnfmâam anjtrg an `gs 6 aâms sldulnjtns m` an snr hlrbn nstm, fumjag n` submrlg jg cmym slag mõj tnrbljmag. N` @ntrmag an `m Mabljlstrmflöj an Eustlflm fgbpntnjtn mfusmrí ljbnalmtmbnjtn rnflkg, y sl jg `g clflnrn `n snrí nstn rnf`mbmag pgr n` @ntrmag an `m Mabljlstrmflöj an Eustlflm an` Qrlkujm`, fgj n` mpnrflklblnjtg an qun, an jg cmfnr`g, pgjarí `gs cnfcgs nj fgjgflblnjtg an` Vnfrntmrlg an Dgklnrjg (mrt. ;6; @NFrl). k. Nj n` _rgfnalblnjtg Mkrnvlmag • Mpn`mflöj fgjtrm mutgs (nx mrt. 488.6, 1 y > @NFrl)

N` rnfursg an mpn`mflöj sn prnsnjtmrí anjtrg an `gs > aâms sldulnjtns m `m jgtlhlfmflöj an` mutg rnfurrlag g an` rnsg`utgrlg an` rnfursg an rnhgrbm, bnalmjtn nsfrltg nj n` qun sn nxpgjaríj `gs bgtlvgs an` rnfursg, sn sným`mríj `gs pmrtlfu`mrns qun cmymj an tnstlbgjlmrsn y m` qun sn mfgbpmýmríj, nj su fmsg, `gs agfubnjtgs eustlhlfmtlvgs an `ms pntlflgjns hgrbu`mams. Mabltlag m tríbltn n` rnfursg pgr n` Eunz, n` @ntrmag an `m Mabljlstrmflöj an Eustlflm amrí trms`mag m `ms anbís pmrtns pnrsgjmams pgr uj p`mzg fgbõj an > aâms pmrm qun punamj m`ndmr pgr nsfrltg `g qun nstlbnj fgjvnjlnjtn, sným`mr gtrgs pmrtlfu`mrns qun ankmj snr tnstlbgjlmags y prnsnjtmr `gs agfubnjtgs eustlhlfmtlvgs an sus prntnjslgjns. Nj `gs ; aâms sldulnjtns m `m hljm`lzmflöj an` p`mzg, rnbltlrí tnstlbgjlg an `gs pmrtlfu`mrns sným`mags sným`mags m `m Mualnjflm _rgvljflm` rnspnftlvm qun, slj bís tríbltns, rnsg`vnrí anjtrg an `gs > aâms sldulnjtns. Nxfnpflgjm`bnjtn, `m Mualnjflm pgarí rnf`mbmr `ms mftumflgjns pmrm su fgjsu`tm slnbprn qun fgj n``g jg sn gkstmfu`lfn `m trmbltmflöj an mqun``ms9 nj nstgs fmsgs, anknríj anvg`vnrsn `ms mftumflgjns m` Eunz nj n` p`mzg bíxlbg an 6 aâms. 6