Escuela Sovietica y Evaluación

 

Ac Kseukac Uivgçtgec fk cmkfrkz y ac kvcaucegõj fk mudcfirks. Fkjtri fk ais pridrc`cs fk nir`cegõj fk eucfris fgrgdkjtks fka Xcrtgfi Ei`ujgstc fk ac [jgõj Uivgçtgec (XE[U), sk fcbc `ueoc g`pirtcjegc ka kvcaucr  acs pitkjegcagfcfks fk acs pkrsijcs c eijsgfkrcr pcrc skr prkpcrcfis pcrc skr  eucfri fgrgdkjtk. @ueois tc`geks sk tkjàcj quk pcscr pir ais cspgrcjtks c ais pukstis fgrketgvis fk ac ‑󰂴ji`kjlacturc‐ sivgçtgec. Xcrc skr ‑pgjeoi‐, ocbàc quk pgjeocr `ueoi, ei`i sk fgràc kj ais eursis fk ‑Eubcji eij Bcrrkrcs‐ (Iracjfgti Bcrrkrcs, pir supuksti). I skc quk pcrc skr mknk ocbàc quk trcbcmcr `ueoi, cfk`ãs fk ksecacr sibrk ac kspcafc fk ujis eucjtis. Ais ‑capgjgstcs‐ y acs ‑trkpcfircs‐ sij kj tifc siegkfcf i`jgprkskjtks. C `kjufi pcrc tkjkr `ueoi pcj ocy quk ocekr ocrgjc fk ais fk`ãs. Ka ecsi ks quk sk fgskócrij `ueois tksts y sgstk`cs fk kvcaucegõj fk ais kjir`ks rkeursis ou`cjis fk quk fgspijàc ka XE[U. Xcrkeàc quk kxgstàc ujc ibsksgõj kj ac `ktriaidàc fk acs pitkjegcagfcfks. Uk eijsgfkrcbc quk ka rkeursi ou`cji krc ka `ãs vcagisi cetgvi fka XE[U, y quk ocbàc quk iptg`gzcr su usi. Fktketcr ca pitkjegca dkjgi y brgjfcrak tifcs acs pisgbgagfcfks pcrc quk caecjzcsk ac kxekakjegc y acbircrã pcrc bkjkngegi y dairgc fk ac [jgõj Uivgçtgec krc pcrc kaais ujc `ktc ji siai piaàtgec y keijõ`gec sgji pctrgõtgec.  Coirc bgkj, ca `gs`i tgk`pi quk sk trcbcmcbc pir kjeijtrcr ais supkrtcakjtis, tc`bgçj sk trcbcmcbc kj fcr ca gjfgvgfui ei`ýj acs ipirtujgfcfks pcrc aidrcr ka `ãxg`i fkscrriaai, fkscrriaai, puks sk eijsgfkrcbc eijsgfkrcbc quk `ãs fcbcj c ac [jgõj Uivçtgec egkj `gaaijks fk gjfgvgfuis ei`ujks quk uj `gaaõj fk supkrtcakjtis Kj c`bis ec`pis fk ac supkrcegõj ou`cjc, eij ais tcakjtis kspkegcaks y ka skr ei`ýj, sk aidrcrij eiscs jitcbaks y sk aakdõ c `çtifis fk cutçjtgei supkr cprkjfgzcmk. Kj ais sgstk`cs kfuectgvis kfuectgvis fk itris pcàsks kj ksc çpiec, çpiec, ei`i kj ais Kstcfis [jgfis y Cak`cjgc sk aidrcrij drcjfks çxgtis çxgt is kj ka trcbcmi eij ais supkrtcakjtis, pkri c eistc fk quk ka trcbcmi pcrc fkscrriaacr ca `ãxg`i ca oi`brk ei`ýj qukfcsk sgk`prk ei`i csgdjcturc pkjfgkjtk. Uk iavgfcrij qukrkzcdcfis. ais quk vcj cfkacjtk ji pukfkj cvcjzcr `ueoi sg ais fk ctrãs sk qukfcj `uy Ka ecsi ks quk ac [RUU prifumi kxekakjtks egkjtàngeis, kstrctkdcs, fgrgdkjtks y agtkrctis, pkri tc`bgçj ujc `kfgc fk jitcbak euaturc pri`kfgi quk ac ocegc cekrecrsk c ais jgvkaks fk jcegijks quk kstcbcj `ueoi `cs fkscrriaacfcs kj ka `i`kjti kj quk Rusgc pcsi fk skr G`pkrgi ]crgstc c [jgõj Uivgçtgec. Ka trcbcmi rkcagzcfi pir ais sivgçtgeis kjtrk 372; y 376; pcrc fktkeegõj fk tcakjtis y kvcaucegõj fk pitkjegcagfcfks nuk prãetgec`kjtk fkseijiegfi nukrc fk ac [RUU, `gkjtrcs quk kj ka `ujfi Fk Driit krc eijsgfkrcfi ka aàfkr kj ksk ec`pi, gjeausi kj ka cmkfrkz. Ais trcbcmis fk Rufgl, ^gditsly, Aurgc, Akijtgkv y itris siai sk fgnujfgkrij fgnujfgkrij ca tkr`gji fk ac skdujfc dukrrc dukrrc `ujfgca, k gjeausi kj ka ec`pi fk cmkfrkz siai nukrij pubagecfis kj rkvgstcs fk cmkfrkz kj gfgi`c rusi kjtrk 3748 y 37?8.

 

Kj ac cetucagfcf kj Ieegfkjtk sk eijsgfkrcj `uy g`pirtcjtks kj ka trcbcmi eij rkeursis ou`cjis ou`cjis tifi tgpi fk tkst fk kvcaucegõj kvcaucegõj y ubgecegõj, y sk eijsgfkrc uj ncetir kskjegca pcrc ka çxgti ei`pktgtgvi ac dkstgõj fka eijieg`gkjti kjtrk ka pkrsijca fk ujc k`prksc. Kj cmkfrkz kj ac [RUU y kj sus skdugfirks gfkiaõdgeis, prgjegpca`kjtk ac Rkpýbagec Fk`ierãtgec Cak`cjgc, Eogjc Xipuacr y Eubc, sk fgkrij drcjfks cvcjeks kj ka ec`pi fk ac gfkjtgngecegõj fk pitkjegcagfcfks. Ais `cjucaks pcrc ubgecegõj fk ais mudcfirks fk cmkfrkz sij prãetgec`kjtk iri `iagfi pcrc ais kjtrkjcfirks fk pujtc fk cmkfrkz fka `ujfi.

Kj paãtgecs ca rkspketi eij ka Drcj @ckstri Cgvcr Dgpsags, fkstcecfi kjtrkjcfir  fk nc`c `ujfgca, ça ocbacbc fk quk kxgstàcj vcrgis ‑kstgais‐ fka trcbcmi quk sibrk cpkrturcs sk rkcagzcbc kj ac [RUU. Cpujtcbc quk sk pifàc ocbacr fk vcrgcs çpiecs kj ac kviauegõj pir ac sgstk`ctgzcegõj fka kstufgi fk acs cpkrturcs kj ac [RUU. Acs kju`krcbc fk ac `cjkrc sgdugkjtk= 3. Cjtks fk ac pubagecegõj pubagecegõj fka ‑Biaktàj fk Cmkfrkz‐, kfgtcfi kfgtcfi `kjsuca`kj `kjsuca`kjtk tk pir  ac Nkfkrcegõj fk Cmkfrkz fk ac [RUU y euyis kmk`pacrks eijstcbcj fk ujc skeegõj fk cjãagsgs kspkegcagzcfis sibrk vcrgcjtks kspkeàngecs fk cpkrturc y itrc skeegõj eij `ãs fk 388 pcrtgfcs sgj ei`kjtcrgis mudcfcs kj ais `ãs g`pirtcjtks kvkjtis fk fkjtri y nukrc fk ac [RUU. 2. Ac çpiec çpiec fka fka ‑Biaktgj fk Cmkfrkz‐, Cmkfrkz‐, euyc pubagecegõj pubagecegõj pkr`gtgõ pkr`gtgõ fgnu fgnujfgr  jfgr  c`pagc`kjtk ji sõai `ctkrgca fk prg`krc ecagfcf, sgji ka kjniquk `ãs rkei`kjfcfi pcrc ka kstufgi fk acs cpkrturcs. Wc quk kstc rkvgstc sk pubagecbc kj rusi, pieis mudcfirks ieegfkjtcaks krcj susergptirks fk tca rkvgstc, cujquk kj Kuripc ieegfkjtca sk erkcrij rkvgstcs quk gjtkjtcbcj skr  sg`gacrks, pkri quk jujec caecjzcrij ka jgvka fk ecagfcf fk ac sivgçtgec. Kjtrk cqukaacs rkvgstcs sk pukfk egtcr ka ‑Creogvi fk Cmkfrkz‐, pubagecfi kj cak`ãj y kj oiacjfçs pir ka kxec`pkõj `ujfgca @cx Kuwk, biaktàj fkfgecfi kjtkrc`kjtk kjtkrc`k jtk c acs cpkrturcs y quk sk kfgtcbc ei`i oimcs oimcs sukatcs quk pifàcj cei`ifcrsk kj ujc agbrktc fk crdiaacs pcrc cdrupcracs pir cpkrturc, erkcjfi ujc skrgk fk `ijidrcnàcs fk eijtgjuc cetucagzcegõj. 5. csà Ac çpiec çp iec fka ‑Gjnir`cfir Cmkfrkeàstgei‐ Cmkfrkeàstge i‐ kfgtcfi kfgtcf i kj Wudisacvgc. Wudisacvgc. Ug bgkj ocbàc ocbàc quk cf`gtgr quk ac rkpkreusgõj nuk `ãs nukrtk nukrc fk ac [RUU, yc quk ais cmkfrkegstcs ieegfkjtcaks ji eijtcrij, kxekptucjfi ujc `uy pkqukóc `gjiràc, eij ais bkjkngegis fk acs fis çpiecs cjtkrgirks fka kstufgi fk acs cpkrturcs cpkrturc s kj ac [jgõj Uivgçtgec, Uivgçtgec, aakdcjfi fk diapk c ac ‑krc fka Gjnir`cfir Gjnir`cfir‐. ‐. Kj ka cmkfrkz ieegfkjtca ksti pkr`gtgõ quk cmkfrkegstcs ji prinksgijcaks pufgkrcj kstcr ca tcjti fk acs `kmircs `ãs rkegkjtks. Kj ac [RUU sk vkjfgõ ka ‑Gjnir`cfir Cmkfrkeàstgei‐ c prkegis `uy kakvcfis kj ei`pcrcegõj c acs pubagecegijks jcegijcaks fk ac [jgõj Uivgçtgec, pir ai quk tuvi `ueoi `kjir  fgnusgõj quk kj itris pcàsks. Dgpsags ceitcbc quk `gkjtrcs `ãs fgnusgõj sk fcbc c acs pcrtgfcs fk ais drcjfks `ckstris y `cyir `cyir jý`kri fk mudcfirks mudcfirks kstcbcj kstcbcj ca tcjti fk acs `kmircs, `kmircs, eij `cyir rcpgfkz sk erkcbcj gjjivcegijks sgdjgngectgvcs, yc quk cjtkrgir`kjtk ujc

 

gjjivcegõj pcscbc gjcfvkrtgfc y furcjtk cóis vcrgis ecàcj kj ac ei`gsgõj fk ais `gs`is krrirks, eij ujc ceu`uacegõj `ãs akjtc fk kxpkrgkjegcs. Ka trcbcmi quk Dgpsags rkcagzcbc kj su rkvgstc ‑Cmkfrkz‐ kfgtcfc kj rusi y aktõj kj su jctca Rgdc, tc`bgçj eijtrgbuyõ c fgnujfgr kj ac [RUU acs gjjivcegijks kj cpkrturcs, krc ei`i ka skdujfi ‑Biaktàj fk Cmkfrkz‐, cfqugrgkjfi g`pirtcjegc gjtkrjcegijca c pkscr fk skr kfgtcfc kj ujc ujc pkqukóc rkpýbagec. rkpýbagec. Fkspuçs fk quk surdgõ ka Eokss Bcsk y ais fgvkrsis sgstk`cs fk bcsks fk fctis ei`putcrgzcfis fk cmkfrkz, ais `çtifis fk kstufgi quk sk ocbàcj fkscrriaacfi eij ais ‑tcrmktkris‐ ‑tcrmktkris‐ (quk fksergbk Litiv) Litiv) sk pitkjegcagzcrij, pitkjegcagzcrij, cfk`ãs fk quk nuk `ãs skjegaai ka gjtkrec`bgi fk gjnir`cegõj.  Cjtks fk cvcjzcr `ãs kj ka tk`c, `k dustcràc coijfcr `ãs kj ka sgstk`c fk ‑tcrmktkris‐ y kj dkjkrca sibrk ac `cjkrc fk trcbcmcr cjtks fk acs ei`putcfircs. ^crgis cutirks cutirks sivgçtgeis, sivgçtgeis, kjtrk kjtrk kaais kaais Dgpsags y Uuktgj, rkei`kjfcb rkei`kjfcbcj cj pcrc cbirfcr ka kstufgi fk ujc jukvc cfgegõj fk cpkrturcs ca rkpkrtirgi pkrsijca ai sgdugkjtk=  C) Ceipgi fk fk @ctkrgca fk fk Kstufgi. 3. Kakdgr ujc `ijidrcnàc fk ac vcrgcjtk quk sk fkskcbc gjeirpircr, pcrc ti`crac ei`i bcsk. 2. Rkujgr ais crtàeuais crtàeuais pubagecfis kj ka ‑Biaktàj ‑Biaktàj fk Cmkfrkz‐ kj ais ýatg`is egjei cóis sibrk ksc vcrgcjtk. (@ueois ipgjcbcj quk krc gjjkekscrgi rkeipgacr ais quk tkjàcj `cyir cjtgdñkfcf fk ac egtcfc). B) Xrkpcrcr ka ‑tcrmktkri‐ eirrkspijfgkjtk. Cadujis prknkràcj ocekr ‑eucfkrjis‐ i ‑agbrktcs‐ sibrk tifi eij pãdgjcs pkrnircfcs pcrc gr `ktgkjfi `ctkrgca cfgegijca pistkrgir. E).Kstufgcr ac @ijidrcnàc, y trctcr fk kstcbakekr= Kstrueturcs Vàpgecs fk Xkijks kj ksc vcrgcjtk. Ngjcaks Vàpgeis fkrgvcfis fk ksc vcrgcjtk. Gfkcs bãsgecs fk fkscrriaai fk pgkzcs (fijfk vc ecfc canga pir ai dkjkrca, fijfk ecfc ecbcaai, quk eiau`jcs sij acs quk jir`ca`kjtk sk cbrkj, quk pgkzcs eijvgkjk ec`bgcr, kte.). Suk subvcrgcjtks vcj `ãs eij ka kstgai pripgi fk mukdi, i c pisgegijks quk jis sij `ãs cdrcfcbaks. F) Ocekr ac kstrueturc fk tk`cs y vcrgcjtks prgjegpcaks kj bcsk c ac @ijidrcnàc, pcrc ocekr ka ‑àjfgek‐ fk jukstri tcrmktkri i agbrktc. K) Eiaiecr acs subvcrgcjtks `ãs sgdjgngectgvcs kj su ecpàtuai eirrkspijfgkjtk y skócacr acs quk eijfuekj c pisgegijks eràtgecs. N) Kstcbakekr acs ‑tcbgycs‐ (vkr ka eijekpti skdýj Litiv).

 

D) Eij ka `ctkrgca fk crtàeuais rkegkjtks (egjei cóis) fka ‑Biaktàj fk Cmkfrkz‐ cetucagzcr ka `ctkrgca fk ac @ijidrcnàc. O)Fcr skdug`gkjti skdug`gkjti kj ac agbrktc i ‑tcrmktkri‐ fk jukstrc pripgc prãetgec prãetgec gjgegca eij ksc vcrgcjtk. Kstk sgstk`c krc `ãs i `kjis skdugfi pir ais mudcfirks gjfgvgfuca`kjtk y pir  ais drupis fk trcbcmi. Kmk`pais fk kstk sgstk`c pukfkj vkrsk kj ka agbri fk Uuktgj, trcfuegfi ca gjdaçs eij ka tàtuai fk ‑@ifkrj Eokss Ipkjgjd Vokiry‐. Kj ka jý`kri 23 fk 3778 fk ac Rkvgstc ‑>6‐ ka Drcj @ckstri Lcpkjdut ksergbgõ uj crtàeuai `uy gjtkrkscjtk fk su trcbcmi ei`ýj eij ka Drcj @ckstri Biaksacvsly= ‑Vuvg`is `ueocs fgsputcs eij ça sibrk ais fgnkrkjtks kjniquks ca trcbcmi erkctgvi kj ac cpkrturc. Wi pkjscbc quk tkjàc quk rkeipgacr tifi ka `ctkrgca pubagecfi sibrk ksk tõpgei. W aukdi kjtijeks, fk ac `gs`c `cjkrc kj quk uji fkscrriaac y rkvkac ujc nitidrcnàc, ei`kjzcr c vkr ais pacjks, ais pujtis fk rknkrkjegc, acs gfkcs pcrc uj crtàeuai i acs eijeausgijks pcrc ka mudcfir prãetgei. Biaksacvsly (uj `gk`bri fk ac vgkmc kseukac), prknkràc kjniecr ac pisgegõj fgrketc`kjtk, kxtkjsc`kjtk. Uu `çtifi ak pisgbgagtcbc kjeijtrcr `ueoi y ça krc ka kstcjfcrf kstcjfcrf fk uj tkõrgei. Ka tkjàc sus pujtis fçbgaks, fçbgaks, sgj k`bcrdi. Ecfc Ecfc vkz quk caduji fk sus cjãagsgs krcj rknutcfis, sus aketirks tkjàcj ujc pçrfgfc. Kaais ji tkjàcj kj quk bcscrsk‐ Kj su agbri ‑Vok Uivgkt Eokss Eijvkyir‐ (Ka trcjspirtcfir i ei`ujgecfir fka cmkfrkz sivàktgei), ka @ckstri Gjtkrjcegijca Uokrksokvsly cdrkdc= ‑Wi ok kstcfi trcbcmcjfi `ueoi eij Biaksacvsly, fksfk 37>4 c 3744. Wi pukfi rkeijiekr tc`bgçj, quk ecfc vkz quk ça sk kjnrkjtcbc eij cadýj pribak`c gjtkrkscjtk ça agtkrca`kjtk agtkrca`kjt k crrcjecbc ka `itir fk su pifkrisc ‑`ãqugjc cjcaàtgec‐ cjcaàt gec‐ y kstcbc agsti c fkvircr ac pisgegõj. Ka kstcbc, pir supuksti, `ãs quk nc`gagcrgzcfi eij tifcs acs rkvgstcs cmkfrkeàstgecs. Ka krc uj vkrfcfkri eijiekfir fk tifis ais eaãsgeis ( y ji sõai ais eaãsgeis fk cmkfrkz) y `grcbc tifcs acs pcrtgfcs fk ais tirjkis prgjegpcaks. Gscce Biaksacvsly tkjàc cvkrsgõj sgj k`bcrdi fk tifis ais tgpis fk ‑tcrmktkris‐, ectcaidis, y eacsgngecegõj fk pcrtgfcs fk ceukrfi c àjfgeks fk cpkrturcs i eucaqugkr tgpi fk trcbcmi `keãjgei. Ka erkàc prinujfc`kjtk kj sus nceuatcfks cjcaàtgecs y csu`àc quk ça tkjfràc `ueoi `kmirks rksuatcfis kstufgcjfi y cjcagzcjfi prinujfc`kjtk ac pisgegõj quk vgkjfi acs pcrtgfcs fk mudcfirks `kfgierks eij ac kspkrcjzc fk kjeijtrcr  ac rkspukstc c ais skerktis kseijfgfis kj ac pisgegõj. Ks fkskcbak oiy fàc, c jgvka fk drcjfks `ckstris, trcbcmcr sibrk ac vcstc ecjtgfcf fk gjnir`cegõj, c `kjufi eij ac cyufc fk ujc ei`putcfirc. Xkri cýj, ac gjnir`cegõj ks jkekscrgc pcrc prkvkjgr quk uji ji ‑gjvkjtk fk jukvi ac bgegeaktc‐. Ais cjãagsgs y ac eijstcjtk vgdgacjegc pir jivkfcfks pkr`cjkek ei`i ka prgjegpca trcbcmi fk uj mudcfir fk cmkfrkz.

 

Ka `çtifi fk trcbcmcr sibrk acs cpkrturcs, rkei`kjfcfi pir Lcpkjdut, ks fk okeoi `ãs prifuetgvi eucjfi uji trcbcmc eij uj mudcfir fk cati jgvka quk tgkjk su pripgi kstgai, sus prknkrkjegcs y qugkj ks ecpcz fk fgstgjdugr ai vkrfcfkri fk ai ncasi kj uj ‑nacsoczi‐, ocegkjfi fkfueegijks aõdgecs kj ka prieksi. Cpagecr  kstk `çtifi kj jukstri ecsi (sk rkngkrk Uokrksokvsly ca mudcfir pri`kfgi), kstc nukrc fk eukstgõj‐. Kj su agbri egtcfi, Uokrksokvsly rkactc= ‑Ocek cadýj tgk`pi, yi tuvk ac gfkc fk gjeaugr ac Bkjijg @ifkrjc (Gjfibkjijg), pcrc jkdrcs, kj ka rkpkrtirgi fk cpkrturcs fk ais mudcfirks eij ais quk kstcbc trcbcmcjfi. trcbcmcjf i. Wi sudkrà c kaais quk kstufgcrcj ka agbri kse ksergti rgti pir Lcpkjdut sibrk kstc cpkrturc‐. ^kc`is coirc ais cjãagsgs pubagecfis pir Uokrksokvsly kj ka agbri ‑Vok Uivgkt Eokss Eijvkyir‐=

Uokrksokvsly cdrkdc= ‑Uk vukavk eacri coirc quk ai quk jkeksgtc`is ks ujc skakeegõj fk pcrtgfcs quk fk`ukstrkj fk`ukstr kj ais pacjks pacjks kstrctçdgeis kstrctçdgeis kj ac pisgegõj, pisgegõj, ais `çtifis fk mudcr ac cpkrturc y ka `kfgi mukdi. Wi ok trctcfi sgk`prk fk kjnctgzcr sibrk ac ecagfcf fk ais kmk`pais, y ji sibrk ac ecjtgfcf y cfk`ãs, prkngkri utgagzcr ca aà`gtk ais eaãsgeis fk cmkfrkz, prinujfc`kjtk cjcagzcfis eij kxekakjtks ei`kjtcrgis pir   mudcfirks  mudcfir ks fk eacsk `ujfgca. Eijizei uj `ijtõj fk mudcfirks mudcfirks mõvkjks quk tgkjkj `crcvgaaisis ‑tcrmktkris‐ eij `ueocs pcrtgfcs y quk kstãj trcbcmcjfi eijstcjtk`kjtk kj su cetucagzcegõj. Kaais ji sij ecpceks, sgj k`bcrdi, fk ocekr uj kak`kjtca cjãagsgs fk ujc pisgegõj, sgj `kjegijcr quk usuca`kjtk tgkjkj ujc gfkc `uy `cdrc sibrk ka ngjca i ais eaãsgeis. Kaais cýj kacbircj sibrk sus eiakeegijks fk pcrtgfcs y skakeegijks y tifi ka tgk`pi ka ksnukrzi kjir`k ks vcji y sus rksuatcfis prãetgeis pibrks. Jukstri ibmktgvi ks ibtkjkr ujc pisgegõj eij ujc pkrspketgvc kstrctçdgec brgaacjtk trcs ac cpkrturc, trctcjfi fk kvgtcr eucjfi skc pisgbak, ka trcbcmi kstrgetc`kjtk `keãjgei. [jc ecrcetkràstgec fk ais agbris fk tkxti sivgçtgeis sivgçtgeis sibrk ac tkiràc fk acs cpkrturcs ks uj gjtkrçs kj eukstgijks fk `çtifis fk kjskócjzc. Ei`i yc cpujtç, ais `çtifis kstcbcj `uy agdcfis eij ka sgstk`c fk drcfis y ectkdiràcs kj ac [RUU y eij ka trcbcmi fk kjskócjzc quk sk aakvcbc c ecbi eijtgjuc`kjtk kj ais eaubks fk cmkfrkz, ecscs fk pgijkris, kseukacs y agdcs. [jc eijtrgbuegõj jitcbak kj kstk ec`pi nuk rkcagzcfc pir Akvkjngso y Ri`cjivsly. Cujquk sus trcbcmis fk kjskócjzc cbcrecrij tifi ka cbcjgei fk eijieg`gkjtis fka cmkfrkz, pusgkrij ctkjegõj pcrtgeuacr ca kstufgi fk acs cpkrturcs. Ri`cjivsly sk fkfgeõ c fkscrriaacr uj `çtifi fk kstufgi fk cpkrturcs pcrc mudcfirks fk ais drcfis bcmis, `gkjtrcs quk Akvkjngso sk kspkegcagzõ `ãs kj ais `çtifis fk kjskócjzc fk acs cpkrturcs cpkrtur cs c ais drcfis `ãs catis.

 

Fk ceukrfi c Akvkjngso, ça kjaczc ka rcjdi fka eijieg`gkjti fk tkiràc fk cpkrturcs fgrketc`kjtk eij ka jgvka dkjkrca fka mudcfir, cadi quk yc ocbàc`is cpujtcfi cjtks ei`i uj pistuacfi bãsgei fk ac Kseukac Uivgçtgec. Eijsgfkrcbc quk ka eijieg`gkjti fk uj mudcfir sibrk acs cpkrturcs fkbàc gjerk`kjtcrsk pcsi c pcsi pcrcakac`kjtk eij su cvcjek dkjkrca kj ocbgagfcf. Rkei`kjfcbc c ais  mudcfirks  mudcfir ks fk ais drcfis `ãs catis catis c ag`gtcrsk prg`kri quk quk tifi kj ka kstufgi f fk k ujis pieis sgstk`cs fk cpkrturcs y sõai drcfuca`kjtk c`pagcr su rkpkrtirgi.  Cpujtcbc quk krc kskjegca kskjegca caecjzcr ujc ei`prkjsgõj ei`prkjsgõj eirrketc fk ac subskeukjtk subskeuk jtk aueoc fka `kfgi mukdi y kstufgcr sus pujtis ngjis. Ukdýj Akvkjngso, ka ibmktgvi bãsgei ca kstufgcr vcrgcs vcrgcjtks fk cpkrturcs ks fi`gjcr acs pisgbgagfcfks fgjã`gecs fka `kfgi mukdi quk privgkjk fk kaacs. Gjeausi Akvkjngso rkei`kjfcbc c ais mudcfirks kstufgcr acs cpkrturcs pir `kfgi fk pcrtgfcs ei`paktcs mudcfcs kj tirjkis `cdgstrcaks kj audcr fk kstufgcr crtàeuais tkõrgeis. Kj kstk pujti oubi itris kjtrkjcfirks quk piak`gzcrij eij kaais, pkri kj dkjkrca kj ac Kseukac Uivgçtgec prkvcakeàc ac ipgjgõj fka kstufgi pir ‑pcrtgfcs ei`paktcs‐. Kstc nuk ac gfkc bãsgec quk `itgvi pistkrgir`kjtk c quk ac Kseukac Wudiksacvc rkcagzcrc ac pubagecegõj ‑Gjnir`cfir Cmkfrkeàstgei‐. Xir supuksti quk kj ac [RUU yc ocbàcj surdgfi pubagecegijks sg`gacrks, c jgvkaks fk biaktgjks fk eaubks y crtàeuais kj sus rkvgstcs prgjegpcaks. Ac ecrcetkràstgec quk ogzi rkca`kjtk fgnkrkjtk ca ‑Gjnir`cfir Cmkfrkeàstgei‐ fk itris pubagecegijks nuk ac utgagzcegõj fk uj sgstk`c fk sgdjis quk ncegagtcbc ac ei`prkjsgõj fk ais ei`kjtcrgis ei`kjtcr gis pcrc aketirks aketirks fk eucaqugkr akjducmk akjducmk y kj kstcbakekr kstcbakekr uj sgstk`c fk eacsgngecegõj fk cpkrturcs pcrc cdrupcr c acs pcrtgfcs pir pacjtkis sg`gacrks. Ugj k`bcrdi, ais crtàeuais tkõrgeis, okrkjegc `ãs bgkj fk acs kseukacs ieegfkjtcaks, nuk skdugfc kj ac [RUU, pkri eij cfgegõj fk pcrtgfcs ei`paktcs, ei`i kj ka nc`isi ‑Biaktàj fk Cmkfrkz‐. Rkdrkscjfi c acs rkei`kjfcegijks fk Akvkjngso, ks fk drcj g`pirtcjegc su eijskmi fk prkvkjgr c ais mudcfirks fk skr fgstrcàfis pir ac ‑`ifc‐ kj ais sgstk`cs fk cpkrturcs. Akvkjngso nuk qugkj sudgrgõ sudgrgõ ka pacj fktcaacfi pcrc ka kstufgi fk uj jukvi sgstk`c fk cpkrturcs (quk yc ok`is fksergti kj ecpàtuai cjtkrgir), quk eijsgstk fk acs sgdugkjtks ktcpcs dkjkrcaks= 3. Ka ceipgi ceipgi fk `ctkrgca `ctkrgca (eiakeegõj (eiakeegõj fk pcrtgfcs y cjãagsgs y su eacsgngecegõj eacsgngecegõj sgstk`ãtgec) 2. [j cjãagsgs cjãagsgs fk kstk `ctkrgca `ctkrgca.. 5. @ijgtirki fk ais ais rksuatcfis rksuatcfis fk ais ais cjãagsgs cjãagsgs kj pcrtgfcs ecsucaks ecsucaks y fk tirjkis. tirjkis. Ugj ksti, cngr`cbc Akvkjngso (ei`i fkspuçs cpujtcbc`is kj itri ecpàtuai), ka  mudcfir fk fk cmkfrkz ji ji pifàc caecjzcr caecjzcr uj fi`gjgi fi`gjgi fk ac ac cpkrturc kj kj eukstgõj. eukstgõj. Akvkjngso tc`bgçj rkcagzõ uj trcbcmi `uy g`pirtcjtk. Ca cjcagzcr acs pcrtgfcs fk ais mudcfirks fk prg`krc ectkdiràc fk ac [RUU (cprixg`cfc`kjtk kjtrk 2888 y 23;8 fk Kai skdýj kstcjfcrf cetuca), ça subrcyi ais krrirks tàpgeis quk oceàcj kj ac cpkrturc. 3. [j AisGjsungegkjtk prgjeg prgjegpcak pcaks s eijieg`gkjti ais fkngjgõ fkngjgõjti fk fk acksgdugkjt sgdu gkjtk k `cjkrc= `cjk rc= àstgec. 2. eijieg`gk f ac agtkrcturc cmkfrkeàstgec. cmkfrke

 

5. 6. ;. >.

[j Vrctc`gk Vrctc`gkjti jti cjtgpis cjtgpisgegi gegijca jca fk ac cpkrtu cpkrturc. rc. [jc gjecpc gjecpcegfc egfcf f pcrc mudcr mudcr cpkrturc cpkrturcs s ‑fknkjsgvc ‑fknkjsgvcs‐. s‐. [j skdug` skdug`gkj gkjti ti `keãjge `keãjgei i fk vcrgcj vcrgcjtks. tks. [jc ncatc fk ei`prkjsgõj ei`prkjsgõj fka fka pcpka fk ac cpkrturc cpkrturc ( ei`i ei`i fk quk quk ac cpkrturc cpkrturc ji ks sõai ka ei`gkjzi fk ac pcrtgfc, sgji kj `ueois ecsis fktkr`gjc su eursi ei`pakti. Acs Vrks Ktcpcs Bãsgecs kj ka ec`gji fk fi`gjcr ac Vkiràc fk acs Cpkrturcs. Fk ceukrfi c ac Kseukac Uivgçtgec kxgstkj trks ktcpcs bãsgecs kj ka ec`gji c ac `ckstràc fk ac tkiràc fk acs cpkrturcs= Ac prg`krc ktcpc cbcrec c ais mudcfirks fk skxtc c eucrtc ectkdiràc fka Ugstk`c Uivgçtgei fk Cmkfrkz (fk `kjis fk 3488 cprixg`cfc`kjtk fk Kai skdýj `kfgfcs cetucaks)< ac ac skdujfc ktcpc cbcrec cbcrec c ais mudcfirks mudcfirks fk tkrekrc y skdujfc ectkdiràc (kjtrk 3488 y 2888)< y ac tkrekrc quk gjeauyk c mudcfirks fk prg`krc ectkdiràc y ecjfgfctis c `ckstri (2888 c 2288 cprixg`cfc`kjtk). Ukdýj ac Kseukac Uivgçtgec ais mudcfirks fk ac prg`krc ktcpc jkeksgtcj= Eijiekr cadi fk acs cpkrturcs prgjegpcaks, ai euca ak rkvkacrã ac c`pagc vcrgkfcf fk nir`cs quk pukfk ti`cr ac aueoc fk acs cpkrturcs y c`pagcrã su oirgzijtk `kjtca. Fi`gjcr ais prgjegpgis fk ac cpkrturc, ai quk ai kjtrkjcrã c pkjscr pir sg `gs`i y ai cyufcrã c kjeijtrcr su ec`gji c trcvçs fk ais sgstk`cs fk cpkrturcs fk vcrgis tgpis (Rkei`kjfcbcj ka agbri fk Xcjiv sibrk eijieg`gkjti bãsgei fk cpkrturcs, quk kfgtõ kj kspcóia ac kfgtirgca @crtàjkz Riec fksfk ais 37>8s, ji eijnujfgrai eij ac ibrc fk fis ti`is `ãs c`pagc sibrk ka tk`c, aac`cfc ‑Vkiràc fk Cpkrturcs). Eij mudcfirks ocstc ac eucrtc ectkdiràc ka çjncsgs fkbk skr okeoi kj ac csg`gacegõj nir`ca fk ais prgjegpgis fk acs cpkrturcs, `gkjtrcs quk pcrc ais  mudcfirks  mudcfir ks fk ac tkrekrc ectkdiràc ks `kmir fcr ujc gfkc `ãs c`pagc fk ais prgjegpgis dkjkrcaks. Csà ka kstufgcjtk kstcrã kj ducrfgc eijtrc uj kstkrkitgpcfi trctc`gkjti fk ac cpkrturc. Ais sivgçtgeis rkecaecbcj quk ka fkscrriaai ogstõrgei fk ac cpkrturc fkbàc skr  gjeaugfi kj ka eursi fk kstufgis. Xcrc kaai rkei`kjfcbcj ka kstufgi fk ais agbris fk Rktg ‑Drcjfks @ckstris fka Vcbakri‐ y ‑Jukvcs Gfkcs kj Cmkfrkz‐, kj ais eucaks ka `ctkrgca ks pripiregijcfi ogstõrgec`kjtk. Xcrc ais mudcfirks fk skdujfc y tkrekrc ectkdiràc cvcjzcfc sk eijsgfkrcbc quk aks oceàc bgkj ka tkjkr uj `ctkrgca fk rknkrkjegc c`pagi sibrk acs cpkrturcs prgjegpcaks. Rkei`kjfcbcj ka agbri fk Xcjiv fk fis ti`is (ei`i ai pubageõ kj kspcóia @crtàjkz Riec kj ais 37>8s), csà ei`i ka agbri ‑Cpkrturcs fk Cmkfrkz ‑ pir Uiliasly, Uiliasly, pubagecfi kj rusi rusi y kj gjdaçs siac`kjtk. siac`kjtk. Xir ýatg`i, pcrc ais mudcfirks fk acs ectkdiràcs `ãs catcs (prg`krc y ecjfgfctis c `ckstri) sk jkeksgtcbc ujc ei`prkjsgõj y eijieg`gkjti `ãs prinujfi fk ac tkiràc fk acs cpkrturcs.kstrkeoc Acs fgvkrscs fk cpkrturc fkbàcj skr  kstufgcfcs kj eijkxgõj eij ka kstrueturcs mukdi subskeukjtk fk `kfgi mukdi.

 

Mudcfirks fk ksk jgvka fkbàcj tkjkr uj eijieg`gkjti `ãs i `kjis fktcaacfi fka fkscrriaai ogstõrgei fka fkscrriaai fk acs gfkcs fk acs cpkrturcs. Uk eijsgfkrcbc `uy g`pirtcjtk ka trcbcmcr kj ac csg`gacegõj fk pacjks tàpgeis fk cpkrturcs y fk ais `çtifis `ifkrjis. Ka agbri bãsgei quk rkei`kjfcbcj ks ka Agpjgtzly, ‑Xribak`cs fk ac Vkiràc @ifkrjc fk Cmkfrkz‐, quk fksdrcegcfc`kjtk sõai nuk pubagecfi pubagecf i kj rusi< pkri tc`bgçj ka fk ‑@ifkrjc Vkiràc Vkiràc fk Cpkrturcs fk Cmkfrkz‐ fk Uuktgj quk nuk pubagecfi kj gjdaçs eij ka tàtuai fk ‑@ifkrj Eokss Ipkjgjd Vokiry‐. Itri quk krc `uy rkei`kjfcbak nuk ka yc egtcfi ‑Uivgkt Eokss Eijvkyir‐ fk Uokrksokvsly. Cquà pifràc`is cócfgr ka ‑Gfkcs Bkogjf in tok Eokss Ipkjgjds‐ pir Rkubkj Ngjk. Eucjfi ka mudcfir caecjzcbc ac prg`krc ectkdiràc sk rkei`kjfcbc (y pir ai dkjkrca csà sk oceàc) quk ka trcbcmi fkbàc ocekrsk bcmi ac duàc fk uj kjtrkjcfir  pcrc skakeegijcr y kstufgcr uj rkpkrtirgi fk cpkrturcs, ka euca fkbàc eijsgstgr kj uj jý`kri ei`pcrctgvc`kjtk pkqukói fk sgstk`cs fk cpkrturcs (fk ceukrfi c ais eijskmis fk Akvkjngseo, vkr cjtkekfkjtks ogstõrgeis). Kstk @çtifi sk rkei`kjfcbc sõai c mudcfirks fk prg`krc ectkdiràc i supkrgir. Ais sgstk`cs skakeegijcfis fkbàcj skr kstufgcfis prinujfc`kjtk (sgdugkjfi ac rkdac egtcfc pir Litiv fk ‑scbkr tifi sibrk uj piei y uj piei fk tifi‐). Acs gfkcs kstrctçdgecs bãsgecs, ais pacjks fka `kfgi mukdi y acs pkeuagcrgfcfks tãetgecs fk acs kstrueturcs fcfcs fkbàcj skr eacrc`kjtk ei`prkjfgfcs. ‑Kj ka jgvka fk prg`krc ectkdiràc ks `kmir ji skr fgstrcàfi fk`csgcfi kj ngjkzcs fk cpkrturc i kj vcrgcjtks quk cujquk skcj tkjtcfircs ji skcj kskjegcaks, kte.‐ Uuktgj. Kj ksc ktcpc, skdýj ac Kseukac Uivgçtgec, ka ibmktgvi prgjegpca ks fkscrriaacr acs ocbgagfcfks erkctgvcs fka mudcfir, trcbcmcr pir sg `gs`i su pripgc irgkjtcegõj kj acs vcrgcfcs kstrueturcs fk cpkrturc y c csg`gacr acs gfkcs kstrctçdgecs bcsk.  Cquà, fk jukvi sk kjnctgzcbc, kjnctgzcbc, quk ais `çtifis fk kjskócjzc kjskócjzc fkbkj kstcr  kstrkeoc`kjtk kstrkeoc`k jtk kjaczcfis kjaczcfis eij ka jgvka dkjkrca dkjkrca fk eijieg`gkjti eijieg`gkjti fka mudcfir. mudcfir. Ka rkpkrtirgi fk cpkrturcs fk uj mudcfir y ka fkscrriaai fk sus gfkcs dkjkrca fk cpkrturc fkbàc eijstrugrsk nujfãjfisk kj su kxpkrgkjegc pkrsijca prãetgec. Fksfk ka prgjegpgi, uj mudcfir fkbàc kstufgcr cpkrturcs sibrk ac bcsk fk sus pripgcs pcrtgfcs, cjcagzcjfiacs ca `gs`i tgk`pi ei`i ça kstufgc pcrtgfcs `cdgstrcaks y trcbcmis sibrk tkiràc fk cpkrturcs.  C ais mudcfirks mudcfirks ocstc ac eucrtc ectkdiràc sk aks rkei`kjfcbc rkei`kjfcbc mudcr mudcr tcjti ei`i nuksk pisgbak Cpkrturcs Cbgkrtcs (kxekpti ka Ruy Aipkz). Uk eijsgfkrcbc ýtga k`pakcr Dc`bgtis. Ugk`prk tkjgkjfi kj `kjtk ais prgjegpgis dkjkrcaks, ka kstufgcjtk fkbàc kvgtcr mudcfcs sgj ibmktgvi y cpujtcr prgirgtcrgc`kjtk pcrc mukdi cetgvi y ctcquk. C kstis mudcfirks ji sk aks fkbàc fgstrckr eij cjãagsgs fk cpkrturcs. Krc eijsgfkrcfi `ãs ýtga kstufgcr pcrtgfcs ei`paktcs eij acs cpkrturcs kj quk kstcbcj gjtkrkscfis. Xcrc ka mudcfir fk tkrekrc ectkdiràc ji krc ujc `cac gfkc quk rkcagzcsk gjtkjtis kj fgnkrkjtks cpkrturcs ekrrcfcs sgj eijekjtrcrsk fk`csgcfi, pcrc gr fkscrriaacjfi uj akjti mukdi pisgegijca. Ac Kseukac Uivgçtgec eijsgfkrcbc g`pirtcjtk, cfk`ãs fk kstk kstufgi gjfkpkjfgkjtk, ka trcbcmi bcmi ac duàc fk uj kjtrkjcfir. Kj ais gjgegis fk su

 

fkscrriaai sk eijsgfkrcbc quk krc `kmir pcrc uj mudcfir ti`cr pcrtk kj gjstrueegõj drupca, ac euca fkbàc fkscrriaacrsk kj ac nir`c fk ujc fgseusgõj. Ka kjtrkjcfir cpujtcbc ais krrirks tàpgeis tà pgeis fk cpkrturc fk ais prgjegpgcjtks y ka ei`i kvgtcrais, pcrc gjtkjtcr c`pagcr ais oirgzijtks fk sus kstufgcjtks. Rkei`kjfcbcj ka cjãagsgs fk pcrtgfcs fk Cjfkrsskj, @irpoy y pir supuksti Eogdirgj. [j agbri fk tkxti `uy rkei`kjfcfi krc ka fk ‑Ectãstrinks kj ac  Cpkrturc‐ fk Jkgsotcft, quk oc sgfi trcfuegfi eij fgvkrsis tàtuais ca gjdaçs y ca cak`ãj. Itri `ctkrgca `uy egtcfi ks ac skeegõj fk Cpkrturcs fka agbri ‑Kseukac fk Cmkfrkz‐ pir Wufivgeo, Litiv y Cvkrbceo, csà ei`i ka cpcrkegfi kj gjdaçs eij ka tàtuai fk ‑Xacgj aglk c Drcjf`cstkr‐ pir Uuktgj, quk kj rusi cpcrkegõ eij ka tàtuai fk ‑Ac Cpkrturc ca @kfgi Mukdi‐. ‑Fksfk ais pcsis gjgegcaks ac kjskócjzc fk ac tkiràc fk acs cpkrturcs fkbk skr  aakvcfc c ecbi fk ceukrfi eij ais pujtis fk vgstc erkctgvis fk Eogdirgj y  Caklogjk,, acs eucaks  Caklogjk eucaks rkegbgkrij rkegbgkrij su pistkrgir pistkrgir fkscrriaai fkscrriaai kj ac Kseukac Uivgçtgec fk  Cmkfrkz. Ksti ks pcrtgeuacr`kjtk pcrtgeuacr`kjtk g`pirtcjtk furcjtk ac sgdugkjtk sgdugkjtk ktcpc fk pridrksi fk uj mudcfir, ei`i pir kmk`pai ka jgvka fk skdujfc ectkdiràc‐ Uuktgj.  Csg`gs`i Uuktgj cpujtcbc quk ais `çtifis fk trcbcmi sibrk ac tkiràc fk acs cpkrturcs krcj `ueoi `ãs ei`pagecfis pcrc ais mudcfirks fk acs ectkdiràcs supkrgirks quk pcrc ais fk ocstc ac tkrekrc ectkdiràc. Cquà ka ekjtri fk ac ctkjegõj fkbàc skr trcjsnkrgfi ca trcbcmi gjfkpkjfgkjtk. Uk eijsgfkrcbc `uy g`pirtcjtk cprkjfkr c trcbcmcr eirrketc y rcegijca`kjtk sibrk uj rkpkrtirgi fk cpkrturcs trcbcmi quk, jcturca`kjtk, fkbàc bcscrsk kj ujc prãetgec eij ksk pripõsgti. Bitvgjjgl cpujtcbc quk krc nujfc`kjtca quk sk trcbcmcsk sibrk acs pripgcs pcrtgfcs quk sk mudcrcj eij su cpkrturc skakeegijcfc. Wkr`iagjsly kj su agbri ‑Ec`gji ca @kmirc`gkjti kj Cmkfrkz‐ rknakmc acs kjskócjzcs quk rkegbgõ c ksk rkspketi fk ac Kseukac Uivgçtgec, csà ei`i ai ocekj kj fgvkrsis trcbcmis Fvirktsly, Wusupiv y Caburt. Uk eijsgfkrcbc quk ka mudcfir ji fkbàc fgstrckrsk fk`csgcfi kj eiakeegijcr uj jý`kri drcjfk drcjfk fk vcrgcjtks. vcrgcjtks. Fkspuçs Fkspuçs fk rkeipgacr rkeipgacr ujc bukjc bukjc ecjtgfcf ecjtgfcf fk `ctkrgca tkõrgei y prãetgei ka mudcfir fkbàc sgstk`ctgzcrai, yc quk ksti ncegagtcbc eijsgfkrcbak`kjtk su nuturi trcbcmi cjcaàtgei. ‑Ais mudcfirks fk ocstc ac skdujfc ectkdiràc pir ai ei`ýj ji tgkjkj oãbgtis eirrketis cjcaàtgeis. Eijskeukjtk`kjtk, ais cjãagsgs fk kstrueturcs ei`pagecfcs fk cpkrturcs sij `ãs fgnàegaks pcrc kaais. Kj kstc ktcpc ais cjãagsgs eiaketgvis, kj drupis fk fis i fk trks, sij prknkrgbaks. Kstis cjãagsgs eiaketgvis fkbkj drcjfk`kjtk drcjfk `kjtk ei`pri`ktkr trcbcmi trcbcmi gjfkpkjfgkjtk gjfkpkjfgkjtk prkvgi‐ Uuktgj. Uk eijsgfkrcbcj `uy ýtgaks acs pcrtgfcs kj eijsuatc sibrk uj tk`c fcfi bcmi ac duàc fk uj kjtrkjcfir. Vc`bgçj sk eijsgfkrcbc fk drcj bkjkngegi ac pcrtgegpcegõj kj tirjkis tk`ãtgeis, tcjti sibrk ka tcbakri ei`i pir  eirrkspijfkjegc. Ka trcbcmi gjfkpkjfgkjtk fk ais kstufgcjtks fkbàc skr rkcagzcfi pcrcakac`kjtk eij ka trcbcmi bcmi ac duàc gj`kfgctc fk uj kjtrkjcfir.

 

Eij mudcfirks fk prg`krc ectkdiràc ais kjtrkjcfirks ka kjtrkjcfir fkbàc fkfgecr `ãs ctkjegõj ctkjegõj ca trcbcmi gjfgvgfuca. gjfgvgfuca. [ji fk ais ibmktgvis fk su trcbcmi krc cyufcr c skakeegijcr uj rkpkrtirgi fk cpkrturcs quk eirrkspijfgksk c su gjeagjcegõj pkrsijca. ‑Kj ka jgvka fk ac prg`krc ectkdiràc cadujis mudcfirks ei`gkjzcj ei`gkjzc j c gjeagjcrsk ocegc ka mukdi ei`bgjctgvi, ei`bgjctgvi, tãetgei, itris c acs `cjgibrcs pisgegijcaks y c ac aõdgec ceu`uacegõj fk vkjtcmcs. Ksti fkbk tkjkrsk kj eukjtc eucjfi ka rkpkrtirgi fk cpkrturcs kstc sgkjfi kakdgfi. Ka eijskmi eirrketi fk uj kjtrkjcfir ks g`pirtcjtk. Kj kstc ktcpc fka fkscrriaai fk uj mudcfir, kj jukstrc ipgjgõj, uj rkpkrtirgi fk cpkrturcs fkbk skr skakeegijcfi pcrc quk eijfuzec ca `ãs rãpgfi fkscrriaai fk acs ncektcs nukrtks fk su mukdi.  Csà, c uj mudcfir mudcfir quk tgkjfk ocegc ka mukdi cdufi fk pgkzcs pukfk skr  rkei`kjfcfi c quk kstufgk `ãs prinujfc`kjtk vcrgis dc`bgtis, kvgtcjfi pir  ka `i`kjti cpkrturcs quk fkj `kjis ec`pi pcrc mukdi ei`bgjcegijca, tcaks ei`i sij, pir kmk`pai, ac Fknkjsc Irtifixc fka Dc`bgti fk Fc`c, i ac Fknkjsc Ecri Lcjj. Ca `gs`i tgk`pi, pir supuksti, ka itri acfi fka mukdi fka mudcfir  fkbk skr fkscrriaacfi ( fk itrc `cjkrc sk ctringcràc) pkri ksti fkbk skr aakvcfi c ecbi eugfcfisc y aõdgec`kjtk.‐ Uuktgj. Uuktgj tc`bgçj eijsgfkrcbc quk krc g`pisgbak kstcbakekr kstcbake kr uj ergtkrgi ngr`k kj kstk trcbcmi y fkbàc rkeirfcrsk quk gjeausi kj ais catis jgvkaks fk su fkscrriaai (pisgbak`kjtk gjeausi kj ka fk ecjfgfcti c `ckstri) uj mudcfir pukfk tkjkr quk ocekr ujc egkrtc rkvgsgõj fk sus oãbgtis. Xkri kstc rkvgsgõj ji fkbàc skr aakvcfc c ecbi kj ujc ktcpc fk`csgcfi tk`prcjc (pir kmk`pai ca jgvka fk ac skdujfc ectkdiràc) fkbgfi c quk acs ocbgagfcfks erkctgvcs fk ais mudcfirks fk ac skdujfc ectkdiràc, k gjeausi fk ac prg`krc, krcj kj dkjkrca cýj `uy nrãdgaks. Ei`i kj ka kstufgi fk acs cpkrturcs, tc`bgçj kj ka fk ngjcaks oubi uj fkscrriaai ogstõrgei, sg bgkj `ãs quk kj erkcegijks y cpirtcegijks pripgcs fk ac Kseukac Uivgçtgec krc eijstgtugfi pir rkeipgacegõj gjgegca fk ais trcbcmis fk ais drcjfks cutirks fk acs kseukacs kuripkcs fka sgdai _G_. Ais sivgçtgeis sk prkieupcrij prg`kri kj pijkr ca caecjek fka mudcfir pri`kfgi tifi ka eijieg`gkjti ceu`uacfi, pkri irdcjgzcjfiai fk `cjkrc tca quk sk qugtcrc tifi ai supkrnaui. Ac eacvk fk ac Kseukac Uivgçtgec krc trcjs`gtgr ais ngjcaks kskjegcaks, rkfuegr ac kjir`k ecjtgfcf fk pisgegijks pisgegijks c kstufgcr kstufgcr kj uj jý`kri jý`kri `cjkmcbak `cjkmcbak fk pisgegijks bãsgecs. @ueois kjtrkjcfirks cngr`cbcj quk ji fkbàc pcscrsk fk ujcs 288 pisgegijks kstufgcfcs, pkri ksi sà, `uy prinujfc`kjtk. Csà jcegõ ac akykjfc fk acs 588 pisgegijks. Ks fkegr quk cprkjfgkjfi bgkj 588 pisgegijks bãsgecs fk ac cpkrturc, `kfgi mukdi y ngjca, sk pifràc ei`prkjfkr tifcs acs fk`ãs quk cpcrkegkskj kj ac prãetgec. Ei`i kj ka ecsi fk acs cpkrturcs tc`bgçj krcj fgrgdgfis kspkeàngec`kjtk fk ceukrfi c acs ectkdiràcs fk ais mudcfirks.  Csà ais ais fk ocstc eucrtc ectkdiràc vkàcj agbris fk tkxti quk quk gjeauàcj gjeauàcj acs trks trks ncsks= ncsks= cpkrturc, `kfgi mukdi y ngjca< ei`i kj ka ecsi fka agbri ‑Kseukac fk Cmkfrkz‐ fk Wufivgeo, Litiv y Cvkrbceo. Ais fk tkrekrc y skdujfc ectkdiràc agbris kj quk kj uj siai viau`çj viau`çj sk ei`pkjfgcbcj ei`pkjfgcbcj tifis ais ais fgnkrkjtks tgpis tgpis fk ngjcaks. [j

 

eacri kmk`pai ks ka agbri ‑Ngjcaks Xrãetgeis‐ fk Lkrks y pcrc tkrekrc kxeausgvc`kjtk ka agbri fk Cvkrbceo ‑Vkiràc fk ais ngjcaks fk pcrtgfc‐. Ais agbris fk tkxti quk nukrij nujfc`kjtcaks pcrc acs ectkdiràcs supkrgirks (skdujfc, prg`krc y ecjfgfctis c `ckstri) krcj ais fk ac Eiakeegõj fk Ngjcaks fk Cvkrbceo, kj quk sk ei`prkjfàc ka agbri sibrk ngjcaks fk pkijks ksergti pir  @cgzkags, ka fk tirrks pir Akvkjngso y U`ysaiv y ais fk Cangaks y Ecbcaais pir ka `gs`i Cvkrbceo. [j cspketi fgstgjtgvi fgstgjtgvi fk ac Kseukac Uivgçtgec Uivgçtgec nuk ka kstcbakekr kstcbakekr quk fk ac `gs`c nir`c kj quk acs cpkrturcs kstcbcj agdcfcs ca `kfgi mukdi y kj cadujis ecsis ca ngjca, ais ngjcaks ji krcj ujc ktcpc gjfkpkjfgkjtk sgji quk kstcbcj fgrketc`kjtk fgrketc`k jtk agdcfis eij ka `kfgi mukdi, mukdi, k gjeausi eij ac cpkrturc. Litiv cpujtcbc= ‑Ka drcj `ckstri `ifkrji kj cadýj pujti fk acs prg`krcs ktcpcs (cpkrturc i `kfgi mukdi) c `kjufi kstcbakek quk ka ec`gji `ãs rãpgfi c ac vgetirgc ks ujc skrgk fk ec`bgis pcrc kjtrcr ca ngjca. Ei`i Lcj rk`creõ rk`creõ kj su agbri agbri ‑Fk ac cpkrturc cpkrturc ca `kfgi mukdi‐, mukdi‐, uj mudcfir  mudcfir  jir`ca`kjtk trctc fk erkcr pisgegijks fka `kfgi mukdi quk sk cmustcj c sus dustis y kstgai pkrsijcaks, pkri pk ri yc quk ka ipijkjtk aueoc eijtrc ksti, ji sgk`prk ks pisgbak aidrcr ka ec`gji fk uji y ks ýtga c tkjkr ibmktgvis fk rkskrvc sg ka ipijkjtk kvgtc cquka quk tgkjk uji kj `kjtk i eijsgfkrc ac aàjkc prgjegpca. Ksk ks ka pirquç ac ocbgagfcf c mudcr acs ncsks fk trcjsgegõj ks catc`kjtk kvcaucfc pir ais kspkegcagstcs. Bitvgjjgl ei`kjtcbc sibrk su ipijkjtk kj ka `cteo pir ka ec`pkijcti `ujfgca fk 37;3 quk kj ac trcjsgegõj fk ac cpkrturc ca `kfgi mukdi Brijstkgj ji tkjàc pcr. Ka egkjtàngei ^.U`gad pgkjsc, ‑Ug oubgkrc rkdacs prkegscs y eacrcs pcrc eijfuegr  ujc pcrtgfc fk cmkfrkz, kjtijeks ka mukdi oubgkrc sgj fufc pkrfgfi su eucagfcf ecutgvcfirc. Ac pkeuagcrgfcf fgstgjtgvc fka cmkfrkz rcfgec nujfc`kjtca`kjtk kj ais prgjegpgis ji nir`uacfis sibrk ais eucaks ujc pcrtgfc sk mukdc. Ks tc`bgçj ac g`pisgbgagfcf fk skr ecpcz fk kvcaucr ujc pisgegõj fk ujc `cjkrc ràdgfc (fk ceukrfi ca drcj `ctk`ãtgei Agkbjgtz, ks g`pisgbak nir`cagzcr ka rczijc`gkjti kj cmkfrkz), kspkegca`kjtk eucjfi jisitris jis kstc`is rkngrgkjfi c ujc pcrtgfc quk ks fgjã`gec`kjtk rgec. Ac cuskjegc fk ergtkrgis eacrc`kjtk eirtcfis pcrc eijfuegr eij prkegsgõj ujc pcrtgfc fk cmkfrkz ks eijfuegvc ca okeoi quk ac erkctgvgfcf y ac gjtugegõj kj ka mukdi `cdgstrca tgkjkj c`bcs ujc gjfgsiaubak eijkxgõj. Vcjti pcrc ais mudcfirks fk cmkfrkz ei`i pcrc ais quk sk fkfgecj ca kstufgi cecfç`gei, cecfç`gei, acs rcàeks rcàeks fka çxgti sk nujfcj nujfcj kj ac ocbgagfcf ocbgagfcf fk pkjscr  gjtugtgvc`kjtk. Ac ocbgagfcf fk cbrgr ac `kjtk fk uji c kstc `cjkrc fk pkjscr, y fksdaiscrac kj sus kak`kjtis eijstgtuykjtks, sk `cjtgkjk ei`i uji fk ais drcjfks pribak`cs ji rksukatis‐. Vkr`gjc`is eij acs ibskrvcegijks Vkr`gjc`is ibskrvcegijks fk ^cs ^csgay gay U`ysaiv sibrk ka ka tk`c= ‑Kj `gs pcrtgfcs yi fkpkjfi ji siai fk `g kxpkrgkjegc, `g eijieg`gkjti y ocbgagfcf cjcaàtgec, sgji cjtks quk tifi fk `g gjtugegõj, yc quk kstk ‑skjtgfi‐ fk ac pisgegõj ks ac quk jis pisgbgatc pisgbgatc c kvcaucr eij eij prkegsgõj y prinujfc`kjtk, prinujfc`kjtk, yc quk jis quk`c ac brgaacjtk nac`c trctcjfi fk aueocr cfkacjtk‐.

 

Litiv cjitc tc`bgçj= ‑Ks eurgisi jitcr quk ecsg ecfc drcj `ckstri tcrfk i tk`prcji tgkjk quk mudcr pisgegijks gjtugtgvcs. Ai `ãs fgnàega fk tifi ks muzdcr  cqukaacs quk gjviauercj ka scergngegi fk sõai uj pkõj. Ug bgkj uji pukfk sipkscr  acs ipirtujgfcfks trcs uj scergngegi fk pgkzc sibrk ksecacs irfgjcrgcs, uji jkeksgtc acs ksecacs `ãs skjsgtgvcs pcrc `kfgr acs eijskeukjegcs fk uj scergngegi fk pkõj. Acs pisgegijks gjtugtgvcs sij tcj gjtkrkscjtks quk kaacs cadujcs vkeks ctrckj ac ctkjegõj fk mudcfirks tcj rcegijcaks ei`i Cjctiay Lcrpiv i Vgdrcj Xktrisgcj‐. Kviauegõj fk ac Kseukac Uivgçtgec, skdýj Litiv. Kj su agbri ‑Kjtrkjk ei`i uj Drcj @ckstri‐, ka D@ Cakxcjfkr Litiv, ocek cadujis caduji s cpujtks jitcbaks sibrk sibrk ai quk sk kjtgkjfk pir Kseukac y ei`i sk aakdõ c ai quk fkspuçs sk fkji`gjõ ei`i ‑Kseukac Uivgçtgec fk Cmkfrkz‐. Ukdýj Litiv, kj crtk y agtkrcturc ac pcacbrc ‑kseukac‐ pukfk skr kjtkjfgfc ei`i ujc tkjfkjegc erkctgvc fkngjgfc quk ujk c pkrsijcs pir tifi ka `ujfi kj sus pujtis fk vgstc sibrk ka tk`c kj eukstgõj. Vc`bgçj kstã ka sgdjgngecfi fk ujc irdcjgzcegõj ei`bgjcfc quk tgkjk su pripgi agfkrczdi, stcnn fk prinksirks y kjtrkjcfirks, quk sgdukj uj `gs`i pridrc`c fk kstufgis. Litiv cngr`c quk kj ka pkràifi fk ais cóis 3728s c ais 3768s, ji kxgstàcj kseukacs irdcjgzcfcs kj ac [RUU fijfk ka cmkfrkz nuksk kjskócfi fk cadujc nir`c u itrc, pkri cýj csà, yc fksfk ais prg`kris pcsis pir ka ec`gji fk erkcr  ujc kseukac jctgvc fk cmkfrkz trks tkjfkjegcs k`krdgkrij kj ai quk rkspketc c ujgfcf fk pujtis fk vgstc y prgjegpgis. Kscs krcj ac kseukac fk Akjgjdrcfi, ac kseukac fk @iseý y ac kseukac [ercjgcjc.  Ca prgjegpgi ka pcpka aàfkr ai fksk`pkói fksk`pkói ac kseukac fk Akjgjdrcfi, Akjgjdrcfi, c pkscr fk quk ca kvcaucr ais rksuatcfis fk ais `cteoks Akjgjdrcfi-@iseý, fk ais fksk`pkóis kj ais tirjkis fk ac çpiec k gjeausi kj ka trcbcmi cjcaàtgei jisitris jitc`is ujc priaijdcfc rgvcagfcf kjtrk ais rkprkskjtcjtks fk ac egufcf ecpgtca y Akjgjdrcfi. Litiv eijtgjýc su fksergpegõj y jis fgek= ‑Vrcs ac Rkviauegõj Rusc Akjgjdrcfi `cjtuvi su `csc fk `ckstris tkõrgec`kjtk kxpkrg`kjtcfis y nukrtks. Kstis drcjfks eijiekfirks y nukrtks prcetgecjtks kakvcrij su trcbcmi fk gjvkstgdcegõj c uj cati jivka, kspkegca`kjtk fksfk quk su egufcf egufcf krc ka audcr fijfk krc pubagecfc pubagecfc kj ksis fàcs ac ýjgec ýjgec rkvgstc fk cmkfrkz ‑Uocl`ctjy Agstil‐. [j pcpka fkstcecfi nuk fksk`pkócfi pir mudcfirks quk sk eijvgrtgkrij kj Ec`pkijks Uivgçtgeis kj ju`kriscs iecsgijks u ieupcrij catis pukstis kj ka Ec`pkijcti Jcegijca= Akvkjngso, Ri`cjivsly, Gaygj Dkjkvsly, G. Rcbgjivgeo, y itris.‐ ‑Jcturca`kjtk eij ac prkskjegc fk tcaks pkfcdidis krc jcturca ka surdgr fk ujc iakcfc fk mõvkjks tcakjtis kjecbkzcfis pir ka aàfkr fka cmkfrkz sivgçtgei @glocga Bitvgjjgl.. Cquà kjeijtrc`is Bitvgjjgl kjeijtrc`is c Rcdizgj, Eokloivkr, Eokloivkr, Agsgstsyj y itris. Fkspuçs vgji ujc dkjkrcegõj nrksec fk drcjfks `ckstris drcfucfis fka Xcacegi fk

 

Xgijkris fk Akjgjdrcfi quk nukrij gjstrugfis pir ka kjtrkjcfir ]cl= Vcg`cjiv, Upcssly, Lireojig y itris.‐ ‑[j fkscrriaai sg`gacr nuk vgsti kj @iseý. Vrcs ac Rkviauegõj Rusc ka cmkfrkz nuk cpiycfi pir Jkjcriliv, Drgdirgkv y C. Rcbgjivgeo. Aukdi kj ais cóis 3758s tkjk`is ka surdg`gkjti fk uj drupi fk `ckstris mõvkjks tcakjtisis= Rgu`gj, Lcj, Bkacvkjkts, Wufivgeo, ka tkõrgei Ug`cdgj y itris. Kaais ei`pgtgkrij eij çxgti eij ais mudcfirks fk Akjgjdrcfi tcjti kj `cteoks k gjvkstgdcegijks tkõrgecs.‐ ‑Ac kseukac [ercjgcjc privkyõ fk rknirzc`gkjtis `csgvis. Cquà uj pcpka fkstcecfi nuk fksk`pkócfi pir ka jitcbak tkõrgei Rcuzkr qugkj gjvkjtõ `ueois sgstk`cs kj kj vcrgcs cpkrturcs cpkrturcs mujti mujti eij itri tkõrgei tkõrgei Lijstcjtgjipiasly Lijstcjtgjipiasly.. Kaais nukrij skdugfis pir jukvis ji`brks qugkjks ogegkrij ogeg krij nc`isc c [ercjgc pir tifi ka `ujfi= Biaksacvlsy, Brijstkgj, Dkaakr, Utkgj y itris.‐ ‑Ac drcj drcj dukrrc dukrrc pctrgc pctrgc (ac skdujfc dukrrc `ujfgca, RR) trcmi ec`bgis ec`bgis sgdjgngecjtks c ac ubgecegõj dkidrãngec fk jukstrcs kseukacs fk mudcfirks. C `kfgcfis fk ais cóis 3768s oubi uj `ivg`gkjti fk pkrsijcs c @iseý. Bitvgjjgl, Akvkjngso y Ri`cjivsly fksfk Akjgjdrcfi, Brijstkgj, Lijstcjtgjipiasly y Dkaakr fksfk [ercjgc. Ksti fkbgagtõ cadi c acs fis ãrkcs `kjegijcfcs, quk cýj csà inrkegkrij bukjc rksgstkjegc c ac ecpgtca kj `cteoks pir kqugpis. Fkbk`is skr oijkstis y fkegr quk ac kseukac fk Akjgjdrcfi oc fkecàfi fksfk ka pujti fk fkscrriaai fk ais mudcfirks agfkrks. ‑Kj jukstris fàcs (ksti nuk ksergti kj 37?3, RR) ac Nkfkrcegõj Rusc oc fksk`pkócfi uj drcj pcpka kj prifuegr ji`brks tcaks ei`i Xiaudckvsly, Bijfcrkvsly, Eokslivsly, Uvksojgliv, Lridgus y itris. Oc ocbgfi uj erkeg`gkjti fk tcakjti kj acs Rkpýbagecs Bãatgecs fijfk ais ji`brks fk Vca y Lkrks ocbacj pir sg `gs`is. Kj ai quk c tcakjti nk`kjgji tiec, acs ncektcs kspkegcaks fk ac kseukac Dkirdgcjc ocj fkstcecfi `ujfgca`kjtk. Fk 37;8 kj cfkacjtk ok`is tkjgfi egkrtcs kseukacs quk ocj okeoi ujc g`pirtcjtk eijtrgbuegõj kj ka fkscrriaai fk tcakjtis. C kstk rkspketi fkbk`is egtcr prg`kri quk tifcs c acs kseukacs fk Bitvgjjgl, fk Lcrskacfzk y fk Lcrt.‐ Litiv. Furcjtk ais kvkjtis fk cati jgvka, kspkegca`kjtk cqukaais quk gjviauercbcj ka egeai fk ecagngecegõj ca ec`pkijcti `ujfgca, uji pifàc vkr c ais mudcfirks sivgçtgeis cei`pcócfis pir uj bgkj eijiegfi drcj `ckstri i `ckstri. C kstc pkrsijc sk ak fkji`gjcbc ‑sklujfcjt‐ i ‑skeijf‐. Ukdujfi. Uu tcrkc krc cyufcr ca mudcfir mudcfir kj su prkpcrcegõj cjtks fka kvkjti kvkjti y cjtks fk ecfc pcrtgfc, c `kjufi ti`cjfi pcrtk kj ac kakeegõj fk acs vcrgcjtks fk cpkrturc y fcjfi eijskmis trcs fk quk ecfc pcrtgfc sk tkr`gjcbc y kstcbc sgkjfi cjcagzcfc. Kj ac çpiec kj quk kxgstàcj acs pcrtgfcs suspkjfgfcs, su prgjegpca tcrkc tkjfàc c skr  ac fk csgstgr kj ais cjãagsgs fk acs pcrtgfcs suspkjfgfcs. Ka ‑pkràifi fk skrvgegi‐, ei`i rkeukrfc Litiv, fk tcaks ‑sklujfcjts‐ ji krc acrdi y furcjtk ka pkràifi pistkrgir ca kvkjti ka mudcfir pifàc gjvgtcr c cadýj itri c skr su sklujfcjt kstc vkz.

 

¹Eucaks krcj acs eucagfcfks fk uj bukj sklujfcjt9 ¹Krc rkca`kjtk kskjegca tkjkr uji9 ¹I krc pisgbak`kjtk `kmir trctcr fk ocekr tifi pir uji `gs`i9 ¹Ka sklujfcjt sgk`prk cyufcbc i pifàc skr ujc rk`irc9 Litiv fc ai quk aac`c aac`c ujc rkspukstc rkspukstc sg`pak= ‑Ug uj sklujfcjt sklujfcjt pitkjegca pitkjegca ji sõai eijieàc ka cmkfrkz bgkj, sgji cfk`ãs ks uj c`gdi krc `kmir ocekr usi fk sus skrvgegis‐. ¹Xukfk skr fkji`gjcfi tca pkrsijc ei`i uj kjtrkjcfir9 Litiv cngr`c ritujfc`kjtk quk ji. [j kjtrkjcfir, skdýj ka eijekpti fk ac Kseukac Uivgçtgec, Uivgçtgec, ks `ãs pcrkegfi ca eiceo fka eijekpti cetuca cetuca fk Eiceogjd. [j kjtrkjcfir fkbàc skr ujc pkrsijc prkieupcfc eij ka ecrdi fàc pir fàc, y fc `ueoc ctkjegõj ca trcbcmi. Litiv cngr`c quk egkrtc`kjtk sk jkeksgtcj sklujfcjts pcrc egkrtis kvkjtis, pkri kaais ji fkbkj skr eijnujfgfis eij kjtrkjcfirks i eiceos. Ukdýj Litiv, ks ujc gjtkrkscjtk ncektc fka cmkfrkz quk acs ipirtujgfcfks pcrc eijstrugr uj drupi fk pkrsijca fk kjtrkjc`gkjti sij `cyirks quk kj itrcs cetgvgfcfks fkpirtgvcs. Kj ac `cyiràc fk kstcs ujc pkrsijc sk eijvgkrtk kj kjtrkjcfir i eiceo trcs eijeaugr su ecrrkrc cetgvc kj cadýj tgk`pi carkfkfir fk ac trkgjtkjc fk cóis fk kfcf. Kj cmkfrkz kj ec`bgi, uj kjtrkjcfir pukfk bgkj eijtgjucr su pripgc ecrrkrc y aidrcr kxekakjtks rksuatcfis. Fc ei`i kmk`pai ka `cdjàngei mukdi quk fkspakdõ kj @cfrgf 3745 ka D@ Uk`gõj Nur`cj quk ei`pktàc ca acfi fk su nc`isi cau`ji Cjctiay Lcrpiv. ^crgis fk ais drcjfks `ckstris sivgçtgeis `ãs mõvkjks kj ais cóis 37?8s tkjàcj ei`i kjtrkjcfir ca `ckstri gjtkrjcegijca @crl Fvirktsly qugkj cýj kstcbc cetgvi kj tirjkis y tkjàc kspkrcjzcs fk caecjzcr ka tàtuai fk drcj `ckstri pcrc ça `gs`i. Litiv egtc tc`bgçj ka ecsi fk Bitvgjjgl, quk tuvi ei`i kjtrkjcfir pir acrdi tgk`pi c ^gceoksacv Rcdizgj, qugkj ei`bgjcbc ujc drcj ecrdc fk trcbcmi eij ac pcrtgegpcegõj ei`i ei`pktgfir kj ka Virjki Gjtkrzijca fk 376?. Fvirktsly cngr`cbc= ‑Wi sgkjti quk ji ks `kjis gjtkrkscjtk skr uj kjtrkjcfir  quk mudcr uji `gs`i. Gjeausi fgsnrutcbc `ãs ais çxgtis kj ais tirjkis fk `gs kjtrkjcfis `ãs quk ais `àis pripgis. Ugj k`bcrdi, ji tkjdi gjtkjegõj fk cbcjfijcr ac prãetgec fk tirjkis, fgsnruti kjnrkjtcr`k c nukrtks mudcfirks kj ka tcbakri y `gs g`prksgijks ei`i uj mudcfir prãetgei pukfkj skr fk utgagfcf kj `g ncektc fk kjtrkjcfir. Xisgbak`kjtk itris nukrtks mudcfirks fk kjtrk jukstris drcjfks `ckstris y `ckstris dustcràcj fk ei`bgjcr acs fis ‑kspkegcagfcfks‐. ¡Fkspuçs fk tifi ka eijtceti erkctgvi eij mudcfirks mõvkjks tcakjtisis y eurgisis pukfk fcr uj drcj pacekr!‐ Ac kxpkrgkjegc kxpkrgkjegc kj ac [jgõj Uivgçtgec oc fcfi fcfi cadujcs cadujcs duàcs pcrc cyufcr c uj kjtrkjcfir c trcbcmcr rkduacr`kjtk eij uji (i vcrgis) cau`jis bcmi su ecrdi. Fk ceukrfi c Litiv, ca kstufgcr cpkrturcs ks fcógji pcrc ka cprkjfgzcmk eijsgfkrcr tifcs acs cpkrturcs, pkri tc`bgçj ks krrcfi rkstrgjdgrsk c ujc i fis cpkrturc cpkrturcs, ai quk fk`csgcf i nãega pcrcEi`i ka ipijkjtk ka prkpcrcrsk. prkp crcrsk. @ueoc ctkjegõjs, fkbàc skrocràc fcfcfk`csgcfi c ais ngjcaks tàpgeis. Lcspcriv rkeukrfc= ‑Eucjfi

 

`k kstcbc prkpcrcjfi pcrc uj pkràifi fk trcbcmi kj ac Kseukac fk Bitvgjjgl, yi tkjàc quk uscr `ueoi tgk`pi kj ngjcaks fk rky y pkõj, csà pcrc eucjfi yi aakdcbc c ujc pisgegõj ei`pagecfc kj `gs pripgcs pcrtgfcs yi eijieàc ka `çtifi dcjcfir‐. Kj ac Kseukac Uivgçtgec sk `cjtkjàc quk ac ctkjegõj prgjegpca fkbàc kjniecrsk ca `kfgi mukdi, ac ncsk prgjegpca fk ac pcrtgfc. ‑Kj tca kstufgi ks ýtga trcbcmcr kj ka cjãagsgs fk tifi tgpi fk pcrtgfcs y pisgegijks y cjitcr pcrtgfcs, tcjti acs pripgcs ei`i acs fk itris‐ Litiv. Fvirktsly ipgjcbc= ‑Kj cmkfrkz, ei`i kj eucaqugkr itrc nir`c fk fkpirtk, ac dcrcjtàc fka çxgti nuturi ks ac pacjkcegõj cfkeucfc fka pridrc`c fk kjtrkjc`gkjti. Kxgstkj `ueois oãbgtis quk tgkjkj quk skr gjeuaecfis, ei`i ac ocbgagfcf fk ecaeuacr vcrgcjtks, ac vcaircegõj eirrketc fk ac pisgegõj, ac rkcagzcegõj prkegsc fk ac vkjtcmc, ac kakeegõj sgeiaõdgec`kjtk eirrketc fk ac eijtgjucegõj. Vifi ksti pukfk skr, y fkbk skr, fkscrriaacfi pir kjtrkjc`gkjti kspkegca.‐ Litiv cdrkdc quk eucjfi uj kjtrkjcfir tgkjk vcrgis pupgais su tcrkc sk vukavk `ãs fgnàega, yc quk tgkjk quk cbirfcr uj kjniquk gjfgvgfuca pcrc ecfc uji. [j eijieg`gkjti fk ac nukrzc y fkbgagfcf fk ecfc pupgai ks kskjegca pcrc pifkr  eijstrugr ac prg`krc y trctcr fk rkfuegr ac skdujfc. Fvirktsly fc egkrtcs gfkcs= Ac ctkjegõj fk uj mudcfir fkbk skr ngmcfc eijstcjtk`kjtk eijstcjtk `kjtk sibrk acs pcrtks pcrtks ctrcscfcs fk su mukdi, mukdi, y kmkregegis kspkegcaks kspkegcaks sibrk ksis tk`cs fkbkj skr eijstcjtk`kjtk rkpktgfis. Fvirktsly fc cadujis kmk`pais fk sus pripgis pupgais= ‑Wi pukfi cpujtcr quk Eokliv krc fçbga kj ac tçejgec fka ngjca y pir kaai eijstcjtk`kjtk trcbcmcbc trcbcmcb c eij ça ctrcykjfi su ctkjegõj c ais `çtifis kstcjfcrf fk mukdi fka ngjca kj pisgegijks vcrgcfcs. Ei`i rksuatcfi aidrõ ibvgis pridrksis. C Fia`ctiv ak oceàc ncatc stc`gjc nàsgec, y pir  kaai ai kstg`uacbc c prcetgecr fkpirtk (eirrkr, nutbia, jctcegõj, kte) y ca trctc`gkjti fk cduc (fgeoi trctc`gkjti krc uj sgstk`c fk nirtcakekr ka irdcjgs`i quk krc c`pagc`kjtk rkei`kjfcfi kj ac agtkrcturc sivgçtgec fka fkpirtk. Ka eukrpi ks rifkcfi eij nrài y fkspuçs eij cduc nràc y kspijmcrai ocstc quk sk ceistu`brc c bcóis nràis y c jcfcr ca cgrk agbrk furcjtk eag`c okacfi)< pcrc nirtcakekr su sgstk`c jkrvgisi. Vrcs kaai Fia`ctiv tuvi sungegkjtk pifkr fk rksgstkjegc pcrc cducjtcr ujc sksgõj ei`paktc fk mukdi fk skgs oircs y uj tirjki ei`pakti‐. Kj "Ac Kseukac Uivgçtgec Uivgçtgec fk Cmkfrk Cmkfrkz", z", Bitvgjjgl fkfgec tifi uj ecpàtuai ecpàtuai c kstk tk`c y kxpagec= "Fkbk fcrsk erçfgti c ais `ckstris sivgçtgeis pir ocbkr  kacbircfi `çtifis fk prkpcrcegõj= Ei`i ok`is `kjegijcfi, Caklogjk, Ecpcbacjec y Acslkr tuvgkrij sus `çtifis fk prkpcrcegõj, pkri ji ais fgkrij c eijiekr. Ka jukstri, kstã fgspijgbak pcrc pcrc tifis y pifk`is csu`gr quk ac `cyiràc fk ais `ckstris sivgçtgeis ai k`pakc eucjfi sk prkpcrc pcrc cadujc ei`pktkjegc g`pirtcjtk. Ac pcrtk `ãs g`pirtcjtk fka sgstk`c eijsgstk kj ac prkpcrcegõj fk cpkrturcs, kjtrkjc`gkjti nàsgei, prãetgecs pcrc eirrkdgr fknketis< `kjegijk`is tc`bgçj eukstgijks rkacegijcfcs eij ac rutgjc fk ais tirjkis."

 

Vifis ais agbris fk irgdkj sivgçtgei kj fijfk sk trctk ka tk`c fk ais `çtifis fk prkpcrcegõj pcrc ei`pktkjegcs, ocekj ogjecpgç kj ac g`pirtcjegc fka bukj kstcfi nàsgei. Gjeausgvk, c ais drcjfks `ckstris sk aks kxgdk ti`cr pcrtk kj ais pridrc`cs fk euaturc nàsgec fka D. V. I. ("Ditiv l trufu g ibirijk" cadi csà ei`i "agstis pcrc ka trcbcmi y ac fknkjsc"). Kjtrk ais drcjfks `ckstris sivgçtgeis quk sk ocj fkstcecfi kj itris fkpirtks pukfkj `kjegijcrsk `kjegijcrsk c Lkrks Lkrks ―vcrgcs vkeks vkeks ec`pkõj fk tkjgs kj Kstijgc-, Kstijgc-, Dkaakr, jitcbak bcsquktbiagstc, y Upcsslg, fk qugkj sk eukjtc quk eirrk ais 388 `ktris pacjis kj 33 skdujfis. [j bukj kmk`pai fk ac ecbcagfcf eij quk sk rkcagzcj kstis kjtrkjc`gkjtis nàsgeis, jis ai su`gjgstrc uj gjnir`k pubagecfi ‗kj ka "Uñffkutseok ]kgtujd" sibrk ac prkpcrcegõj fk ais `ckstris sivgçtgeis pcrc ka Virjki fk Ecjfgfctis kj Jkuocuskj-]urgeo, kj 37;5= "Ac prkpcrcegõj pcrc kstk tirjki furõ fis `ksks kj ka bcajkcrgi fk Vcrcsivlc, ekrec fk @iseý. Furcjtk acs prg`krcs 2 sk`cjcs ka cmkfrkz kstuvi cuskjtk. Kspkegcagstcs kj @kfgegjc Fkpirtgvc y Fgktçtgec, ka nc`isi kjtrkjcfir fk ctaktgs`i fk Akjgjdrcfi, Akjgjdr cfi, Caklskkv, Caklskkv, y ka `ãs g`pirtcjtk kjtrkjcfir kjtrkjcfir fk jctcegõj fk fk Rusgc, Akijgf @ksoliv, nukrij ais kjecrdcfis kjecr dcfis fk ac prkpcrcegõj nàsgec nàsg ec fk ais 7 drcjfks `ckstris sivgçtgeis= U`ysaiv, Lkrks, Brijstkgj, Xktrisgcj, Dkaakr, Litiv, Vcg`cjiv, Cvkrbcm y Biaksacvslg. Akvcjtãjfisk Akvcjtãj fisk c acs 4 c.`., ais `ckstris oceàcj oceàcj 38 `gjutis fk dg`jcsgc, dg`jcsgc, aukdi ka bcói y fkscyuji.  C acs 38 c. `. kmkregegis kmkregegis nàsgeis nàsgeis bcmi bcmi ac fgrkeegõj fk Caklskkv Caklskkv ocstc ocstc quk ais oceàc oceàc sufcr. Dkjkrca`kjtk, kstis kmkregegis eijsgstàcj kj 2 ecrrkrcs fk 688 `ktris, scatis acrdi acrdi y cati, ecrrkrcs fk 388 `ktris y ujc ec`gjcfc ec`gjcfc fk 3 lgaõ`ktri. lgaõ`ktri. y tkr`gjcfi ksti, @ksoliv ais kstcbc kspkrcjfi kj ac pgsegjc. Aukdi fka ca`ukrzi, prkpcrcfi pir kspkegcagstcs kj fgktçtgec, 2 oircs fk sgkstc, y c eijtgjucegõj prãetgecs fk tkjgs y rk`is. Uiai kj ac tkrekrc sk`cjc ei`kjzcrij ei`kjzc rij c kstufgcr kstufgcr cmkfrkz". cmkfrkz". Fksfk aukdi quk kstk tgpi fk ncegagfcfks pcrc ka kjtrkjc`gkjti siai pukfk brgjfcrais ujc irdcjgzcegõj eij sungegkjtks nijfis fgspijgbaks< cpcrtk fk quk pcrc su çxgti sk rkqugkrk eijtcr eij kjtrkjcfirks kspkegcagzcfis y mudcfirks quk pukfcj fgspijkr fka tgk`pi jkekscrgi. Ac skrgkfcf eij quk sk sgdukj kstis `çtifis fk prkpcrcegõj ks privkrbgca< y fkjtri fka cmkfrkz ks jitirgc ac `gjuegisgfcf kj ka kstufgi fk acs cpkrturcs. Bitvgjjgl eukjtc quk eucjfi sk prkpcrcbc c mudcr ka `cteo eij Naior kj 3755, cjcagzõ `ãs fk 388 pcrtgfcs fk su cfvkrscrgi cjtks fk fkegfgr acs cpkrturcs quk ocbràc fk mudcr. Ecsg 58 cóis fkspuçs, Bitvgjjgl ctrgbuyõ su trgujni kj ka `cteo fk rkvcjeoc eij Vca c ac naimc prkpcrcegõj fk çstk kj acs cpkrturcs. Ka tgk`pi quk ksti eijsu`k nuk ecaeuacfi pir Litiv kj uj crtàeuai quk cpcrkegõ kj ac rkvgstc gjdaksc "Eokss" kj 37>5. "Eiaiquç`ijis kj ka audcr fk uj drcj `ckstri quk oc fk mudcr > `ksks `ãs tcrfk uj tirjki fk Ecjfgfctis. Cjtk tifi

 

ocbrã quk kstufgcr ka mukdi fk ais cfvkrscrgis< ei`i usuca`kjtk kstis tirjkis .ei`prkjfkj ? pcrtgegpcjtks, tkjfrk`is 4 rgvcaks pcrc kstufgcr. Xir ai `kjis ;8 pcrtgfcs fk ecfc cfvkrscrgi, cfvkrscr gi, kj ais ýatg`is 5 tirjki tirjkis, s, ocbrã quk skakeegijcr, ks fkegr uj titca fk 5;8 pcrtgfcs. ¹@ueoi9 Uupijgkjfi quk dcstk`is 3 oirc pir pcrtgfc, ksti gjfgec 5;8 oircs, cpkjcs pcrc vkr pir kjeg`c ecfc pcrtgfc. W ksti sgdjgngec `ãs fk 2 `ksks fk trcbcmi, c rczõj fk ; oircs pir  fàc. W ksi ks cpkjcs ka ei`gkjzi. . . " Litiv kxpagec aukdi quk fk kstk vgstczi dkjkrca sk kxtrckj eijeausgijks sibrk acs eucagfcfks y fknketis fk ais nuturis cfvkrscrgis y sk prkpcrcj acs cpkrturcs `ãs cfkeucfcs pcrc ecfc ecsi. Ks fk pcrtgeuacr g`pirtcjegc ka fkseubrg`gkjti fk gjjivcegijks kj vcrgcjtks kspkeàngecs. [j cspketi g`pirtcjtk fk ais cjãagsgs sivgçtgeis kj acs cpkrturcs ks su prinujfgfcf= prinujfgf cf= acs cpkrturcs sk kstufgcj kj eijkxgõj eijkxgõj eij ka `kfgi mukdi -cýj eij ka ngjca! [j kmk`pai drãngei fk ac prinujfgfcf fk ais cjãagsgs sivgçtgeis ai brgjfc ac prg`krc pcrtgfc fka `cteo rcfgca [UC-[RUU kj 376;. Mudcbcj U`ysaiv y Rksokvsly. Fkspuçs fk ac mudcfc 28 U`ysaiv cpkjcs ocbàc dcstcfi > `gjutis< kj ec`bgi Rksokvsly yc sk kjeijtrcbc cpurcfi pir tgk`pi. Xir itrc pcrtk, ais `ckstris `ãs fkstcecfis jkeksgtcj kstcr ca eirrgkjtk fk ac tkiràc cmkfrkeàstgec cmkfrkeàstgec y fk ac prãetgec `ãs rkegkjtk rkegkjtk kj tifi ka `ujfi. `ujfi. Ksti sk aks ncegagtc c ais `ckstris sivgçtgeis eij ac drcj ecjtgfcf fk agbris, rkvgstcs, biaktgjks, kte., quk sk pubagecj pkr`cjkjtk`kjtk kj ac [.R.U.U., sibrk kstis tk`cs. W cfk`ãs ac ncegagfcf quk sk aks brgjfc pcrc quk pukfcj fgspijkr fka tgk`pi jkekscrgi pcrc su kstufgi. (RR. Rkeukrfksk quk kstk crtàeuai nuk ksergti kj 37>;, `ueois cóis cjtks fka surdg`gkjti fk acs ei`putcfircs pkrsijcaks pcrc cpiyi fk ais cmkfrkegstcs). Kj ac prkpcrcegõj pcrc uj tirjki i uj `cteo, mukdcj uj pcpka g`pirtcjtk acs pcrtgfcs fk kjtrkjc`gkjti, kj acs eucaks sk pukfkj si`ktkr c prukbc jukvcs vcrgcjtks y sk pukfkj eirrkdgr fknketis, pir kmk`pai aakvcjfi acs pcrtgfcs fkagbkrcfc`kjtk c pisgegijks quk ji skcj fka cdrcfi fka cmkfrkegstc. Kstcs pcrtgfcs sij `uy ýtgaks tc`bgçj pcrc cprkjfkr c `cjkmcr bgkj ka tgk`pi fk rknakxgõj< gjeausgvk pcrc ceistu`brcr ca mudcfir c sgtucegijks quk pukfkj skr  gjeõ`ifcs pcrc ça. Bitvgjjgl, pir kmk`pai, jis eukjtc quk ça fktkstcbc ka ou`i fka egdcrrgaai pkri quk sk ceistu`brõ ca mudcr uj `cteo fk kjtrkjc`gkjti eij Rcdizgj y ocekr quk çstk nu`crc eijstcjtk`kjtk. Ais `ckstris sivgçtgeis ceistu`brcj tc`bgçj prãetgecs fk cjãagsgs fk pisgegijks ei`pagecfcs eij eijtria fk tgk`pi y pubagecegõj fk sus cjãagsgs pcrc vkrgngecr su eirrkeegõj.  Ca acfi fk ac prkpcrcegõj prkpcrcegõj nàsgec y cmkfrkeàstgec, cmkfrkeàstgec, ais ei`kjtcrgstcs ei`kjtcrgstcs sivgçtgeis sivgçtgeis eijsgfkrcj quk uj rkqugsgti pcrc caecjzcr ais `ãs catis jgvkaks cmkfrkeàstgeis ks ujc bukjc bukjc euaturc dkjkrca dkjkrca y vcrgcfis vcrgcfis gjtkrksks gjtkaketucak gjtkaketucaks. s. W rkeukrfcj ca rkspketi ac ocbgagfcf agjdñàstgec fk Caklogjk, ac g`pirtcjegc fk ais trcbcmis fk Bitvgjjgl kj ka ec`pi fk ac Gjdkjgkràc Kaçetrgec, quk ak ocj vcagfi fgstgjegijks ingegcak inge gcaks< s< ka tcakj tcakjti ti `usgec `usgecaa fk uj uj Vcg`cji Vcg`cjiv v ―pgcjgs ―pgcjgstc tc k`gjkj k`gjkjtktk- i fk uj uj U`ysaiv, kte. Ergtgecj pir itrc pcrtk, ka ag`gtcfi oirgzijtk euaturca fk cadujis `ckstris ieegfkjtcaks, ei`i Ngseokr, qugkj cbcjfijõ ac kseukac skeujfcrgc c ecusc fka cmkfrkz= ‑

 

 Cpcrtk fka cmkfrkz cmkfrkz c Bibby siai ak ak gjtkrkscj acs jivkacs jivkacs fk fktketgvks fktketgvks y ka mczz< ksti skdurc`kjtk sk ocbrã fk skjtgr, kj pkrmugegi suyi, kj ka nuturi". Ais mudcfirks mõvkjks .kj ac [RUU sij c `kjufi. ergtgecfis pir csu`gr  cetgtufks tgpi Ngseokr< kj cadujis ecsis sk ocj ti`cfi `kfgfcs fgsegpagjcràcs eijtrc kaais. Xir kmk`pai, kj 37;6, furcjtk ac pakjcrgc fka Burõ cmkfrkeàstgei fk ac [RUU, vcrgis fkakdcfis rgjfgkrij rgjfgk rij gjnir`ks sibrk ac eijfuetc fk ais mudcfirks  mõvkjks. [ji fk kaais rkpirtõ quk uj mivkj fk cpkaagfi Litz, ocbàc eacsgngecfi pcrc ac ectkdiràc ectkdiràc fk `ckstri, pkri pkri quk ji sk ak ocbàc eijekfgfi eijekfgfi ka tàtuai pir  "eijfuetc gjeirrketc y fkseugfi kj ais kstufgis". Ka sgstk`c sivgçtgei fk prkpcrcegõj, pisgbak .drcegcs ca cpiyi quk caaà rkegbk ka cmkfrkz pir pcrtk fka kstcfi, ks sgj fufc uj g`pirtcjtk ncetir fk gjjkdcbak gjnaukjegc kj ais çxgtis gjtkrjcegijcaks fka cmkfrkz sivgçtgei. Xieis `ckstris, kj Ieegfkjtk, pukfkj fkfgecr tcjti tgk`pi ca kjtrkjc`gkjti y ac prkpcrcegõj pcrc eucaqugkr tirjki. Ka okeoi fk kstcr fkbgfc`kjtk prkpcrcfis ks eacrc`kjtk eacrc`kjtk ujc vkjtcmc= vkjtcmc= tca vkz fk gduca g`pirtcjegc g`pirtcjegc skc ka scbk scbkrr quk kstãj prkpcrcfis y ac eijngcjzc quk ksti brgjfc. Kj cmkfrkz, `ãs quk kj itri tgpi fk ei`pktkjegcs, ac eijngcjzc kj sg `gs`i mukdc uj pcpka vgtca.