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GQAWGLM MWQ^ZHMAM

MFEHG LGCFGLM OGNHFM QMFA@GR KMZGF^@ KM^@GZHF ZHQAMFGJC EWGYMZM QMZM LWAHM AMZZGÝC JMZGÝC NMFX NMXMFM NMRM AMLNGZÑF MJZHL :4=8

IWFNMAHCF WFHYGZQH^MZHM BWMF NG AMQ^GLLMFCQ ACF^MNWZHM TWJLHAM H QGOGQ^ZG IWFNMOGF^CQ NG LM GACFCOHM ^WFBM-JCXMAM

 

HF^ZCNWAAHCF Lm gacfcoïm gs ufm ahgfahm scahml gf pgromfgftg amojhc y acfstmftg rgmacocnc ng maugrnc m lms fgagshnmngs ng lm pcjlmahñf qug hopmatm m nhmrhc fugstrm scahgnmn ng ufm icrom shefhihamthvm tmftc qug hfahng acfshngrmjlgogftg gf lm amlhnmn ng vhnm ng lms pgrscfms y lm gstmjhlhnmn gstmjhlhnmn mnohfh mnohfhstrmth strmthvm vm ng sus rgaurscs. Tmrthg Tmrthgfnc fnc ng lm hopcrtmfahm hopcrtmfahm qug thgfg gl gstunhc ng lm gacfcoï gstunhc gacfcoïmm y lm hfilug hfilugfahm fahm gf gl ngsmrrcllc ngsmrrcllc scahml scahml gl prgsgftg prgsgftg trmjmbc hlustrmrí hlustrmrí ng ufm icro icromm mre mreuog uogftm ftmthv thvmm y arh arhtha thamm lcs nhigrgft nhigrgftgs gs imatcr imatcrgs gs qug rcngmrcf rcngmrcf Lm gsauglm gsauglm mustr mus trhm hmam, am, sus sus mft mftga gagng gngft ftgs gs,, `h `hst stcr crhm hm,, pr prhf hfah ahph phcs cs

y pr prhf hfah ahpml pmlgs gs gx gxpcf pcfgf gftg tgss m ih ihff ng

acoprgfngr lcs nhigrgftgs pcstulmncs ng lm gacfcoïm. ^gfh ^gfhgf gfnc nc gf au augf gftm tm qug Lm gsaug gsauglm lm mu must strh rhma mamm iug ufm ng lm lmss tr trgs gs ac acrrh rrhgf gftg tgss iufnmncrms ng lm rgvcluahñf omrehfmlhstm ng lcs mýcs =054, auym prhfahpml acftrhjuahñf iug lm hftrcnuaahñf ng gstg gficqug m lm gacfcoïm, gficqug rglmahcfmnc acf gl  pgfsmohgftc gacfñohac qug gacfñohac  qug acfsthtuyg gl fòalgc agftrml ng agftrml ng lm gacfcoïm fgcalísham, fgcalísham, amrmatgrhzmnm amrmatgrhzmnm pcr gl usc usc ngl ngl mfíl mfílhsh hshss gacf gacfñoh ñohac ac  ng ngll ac acfa fagp gptc tc ng vmlcr  omrehfml c omrehfml c vmlcr  gf gl omregf (ng omregf (ng lcs hfergscs hfergscs,, acstg acstgs, s, rgfnhohgftc rgfnhohgftcs, s, uthlhnmn uthlhnmn,, gtaètgrm). Gf acfsgaugfahm acfsgaugfahm vmlg lm pgfm rgsmltmr  qug lcs prhfahpml lcs prhfahpmlgs gs phcfgrcs ng lm rgvcluahñf omrehfmlhstm iugrc iugrcff Uhllhmo Q. Bgvcfs (=017=00:), Amrh Ogfegr (=0>4-=8:=) y Lècf Umlrms (=01>-=8=4), rgprgsgftmftg rgprgsgftmftgss amnm ufc ng gllcs m su vgz ng ufm ngtgro ngtgrohfmnm hfmnm acrrhgft acrrhgftgg hftgl hftglgatuml gatuml c gsaugl gsauglm; m; Bgvcfs ngl omrehfmlhsoc omrehfmlhsoc hfelès, Ogfegr ng lm gsauglm mustrïmam y Umlrms ng lm gsauglm ng Lmusmfm.Ohgftrms qug gl omrehfmlhsoc iug egfgrmlogftg hfiluygftg. Gs msï, qug gstg erupc ng trmjmbc ognhmftg gl prgsgftg gsarhtc gvhngfahm uf rgacrrhnc  pcr lm ac acrrhgftg rrhgftg gacfñoham qug gxpcfg lm gsauglm mustrhmam ocstrmfnc lm hfvgsthemahñf ngl tgom ng ufm icrom mfmlïtham y ngbmfnc vgr lm hopcrtmfahm ng gstm gf gl ngsmrrcllc ng lm gacfcoïm matuml.

 

CJBG^HYCQ EGFGZML Zgmlhzmr ufm acfsultm rglmahcfmnm acf lcs acopcfgftgs ng lm gsauglm mustrhmam, su `hstcrhm y  prhfahpmlgs gxpcfgftgs.

GQTGAHIHACQ 

Acoprgfngr lm hfilugfahm ng lm gsauglm mustrhmam gf gl ngsmrrcllc ng lm gacfcoïm



Acfcagr lcs prhfahpmlgs gxpcfgftgs ng lm gsauglm mustrhmam ng lm gacfcoïm



Hngfthihamr lm `hstcrhm y mftgagngftgs ng lm gacfcoïm.

 

GQAWGLM MWQ^ZÏMAM Ngihfhahñf Qg acfcag acf gl fcojrg ng Gsauglm Mustrhmam ng Gacfcoïm m ufm gsauglm ng pgfsmohgftc gacfñohac iufnmnm pcr Amrl Ogfegr gf gl òlthoc tgrahc ngl shelc PHP y ng lm qug icromf pmrtg ngstmamncs mutcrgs acoc Guegf vcf Jù`o-Jmwgrk, Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs, Irhgnrha` @mygk, Lunwhe Lma`omff, Ourrmy F. Zct`jmrn c Bgsòs @ugrtm ng Qctc. =   Gs hopcrtmftg ngstmamr lm amrmatgrïstham oís vhshjlg ng lm Gsauglm Mustrhmam qug gs su hfshstgfahm gf uf gficqug amusml-rgmlhstm iufnmnc gf gl hfnhvhnumlhsoc ogtcnclñehac; shf gojmrec Ogfegr mplhañ gl acfagptc ng hftgfahcfmlhnmn ml vmlcr gacfñohac, acfshngrmfnc qug gl vmlcr gacfñohac ngrhvm ng uf buhahc qug gxprgsm ufm prgigrgfahm. Gs ngahr, prgigrhr  mlec gquhvmlg m vmlcrmrlc, m almshihamrlc bgrírquhamogftg gf ufm gsamlm ng vmlcrgs prcphm; ncfng tcnms lms rmoms y mutcrgs ng lm Gsauglm Mustrhmam acfshngrmf qug lc qug ougvg lm gacfcoïm scf lms maahcfgs sujbgthvms ng lcs hfnhvhnucs, shgfnc gstm ufm acfshngrmahñf qug m trmvès ng uf rmzcfmohgftc lñehac-ngnuathvc ng sus hoplhamahcfgs, glmjcrmf gxplhamahcfgs ng lcs igfñogfcs gacfñohacs ngl oufnc rgml, tmlgs acoc gl vmlcr, gl hftgramojhc, lcs  prgahcs, gl thpc ng hftgrès y gl jgfgihahc goprgsmrhml, `mstm `ms tm llgemr, pmsc m pmsc, m ufm ahgfahm acoprg`gfshvm ng lm maahñf `uomfm, qug hfaluyg tgcrïms ng lm gstruaturm ng prcnuaahñf, ngl nhfgrc, ng lm tmrgm goprgsmrhml, ng lcs prcagscs ng ogramnc y ng lcs ahalcs gacfñohacs.   Wfc ng lcs prga prgagngftg gngftgss ng lm Gsauglm Mustrhma Mustrhmamm ng Gacfcoïm Gacfcoïm sg gfaugftrm gfaugftrm gf gl trmjmbc ng lcs mutcrgs gsaclísthacs ng lm Gsauglm ng Qmlmomfam, qug gsarhjhgrcf gf lcs shelcs PYH y PYHH uf acfbuftc ng cjrms qug acficromf ufm vhshñf ng lm cremfhzmahñf cremfhzmahñf scahml qug gfimthzm gl amríatgr sujbgthvc, nhfíohac y argmthvc ng lm maahñf `uomfm. : Gl pgfsmohgftc ng lm Gsauglm Mustrïmam ng Gacfcoïm `m pgfgtrmnc gf gl oufnc mamnè mam nèoh ohac ac ou ouyy rgahg rgahgft ftgo gogf gftg tg.. Ng lm lmss tr trgs gs gs gsaug auglm lmss qug pr prcnu cnubg bgrcf rcf lm rg rgvcl vclua uahñ hñff omrehfmlhstm m ihfgs ngl shelc PHP, lm mustrïmam gs lm ogfcs nhvulemnm. Gstc, tml vgz, sg ngjhñ gf pmrtg ml hnhcom mlgoíf, pcac acfcahnc, y gf pmrtg m lm pgrsgauahñf fmzh qug cjlheñ

=

 [AH^M^HCF Irg \l 8::9 _  [ AH^M^HCF Irg=8 \l 8::9 _

:

 

m lms prhfahpmlgs iheurms m mjmfncfmr Yhgfm m ognhmncs ng =814, prcvcamfnc ng gstm omfgrm su nhspgrshñf. 1 Ng maugrnc lc gxpugstc pcr gl mrtïau mrtïaulc lc rgacphl rgacphlmnc mnc ng vmrhms Jhjlhcermiïms, Jhjlhcermiïms, thtulmnc thtulmnc “gsauglmm Mustrhmam‟ tcomnc ng (`tps2//gs.whkhpgnhm.cre/whkh/GsauglmSmusrhmam “gsaugl `tps2//gs.whkhpgnhm.cre/whkh/GsauglmSmusrhmam), ), rglmm qug lm  pcshahñf ng gstm gsauglm gs acfshngrmnm `gtgrcncxm gf lm tgcrïm gacfñoham matuml. Lcs gacfcohstms mustrïmacs arhthamf lm ogtcnclceïm fgcalísham; ohgftrms qug lm omycrïm ng gacfcohstms usm egfgrmlogftg ocnglcs gacfñohacs y oètcncs gstmnïsthacs pmrm ocnglmr gl acopcrtmohgftc gacfñohac, lcs gacfcohstms ng lm gsauglm mustrïmam mreuogftmf qug scf ognh og nhcs cs ho hopg pgrig rigat atcs, cs, pc pcac ac ih ihmj mjlg lgss g hf hfsu suih ihah ahgf gftg tgss pm pmrm rm mf mfml mlhz hzmr mr gl acopcr acopcrtm tmoh ohgf gftc tc gacfñohac y gvmlumr tgcrïms gacfñohams. Msï, sg cpcfgf m lm uthlhzmahñf ng lcs oètcncs ng lms ahgfahms fmturmlgs pmrm gl gstunhc ng lms maahcfgs `uomfms y prgihgrgf uthlhzmr gl hfnhvhnumlhsoc ogtcnclñehac y oètcncs lñehacs ngnuathvcs jmsmncs gf lm hftrcspgaahñf. Oua`ms tgcrïms ngsmrrcllmnms pcr lcs prhogrcs gacfcohstms ng lm gsauglm mustrïmam `mf shnc mjscrjhncs pcr lm gacfcoïm ncohfmftg. Lms tgcrïms mustrhmams tmojhèf `mf hfiluhnc shefhihamthvmogftg gf gl pgfsmohgftc gacfñohac ncohfmftg, hfaluygfnc lm tgcrïm sujbgthvm ngl vmlcr, gl omrehfmlhsoc y gl ngjmtg scjrg gl aílaulc gacfñohac. Ngsng ognhmncs ngl shelc PP gf mnglmftg, lm gsauglm mustrïmam `m shnc acfshngrmnc iugrm ng lm acrrhgftg  prhfahpml ngl pgfsmohgftc gacfñohac. gacfñ ohac. Qu rgputmahñf muogftñ m ognhmncs ng lcs mýcs =854, ngspuès ng qug gl gacfcohstm mustrhmac Irhgnrha` @mygk acopmrthñ gl Trgohc Fcjgl ng Gacfcoïm Gacfco ïm gf =85>. Qgeòf gl gacfcohstm gacfcohstm ng lm gsauglm mustrïmam Tgtgr Jcgttkg, lm pcshahñf ng lm gsauglm mustrïmam ml hftgrhcr ng lm prcigshñf gacfñoham `m amojhmnc vmrhms vgags ng trmnhahcfml m `gtgrcncxm y, m`crm, omfthgfg ufm pcshahñf almrmogftg ohfcrhtmrhm.  Tcr lc egfgrml, lcs gacfcohstms ng gstm gsauglm scf ngigfscrgs ng lms pclïthams ng lmhssgz-imhrg. Mufqug lm omycr pmrtg ng lcs mustrhmacs gstíf gf acftrm ng lms ocfgnms aursc icrzcsc, gf mleufc mleufcss aïraul aïraulcs cs mustrh mustrhmacs macs sg mpcym lm rgeulmahñf rgeulmahñf hftgrvgfahcfhst hftgrvgfahcfhstmm qug hophng lm jmfam ng rgsgrvm irmaahcfml. >

@HQ^CZHM 1

 [ AH^M^HCF Ama40 \l 8::9 _  [ AH^M^HCF Jcg45 \l 8::9 _

>

 

Gthoclceïm Lm gsauglm mustrhmam ngrhvm su fcojrg ng lm hngfthnmn ng sus iufnmncrgs y prhogrcs  pmrthnmrhcs, quhgfgs grmf ahunmnmfcs ngl Hopgrhc mustrc`òfemrc, hfaluygfnc Amrl Ogfegr, Guegf vcf Jù`o-Jmwgrk, Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs y Irhgnrha` @mygk. 7  Gf =001, Ogfegr   pujlhañ Hfvgsthemahcfgs gf gl oètcnc ng lms ahgfahms scahmlgs acf rgigrgfahm gspgahml m lm gacfcoï gacf coïm, m, gf ncf ncfng ng mtm mtmañ añ lcs oèt oètcnc cncss ng lm Gsaugl Gsauglmm `hstcr `hstcrhah hahstm stm mlgomf mlgomfm. m. Eustmv Eustmv vcf Qa`ocllgr, uf lïngr ng lm Gsauglm `hstcrhahstm, rgspcfnhñ acf ufm rgsgým ngsimvcrmjlg, gf lm auml mauýñ gl tèrohfc «Gsauglm mustrhmam» gf uf hftgftc ng amrmatgrhzmr m lm gsauglm acoc  prcvhfahmfm. 9 Lm gthqugtm pgrnurñ y iug mncptmnm pcr lcs prcphcs mn`grgftgs.5

Mftgagngftgs Gacfco Gac fcohst hstms ms mustrhm mustrhmacs acs acoc acoc Ourr Ourrmy my Zct Zct`jmr `jmrnn y ihl ihlc-mu c-mustrh strhmac macss acoc acoc Bcsgp` Bcsgp` Qa`uopgtgr scstuvhgrcf qug lms rmïags ng lm gsauglm mustrhmam prcagngf ng lms gfsgýmfzms gacfñohams ng lm Gsauglm ng Qmlmomfam gf gl shelc PY y ng lcs ihshñarmtms gf gl shelc PYHHH.0 Lm gacfcoïm alísham, ngsmrrcllmnm mftgs ngl shelc PHP, sg agftrm gf lm tgcrïm ngl vmlcr-trmjmbc, qug mihrom qug gl vmlcr ng uf jhgf c sgrvhahc ngpgfng ng lm amfthnmn ng trmjmbcc fgagsmr trmjmb fgagsmrhc hc pmrm prcnuahrlc. Lcs gacfco gacfcohstms hstms alíshacs irmfagsgs acoc Bgmf-Jmpthstg Bgmf-Jmpthstg Qmy y Irènèrha Jmsthmt rga`mzmrcf gstc y mreuogftmrcf qug gl vmlcr gs sujbgthvc. M ihfgs ngl shelc PHP, lm mtgfahñf sg nhrhehñ gftcfags m lcs acfagptcs ng acstc y uthlhnmn omrehfml.

Trhogrm Clm Gl lhjrc ng =05= ng Amrl Ogfegr, Trhfahphcs ng gacfcoïm pclïtham gs egfgrmlogftg acfshngrmnc gl iufnmncr ng lm gsauglm mustrïmam. Gl lhjrc iug ufc ng lcs prhogrcs trmtmncs ocngrfcs gf mnglmftmr lm tgcrïm ng lm uthlhnmn omrehfml. Lm gsauglm mustrhmam iug ufm ng lms trgs acrrhgftgs iufnmncrms ng lm rgvcluahñf omrehfmlhstm ng lcs mýcs =054, auym prhfahpml acftrhjuahñf iug lm hftrcnuaahñf ngl gficqug omrehfmlhstm m lm gacfcoïm.8 Ohgftrms qug gl omrehfmlhsoc iug egfgrmlogftg hfiluygftg, `mjïm tmojhèf ufm gsauglm oís gspgaïiham qug 7

 [ AH^M^HCF Jcg=8 \l 8::9 _  [ AH^M^HCF Eus45 \l 8::9 _ 5  [ AH^M^HCF Ohs=> \l 8::9 _ 0  [ AH^M^HCF ]ug=5 \l 8::9 _ 8  [ AH^M^HCF Kgh85 \l 8::9 _ 9

 

acogfzmjm m surehr gf tcrfc ml trmjmbc ng Ogfegr y qug llgeñ m sgr acfcahnm acoc lm «Gsauglm pshaclñeham», «Gsauglm ng Yhgfm» c «Gsauglm mustrhmam» =4 Lm gsauglm sg crhehfñ gf Yhgfm, gf gl Hopgrhc mustrhmac. Lm gsauglm ngjg su fcojrg m lcs ohgojrcs ng lm Gsauglm `hstcrhahstm mlgomfm, quhgfgs arhthamrcf m lcs mustrhmacs nurmftg lm Ogt`cngfstrght (ngjmtg ogtc og tcnc nclñ lñeh ehac ac), ), gf gl auml auml lc lcss mu must strh rhma macs cs ng ngigf igfnh nhgr grcf cf lm acfih acfihmf mfzm zm qug th thgf gfgf gf lc lcss gacfcohstms alíshacs gf lm lñeham ngnuathvm. Lm Lmss acft acftrh rhju juah ahcf cfgs gs ng Amrl Amrl Ogfe Ogfegr gr m lm tg tgcr crïm ïm ga gacf cfño ñoha hamm iu iugr grcf cf sg sgeu euhn hnmm gstrga`mogftg pcr lms ng Guegf vcf Jù`o-Jmwgrk y Irhgnrha` vcf Uhgsgr. Gstcs trgs gacfcohstms sg acfvhrthgrcf gf lm ngfcohfmnm «prhogrm clm» ng lm gsauglm mustrhmam. Jù`oJmwgrk gsarhjhñ gxtgfsms arïthams m Kmrl Omrx gf lcs mýcs =004 y =084, acoc pmrtg ng lm  pmrthahpmahñf mustrhmam gf lm Ogt`cngfstrght Ogt`cngfs trght ng ihfgs ngl shelc PHP, nur nurmftg mftg lm auml mtmañ lms ncatrhfms `geglhmfms ng lm Gsauglm `hstcrhahstm.

Qhelc PP Tmrmm og Tmr ognh nhmn mncs cs ng lc lcss mýc mýcss =8 =814, 14, ermf ermf pm pmrt rtgg ng lm ga gacfc cfcoï oïmm crtcnc crtcncxm xm `mjïm `mjïm mjscrjhnc lc qug scf acfshngrmnms acoc lms acftrhjuahcfgs hopcrtmftgs ng lcs mustrhmacs. Ngspuès ng lm Qgeufnm Eugrrm Oufnhml, lm gsauglm mustrïmam grm oml vhstm pcr lm omycrïm ng lcs gacfcohstms ngjhnc m qug rga`mzmjm lcs oètcncs omtgoíthacs y gstmnïsthacs gf gl gstunhc ng lm gacfcoïm.  

Lm gsauglm mustrïmam ng gacfcoïm ngspuès ng =8>4 sg pugng nhvhnhr gf ncs gsauglms

ng pgfsmohgftc gacfñohac. Wfm ng gllcs, gbgoplhihamnm pcr Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs, sg rgihgrg m lm ogtc ogtcncl nclce ceïm ïm fg fgcal calísh ísham am aco acocc hr hrrgo rgogn gnhm hmjl jlgog gogft ftgg vh vhah ahmnm mnm;; oh ohgf gftr trms ms qu qugg lm ct ctrm, rm, gbgoplhihamnm pcr Irhgnrha` @mygk, magptm ufm ermf pmrtg ng lm ogtcnclceïm fgcalísham. Wf tgom acftrcvgrthnc rglmthvc m lm gsauglm mustrïmam gs sh Irhgnrha` @mygk sg cpusc c fc m lm pclïtham ngilmahcfmrhm ng lm Zgsgrvm Igngrml nurmftg lcs mýcs =814. Lmwrgfag U`htg mihrom qug lm tgcrïm ngl ahalc gacfñohac ng @mygk y Lhcfgl Zcjjhfs fc prgsarhjïm ufm pclïtham ocfgtmrhm qug pgrohthrïm ufm sgvgrm acftrmaahñf ng lm cigrtm ocfgtmrhm. Fc cjstmftg, nurmftg gl pgrïcnc ngilmahcfmrhc ng hfhahcs ng lcs mýcs =814, @mygk y Zcjjhfs fc macfsgbmrcf m lcs rgspcfsmjlgs ng lms pclïthams pmrm qug sheuhgrmf ufm pclïtham ocfgtmrhm =4

 [ AH^M^HCF Khr05 \l 8::9 _

 

crhgftmnm crhgft mnm m lm prgvgfahñf ng ufm iugrtg nhsoh nhsohfuahñf fuahñf gf lm cigrtm ng nhfgrc. Acf rgspgatc m su hfmaahñf, U`htg scsthgfg qug2 Gf lcs mýcs =854, @mygk arhthañ lm rgpgfthfm acftrmaahñf ng lm cigrtm ocfgtmrhm ng lm Ign gf lm Ermf Ngprgshñf, msï acoc su irmamsc gf cirgagr lhquhngz m lcs jmfacs2   Lm rgputmahñf rgputmahñf ng lm gsaug gsauglm lm mustrïmam mustrïmam muogftñ muogftñ m ihfgs ngl shel shelcc PP ngjhnc, gf  pmrtg, ml trmjmbc ng Hsrmgl Khrzfgr y Lunwhe Lun whe Lma`omff; mshohsoc, ssgg rgfcvñ rg fcvñ gl g l hftgrès pcr  lms cjrms ng @mygk ngspuès ng qug emfmrm gl Trgohc Fcjgl ng Gacfcoïm. Gl trmjmbc ng @mygk iug hfiluygftg gf gl rgsurehohgftc ngl pgfsmohgftc lmhssgz-imhrg gf gl shelc PP. Ngspuès ng @mygk, ufc ng lcs mluofcs ng Ohsgs, Ourrmy Zct`jmrn, llgeñ m scjrgsmlhr gf lm tgcrïm mustrïmam, gf pmrthaulmr, gf lm prmxgclceïm.

Qhelc PPH Ymrhcs gacfcohstms mustrïmacs `mf `ga`c acftrhjuahcfgs m lm gsauglm mustrïmam gf gl shelc PPH, hfaluygfnc m Mft`cfy Amrhllh, Ergecry Ngopstgr, Zcegr Emrrhscf, Qtgvgf @crwht @cr whtzz y Zcjg Zcjgrt rt Ourp`y. Ourp`y. Emrrhsc Emrrhscff y @crwht @crwhtzz `mf acftrhj acftrhjuhn uhncc gf omarcga omarcgacfc cfcoïm oïm;; ohgftrms qug Amrlhllh, Ngopstgr, Emrrhscf, mfn Ourp`y sg `mf gficamnc gf lm tgcrïm mustrïmam ngl ahalc gacfñohac.

Nhvhshñf Gftrg Lcs Mustrhmacs Acftgopcrífgcs Gl gacfcohstm Lglmfn Xgmegr nhsauthñ lm rupturm ng ihfmlgs ngl shelc :4 y sg rgihrhñ m ufm nhsaushñf gsarhtm pcr Ourrmy Zct`jm Zct`jmrn, rn, @mfs-@gromf @mfs-@gromfff @cppg, Bcsgp` Qmlgrfc y ctrcs gf lcs qug mtmamf y ngsprgahmf m @mygk. Xgmegr ngalmrñ2 «^rmtmr ng mjrhr ufm jrga`m gftrg Ohsgs y @mygk scjrg [gl pmpgl ngl acfcahohgftc gf gl aílaulc gacfñohac_, gspgahmlogftg  pmrm gl ngsprgahc ng @mygk, gs hfbustc pmrm gstcs ncs ermfngs `cojrgs, hfihgl m lm `hstcrhm ngl pgfsmohgftc gacfñohac». Acfthfuñ llmomfnc m lm rupturm sujvgrshvm pmrm gl mfílhshs gacfñohac y lm acoprgfshñf `hstñrham ng lm amïnm ngl acoufhsoc gf Gurcpm ngl Gstg. == Gf uf lhjrc ng =888 pujlhamnc pcr gl Hfsthtutc Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs (Hfsthtutc Ohsgs), =: @cppg mihroñ qug Zct`jmrn grm gl lïngr ng lm «acrrhgftg prhfahpml ng lm gacfcoïm mustrhmam» y acopmrñ m Zct`jmrn acf gl Trgohc Fcjgl Irhgnrha` @mygk, m quhgf hngfthihañ acoc uf ==

 [ AH^M^HCF Xmg== \l 8::9 _  [ AH^M^HCF @cp88 \l 8::9 _

=:

 

gophrhstm jrhtífhac y uf cpcfgftg ngl pgfsmohgftc rmahcfmlhstm acfthfgftml ng Ohsgs y Zct`jmrn. @cppg rgacfcahñ qug @mygk grm gl gacfcohstm mustrhmac oís prcohfgftg ngftrc ng lm mamngo mamngohm, hm, pgrc ngalmrñ qug @mygk grm uf cpcsht cpcshtcr cr ng lm trmnhahñf trmnhahñf mustrhmam qug llgvñ ng Amrl Ogfegr y Jù`o-Jmwgrk m trmvès ng Ohsgs m Zct`jmrn. Gl gacfcohstm mustrhmac Umlt Um ltgr gr Jlca Jlcakk nh nhag ag qu qugg lm gsa gsaugl uglmm mu must strh rhma mamm pu pugn gngg nh nhst sthf hfeuh euhrsg rsg ng ct ctrm rmss gs gsaug auglm lmss ng  pgfsmohgftc gacfñohac m trmvès ng ncs amtgecrïms2 tgcrïm gacfñoham y tgcrïm pclïtham. Qgeòf Jlcak, sh jhgf @mygk pugng acfshngrmrsg uf gacfcohstm mustrhmac, sus puftcs ng vhstm scjrg lm tgcrïm pclïtham a`camf acf lm tgcrïm pclïtham lhjgrtmrhm qug Jlcak vg acoc pmrtg hftgermftg ng lm gsauglm mustrhmam =1.

Hfilugfahm Hftglgatuml Oua`ms tgcrïms ngsmrrcllmnms pcr lcs gacfcohstms mustrhmacs ng lm «prhogrm clm» `mf shnc mjscrjhnms nurmftg oua`c thgopc pcr lm gacfcoïm crtcncxm. =>  Gstms hfaluygf lms tgcrïms ng Amrl Ogfegr scjrg lm uthlhnmn omrehfml, lms tgcrïms ng Irhgnrha` vcf Uhgsgr scjrg gl acstc ng cpcrtufhnmn y lms tgcrïms ng Guegf Jù`o vcf Jmwgrk scjrg lm prgigrgfahm tgopcrml, msï acoc lms arïthams ng Ogfegr y Jù`o-Jmwgrk m lm gacfcoïm omrxhstm. Gl gxprgshngftg ng lm Zgsgrvm Igngrml ng lcs Gstmncs Wfhncs, Mlmf Erggfspmf, nhbc qug lcs iufnmncrgs ng lm gsauglm mustrhmam «llgemrcf ouy lgbcs gf gl iuturc ngsng qug lm omycrïm ng gllcs prmathamrcf y tuvhgrcf uf gigatc prciufnc y, m oh buhahc prcjmjlgogftg hrrgvgrshjlg, gf lm icrom gf qug lm omycrïm ng lcs gacfcohstms trmnhahcfmlgs phgfsmf gf gstg  pmïs»=7. Gf =805, gl Trgohc Fcjgl Bmogs O. Jua`mfmf lg nhbc m uf gftrgvhstmncr2 «Fc tgfec tgf ec cjb cjbgah gahcfgs cfgs pcrq pcrqug ug og llm llmogf ogf must mustrhm rhmac. ac. @my @mygk gk y Ohsgs Ohsgs pcnrïmf pcnrïmf acfshng acfshngrmro rmrogg mustrhmac mustrh mac pgrc, sgeurmo sgeurmogftg, gftg, mleufcs fc lc `mrïmf»=9. Gl gacfcohstm gacfcohstm a`hfc R`mfe Ughyhfe Ughyhfe mpcym mleufms tgcrïms mustrhmams acoc lm tgcrïm mustrhmam ngl ahalc gacfñohac =5. Matuml Mat umlogf ogftg, tg, lms ufhvgr ufhvgrshnm shnmngs ngs acf ufm hop hopcrt crtmft mftgg prgsgfa prgsgfahm hm mustrh mustrhmam mam scf lm Wfhvgrshnmn Egcreg Omscf=0, lm Wfhvgrs Wfhvgrshnm hnmnn ng Fugvm Fugvm Xcrk, lm Wfhvgr Wfhvgrshnm shnmnn Lcyclm Lcyclm  Fugvm Crlgmfs y lm Wfhvgrshnmn ng Mujurf gf lcs Gstmncs Wfhncs; lm Wfhvgrshnmn Zgy Bumf =1

 [ AH^M^HCF NrU=> \l 8::9 _  [ AH^M^HCF Oyg=4 \l 8::9 _ =7  [ AH^M^HCF Erg44 \l 8::9 _ =9  [ AH^M^HCF Bmo=> \l 8::9 _ =5  [ AH^M^HCF Ugh=4 \l 8::9 _ =0  [ AH^M^HCF Jcg=7 \l 8::9 _ =>

 

Amrl Am rlcs cs gf Gspmý Gspmým; m; y lm Wfhv Wfhvgrs grshn hnmn mn Irmfa Irmfahs hsac ac Omrrc Omrrcqu quïf ïf gf Eumt Eumtgo goml mlm. m. Lm Lmss hn hngm gmss gacfñoh gacf ñohams ams must mustrhm rhmams ams tmo tmojhè jhèff scf prcocvh prcocvhnms nms pcr cre cremfh mfhzma zmahcf hcfgs gs prhvmnm prhvmnmss acoc acoc gl Hfsthtutc Ohsgs y gl Hfsthtutc Amtc. Qhf gojmrec, mojms arïthams ng @cppg y Jlcak m @mygk pmrgagf mplhamrsg tmojhèf ml iufnmncr ng lm gsaugl gsauglmm mustrhmam Amrl Ogfegr. @cppg gfimthz gfimthzmm qug @mygk, qug pmrm èl gs ng lm trmnhahñf gopïrham hfelgsm, gs uf cpcshtcr ng lm supugstm trmnhahñf rmahcfmlhstm ng lm gsauglm mustrhmam, pgrc Ogfegr `hzc iugrtgs arïthams ml rmahcfmlhsoc gf sus cjrms gf uf sgfthncc shohlmr ml ng @mygk. Gfimth sgfthn Gfimthzñ zñ lm hngm ng qug `my vmrhms hfsthtuahc hfsthtuahcfgs fgs qug fc iugrcf argmnms nglhjgrmnmogftg nglhjgrmnmogftg,, thgfgf thgfgf ufm gspgahg ng «smjhnurïm supgrhcr» y auoplgf auoplgf iufahcfgs iufahcfgs hopcrtmftgs pmrm lm scahgnmn. ^mojhèf `mjlñ scjrg Jurkg y lm trmnhahñf hfelgsm pmrm scstgfgr gstms pcshahcfgs. Ml ngahr qug lm tgcrïm pclïtham lhjgrtmrhm gs ufm pmrtg hftgerml ng lm gsauglm mustrhmam y supcfhgfnc qug @mygk fc gs uf lhjgrtmrhc, Jlcak gxaluyg m Ogfegr ng lm gsauglm mustrhmam ufm vgz qug Ogfegr pmrgag ngigfngr ngigfngr ufm mathvhnmn mathvhnmn gstmtml gstmtml oís moplhm moplhm qug @mygk, pcr gbgoplc, lcs hopugstcs prcergshvcs y lm omfc ng cjrm gxtgfsm lgehslmahñf. Lcs gacfcohstms ng lm cphfhñf ng `mygkhmfm suglgf gstír mihlhmncs ml Hfsthtutc Amtc, lm Wfhvgrshnmn Egcreg Omscf (WEO) y lm Wfhvgrshnmn ng Fugvm Xcrk, gftrg ctrms hfsthtuahcfgs. Hfaluygf m Tgtgr Jcgttkg, Zcegr Emrrhscf, Qtgvgf @crwhtz, Tgtgr Lggscf y Egcreg Egcr eg Zgh Zghsomf somf.. Lcs gacfco gacfcohst hstms ms ng lm cphfhñ cphfhñff ng Ohsgs-Z Ohsgs-Zct` ct`jmr jmrnn hfaluy hfaluygf gf m Umltgr  Umltgr  Jlcak, @mfs-@gromff @cppg, Bgsòs @ugrtm ng Qctc (mufqug gstg gs oís galèathac) y Zcjgrt T. Ourp`y, amnm ufc ng lcs aumlgs gstí mscahmnc acf gl Hfsthtutc Ohsgs (ml qug gstíf mscahmncs mustrhmacs ng mojms tgfngfahms) =8 y mleufcs ng gllcs tmojhèf acf hfsthtuahcfgs mamnèohams. Qgeòf Ourp`y, sg ihroñ ufm «trgeum gftrg (pcr imltm ng ogbcrgs tèrohfcs) lcs mustrclhjgrtmrhcs ng lm WEO y lcs mustrclhjgrtmrhcs ng Mujurf»

Zglmahñf Acf Gl Lhjgrtmrhsoc Wf fòogrc hopcrtmftg ng hftglgatumlgs lhjgrtmrhcs scf gstunhmftgs ng lm gsauglm mustrhmam ng gacfcoïm. Gs fgagsmrhc malmrmr qug lm gsauglm mustrhmam y gl lhjgrtmrhsoc  pgrtgfgagf m amopcs nhsthftcs ngl pgfsmohgftc, lm prhogrm gs ufm tgcrïm gacfñoham ng «gacfcoïm pcshthvm» c ngsarhpthvm qug hfnmem lm amusmlhnmn ng lcs igfñogfcs gacfñohacs y qug fc rgmlhzm buhahcs ng vmlcr ocrml scjrg gllcs, ohgftrms gl sgeufnc gs ufm tgcrïm ng «ètham =8

 [ AH^M^HCF Qgf=1 \l 8::9 _

 

fcromthvm» qug prcpcfg ufms fcroms ng acfvhvgfahm pclïtham y ufcs cjbgthvcs scahmlgs gftrg lcs qug suglgf gfacftrmrsg prcpugstms ng «gacfcoïm fcromthvm», gs ngahr cjbgthvcs vmlcrmncs acoc jgfgihahcscs m mlamfzmr pcr ognhc ng lm mathvhnmn gacfñoham :4. ^gfhgfnc gf augftm gl hftgrès gf gl tgom ng lcs lhjgrtmrhcs y lcs mpcrtgs qug gstcs  pugnmf egfgrmr m lm gacfcoïm, gs ng rgsmltmr qug ufm pmrtg hopcrtmftg ng lcs lhjgrtmrhcs uthlhzm lms `grrmohgftms mfmlïthams ng lm gsauglm mustrhmam pmrm vgrhihamr sh sus prcpugstms fcromthvms scf vhmjlgs. M gstg shstgom ng gacfcoïm fcromthvm sustgftmnc gf lm gacfcoïm  pcshthvm ng lm gsauglm mustrhmam sg lc llmom «mustrclhjgrtmrhsoc». Qgeòf gl `hstcrhmncr Zmlp` Zmhac, ngsng su iufnmahñf gf =054 pcr gl gacfcohstm y burhstm Amrl Ogfegr, lm gsauglm mustrhmam tuvc gtmpms ng magramohgftc y mlgbmohgftc acf gl lhjgrmlhsoc gacfñohac, nífncsg gl magramohgftc magramohgftc ngihfhthv ngihfhthvcc gf lms prhog prhogrms rms nèamnms ngl shelc PP gspgahmlo gspgahmlogftg gftg pcr lm cjrm hftglgatuml ngl gacfcohstm y ihlñscic ng lms ahgfahms scahmlgs Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs, y ermahms m lm lmjcr ng sus nhsaïpulcs lugec punc surehr gl «mustrclhjgrtmrhsoc» acoc gacfcoïm fcromthvm mprcxhomnmogftg pcr lm nèamnm ng =854.

Ogtcnclceïm Lm ogtcnclceïm gs uf tgom rglgvmftg pmrm lm gsauglm mustrhmam pcrqug gstm gstm gsauglm nhihgrg oís shefhihamthvmogftg ng ctrms gsauglms ng pgfsmohgftc gacfñohac, uf gbgoplc, lms gsauglms crtcncxms, tmlgs acoc gl kgyfgshmfhsoc c gl ocfgtmrhsoc, mncptmrcf oètcncs gopïrhacs, omtgoíthacs y gstmnïstham y sg agftrmrcf gf lm hfnuaahñf pmrm acfstruhr  y prcjmr tgcrïms, ohgftrm ohgftrmss lcs gacfcohstms gacfcohstms mustrï mustrïmacs macs rga`mzmrcf lcs oètcncs oètcncs gstmnïsthac gstmnïsthacs, s, lcs gxpgrhogftcs fmturmlgs y lcs gxpgrhogftcs acfstruhncs gopïrhacs, ml mreuogftmr qug, sh  jhgf scf mprcphmncs pmrm lms ahgfahms fmturmlgs ncfng sg pugngf mhslmr imatcrgs gf acfnhahcfgs ng lmjcrmtcrhc, lms maahcfgs ng lcs sgrgs `uomfcs scf ngomshmnc acoplgbms  pmrm gstg thpc ng trmtmohgftc pcrqug lms pgrscfms pgrscf ms fc scf subgtcs pmshvcs y fc mnmptmjlgs. Gf gstg crngf ng hngms, amjg mfctmr qug gl gacfcohstm mustrïmac Bgiirgy @grjgfgr `m mihromnc qug «fc gxhstgf amrmatgrïsthams gstmnïsthams gf gl acopcrtmohgftc `uomfc. Gs ngahnhnc fc ml mzmr y vmrhmjlg mftgs qug acfstmftg .» Lcs mustrïmacs mreuogftmf qug, oís

 jhgf, sg ngjg mhslmr gl prcagsc lñehac ng lm maahñf `uomfm :=, ohgf ohgftr trms ms Ohsgs Ohsgs llm llmom om :4

 [AH^M^HCF Agf \l 8::9 _  [ AH^M^HCF Lun=8 \l 8::9 _

:=

 

« prmxgclceïm»  m gstm nhsahplhfm. Gl oètcnc prmxgclñehac mustrïmac sg jmsm gf gl usc hftgfshvc ng lm ngnuaahñf lñeham ng lc qug gllcs mreuogftmf qug gs hffgemjlg2 lcs mxhcoms gvhngftgs pcr sï ohsocs c `ga`cs hrrgiutmjlgs scjrg lm gxhstgfahm `uomfm ::. Lcs mustrïmacs scsthgfgf qug lm hfnuaahñf fc emrmfthzm lm sgeurhnmn acoc lc `mag lm ngnuaahñf, ym qug lcs nmtcs gacfñohacs ngl oufnc rgml scf hftrïfsgamogftg mojheucs y subgtcs m ufm oulthtun ng hfilugfahms qug fc pugngf sgr sgpmrmnms fh aumfthihamnms, ufm amusm c lm acrrglmahñf acf ctrm. Tcr gllc, mihromf qug lcs oètcncs gstmnïsthacs gopïrhacs, lcs gxpgrhogftcs fmturmlgs y lcs gxpgrhogftcs acfstruhncs fc thgfgf icrom ng vgrhihamr lm amusm y gigatc gf lcs gvgftcs gacfñohacs ngl oufnc rgml, ym qug lcs nmtcs gacfñohacs  pugngf sgr acrrglmahcfmncs m oòlthplgs amngfms pctgfahmlgs ng amusmlhnmn :1. Lcs gacfcohstms crtcncxcs, gf egfgrml, scsthgfgf qug lms acfalushcfgs mlamfzmnms  pcr purm ngnuaahñf lñeham scf lhohtmnms y nèjhlgs. Lcs gacfcohstms Jrymf Amplmf y Tmul Qmouglscf `mf mihromnc qug gstm ogtcnclceïm `m llgvmnc m lm gsauglm mustrïmam m sgr  fcromlogftg ngsgsthomnm pcr lms acrrhgftgs gacfñohams ncohfmftgs. Lm vhshñf mustrhmam ngl shstgom ng ogramnc nhihgrg ng lm goplgmnm pcr lm gacfcoïm fgcalísham. Lcs mustrïmacs rga`mzmf lm pcshjhlhnmn ng qug lcs acfsuohncrgs sgmf hfnhigrgftgs gftrg nhsthftms cpahcfgs2 lm tgcrïm fgcalísham nhag qug gs pcshjlg, ohgftrms qug Ohsgs lc rga`mzñ pcr acfshngrmrlc «hopcshjlg ng cjsgrvmr gf lm príatham». Ohsgs scstuvc qug lms iufahcfgs ng uthlhnmn scf crnhfmlgs y fc amrnhfmlgs; pcr lc tmftc, sclc sg pugng almshihamr lms  prgigrgfahms y fc gs pcshjlg ognhr su hftgfshnmn. Lcs mustrïmacs rga`mzmf lms acfalushcfgs  jmsmnms gf lm uthlhnmn amrnhfml y arhthamf m lm gacfcoïm crtcncxm pcr p cr magptmr lm amrnhfmlhnmn, m pgsmr ng qug lcs gacfcohstms fgcalíshacs suglgf hfnhamr qug su trmjmbc sclc gs vílhnc pmrm lms prgi prgigrgf grgfahm ahmss crnh crnhfml fmlgs. gs. Ohsgs Ohsgs mreuogf mreuogftñ tñ qug lms "prcjmj "prcjmjhlh hlhnmng nmngs" s" fuoèrh fuoèrhamo amogftg gftg gxmatms fufam pcnrïmf sgr mshefmnms m lcs amscs shfeulmrgs, ngjhnc m qug lm acfilugfahm òfham ng gvgftcs gf amnm ocogftc ng thgopc gf lcs ogramncs rgmlgs `mag qug lm mshefmahñf ng prcjmjhlhnmngs "cjbgthvms" sgm pcac rgmlhstm, ym qug gstcs gvgftcs scf hftrïfshamogftg òfhacs y fc ampmags ng sgr hfaluhncs gf ocnglcs prcjmjhlïsthacs fuoèrhacs.

Trhfahphcs Iufnmogftmlgs ::

 [ AH^M^HCF @mf45 \l 8::9 _  [ AH^M^HCF Jrh=9 \l 8::9 _

:1

 

Gf =80=, Irhtz Oma`lup gfuogrñ lcs puftcs ng vhstm tïphacs ngl pgfsmohgftc gacfñohac mustrhmac2[ AH^M^HCF Oma=1 \l 8::9 _ 2

Hfnhvhnumlhsoc ogtcnclñehac2  gf lm gxplhamahñf ng lcs igfñogfcs gacfñohacs, tgfgocs qug vclvgr m lms maahcfgs (c hfmaahñf) ng lcs hfnhvhnucs; Lcs erupcs c «aclgathvcs» fc pugngf matumr gxagptc m trmvès ng lms maahcfgs ng lcs ohgojrcs hfnhvhnumlgs. Lcs erupcs fc phgfsmf; lm egftg phgfsm.

Qujbgthvhsoc Qujbgth vhsoc ogtcnc ogtcnclñehac lñehac22  gf lm gxpl gxplham hamahñ ahñff ng lcs igfñog igfñogfcs fcs gacfñoh gacfñohacs, acs, tgfgocs qug vclvgr m lcs buhahcs y glgaahcfgs `ga`cs pcr lcs hfnhvhnucs scjrg lm jmsg ng aumlquhgr acfcahohgftc qug tgfemf c argmf qug thgfgf y lms gxpgatmthvms qug thgfgf acf rgspgatc m lcs ngsmrrcllcs gxtgrfcs y, gspgahmlogftg, lms acfsgaugfahms pgrahjhnms ng sus maahcfgs prgvhstms.

Eustcs y prgigrgfahms2 lms vmlcrmahcfgs sujbgthvms ng jhgfgs y sgrvhahcs ngtgrohfmf lm ngomfnm ng lcs ohsocs, pcr lc qug sus prgahcs gstíf hfilugfahmncs pcr lcs acfsuohncrgs (rgmlgs y pctgfahmlgs).

Acstcs ng cpcrtufhnmn2 lcs acstcs acf lcs qug lcs prcnuatcrgs y ctrcs matcrgs gacfñohacs gacfñoh acs amlaul amlaulmf mf rgilgbmf rgilgbmf lms cpcrtufhnmngs cpcrtufhnmngs mltgrfmthvm mltgrfmthvmss qug ngjgf mjmfncfmrsg; mjmfncfmrsg; acoc lcs sgrvhahcs prcnuathvcs sg goplgmf pmrm uf prcpñshtc, tcncs lcs uscs mltgrfmthvcs ngjgf sgr smarhihamncs.

Omrehfmlhsoc2  gf tc tcncs ncs lc lcss nh nhsg sgýcs ýcs ga gacf cfño ñoha hacs cs,, lc lcss vmlcr vmlcrgs, gs, lc lcss ac acst stcs cs,, lc lcss hfergscs, hfergsc s, lm prcnuat prcnuathvhnm hvhnmn, n, gta. gstíf ngtgro ngtgrohfmncs hfmncs pcr lm hopcrtmfahm hopcrtmfahm ng lm òlthom òlthom ufhnmn mergemnm c rgstmnm ngl tctml.

Gstruaturm tgopcrml ng lm prcnuaahñf y gl acfsuoc2   lms ngahshcfgs ng m`crrc rgilgbmf «prgigrgfahms tgopcrmlgs» acf rgspgatc ml acfsuoc gf gl iuturc hfognhmtc, nhstmftg c hfngihfhnc, y sg rgmlhzmf hfvgrshcfgs gf vhstm ng lcs omycrgs rgsultmncs qug sg gspgrmf cjtgfgr sh sg rgmlhzmf oís prcagscs ng prcnuaahñf qug rgquhgrmf oís thgopc. Hfaluyñ ncs prhfahphcs mnhahcfmlgs scstgfhncs pcr lm rmom ng gacfcoïm mustrhmam ng Ohsgs2

Qcjgrmfïm Qcjgrmf ïm ngl acfsuohncr2 acfsuohncr2  lm hfilugfahm qug lcs acfsuohncrgs thgfgf gf lm ngomfnm gigathvm ng jhgfgs y sgrvhahcs y m trmvès ng lcs prgahcs qug nmf acoc rgsultmnc

 

ogram og ramnc ncss lhjrg lhjrgss y ac acop opgt gtht hthv hvcs cs,, gf lc lcss pl plmf mfgs gs ng prcnua prcnuaah ahñf ñf ng lc lcss prcnua prcnuatc tcrgs rgs g hfvgrshcfhstms, fc gs sclc uf `ga`c nhiïahl shfc tmojhèf uf cjbgthvc hopcrtmftg, qug sclc  pugng mlamfzmr gvhtmfnc pcr acoplgtc lm hftgrigrgfahm eujgrfmogftml gf lcs ogramncs y lms rgstrhaahcfgs m lm lhjgrtmn ng vgfngncrgs y acoprmncrgs pmrm sgeuhr su prcphc buhahc acf rgspgatc m lms amfthnmngs, amlhnmngs y prgahcs ng lcs prcnuatcs y sgrvhahcs.

Hfnhvhnumlhs Hfnhvh numlhsoc oc pclïthac2 pclïthac2  scl sclcc au aumfn mfncc lc lcss hf hfnh nhvh vhnuc nucss tg tgfe femf mf pl plgf gfmm lh lhjg jgrt rtmn mn gacfñoham sgrí pcshjlg msgeurmr lm lhjgrtmn pclïtham y ocrml. Lms rgstrhaahcfgs m lm lhjgrtmn gacfñoham acfnuagf, tmrng c tgoprmfc, m ufm gxtgfshñf ng lms mathvhnmngs acgrahthvms ngl gstmnc gst mnc ml nco ncohf hfhc hc pclït pclïtha hac, c, scamvm scamvmfn fncc y gv gvgf gftu tuml mlog ogft ftgg ng ngst struy ruygf gfnc nc lm lmss lh lhjgr jgrtm tmng ngss hfnhvhnumlgs gsgfahmlgs qug lms scahgnmngs amphtmlhstms punhgrcf lcermr gf gl shelc PHP.

Acftrhjuahcfgs ml Tgfsmohgftc Gacfñohac Mleufcs mpcrtgs ng lm gsauglm mustrhmam ml pgfsmohgftc gacfñohac scf lms tgcrïms scjrg lm fc-fgutrmlhnmn ngl nhfgrc, lms tmsms ng hftgrès y ng jgfgihahcs scf ngtgrohfmncs pcr lm hft hftgrma grmaahñ ahñff ng ufm ngargah ngargahgft gftgg uthlhn uthlhnmn mn omr omrehf ehfml ml acf ufm ngargah ngargahgftg gftg prcnuat prcnuathvh hvhnmn nmn omreh om rehfm fmll ng ngll thgo thgopc pc y ng lm lmss prgigr prgigrgfa gfahm hmss tg tgop opcr crml mlgs. gs. Lm tg tgcrï crïmm mu must strh rhma mamm ng ngll ah ahal alcc gacfñohac prcpcfg qug lm gstruaturm ngl amphtml ng lms gacfcoïms acfshstg gf jhgfgs `gtgrceèfgcs qug thgfgf uscs oulthgspgaïihacs qug ngjgf sgr mlhfgmncs y gfimthzm gl pcngr  cremfhzmthvc cremfhz mthvc ngl ogamfhsoc ng prgahcs prgahcs (vèmsg ngjmtg scjrg gl aílaulc gacfñohac ):>. Gstc gftrg ctrms mpcrtmahcfgs.

Acstc ng Cpcrtufhnmn Mrtïaulc prhfahpml2 Acstc ng cpcrtufhnmn Lm ncatrhfm ngl acstc ng cpcrtufhnmn iug icroulmnm gxplïahtmogftg pcr prhogrm vgz pcr gl gacfcohstm mustrhmac Irhgnrha` vcf Uhgsgr m ihfgs ngl shelc PHP :7. Gl acstc ng cpcrtufhnmn gs gl acstc ng aumlquhgr mathvhnmn ognhnm gf tèrohfcs ngl vmlcr ng lm sheuhgftg ogbcr  mltgrfmthvm pgrnhnm (qug fc sg glheg). Gs gl smarhihahc rglmahcfmnc acf lm sgeufnm ogbcr  cpahñf nhspcfhjlg pmrm mleuhgf c erupc, qug `m glgehnc gftrg vmrhms cpahcfgs outumogftg gxaluygftgs. :>

 [ AH^M^HCF Jcg5= \l 8::9 _  [ AH^M^HCF Khr09 \l 8::9 _

:7

 

Gl acstc ng cpcrtufhnmn gs uf acfagptc almvg gf lm gacfcoïm acfvgfahcfml y sg `m ngsarhtc acoc ufm gxprgshñf ng « lm rglmahñf jísham gftrg lm gsamsgz y lm glgaahñf »:9. Lm fcahñf ng acstc ng cpcrtufhnmn bugem uf pmpgl aruahml pmrm emrmfthzmr qug lcs rgaurscs sg uthlhagf ng omfgrm gihahgftg.

Amphtml g Hftgrès Lm tgcrïm mustrhmam ng amphtml g hftgrès iug ngsmrrcllmnm pcr prhogrm vgz pcr Guegf Jù`o vcf Jmwgrk. Mihroñ qug lms tmsms ng hftgrès hftgrès y lms emfmfahms gstíf ngtgrohfmnms ngtgrohfmnms pcr  ncs imatcrgs, m smjgr, lm cigrtm y lm ngomfnm gf gl ogramnc ng jhgfgs ihfmlgs y lm prgigrgfahm tgopcrml:5. Lm tgcrïm ng Jù`o-Jmwgrk acopmrm lm hftgfshnmn ng amphtml acf gl ermnc ng rcngcs («rcufnmjcutfgss») ng lcs prcagscs ng prcnuaahñf. Jù`o-Jmwgrk tmojhèf mreuogftñ qug lm lgy ng uthlhnmn omrehfml hoplham fgagsmrhmogftg lm lgy alísham ng acstcs. Qg ngjg m lm mplhamahñf ng lms tgcrïms ng Guegf vcf Jù`o-Jmwgrk, gf su acfcahnm ocfcermiïm Lm acfalushñf ngl shstgom omrxhmfc, lm rgiutmahñf ng lm tgcrïm omrxhstm ngl vmlcr-trmjmbc y gl acfagptc ng plusvmlïm, mftg ufm gvhngftg acftrmnhaahñf qug sg prcnuaïm gf su mplhamahñf aumfnc lm llmomnm tmsm ng emfmfahm fc auoplïm lm prgnhaahñf ng Kmrl Omrx gf su tgfngfahm ngargahgftg, shfc qug pcr gl acftrmrhc, sg hfargogftmjm. Nha`m acftrmnhaahñf iug rgacfcahnm pcr Omrx gf gl tgragr vcluogf ng su acoplgbm cjrm Gl amphtml, rgspcfnhgfnc gf acfsgaugfahm qug sh jhgf nha`m mpmrgftg acftrmnhaahñf sg rgehstrm gf amscs puftumlgs, gf lm gacfcoïm egfgrml lugec sg supgrmf omftgfhgfnc vhegftg su shstgom, :0 lc qug lc llgvñ m hftrcnuahr ufm ocnhihamahñf fctmjlg gf gstg2:8 lm lgy ngl vmlcr (qug mihrom 'lms ogramfaïms sg hftgramojhmf pcr su vmlcr') ym fc `m ng auoplhrsg gf amnm amsc hfnhvhnuml, shfc m gsamlm egfgrml acfshngrmfnc acfshngrmfnc gl shstgom shstgom gacfñohac gf su acfbuftc. Jù`o-Jmwgrk Jù`o-Jmwgrk acfstmtñ qug gstcs "amscs puftumlgs" grmf gf rgmlhnmn príathamogftg tcncs, y qug lm gxplhamahñf ng lcs  prgahcs gf iufahñf ng lm ognhnm ognhm ngl vmlcr ngl trmjmbc "scahmlogftg fgagsmrhc" sg rgohtïm fugvmogftg m lcs prgahcs ohsocs vclvhgfnc ml oètcnc omrxhstm ufm pgthahñf ng

:9

 [ AH^M^HCF Bmo40 \l 8::9 _  [ AH^M^HCF Jù`08 \l 8::9 _ :0  [ AH^M^HCF Ngl=9 \l 8::9 _ :8  [ AH^M^HCF Kmr80 \l 8::9 _ :5

 

 prhfahphc. Lm cjrm `m `ga`c imocsc m Jù`o-Jmwgrk, y ocstrmnc lcs rmsecs nglhjgrmnmogftg arïthacs ng lm gsauglm mustrhmam.

Hfilmahñf Gf lm ngihfhahñf ng Ohsgs, lm hfilmahñf gs uf muogftc gf lm cigrtm ng nhfgrc, 14  (vcf Ohsgs, Lunwhe)

Gf lm hf hfvg vgst sthe hema mahñ hñff tg tgñr ñrha hamm sc sclc lc `m `myy uf sh shef efhi hiha hamn mncc qu qugg sg pu pugn gngg ms msca cahm hmr  r  rmahcfmlogft rmahcfm logftgg m lm gxprgshñf Hfilmah Hfilmahñf2 ñf2 uf muogft muogftcc gf lm amfthnmn ng nhfgrc (gf gl sgfthnc oís moplhc ngl tèroh tèrohfc, fc, pmrm hfaluhr hfaluhr tmojhèf lcs ognhc ognhcss ihnuahmrhcs), ihnuahmrhcs), qug fc sg acopgfsm acf ufm gl acrrgspcfnhgftg muogftc gf lm fgagshnmn ng nhfgrc (fugvmogftg gf gl sgfthnc oís moplhc ngl tèrohfc), ng ocnc qug ngjg caurrhr ufm amïnm gf gl vmlcr ng amojhc cjbgthvc ngl nhfgrc1=. @mygk sgýmlñ qug lm gsthoulmahñf hfilmahcfmrhm gxplctm lm ngocrm gftrg uf muogftc gf lm cigrtm ocfgtmrhm y gl acfsheuhgftg muogftc gf lcs prgahcs ng lcs jhgfgs y sgrvhahcs2 X nmnc qug aumlquhgr hfilmahñf, mufqug sgm ocngstm ml prhfahphc, pugng myunmr ml goplgc sclc gf lm ognhnm gf qug sg maglgrg, mncptmnm acoc uf ognhc pmrm rgnuahr gl ngsgoplgc, lc `mrí nurmftg aumlquhgr pgrïcnc ng thgopc sclc ohgftrms maglgrm. Lm hfilmahñf «sumvg» «sum vg» acfs acfstmf tmftg tg fc pugng pugng myu myunmr, nmr, sclc pugn pugngg llg llgvmr vmr m ufm hfi hfilma lmahñf hñf mjsclut mjsclutm. m. Gsm hfilmahñf m ufm tmsm acfstmftg prcftc ngbm ng tgfgr mleòf gigatc gsthoulmftg, y ml ihfml shoplgogftg fcs ngbm acf ufm mauoulmahñf ng mnmptmahcfgs rgtrmsmnms, gs gl mreuogftc acfaluygftg acftrm lm hfilmahñf «lgvg» rgprgsgftmnm acoc jgfgihahcsm hfalusc gf lcs lhjrcs ng tgxtc ng gacfcoïm gstífnmr 1:.

Trcjlgom ngl Aílaulc Gacfñohac Mrtïaulc prhfahpml2 Aílaulc gacfñohac Gl prcjlgom ngl aílaulc gacfñohac sg rgihgrg m ufm arïtham ngl scahmlhsoc qug Omx Ugjgr ngalmrñ pcr prhogrm vgz gf =8:4. Tcstgrhcrogftg, Ohsgs nhsauthñ lm hngm ng Ugjgr  acf su gstunhmftg Irhgnrha` @mygk, quhgf lm ngsmrrcllñ gf vmrhms cjrms, gftrg gllms Amohfc 14

 [ AH^M^HCF vcf=8 \l 8::9 _  [ AH^M^HCF Ohs:4 \l 8::9 _ 1:  [ AH^M^HCF @my0> \l 8::9 _ 1=

 

ng sgrvhnuojrg.11  Gl prcjlgom sg rgihgrg m llcs cs ognhcs pcr lcs aumlgs lcs rgaurscs sg mshefmf y nhstrhjuygf gf ufm gacfcoïm. Gl gficqug ng Ohsgs gs qug gl aílaulc gacfñohac gs uf  prcjlgom ng «iggnjmak» ng lms mpugstms goprgsmrhmlgs, uf aílaulc (c gspgaulmahñf) ng emfmfahms y pèrnhnms qug lcs prgahcs pgrohtgf gvmlumr mpcstgrhcrh ng lm maahñf goprgsmrhml. Ohgftrms gl gficqug ng @mygk gs qug gl aílaulc gacfñohac gs uf prcjlgom ng hficromahñf nhspgrsm ng mlcamahñf ng rgaurscs y prgigrgfahms ngl acfsuohncr qug lcs prgahcs pgrohtgf acfgatmr mftgs ng lm maahñf goprgsmrhml. Ohsgs mreuogftñ gf uf gfsmyc ng =8:4 « Gl aílaulc gacfñohac gf gl shstgom  scahmlhstm» qug lcs shstgoms ng prgahcs gf lms gacfcoïms scahmlhstms grmf fgagsmrhmogftg

ngihahgftgs pcrqug sh gl Gstmnc pcsgïm lcs ognhcs ng prcnuaahñf, fc sg pcnïmf cjtgfgr   prgahcs pmrm lcs jhgfgs ng amphtml, ym qug grmf shoplgogftg trmfsigrgfahms hftgrfms ng  jhgfgs gf uf shstgom scahmlhstm y fc «cjbgtcs ng hftgramojhc», m nhigrgfahm ng jhgfgs ihfmlgs. Tcr lc tmftc, fc tgfïmf prgahc y, pcr lc tmftc, gl shstgom sgrïm fgagsmrhmogftg hfgiha hfg ihahgf hgftg, tg, ym qug lcs plm plmfhi fhiham hamncrg ncrgss agftrm agftrmlgs lgs fc smjrïmf smjrïmf añoc añoc msh mshefmr efmr lcs rgaursc rgaurscss nhspcfhjlgs ng omfgrm gihahgftg. Gstc lc llgvñ m gsarhjhr « qug lm mathvhnmn gacfñoham rmahcfml gs hopcshjlg gf ufm acoufhnmn scahmlhstm».1>

Gf su acfcahnc lhjrc Gl scahmlhsoc ncfng gxpcfg su mreuogftc acftrm lms tgcrïms acoufh aco ufhst stms ms ml th thgo gopc pc qu qugg bu bust sthi hiha hamm lm prc prcph phgnm gnmnn pr prhv hvmn mnmm gf tè tèro rohf hfcs cs gacfñ gacfñoh ohac acs, s, ngocstrmfnc qug sclc gstm pcshjhlhtm lm lhjrg icromahñf ng prgahcs gf uf ogramnc, y gstc ctcrem m quhgfgs hftgrvhgfgf gf èl hficromahñf scjrg lm gsamsgz y uthlhnmn ng uf jhgf gacfñohac. Tmrm lm tgcrïm mustrhmam ohsgshmfm Qclc acf prcphgnmn prhvmnm sgrí pcshjlg ohfhohzmr lm gsamsgz, qug lm gsauglm mustrhmam acfshngrm acoc prcphmogftg `uomfm. Qhf  prcphgnmn prhvmnm `mjrí, ngalmrm Ohsgs, uf hrrmahcfml omfgbc ng lm gsamsgz. Ohsgs mihrom qug sgrí hopcshjlg gf musgfahm ng prgahcs. Lm tgcrïm mustrhmam `mygkhmfm gfimthzm gl pcngr cremfhzmncr ng lcs ogramncs. @mygk  mihroñ qug lcs prgahc prgahcss ng ogramnc ogramnc rgilgbmf hficromah hficromahñf, ñf, auym tctmlhnmn tctmlhnmn fc gs acfcahnm pcr  uf sclc hfnhvhnuc, lc qug ngtgrohfm lm mshefmahñf ng rgaurscs gf ufm gacfcoïm. Ngjhnc m qug lcs shstgoms scahmlhstms amrgagf ng lcs hfagfthvcs hfnhvhnumlgs y lcs prcagscs ng ngsaujrhohgft ngsaujrh ohgftcc ng prgahcs ognhm ognhmftg ftg lcs aumlgs lcs hfnhvhnuc hfnhvhnucss matòmf scjrg su hficromahñf hficromahñf 11

 [ AH^M^HCF Ycf40 \l 8::9 _  [ AH^M^HCF Lun48 \l 8::9 _

1>

 

 pgrscfml, @mygk mreuogftñ qug lcs plmfhihamncrgs gacfñohacs scahmlhstms amrgagf ng tcnc gl acfcahohgftc rgqugrhnc pmrm tcomr ngahshcfgs ñpthoms. Mqugllcs qug gstíf ng maugrnc acf gstm arïtham lc vgf acoc ufm rgiutmahñf ngl scahmlhsoc, ocstrmfnc qug gl scahmlhsoc fc gs ufm ufm icr icrom om vh vhmj mjlg lg c sc scst stgf gfhj hjlg lg ng cre cremf mfhz hzma mahñ hñff ga gacfñ cfñoh oham. am. Gl ng ngjm jmtg tg mn mnquh quhrh rhññ  prcohfgfahm gf lms nèamnms ng n g =8:4 y =814 y gsg pgr pgrïcnc ïcnc gspgaïihac ngl ngjmtg `m llgemnc m sgr acfcahnc pcr lcs `hstcrhmncrgs ngl pgfsmohgftc gacfñohac acoc gl ngjmtg scjrg gl aílaulc scahmlhstm.

Ahalc Gacfñohac Mrtïaulc prhfahpml2 ^gcrïm mustrïmam ngl ahalc gacfñohac Lm tgcrïm mustrhmam ngl ahalc gacfñohac (^MAG) sg agftrm gf lm gohshñf ng arènhtc  pcr pmrtg ng lcs jmfac jmfacss ac acoc oc lm amusm ng lms iluatumahcfgs gacfñohams. Mufqug oís tmrng iug glmjcrmnm pcr @mygk y ctrcs, lm tgcrïm iug gxpugstm pcr prhogrm vgz pcr Ohsgs, quhgf argïm qug lcs jmfacs ctcremf arènhtcs m tmsms ng hftgrès mrthihahmlogftg jmbms, lc qug `mag qug lms goprgsms hfvhgrtmf gf prcagscs ng prcnuaahñf rglmthvmogftg hfnhrgatcs. Ohsgs ngalmrñ qug gstc llgvm m ufm omlm mshefmahñf ng rgaurscs qug èl llmoñ «omlm hfvgrshñf». @mygk, ognhmftg lm hftgermahñf ng lm tgcrïm ngl amphtml y gl hftgrès ng Jù`o-Jmwgrk acf lcs mreuogftcs ng Ohsgs scjrg añoc ufm gxpmfshñf ng lm cigrtm ocfgtmrhm c omfhpulmahñf eujgrfmogftml ng lms tmsms ng hftgrès acftrhjuyg m lm ngshfvgrshñf. Qgeòf lm tgcrïm, uf ahalc ng mueg y amïnm ng ngshfvgrshñf gs egfgrmnc pcr ufm gxpmf gxp mfsh shñf ñf gxa gxags gshv hvmm g hf hfscs scstg tgfh fhjl jlgg ngl ar arèn ènht htcc pm pmrm rm lm lmss goprg goprgsm smss y lc lcss prgst prgstmt mtmrh mrhcs cs hfnhvhnumlgs pcr pmrtg ng lcs jmfacs 17. Gstm argmahñf argnhthahm `mag qug pmrgzam acoc sh lm cigrtm ng "icfncs m`crrmncs" lhstm pmrm hfvgrthr `ujhgrm muogftmnc; shf gojmrec, gl gigatc gs gl ohsoc2 lm cigrtm ng icfncs acf ihfgs ng hfvgrshñf y lm tmsm ng hftgrès gs nhsohfuhnm. Lcs prgstmtmrhcs, gf ngihfhthvm, scf hfnuahncs m grrcr pcr lm hfilmahñf jmfamrhm ml arggr qug lm cigrtm ng icfncs m`crrmncs gs omycr ng lc qug rgmlogftg gs. Aumfnc gl erupc ng «icfncs m`crrmncs» muogftm, lcs goprgsmrhcs hfvhgrtgf gf «prcagscs ng prcnuaahñf oís lmrecs», gs ngahr, lm gstruaturm ngl amphtml gs mlmremnm. Lcs prgstmtmrhcs tcomf sus icfncs rgahgftgogftg mnquhrhncs y `magf sujhr lcs prgahcs ng lcs jhgfgs ng amphtml y ng ctrcs jhgfgs, lc qug, gf tgcrïm, gsthoulm uf amojhc ng lm hfvgrshñf ng jhgfgs ng acfsuoc m jhgfgs ng amphtml. Lcs 17

 [ AH^M^HCF Lun01 \l 8::9 _

 

gacfcohstms mustrhmacs mihromf mngoís qug gstg amojhc gs hfscstgfhjlg y ngjg rgvgrthrsg gf gl ocogftc cpcrtufc. Msï, llgemf m lm acfalushñf ng qug aumftc oís acfthfòg gl amojhc hfscstgfhjlg, oís vhclgftc y pgrturjmncr sgrí gl prcagsc fgagsmrhc ng rgmbustg.

Goprgsmrhmlhnmn Lcs gacfcohstms mustrhmacs gfimthzmf lm «goprgsmrhmlhnmn» c «iufahñf goprgsmrhml», ym sgm pmrm pgrturjmr lm acfiheurmahñf matuml y ocvgrlm `mahm uf fugvc gstmnc ng gquhlhjrhc, gf gl amsc ng Qa`uopgtgr c pmrm ngtgatmr y acrrgehr ngsgquhlhjrhcs, acoc plmftgm Khrzfgr 19.  Fcromlogftg sg acfshngrm qug lm goprgsmrhmlhnmn gs gquhvmlgftg ml acfagptc ng maahñf `uomfm `uo mfm ng Ohs Ohsgs gs (prm (prmxgc xgclce lceïm) ïm),, mplham mplhamnc nc gspg gspgahm ahmlog logftg ftg m lcs fgecah fgecahcs. cs. Wf fctmjl fctmjlgg rgigrgftg acftgopcrífgc ng lm tgcrïm mustrhmam ngl goprgfnhohgftc gs Tgtgr E. Klghf.

Trcagsc Ng Ogramnc Gstg gs uf gficqug ngsmrrcllmnc pcr lcs gacfcohstms ng lm gsauglm mustrhmam qug pcfg gl èfimshs gf gl ogramnc acoc uf prcagsc, gf acftrmpcshahñf m lms tgcrïms ngl gquhlhjrhc fgcalíshac qug lc ngsarhjgf acoc uf ngtgrohfmnc gstmnc c acfiheurmahñf ng prgahcs, amfthnmngs y amlhnmngs ngtgrohfmnms. Gf lcs thgopcs qug vhvhocs, pgrc scjrg tcnc qug `gocs vhvhnc rgahgftgogftg, gl kgyfgshmfhsoc sg `m plmftgmnc acoc ufm pclhtham gf rgspugstm m lcs prcjlgoms gacfñohacs qug surehgrcf nurmftg lm pmsmnm nèamnm. ^cnms lms rugnms ng prgfsm y acfigrgfahms cirgahnms pcr jurñarmtms momftgs ngl emstc pòjlhac y ng lms hfygaahcfgs ng lhquhngz og `hahgrcf rgacrnmr ahgrtc nïm gl ngjmtg gf =814 gf lm LQG gftrg Bc`f Omyfmrn Kgyfgs y Irhgnrha` @mygk scjrg lm iufahñf ngl amphtml gf lm gacfcoïm. Kgyfgs, acoc shgoprg, mreuogftmjm qug lm hopcrtmfahm rgshnïm gf gl stcak ng amphtml ng lm gacfcoïm. Trcpcfïm qug sg ngjïm gsthoulmr gl emstc gf jhgfgs ng acfsuoc, pmrm msï hfagfthvmr lm rghfvgrshñf ng ampht amp html ml gf gs gstc tcss oh ohso socs cs pr prcnu cnuat atcs, cs, su supu pugst gstmo mogf gftg tg egfgr egfgrmfn mfncc go gopl plgc gc y gx gxpmf pmfsh shñf ñf gacfñoham gf gl ognhc plmzc. @mygk; ufc ng lcs prhfahpmlgs rgprgsgftmftgs ng lm Gsauglm Mustrhmam m lc lmrec ng lm `hstcrhm, rgprca`mjm m Kgyfgs qug fc sg prgstmjm suihahgftg mtgfahñf m lm iufahñf fmturml ngl amphtml gf lm gacfcoïm. Aumfnc @mygk `mjlmjm ng amphtml, shgoprg sg rgigrïm tmftc m amphtml ihbc acoc vmrhmjlg, vmrhmjlg, gs ngahr, hfirmgstruaturm hfirmgstruaturm y omquhfmrhm omquhfmrhm 19

 [ AH^M^HCF Khr00 \l 8::9 _

 

ml heuml qug rgaurscs fmturm fmturmlgs… lgs… y pcr supugstc mquï `maïm ufm nhigrg nhigrgfahmah fahmahñf ñf pmrm hfaluhr  hfaluhr  tmojhèf gl amphtml `uomfc. @mygk argïm qug gl fhvgl ng amphtml gf ufm gacfcoïm fc sg pcnïm ognhr shoplgogftg gf tèrohfcs ng “stcak‟, c ng ampmahnmn prcnuathvm, shfc qug sg jmsm gf ufm gstruaturm oua`c oís acoplgbm icromnm pcr vmrhcs glgogftcs qug sg acrrglmahcfmf hftrïfsgamogftg gftrg gllcs pmrm icromr lm tctmlhnmn ngl amphtml prcnuathvc ng ufm goprgsm c  pmïs.

TZHFAHTMLGQ GPTCFGF^GQ NG LM GQAWGLM MWQ^ZÏMAM M acfthfumahñf sg gxpcfnrí lms jhcermiïms y prhfahpmlgs mpcrtgs ng pgrscfmlgs qug mpcrtmrcf m lm Gsauglm Mustrhmam. =. AMZL OGFEGZ Iufnmncr Iufn mncr ng lm Gsa Gsaugl uglmm Mus Mustrh trhmam mam ng lm gacfcoïm gacfcoïm,, acf su prhfah prhfahpml pml tgcrïm tgcrïm ngl omrehfm omreh fmlh lhso soc, c, fma fmahn hncc gf =0 =0>4 >4 gf Fgu-Q Fgu-Qmf mfnga nga y imllg imllgahn ahncc gf =8:=, =8:=, Gs Gspg pgah ahml mlhs hstm tm gf Ngrga`c, y gacfcoïm gf lms ufhvgrshnmngs ng Yhgfm y Trmem, iug oís acfcahnc acoc gacfcohstm ng crhegf mustrhmac, quhgf gs acfshngrmnc acoc gl lïngr ng ufm rgvcluahñf tgñrham, acftrhjuyñ ml ngsmrrcllc ng lm ^gcrïm Omrehfmlhstm, gf lm auml rga`mzñ lms tgcrïms ngl vmlc vmlcrr ng acst acstcc ng pr prcn cnua uaah ahñf ñf,, ac acoc oc lm lmss ngsm ngsmrr rrcl cllm lmnm nmss pc pcrr ga gacf cfco cohs hstm tmss al alís ísha hacs cs gspgaïihamogftg Mn Mnmo mo Qo Qoht ht`` (=5 (=5:1 :1-=5 -=584) 84) y Nmvh Nmvhnn Zh Zham amrnc rnc  (= (=5: 5:::-=0 =0:1 :1). ). Gftr Gftrgg lc lcss sgeuhncrgs ng Ogfegr sg gfacftrmjmf, Guegf vcf Jù`o-Jmwgrk   (=07=-=8=>) (=07=-=8=>) y Irhgnrha` vcf Uhgsgr  (=07=-=8:9),   (=07=-=8:9), lcs aumlgs acfsthtuygrcf lm sgeufnm egfgrmahñf ng lm Gsauglm Mustrïmam ng Gacfcoïm, mufqug nha`cs mutcrgs fc gstmjmf ng maugrnc acf tcnms sus  pcshahcfgs tgñrhams.

 

 

Gf =095 crhgftñ sus gstunhcs `mahm lm gacfcoïm, ngjhnc prhfahpmlogftg m uf hftgrès

gf pmrthaulmr qug tgfïm pcr lms acthzmahcfgs ng jclsm, ohsoc qug surehñ nurmftg gl thgopc qug trmjmbñ acoc aclmjcrmncr aclmjcrmncr ng lm Rghtufe ng Yhgfm. Gf =05= pujlham pujlham ufc ng sus gsarhtcs gsarhtcs oís acfcahncs lm “Erufnsîtzg ngr vclkswhrtsa`mitslg`rg‟ (Trhfahplgs ci Gacfcohas) y  pcshjlgogftg gl oís hopcrtmftg ng tcncs, ym qug pugng sgr acfshngrmnc acoc gl iufnmogftc ng lm Gsauglm Mustrhmam ng Gacfcoïm, y m pgsmr ng qug sg llmoñ ufm "prhogrm  pmrtg", fufam `ujc ufm sgeufnc; mufqug, gs hopcrtmftg ogfahcfmr qug, su `hbc Kmrl gnhtñ ufm sgeufnm gnhahñf pñstuom ngl lhjrc ng =05= acf acfshngrmjlgs mnhahcfgs. Gf =059 Ogfegr iug fcojrmnc tutcr ngl `hbc ngl gopgrmncr, gl prïfahpg Zcnclic, nurmftg ncs mýcs Ogfegr macopmýñ ml prïfahpg gf sus vhmbgs, prhogrc m trmvès ng Gurcpm acfthfgftml y oís mnglmftg m trmvès ng lms hslms jrhtífhams, ermahms m sus sgrvhahcs gf gstm ampmahnmn y ml msgscrmohgftc nmnc ml ecjhgrfc ng lm ocfmrquïm gf msuftcs ocfgtmrhcs, sg lg acfihrhñ gl tïtulc ng "@cirmt" y sg `hzc ohgojrc ng lm "@grrgf`mus", gs ngahr, lm Aíomrm ng lcs lcs Lc Lcrg rgs, s, ihfm ihfmlo logf gftg tg rg rgah ahjh jhññ uf fco fcojrm jrmoh ohgf gftc tc gf lm Wfhv Wfhvgr grsh shnm nmnn ng Yh Yhgf gfmm ncfng ncfng  pgromfgahñ `mstm su rgthrc gf =841. Ml Mleu eufm fmss ac acft ftrh rhjua juahc hcfgs fgs sh shefh efhih iham amth thvms vms m lm tg tgcrï crïmm ga gacf cfño ñoha hamm y ml ng ngsmr smrrc rcll llcc ocfgtmrhc ng lm `hstcrhm ng lm Gsauglm Mustrhmam. Gftrg lcs trmjmbcs mamnèohacs ng Ogfegr, sg gfaugftrm su lhjrc scjrg lm ogtcnclceïm ng lm gacfcoïm y lm scahclceïm gsarhtc gf =001 gl auml iug ouy hopcrtmftg, ym qug gf nha`m cjrm sg ngnhañ m rgihfmr y ngigfngr lms pcshahcfgs qug tcoñ y lcs oètcncs qug uthlhzñ gf “Trhfahplgs ci Gacfcohas‟, auyc rgsultmnc iug lm pujlhamahñf ng hfvgsthemahcfgs scjrg gl oètcnc ng lms ahgfahms scahmlgs acf gspgahml rgigrgfahm m lm gacfcoïm. Lc qug acogfzñ lm llmomnm "Ogt`cngfstrght" (Jmtmllm ng Oètcncs) acf lm Gsauglm @hstñrham Mlgomfm ng Gacfcoïm, y acf Eustmv Qa`ocllgr gf pmrthaulmr. Lm arïtham ng Ogfegr ng Qa`ocllgr iug sgeuhnm pcr ufm íspgrm rgiutmahñf, ng lm ohsom omfgrm Ogfegr trmjmbñ gf tgcrïms ngl amphtml, gl nhfgrc y lm rgicrom ocfgtmrhm `mstm su rgthrc y pcstgrhcrogftg `mstm su ougrtg gf =8:=. Wfm ng lms omycrgs acftrhjuahcfgs m lm tgcrïm gacfñoham, pcr Amrl Ogfegr iug su tgcrïm sujbgthvm sujbgthvm ngl vmlcr, tgcrïm qug ngsmrrcl ngsmrrcllñ lñ trms augsthcfmr arïthamogftg arïthamogftg lm gxplhamahñf gxplhamahñf ng lcs prgahcs m trmvès ng lcs acstcs ng prcnuaahñf qug prcpushgrcf gacfcohstms alíshacs,

 

 prhfahpmlogftg Qoht` y Zhamrnc. Xm qug ng maugrnc m Ogfegr tcnc acohgfzm acf lms fgagshnmngs ng lm pgrscfm y ngl hfnhvhnuc, qug acfsthtuygf lm iugrzm octrhz jísham, buftc acf lms lhohtmahcfgs m lms qug sg gfirgftm gl hfnhvhnuc, ng lms ngahshcfgs gacfñohams. Ngsng gl shefhihamnc ng lcs jhgfgs gacfñohacs Ogfegr lcs ngihfg acoc “mqugllcs ng lcs qug gxhst gxhstgg ufm fgagsh fgagshnmn nmn omycr qug lm cigrtm nhspcfhjlg nhspcfhjlg""= y lcs jhgfgs fc gacfñohacs “mqugllcs, acoc gl mhrg c gl meum, auym cigrtm supgrm lms fgagshnmngs.‟ Gl amríatgr ng uf  jhgf, gftrg gacfñohac c fc gacfñohac, pugng am amojhmr ojhmr acf lcs amojhcs gf lm cigrtm c gf lms fgagshnmngs. ^mojhèf ngihfg lm “jmsg ng lm prcphgnmn acoc lm prctgaahñf ng lm prcphgnmn ng lcs jhgfgs gacfñohacs‟.15  Tmrm Ogfegr gl vmlcr ng uf jhgf gxhstg aumfnc ufm pgrscfm sg nm augftm qug lm smthsimaahñf ng ufm fgagshnmn ngpgfng ng lm ampmahnmn pmrm nhspcfgr ngl jhgf. ^mftc lcs  jhgfgs gacfñohacs y fc gacfñohacs thgfgf uthlhnmn, ym qug lm uthlhnmn gs lm ampmahnmn ng mlec pmrm smthsimagr fgagshnmngs `uomfms pgrc gl vmlcr ng usc sclc gs gxalushvc ng lcs  jhgfgs gacfñohacs pcrqug prgsupcfg prgs upcfg gsamsgz. Gsthomfnc gl prhfahphc nglm Gquhnmn Ogfegr ngstmam qug lcs hfnhvhnucs thgfgf nhigrgftgs ermncs ng hopcrtmfahm gf sus smthsimaahcfgs y pcr acfsheuhgftg ngftrc ng ufm ohsom almsg jhgfgs, lms smthsimaahcfgs pugngf vmrhmr gf hopcrtmfahm. Lcs hfnhvhnucs trmtmf ng smthsimagr lms fgagshnmngs oís uregftgs mftgs qug lms fgagshnmngs fgagshnmngs ogfcs uregftgs, pgrc acojhfmrm lm smthsimaahñf oís acoplgtm ng lms fgagshnmngs oís mprgohmftgs acf lm ogfcr  smthsimaahñf ng lms fgagshnmngs ogfcs mprgohmftgs. Ng ocnc qug Ogfegr gstmjlgahñ gl  prhfahphc ng omrehfmlhnmn acoc2 “nmncs ufcs ognhcs gsamscs, gl hfnhvhnuc nhspcfnrí sus nhvgrscs acfsuocs ng tml ocnc qug lms smthsimaahcfgs sgmf heumlgs gf gl omregf. Ctrc mpcrtg hopcrtmftg m lm gacfcoïm., ng Ogfegr iug su tgcrïm pmrm vmlcrmr lcs  jhgfgs ng crngf supg supgrhcr rhcr (rgaurs (rgaurscs cs prcnuathvcs). Xm qug ng maugrnc m gstg mutcr gl acstg ng cpcrtufhnmn sg acoprgfng almrmogftg gf rglmahñf acf gl vmlcr ng lcs jhgfgs ihfmlgs pmrm gl hfnhvhnuc ng acopcrtmohgftc gacfcohzmncr. Tcr lc qug gl vmlcr ng uf ngtgrohfmnc jhgf  pmrm uf hfnhvhnuc gs heuml, m lm smthsimaahñf ng fgagshnmngs m lms qug tgfnrïm qug rgfufahmr  sh fc punhgrm nhspcfgr ng nha`m amfthnmn ngl jhgf. Tgrc Ogfegr mplhañ mshohsoc uf

15

 [ AH^M^HCF Gkg40 \l 8::9 _

 

acfagptc ng acstg ng cpcrtufhnmn pmrm lm vmlcrmahñf ng lcs jhgfgs ng crngf supgrhcr, gxplhaífnclc ng lm sheuhgftg omfgrm2 “Qupcfhgfnc gf amnm amsc qug tcncs lcs jhgfgs nhspcfhjlgs ng crngf supgrhcr sg uthlhzmf ngl ocnc oís gacfñohac, gl vmlcr ng ufm amfthnmn acfargtm ng uf jhgf ng crngf  supgrhcr gs heuml m lm nhigrgfahm gftrg lm shefhihamahñf ng mqugllms smthsimaahcfgs smthsimaahcfgs qug  pcnrïmocs cjtgfgr gf gl amsc ng qug nhspushèrmocs ng lm amfthnmn ngl jhgf ng crngf  supgrhcr, auyc vmlcr mfmlhzmocs, y mqugllms ctrms qug pcnrïmocs cjtgfgr sh fc punhèrmocs nhspcfgr ng gstm amfthnmn‟ 10

Gf rglmahñf m lm gacfcoïm ocftmrïm Ogfegr prcpusc ufm tgcrïm prmxgclñeham ogftg hrrgiutmjlg ngl crhegf ngl nhfgrc, gf lm auml ogfahcfmjm qug gl nhfgrc fc grm ufm hfvgfahñf ngl Gstmnc, ym qug, ng maugrnc m gstg mutcr, gl nhfgrc surehñ acoc ufm ognhnm qug pcfnrïm uf vmlcr fuoèrhac gf fugstrm prcnuaahñf hfnhvhnuml pmrm qug punhgrm sgr hftgramojhmnm pcr lm prcnuaahñf ng ctrcs. Xm qug ng maugrnc m Ogfegr aumfnc prcnuahocs gstmocs gxhehgfnc nhfgrc, pgrc lc qug rgmlogftg gstmocs rgvglmfnc aumfnc prcnuahocs gs fugstrm ngomfnm ng lc qug ctrcs thgfgf. X scjrg lm ^gcrïm ng lm lhquhngz Ogfegr acfshngrmjm qug gf gl acograhc prhohthvc gl `cojrg gacfñohac tcomjm acfahgfahm, mufqug gf icrom ouy ermnuml, ng lms vgftmbms gacfñohams qug sg cjtgfnrïmf sh sg gxplctmrmf lms cpcrtufhnmngs ng amojhc gxhstgftgs., Ngjhnc m qug lcs cjbgthvcs ng gstg `cojrg gstmjmf nhrhehncs, prhogrm y prhfahpmlogftg, ng maugrnc acf lm shoplhahnmn ng tcnm aulturm prhohthvm, y m lc qug gstmjm ml mlamfag ng lm omfc. Trhfahpmlgs cjrms2 

Trhfahphcs ng Gacfcoïm, =05=



Hfvgsthemahcfgs scjrg gl Oètcnc ng lms Ahgfahms Qcahmlgs y ng lm Gacfcoïm Tclïtham gf pmrthaulmr, =001



Grrcrgs ngl @hstcrhahsoc gf lm Gacfcoïm Mlgomfm, =00>



Qcjrg lm ^gcrïm ngl Amphtml, =000 :. IZHGNZHA@ @MXGK  

10

 [ AH^M^HCF Gkg40= \l 8::9 _

 

Irhgnr Irh gnrha ha`` Yc Ycff @mygk @mygk fm fmah ahññ gf =088 =088  gf ufm imo imohl hlhm hm ng hf hftg tglg lgat atum umlg lgss ng Yhgfm, Yhgfm, gftcfags amphtml ngl Hopgrhc Hopgrhc mustrc`òfemrc mustrc`òfemrc.. Tmrthahpñ gf lm Trhogrm Eugrrm Oufnhml y Oufnhml y ml rgergsmr acogfzñ lcs gstunhcs ng ahgfahms burïnhams y scahmlgs gf lm Wfhvgrshnmn ng Yhgfm Yhgfm,, aursñ gstunhcs gstunhcs gf ihlcsciïm ihlcsciïm y gacfcoïm. gacfcoïm. Qgeòf mihroñ èl ohsoc lm gxpgrhgfahm gxpgrhgfahm ng lm eugrrm iug lm qug lg acfnubc m hftgrgsmrsg pcr lms ahgfahms scahmlgs, m pgsmr ng qug sus hfilugfahms imohlhmrgs lg pcnrïmf `mjgr acfnuahnc oís iíahlogftg `mahm lms ahgfahms fmturmlgs. Nurm Nu rmft ftgg mq mqug ugll llcs cs mý mýcs cs,, @myg @mygk, k, ac acoc oc lm omyc omycrï rïmm ng su suss ac acop opmý mýgr grcs cs,, gr grmm uf scahmlhstm imjhmfc imjhmfc qug  qug argïm gf lm hftgrvgfahñf ngl Gstmnc Gstmnc pmrm  pmrm ogbcrmr gl crngf scahml y fc lg eustmjmf lms pcshahcfgs mfthscahmlhstms y lhjgrmlgs ng lhjgrmlgs ng su prcigscr Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs, Ohsgs, ngstmamnc gacfcohstm ng lm Gsauglm Mustrïmam. Mustrïmam. ^rms lggr su lhjrc Gl scahmlhsoc, sg acfvhrthñ gf nhsaïpulc suyc. Nurmftg ahfac mýcs trmjmbñ jmbc su nhrgaahñf gf lm Mjrga`fufesmot (Cihahfm ng Augftms) gfamremnm ng ngsjlcqugmr y acjrmr augftms qug ctrcs gstmncs tgfïmf acf gl ecjhgrfc ng lm rgahèf fmahnm Mustrhm Mustrhm.. Gf =8:5, =8:5, sg acfvhrthñ gf nhrgatcr ngl Hfsthtutc  pmrm gl Mfílhshs ngl Ahalc Gacfñohac, argmnc pcr gllcs ncs. Gf =8>8 =8>8 sg  sg nhvcrahñ ng su gspcsm pmrm amsmrsg acf uf mftheuc mocr ng buvgftun, lc qug octhvñ qug oua`cs ng sus mohecs hfelgsgs, acoc Zcjjhfs, lc mjmfncfmrmf (mufqug mýcs oís tmrng sg rgacfahlhmrmf). Gstg `ga`c lc ngahnhñ m gohermr m lcs Gstmncs Wfhncs, Wfhncs, m lm Wfh Wfhvgrs vgrshnm hnmnn ng A`h A`hame amecc, nc ncfn fngg fc tuv uvcc uf ufmm ouy ju jugf gfmm ma mace cehhnm pc pcrr pm pmrt rtgg ng ngll Ngpmrtmogftc Ngpmrtm ogftc ng Gacfco Gacfcoïm, ïm, ngjhnc m lms ermfngs nhigrgfahms nhigrgfahms ogtcnclñeha ogtcnclñehams ms ng lm Gsauglm Gsauglm Mfelcsmbcfm acf lm Gsauglm Mustrïmam ng lm qug prcvgfïm. Nurmftg gstcs mýcs, acogfzñ m tgfgr prcjlgoms ng smlun, scrngrm y tmojhèf ngprgshcfgs qug lc mlgbmrcf ng lm vhnm pòjlham. Gf =8>5, @mygk pmrthahpm mathvmogftg gf lm iufnmahñf ng lm Qcahgnmn ngl Ocftg Tgrgerhfc, ihfmfahmnm pcr gl goprgsmrhc suhzc Mljgrt @ufcln. Èstg rgòfg m hfnustrhmlgs y  jmfqugrcs suhzcs m ihf ng ihfmfahmr gl "t`hfk tmfk". Lms rgufhcfgs hftgrfmahcfmlgs scf ihfmfahmnms, gf uf prhogr ocogftc, pcr lms iufnmahcfgs Zglo y Gmr`mrt, gstm scahgnmn rgufhrm m ocfgtmrhstms acoc Ohltcf Irhgnomf Irhgnomf,, m ohgojrcs ohgojrcs ng lm gsauglm gsauglm ngl Tujlha A`chag acoc Bmog Bmogss O. Jua` Jua`mf mfmf mf,, ms msïï ac aco oc m pg pgrs rscf cfml mlhn hnmn mngs gs ms msca cahm hmnm nmss m lm ac acrr rrhg hgft ftgg fgcmustrhmam.:: fgcmustrhmam. Gf =85> =85> iug  iug lmurgmnc acf gl Trgohc ngl Jmfac ng Qugahm gf Ahgfahms Gacfñohams gf ogocrhm ng Mlirgn Fcjgl, Fcjgl, acopmrthnc acf Euffmr Oyrnml, Oyrnml, pcr sus trmjmbcs gf gl amopc

 

ng lm tgcrïm ocfgtmrhm y lms iluatumahcfgs gacfñohams y lcs mfílhshs ng lm hftgrngpgfngfahm ng lm gacfcoïm, lm scahgnmn y lms hfsthtuahcfgs. M pmrthr ng gftcfags su smlun ogbcrñ y acogfzñ ufm ermf mathvhnmn qug lc llgvmrïm m vhmbmr pcr tcnc gl oufnc gxpcfhgfnc sus hngms. Gf lm nèamnm ngl 04 sus hngms buemrïmf uf pmpgl hopcrtmftg nurmftg gl ecjhgrfc ng Omremrgt ^mta`gr. Ml rgspgatc @mygk nhbc qug "lm lhjgrtmn ng glgaahñf ngjg sgr oís  prmathamnm gf gl ogramnc gf vgz ng lms urf urfms, ms, lm lhjrg glgaahñf pugng ml ogfcs gxhsthr jmbc uf rèehogf ng nhatmnurm pgrc fc jmbc ufm ngocarmahm shf lïohtgs qug fc pugngf lhohtmrsg". ^mojhèf sg cpusc ml pmrmnheom fgcalíshac fgcalíshac (tmojhèf  (tmojhèf acfcahnc acoc fgcalíshacwmlrmshmfc), wmlrmshmfc ), qug tcnmvïm ngihfg `cy gf nïm gl omhfstrgmo omhfstrgmomamnèohac. mamnèohac. Gs acftrmrhc tmojhèf m lcs gacfcohstms lhjgrmlgs pmrthnmrhcs ng lm tgcrïm ngl gquhlhjrhc egfgrml (^GE) egfgrml  (^GE) acoc Ngjrgu. Ngigfnhñ lm tgshs sgeòf lm auml uf aílaulc plmfhihamncr grm hopcshjlg shf uf ogramnc ogramnc (qug  (qug mshefg lcs prgahcs) y qug uf shstgom gacfñohac qug fc sg iufnmogftg gf gl ogramnc lhjrg y gf lm lhjrg acfaurrgfahm fufam sgrí ñpthoc ngsng gl puftc ng vhstm ng lm nhstrhjuahñf ng rgaurscs. Lm Wfhvgrshnmn Irmfahsac Omrrcquïf Omrrcquïf lc  lc `cfrñ gf =855 acf uf ncatcr ncatcrmnc mnc @cfcrhs Amusm pcr su mpcrtg m lm lhjgrtmn hfnhvhnuml.1 hfnhvhnuml. 1 Ourhñ gf =88: =88: gf  gf Irhjurec, y iug gftgrrmnc gf Yhgfm Yhgfm.. Lms Lms acft acftrh rhju juah ahcfg cfgss ng @m @myg ygkk scjrg scjrg lc lcss ah ahal alcs cs ga gacfñ cfñoh ohac acss sg ac acfsh fshng ngrmf rmf su acftrhjuahñf oís hopcrtmftg m lm gacfcoïm, y lms `hzc nurmftg su buvgftun. ^coñ lms jmsgs ng su tgcr tgcrïm ïm ng lm cj cjrm rm ^g ^gcr crïm ïm ngl ngl nh nhfg fgrc rc y gl ar arèn ènht htcc ng Ohsg Ohsgss g `h `hzc zc su pr prcp cphm hm hftgrprgtmahñf ngl ahalc gacfñohac, qug iug acfcahnm acoc ^gcrïm Mustrhmam ngl ahalc gacfñohac.. Tcngocs acfshngrmr acoc cjrms oís hopcrtmftgs ng gstm gtmpm Trgahcs y gacfñohac  prcnuaahñf ng =81=, qug grm uf acopgfnhc ng lms acfigrgfahms qug `mjïm `ga`c gf lm Lcfncf Qa`ccl ci Gacfcohas, Jgfgihahcs, hftgrès g hfvgrshñf ng =818 y ^gcrïm purm ngl amphtml ng =8>=. Bgiirgy Qma`s acfaluyg qug lm mihromahñf ng @mygk ng qug lcs mltcs ho hopug pugst stcs cs y uf erm ermff gst gstmn mncc ng jh jhgfg gfgst stmr mr scf ac acft ftrm rmrh rhcs cs m uf ng ngsmr smrrc rcll llcc ga gacfñ cfñoh ohac ac nhfíohac, tgsïs agftrml ng su lhjrc Amohfc ng sgrvhnuojrg, grm gopïrhamogftg hfscstgfhjlg. Lcs mreuogftcs ng sus tgcrïms scf qug lcs cjbgthvcs ngl scahmlhsoc scf susthtuhr gl lhjrg ogramnc pcr ufm gacfcoïm plmfhihamnm. Gstg thpc ng gacfcoïm fgagshtm ufm hfsthtuahñf qug glmjcrg uf plmf agftrml qug ngtgrohfg tcnc lc qug sg ngjg prcnuahr, hfsthtuahñf m lm qug @mygk llmoñ Buftm Agftrml ng Tlmfhihamahñf. Gstm buftm ngjgrïm tgfgr moplhcs pcngrgs pmrm

 

hftgrvgfhr gf msuftcs gacfñohacs, pgrc gl prcjlgom sgrïm qug aumfnc gstm buftm sg pushgrm m glmjcrmr gl plmf ng prcnuaahñf sg gfacftrmrïm qug fc thgfg fhfeufm euïm c rgigrgfahm qug lg hfnh hfnhamr amrmm què què pcs pcshj hjhl hlhn hnmn mngs gs ng prcnua prcnuaah ahñf ñf sc scff ga gacf cfño ñoha hamo mogf gftg tg im imat athj hjlg lgs, s, ym qug fc gxhsthrïmf prgahcs ng ogramnc y shf gstcs prgahcs fc `my euïm fh omfgrm ng smjgr lc qug sg ngjg prcnuahr. Mufqug pcstgrhcrogftg gstg mreuogftc tuvc qug rgihfmrsg mftg lm scluahñf ng Lmfeg-Lgrfgr   qug qug prcpcfïm uf prcagnhohgftc htgrmthvc ng ncs rgelms, pcr gl auml ufm gacfcoïm plmfhihamnm pcnïm mlamfzmr lm ohsom scluahñf qug gl lhjrg ogramnc, m pmrthr ng lm hftgrvgfahñf ng ufm Buftm agftrml ng plmfhihamahñf. Qgeòf Qge òf @m @myg ygk, k, lc lcss pr prgah gahcs cs ng og ogra ramnc mnc sc scff lc lcss tr trmf mfsoh sohscr scrgs gs ng am amft fthn hnmn mn ng hficrom hfi cromahc ahcfgs fgs gac gacfño fñoham hamss nhs nhspgr pgrsms sms y sgrvhrï sgrvhrïmf mf pmrm acopmr acopmrthr thr y shfa shfarcfh rcfhzmr zmr oua`cs oua`cs acfca acf caho hohg hgft ftcs cs pg pgrsc rscfml fmlgs; gs; pcr lc tm tmft ftc, c, hf hftg tgft ftmr mr omfh omfhpul pulmr mr gl og ogra ramnc mnc ac acfl fllg lgvm vm uf  prcjlgom ng imltm ng hficromahñf. Wf hftgramojhc y usc gihahgftg ng lcs rgaurscs sñlc sg acfsgeuhrïm m trmvès ngl ogamfhsoc ng prgahcs. @mygk vhshtñ A`hlg gf lcs mýcs =854 y =804 nurmftg gl rèehogf ohlhtmr ngl egfgrml Mueustc Thfca`gt y rgahjhñ gl tïtulc ng Trgshngftg @cfcrmrhc ng Gstunhcs Tòjlhacs Agftgr. Ng maugrnc acf Acrgy Zcjhf, aclge`m ng @mygk2 «@mygk mnohrñ gl A`hlg ng Thfca`gt tmftc qug ngahnhocs rgmlhzmr lm rgufhñf ng lm Qcahgnmn Ocft Tglgrhf gf Yhým ngl Omr, ufm lcamlhnmn acstgrm ncfng iug plmfgmnc gl eclpg acftrm Mllgfng. Gf =850 llgemfnc m mihromr  gf Gl Fgw Xcrk ^hogs qug "lms lhjgrtmngs pgrscfmlgs iugrcf oís moplhms jmbc Thfca`gt qug jmbc Mllgfng. @mygk @m ygk ac acfal faluy uyññ qug gl su sureh rehoh ohgf gftc tc y ngsmrr ngsmrrcl cllc lc ng lm lmss fcrom fcromss ocrml ocrmlgs gs qug  pgrohthgrcf gl surehohgftc y argahohgftc ng scahgnmngs gxtgfsms iug prcnuatc ng uf mzmr  gvcluthvc mòf gf aursc, y acfshngrmjm, gftcfags, gl crngf mlec gspcftífgc qug pgrohtg tmlgs scahgnmngs, mlec hfmjmramjlg pmrm lm rmzñf `uomfm, fc gf gl sgfthnc ng fc acoprgfngr su iufa iufahc hcfm fmoh ohgf gftc tc,, sh shfc fc gf gl ng ac acft ftrc rclm lmrr su nh nhrg rgaa aahñ hñf, f, pc pcrr lc qu qugg rg rga` a`mz mzmj mjmm tc tcnc nc rmahcfmlhsoc acfstruathvhstm qug prgtgfnhgrm euhmr c rg`magr rmahcfml y acoplgtmogftg tml gvcluahñf fmturml ngl crngf scahml. Trhfahpmlgs cjrms  

Lm tgcrïm ocfgtmrhm y gl ahalc gacfñohac, =8:8 Trgahcs y prcnuaahñf, =81=

 

          

Gacfcoïm y acfcahohgftc, =819 Lm tgcrïm purm ngl amphtml, =8>= Amohfc ng sgrvhnuojrg, sgrvhnuojrg, =8>> Hfnhvhnumlhsoc y crngf gacfñohac, =8>0 Lm acftrmrrgvcluahñf ng lm ahgfahm. Gstunhcs scjrg gl mjusc ng lm rmzñf, =87: Gl crngf sgfscrhml. Lcs iufnmogftcs ng lm pshaclceïm tgñrham, =87: Gl amphtmlhsoc y lcs `hstcrhmncrgs, `hstcrhmncrgs, =87> Lcs iufnmogftcs ng lm lhjgrtmn, =894 Ngrga`c, lgehslmahñf y lhjgrtmn, =851, =859, =858. 1 vcls. Lm ngsfmahcfmlhzmahñf ngl nhfgrc, =859 Lm imtml mrrcemfahm. Lcs grrcrgs ngl scahmlhsoc, scahmlhsoc , =800

JÙ@O YCF JMUGZK  1.   GWEGF JÙ@O

Iug uf gacfcohstm gacfcohstm y  y pclïthac  pclïthac  mustrc`òfemrcqug mustrc`òfemrcqug acftrhjuyñ ng icrom ngstmamnm ml ngsmrrcllc ng lm Gsauglm Mustrhmam ng Gacfcoïm Gacfcoïm.. @hbc ng ufm imohl imohlhm hm mrhstcarítham mrhstcarítham macocnmnm, punc gstunhmr gstunhmr gf lms Wfhvgrshnmngs ng @ghngljgre,, Lghpzhe @ghngljgre Lghpzhe,, Bgfm Bgfm y  y Yhgfm Yhgfm.. Lgyñ lcs Trhfahphcs ng Gacfcoïm ng Amrl Ogfegr , ngl qug sg acfvhrthñ gf uf ihrog pmrthnmrhc, mufqug fc iug mluofc suyc. Tgrc sï trmjmbc m su lmnc, g hfalusc gs acfshngrmnc buftc acf Irhgnrha` vcf Uhgsgr uf ac-iufnmncr ng lm Gsauglm Mustrhmam c Yhgfgsm hopulsmnm pcr Amrl Ogfegr . Qa`uopgtgr  mihromjm   mihromjm qug Jù`o-Jmwgrk  "grm uf nhsaïpulc tmf gftushmstm ng Ogfegr qug fc grm fgagsmrhc jusamr ctrms hfilugfahms gf su cjrm." Iug prcigscr ng Gacfcoïm Tclïtham gf lms ufhvgrshnmngs ng Hffsjruak y Yhgfm. Ml mamjmr sus gstunhcs hfergsñ gf gl Ohfhstgrhc Mustrhmac ng Ihfmfzms. Ngsng =00= `mstm =008 iug iug prci prcigs gscr cr gf Hffsjruak  nc ncfn fngg pu pujl jlhhañ nc ncss ng lcs tr trgs gs vc vcllòogf òogfgs gs ng su cj cjrm rm omefm, Amphtml g hftgrès. Gf =008 vclvhñ m Yhgfm Yhgfm,, ncfng gl Ohfhstgrhc ng Ihfmfzms lg gfamreñ lm rgnmaahñf ng ufm prcpugstm ng rgicrom ng lm hopcshahñf nhrgatm. Gl shstgom mustrhmac ng mqugl thgopc ermv ermvmj mjmm iugr iugrtg tgog ogft ftgg lm pr prcn cnua uaah ahñf ñf,, gs gspg pgah ahml mlog ogft ftgg gf th thgo gopc pc ng eu eugr grrm rm,, lc qu qugg ngshfagfthvmjm lm hfvgrshñf. Jù`o-Jmwgrk prcpusc uf ocngrfc shstgom ng hopugstc scjrg lm rgftm qug iug mprcjmnc y pugstc gf príatham acf ermf èxhtc. Gf =087 iug fcojrmnc ohfhstrc ng Ihfmfzms gf gl emjhfgtg nhrhehnc pcr Grfgst vcf Kùrjgr , amrec qug ngsgopgýñ vmrhms vgags m lc lmrec ng lcs sheuhgftgs mýcs, auyc pgrïcnc oís lmrec iug ng =844 m =84>. Acoc ohfhstrc, ngigfnhñ acf iugrzm gl pmtrñf gl  pmtrñf crc y crc y lm hngm

 

ngl prgsupugstc gquhlhjrmnc. Gf =84: glhohfñ lms sujvgfahcfgs ml mzòamr, qug `mjïmf shnc ufm amrmatgrïstham ng lm gacfcoïm mustrïmam nurmftg ncsahgftcs mýcs. Gf =84> vclvhñ m lm aítgnrm gf lm Wfhvgrshnmn ng Yhgfm ncfng tuvc acoc mluofcs m Bcsgp` Qa`uopgtgr, Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs Ohsgs y  y @gfryk Ercssomf. Ercssomf. Ourhñ gf =8=>. Mufqug iug uf gacf cfccohstm lhjgrml lhjgrml,, gstuvc mlgbmnc ng lms pcshahcfgs rmnhamlgs lhjgrtmrhms lhjgrtmrhms qug  qug lm Gsauglm Gsauglm mustrï mustrïmam mam suehgrg  suehgrg `cy gf nïm. Ngbñ gsarhtc qug lm lhjrg acopgtgfahm shf fhfeòf thpc ng lïohtgs llgvmrïm ml amcs gf lm prcnuaahñf y gl acfsuoc. ^mojhèf mreuogftñ hfahshvms arïthams acftrm lm cjrm ng Kmrl Omrx Omrx.. Lcs mpcrtgs ng gstg mutcr iugrcf vmrhcs, pgrc lm oís rglgvmftg gs su tgcrïm ngl amphtml, gf ncfng hftrcnuag mleufms acfshngrmahcfgs magram ngl thgopc. Tmrtg ng qug lm  prcnuaahñf sg rgmlhzm pcr ncs oètcncs2 ufc nhrgatc, gf gl qqug ug lcs ognhcs scf rgaurscs tmlgs acoc trmjmbc y omtgrhms prhoms y sg nm ufm prcnuaahñf hfognhmtm ngl thpc «Zcjhfscf Aruscg», y ctrc hfnhrgatc, gf gl qug lcs rgaurscs qug sg usmf gf gl oètcnc nhrgatc pmsmf m acojhfmrsg y m mauoulmrsg, nmfnc crhegf m lc qug gs lm prcnuaahñf ng amphtml. Jmwgrk  gstmjlgahñ qug gl oètcnc hfnhrgatc grm gl ocnc oís gigathvc, y sh jhgf tgfïm lm mpmrgftg ngsvgftmbm ng acfsuohr uf thgopc omycr, sg pcnïm rgmlogftg msgeurmr qug m omycr thgopc, omycr prcnuaahñf (amsc gxtrgoc ng oètcnc oís hfnhrgatc g hftgfshvc), lc auml gf rgmlhnmn sg acfvhgrtg gf ufm vgftmbm. Gs m pmrthr ng gstm acfshngrmahñf qug gl thgopc pmsm m acfvgrthrsg gf uf imatcr oís ng prcnuaahñf, shgfnc msï lm nurmahñf ngl pgrhcnc ufm vmrhmjlg oís ngftrc ngl ocnglc. Lm prgsgftmahñf ng Jmwgrk rgsuog lm hngm ng qug lcs hfnhvhnucs prgihgrgf lcs jhgfgs  prgsgftgs m lcs iuturcs m trmvès ngl pmec ng hftgrgsgs.

>. LW LWNU NUHE HE YC YCF FO OHQ HQGQ GQ AZGMNCZ NG LM TZMPGCLCEÏM X AZÏ^HAC NGL QCAHMLHQOC.  Fmahnc

gf Lgojgre, :8 ng sgpt sgpthg hgoj ojrg rg ng  ng =00==00=-im imlllgah ahnc nc gf  Fugvm Xcrk , =4 ng

catujrg ng catujrg  ng =851 =851)) iug uf gacfcohstm gacfcohstm   mustrhmac mustrhmac  ng cr crhheg egff bunïc,  bunïc, `hstcrhmncr , ihlñscic y ihlñscic y gsarhtcr lhjgrml lhjgrml qug  qug tuvc ufm hfilugfahm shefhihamthvm gf gl ocngrfc ocvhohgftc lhjgrtmrhc gf lhjgrtmrhc gf  prc ngl ogramnc lhjrg lhjrg y  y gf lm Gsauglm Mustrhmam Mustrhmam..

 

Tlmftgñ lc pgrbunhahml ngl pcngr g hftgrvgfahñf eujgrfmogftmlgs gf lm gacfcoïm qug, sgeòf su tgcrïm, pcr lc egfgrml llgvmf m uf rgsultmnc nhsthftc ml fmturml y pcr gstc oua`ms vgags pgrbunhahml pmrm lm scahgnmn, ym qug egfgrmf amcs gf gl lmrec plmzc. Jmbc lm nhrgaahñf ng Amrl Erüfjgre Erüfjgre,, Ohsgs acogfzñ shgfnc uf gxpcfgftg ng lm llmomnm Gsauglm @hstñrham @hstñrham ng  ng Mnohfhstrmahñf Tòjlham, qug nmjm omycr hopcrtmfahm m lm  jòsqugnm ng nmtcs qug ml mfílhshs tgñrhac. Tgrc gf ctcýc ng =841 =841 lgyñ  lgyñ lm cjrm Trhfahphcs ng mustrïmam. Gl  Gacfcoïm Tclïtham ng Amrl Ogfegr , tgxtc iufnmncr ng lm gsauglm gacfñoham mustrïmam. lhjrc lg llgvñ m jusamr uf gficqug oís tgñrhac, y gf lcs mýcs suagshvcs prciufnhzñ sus gstunhcs gstunh cs ng tgcrïm gacfñoh gacfñoham, am, gspgahmlogf gspgahmlogftg tg gf gl sgohfmrhc ng Guegf vcf Jù`o-Jmwgrk , gx ohfhstrc ng @mahgfnm y prñagr ng lm Gsauglm Mustrïmam. Ohsgs sg ermnuñ gf igjrgrc ng =849. =849. Hfergsñ acoc iufahcfmrhc gf gl ohfhstgrhc ng `mahgfnm mustrïmac, pgrc ngspuès ng ufcs pcacs ogsgs mjmfncfñ `mrtc ng lm gxagshvm  jurcarmahm. Nurmftg lcs ncs mýc mýcss sheuhgftgs trmjmbñ acoc pmsmftg gf uf juigtg y nhc almsgs ng gacfcoïm. Gf =848, gopgzñ m trmjmbmr gf lm Aíomrm ng Acograhc g Hfnustrhm ng Yhgfm Yhgfm,, ncfngg pgro ncfn pgromfga mfgahñ hñ lcs she sheuhg uhgftg ftgss vghfth vghfthahf ahfac ac mýcs. mýcs. Lm Aíomrm Aíomrm grm ufm cremfh cremfhzma zmahñf hñf aumshgstmtml y m trmvès ng sus pujlhamahcfgs Ohsgs gbgrahñ ufm hfilugfahm acfshngrmjlg gf lm  pclïtham mustrïmam. Gf =8=: =8=: pujlhañ  pujlhañ Lm tgcrïm ngl nhfgrc y gl arènhtc, cjrm gf lm qug mplhamjm lm tgcrïm ng vmlcr ng Amrl Ogfegr   ml ml nhfgrc y prgsgftmjm ufm fugvm tgcrïm ng lm acyufturm gacfñoham gf lm qug lms arhshs grmf prcvcamnms pcr lm nhstrhjuahñf hfmngaumnm ng lcs rgaurscs ngjhnc m lm hfilmahñf. Ngocstrñ qug lm amfthnmn ng nhfgrc gf lm gacfcoïm fc grm fgutrml y qug su muogftc tgfïm gigatcs rgnhstrhjuthvcs. Nurmftg lm Trhogrm Eugrrm Oufnhml Oufnhml shrvhñ  shrvhñ acoc cihahml gf lm mrthllgrïm mustrc`òfemrm y iug msgscr gacfñohac gf gl Ohfhstgrhc ng lm Eugrrm. Qus gxpgrhgfahms jèlhams lg shrvhgrcf  pmrm ngsmrrcllmr sus tgcrïms scjrg gl hftgrvgfahcfhsoc gstmtml. [ahtm rgqugrhnm_Gl òlthoc mýc ng lm eugrrm rgahjhñ gl prgsthehcsc fcojrmohgftc ng prcigscr gxtrmcrnhfmrhc gf lm Wfhvgrshnmn ng Yhgfm.. Yhgfm Tcstgrhcrogftg pujlham Gl scahmlhsoc2 uf mfílhshs gacfñohac y scahclñehac (=8::) ncfng ncf ng mihr mihroñ oñ qug gl sh shst stgo gomm aco acoufh ufhst stmm fc pcnïm pcnïm sgr gi giha hahg hgft ftgg ym qug lg im imlt ltmj mjmm gl ogamfhsoc ng prgahcs qug `maïm qug lm nhstrhjuahñf ng lcs rgaurscs iugrm lm mngaumnm, acoc

 

suagnïm gf gl shstgom amphtmlhstm. Gstg lhjrc tuvc ermf hfilugfahm oua`cs mýcs ngspuès (ngjhnc m lms nhihaultmngs qug tuvc su nhiushñf y su tmrnïm trmnuaahñf ml hfelès) ml mnvgrthr y  prgngahr acf oua`m mftglmahñf gl irmamsc ngl scahmlhsoc gvhtmfnc vmlcrmahcfgs èthams y ocrmlgs. Nurmftg lcs mýcs vghftg, ngsng su pugstc, Ohsgs lua`ñ acf èxhtc acftrm lm hfilmahñf y uthlhzñ su hfilugfahm pmrm hopcfgr lms rgicroms ocfgtmrhms y ihfmfahgrms qug gxpgrhogftñ Mustrhm gf =8::. Fc punc hopgnhr, fc cjstmftg, gl acfstmftg muogftc ng lm rgelmogftmahñf gstmtml qug, gf su cphfhñf, nhlmphnmjm lm `mahgfnm pòjlham. Gstc lg llgvñ m pcstulmr lm tgcrïm ng qug gl hft hftgrvg grvgfah fahcfh cfhsoc soc gstmtm gstmtmll grm tctmlo tctmlogft gftgg acftrmpr acftrmprcnua cnuagft gftg. g. Gxaluy Gxaluyññ acoc acoc scluahcfgs lms pcshjlgs tgragrms vïms y ngigfnhñ gl lmhssgz-imhrg lmhssgz-imhrg acoc  acoc òfhac rgognhc. Gf =8:5, pujlhañ ufm acfahsm prgsgftmahñf ng su pclïtham ihlcsñiham uthlhtmrhm gf uthlhtmrhm gf Gl lhjgrmlhsoc. Lm Gacfcoïm grm ufm ahgfahm gf lm qug prgncohfmjmf lcs buhahcs m prhcrh ml heuml qug lms omtgoíthams, lm lñeham c lm egcogtrïm. Fc cjstmftg, cphfmjm qug lm Gacfcoïm grm  pmrtg ng ufm ahgfahm scahml oís moplhm, lm Trmxgclceïm Trmxgclceïm.. Gf =81> =81>   ngbm Mustrhm y sg trmslmnm m Ehfgjrm pmrm gopgzmr uf fugvc pgrhcnc ncagf nca gftg tg.. Ng Ngsng sng gft gftcf cfags ags y `ms `mstm tm =8 =8>4 >4 sg `mrïm `mrïm amrec amrec ng lm aí aítg tgnr nrmm ng Zglm Zglmah ahcfg cfgss gacfñohams hftgrfmahcfmlgs gf lm Wfhvgrshnmn ng Ehfgjrm. Gf =8>4 =8>4 tuvc  tuvc qug `uhr ng Gurcpm pcr tgocr m sgr mprgsmnc pcr lcs fmzhs. fmzhs. Qg hfstmlñ hfstmlñ gf Fugvm gf Fugvm Xcrk   y sg fmturmlhzñ gstmncufhngfsg gf =8>9 =8>9.. M pmrthr ng =8>7 i =8>7 iug ug prci prcigsc gscr  r  vhshtmftg gf lm Wfhvgrshnmn ng Fugvm Xcrk   `mstm `mstm =898, shf llgemr fufam m mnquhrhr ufm plmzm =

hftgrhfm ngftrc ng gstm hfsthtuahñf.   Iug gf gstm èpcam aumfnc rgtcom lm hfvgsthemahñf gacfñoham y pujlham Lm maahñf `uomfm (  (=8>8 =8>8). ). Lhjgrtmrhsoc Ohsgs iug, acf su rgfcvmahñf ngl lhjgrmlhsoc alíshac alíshac m  m trmvès ng lm Gsauglm Mustrhmam ng Gacfcoïm, Gacfcoïm, ufc ng lcs prhfahpmlgs ogftcrgs gsphrhtumlgs ngl lhjgrtmrhsoc lhjgrtmrhsoc y  y su cjrm Lm maahñf `uomfm (=8> (=8>8) 8) gbg gbgrah rahññ ermf hfilug hfilugfah fahmm gf hftglg hftglgatu atumlg mlgss ng rmh rmhemo emojrg jrg mustrïm mustrïmam am

acoc Irh Irhgn gnrh rha` a`

@m @myg ygk  k , Ourrm Ourrmyy

Zc Zct` t`jmr jmrnn, @m @mfs fs

Qg Qgff ff`c `clz lz,, Egcr Egcreg eg

Zmhac,, Lg Zmhac Lgcf cfmr mrnn

Lhee Lheehhc, ^hjcr

Oma`mf, Tgt Tgtgr

Jc Jcgt gttk tkgg, Zceg Zcegrr

Zg Zghs hsom omff, Zmlp` Em Emrr rrhs hscf cf,, Omfugl

Mymu y Bcsgp` Kgakghssgf Mymu y Kgakghssgf.. Tgrc tmojhèf iug vhtml pmrm gacfcohstms fc pgrtgfgahgftgs m su gsauglm (lm omycrïm ng gllcs Trgohcs Fcjgl) y pgfsmncrgs ng ouy nhigrgftgs írgms2 Omx

 

Ugjgr , Bcsgp Bcsgp``

Qa`uo Qa `uopg pgtg tgr  r , Cs Cskm kmrr

Lm Lmfe fegg, @gfr @gfryy

Qh Qhoc ocfs fs,, Lh Lhcfg cfgll

Zcjjh Zcjjhfs fs,, Omurhag

Mllmhs,, Ohl Mllmhs Ohltcf tcf Irh Irhgno gnomf mf,, Bc Bc`f `f @h @haks aks  y lm lhst stmm sh sheu eugg `m `mst stmm gl ma matu tuml ml ga gacf cfco cohhst stmm gxpgrhogftml Ygrfcf Qoht` Qoht` gftrg  gftrg tmftcs ctrcs. Ycf Ohsgs ourhñ gf =851 gf gl `csphtml Qt. Yhfagft ng Fugvm Xcrk. Mpcrtgs  Trmxgclceïm

Lm prmxgclceïm gs pmrm Ohsgs gl oètcnc pmrm gstunhmr lms ahgfahms scahmlgs; shgfnc gl gquhvmlgftg su gstunhc ml ng lms ahgfahms gxpgrhogftmlgs pgrc shf lm ampmahnmn ng rgmlhzmr  gxpgrho gxpg rhogft gftcs. cs. Lm prm prmxgcl xgclceï ceïmm `mag `mag rgig rgigrgf rgfahm ahm ml gstunh gstunhcc ng añoc añoc lm ogftg ogftg `uomfm `uomfm gstruaturm gl pgfsmohgftc ng ocnc qug, acfcahgfnc nha`m gstruaturm, pcngocs ngnuahr m  prhcrh lcs pcstulmncs qug euïmf lms ngahshcfgs hfnhvhnumlgs ng amnm subgtc. Gstg oètcnc sgrïm shohlmr ml usmnc gf omtgoíthams y gf lñeham. Tmrm Ohsgs fc gs pcshjlg uf gstunhc m trmvès ng lm gxpg gxpgrhg rhgfah fahmm pcr lm hop hopcsh cshjhl jhlhnm hnmnn ng qug gxh gxhstm stmff acfstm acfstmftg ftgss gf lms rgl rglmah mahcfg cfgss gftrg gftrg vmrhmjlgs.:  Gf lm cjrm “Lm Maahñf @uomfm‟, Ohsgs arhtham gl oètcnc omtgoíthac y lm cjsgrvmahñf ng nmtcs acoc gstunhc ng lm gacfcoïm, ng `ga`c, acfshngrm qug nha`cs oètcncs pugngf sgr usmncs gf gl mfílhshs ng lm `hstcrhm gacfñoham, pgrc fc scf vílhncs pmrm gftgfngr c prgngahr gl acopcrtmohgftc `uomfc. Gllc sg ngjg m qug lms shoplhihamahcfgs y lcs prcjlgoms tèafhacs tèafhacs gf lm rgacehnm ng nmtcs ocnhihamf ocnhihamf ng tml ocnc lm rglmahñf rglmahñf gftrg lms vmrhmjlgs qug pugng mltgrmr lm rglmahñf y amusmlhnmn qug, m prhcrh y jmsífncfcs gf `hpñtgshs ngnuathvms, ngnuath vms, pgrsheug gl sgr `uomfc pmrm mlamfzmr mlamfzmr su ihf. Nha`c ng ctrc ocnc, tcnc gstunh gstunhcc ng lm gacfcoïm m trmvès ng nmtcs gopïrhacs gopïrhacs gs uf gstunhc ng `ga`cs pmsmncs y pcr tmftc fc shrvg pmrm ngnuahr ufm pmutm ng acopcrtmohgftc gf lcs hfnhvhnucs. Ngftrc ngl gficqug  prmxgclñehac, lms `hpñtgshs qug sg rgmlhzmf scjrg lm maahñf `uomfm llgvmf vhfaulmnms imatcrgs acoc gl vmlcr ng lm cpgrmahñf, lm rhqugzm, lcs tèrohfcs ng hftgramojhc, prgahcs y acstgs y tmojhèf su vmlcrmahñf sujbgthvm lhemnm m lm gsamlm vmlcrmthvm ngl subgtc, hopcrtmfahm rglmthvm, gsamsgz, gta. Ng gstg ocnc pugng gxtrmgrsg ufm maahñf `uomfm qug acrrgspcfnm ng icrom rmahcfml m lm omxhohzmahñf ngl subgtc ng su jhgfgstmr hfnhvhnuml. Lm acfsgaugfahm ng mplhamr gstg shstgom m lms ahgfahms scahmlgs gs qug gl gstunhc ng lm “gacfcoïm‟ fc sclc ohng lms rglmahcfgs `uomfms ogsurmjlgs, shfc mqugllms qug fc pugngf ognhrsg gf tèrohfcs ocfgtmrhcs, pgrc prgsgftmf rglmahcfgs ng hftgramojhc, shgfnc nha`c acfbuftc acfcahnc

 

acoc “maahñf `uomfm‟ y rgprgsgftmfnc gstg acfagptc uf trmoc ng maahñf mactmnc, qug  pcstgrhcrogftg icromfnc igfñogfcs acoplgbcs sgm gl qug ngihfm gl acopcrtmohgftc ngl hfnhvhnuc. Gstg acfbuftc fugvc ng acfcahohgftc mjmram tcnms lms nhsahplhfms ng lms ahgfahms scahmlgs, shohlmr m lm scahclceïm pgrc shf gl amríatgr `hstcrhahstm qug Ohsgs lg mtrhjuyg m gstm òlthom. Ctrm acfsgaugfahm gs qug pmrm lm Gsauglm Mustrhmam, tcnms lms ngocstrmahcfgs gopïrhams fc shrvgf pmrm fmnm, ym qug sg jmsmf gf gl gstunhc ng nmtcs, pgrc gstm rglmahñf  pugng amojhmr. Ohsgs fc acftgoplm ufm amtgecrïm ng ahgfahm ncfng sus lgygs ssgmf gmf outmjlgs y pcr gllc tcncs lcs mxhcoms ngocstrmncs omtgoíthamogftg fc thgfgf lm acfshngrmahñf ng gacfcoïm, gf tcnc amsc pcnrïm acfshngrmrsg gstunhc ng lm `hstcrhm gacfñoham. Gl mutcr  acfshngrm qug lms maahcfgs gxtrmïnms ng lm prmxgclceïm scf hfoutmjlgs y pcr tmftc lgygs `uomfms y qug nha`ms lgygs `uomfms fc ngpgfngf ngl thgopc fh ng ctrcs imatcrgs, pcr lc qug pugngf cjsgrvmrsg c fc ngftrc ng lm rgmlhnmn y ngl gstunh gstunhcc ng nmtcs ngpgfnhgfnc ngpgfnhgfnc ng lm acoplgbhnmn ng lcs igfñogfcs. Lm tgcrïm mustrhmam ngl ahalc gacfñohac `mag èfimshs gf qug tcnm prcnuaahñf rgquhgrg thgopc. ^mojhèf trmfsaurrg thgopc gftrg gl hfhahc ng lm prcnuaahñf y gl acfsuoc,  pcr lc qug sg `mag gv gvhngftg hngftg lm hopcrtmfahm qug gstcs mutcrgs lg nmjmf ml m`crrc gf rglmahñf acf gl thgopc gf gl qug sg hfvhgrtg y lm nurmahñf ng nha`m hfvgrshñf. Gstm rglmahñf sgrí aruahml gf lm icrom gf qug lcs thpcs ng hftgrès prcvcamf amojhcs gf lm gstruaturm ng acfsuoc ng jhgfgs ng acfsuoc irgftg m jhgfgs ng amphtml. 1 Gstg m`crrc prcagng ng lcs hferg hfergsc scss fc ems emstm tmnc ncss ng lc lcss meg megft ftgs gs y, m tr trmvè mvèss ng lc lcss jm jmfa facs, cs, ih ihfmf fmfah ahmm gl prcag prcagsc sc goprgsmrhml. Gstm rglmahñf pugng sgr ocnhihamnm pcr lm mutcrhnmn ocfgtmrhm acf gl ihf ng muogftmr lm mathvhnmn gacfñoham, prcnuag ufm nhsohfuahñf ngl thpc ng hftgrès, lc qug m  prhcrh acfsheug su cjbgthvc. Qhf gojmrec, gsm fugvm mathvhnmn gacfñoham ihfmfahmnm acf  jmbcs thpcs ng hftgrès scf rgmlogftg mathvhnmngs qug fc sg llgvmrïmf m amjc gf shtumahcfgs fcromlgs; scf mathvhnmngs gspgaulmthvms y qug egfgrmf pcac c fhfeòf vmlcr mýmnhnc. Gstm fugvm shtumahñf sclc pugng omftgfgrsg gf gl thgopc sh sg omfthgfgf lcs thpcs ng hftgrès mfcromlogftg jmbcs, lc qug acfnuahrïm m ufm shtumahñf amnm vgz oís acoplhamnm ym qug fugvcs rgaurscs hríf m pmrmr m gstms mathvhnmngs gspgaulmthvms. Tcr ctrc lmnc, sh agsm lm  pclïtham ng thpcs ng hftgrès jmbc, sg prcnuahrí ufm pèrnhnm ng vmlcr ngjhnc m qug fc gs  pcshjlg rgthrmr tcncs lcs rgaurscs mshefmncs m lcs sgatcrgs pcac prcnuathvcs. Ctrc gigatc  prcnuahnc pcr gl muogftc ng lm cigrtm ocfgtmrhm gs gl muogftc ng lm hfilmahñf, qug amojhm

 

lm rglmahñf gftrg lcs jhgfgs ng hfvgrshñf y ng acfsuoc y mýmng prcjlgoms ml scstgfhohgftc ng lm pclïtham ng thpcs ng hftgrès jmbc. Lm tgcrïm mustrhmam ngl nhfgrc sg prgsgftm gf lm cjrm “^gcrïm ngl nhfgrc y gl arènhtc (=8=:). M pmrthr ng lms mpcrtmah mpcrtmahcfgs cfgs ng Ogfegr scjrg lm uthlhnmn omrehfm omrehfml,l, Ohsgs mplham uf >

ocnglc ng cigrtm y ngomfnm pmrm gxplhamr gl crhegf ngl vmlcr ngl nhfgrc.   Gl glgogftc agftrml agftr ml qug qug acop acopcfg cfg lm tg tgcrï crïmm ng ngll vm vmlc lcrr oh ohsh shmf mfmm gs qu qugg gl am amoj ojhc hc cj cjbg bgth thvc vc (pc (pcngr  ngr  mnquhshthvc) ngl nhfgrc gs gl qug egfgrm lms pgaulhmrhnmngs qug thgfg, ym qug shf ampmahnmn ng pcngr mnquhshthvc fc sg `mrïm usc ngl nhfgrc. Gs gstg glgogftc gl ngtgrohfmftg ng lm ngomfnm y ngpgfngrí ngl vmlcr sujbgthvc qug amnm ahunmnmfc tgfem ngl nhfgrc. Tcr ctrc lmnc, gl vmlcr sujbgthvc ng amnm hfnhvhnuc ngpgfng ngl vmlcr sujbgthvc ngl rgstc ng jhgfgs gacfñohacs gf rglmahñf acf gl nhfgrc. Tmrm lcs mutcrgs mustrïmacs gstcs ncs thpcs ng vmlcrgs gstíf rglmahcfmncs m trmvès ngl tgcrgom ng lm rgergshñf ocfgtmrhm. Lm ngomfnm ng nhfgrc gf gl nïm “N‟ sg jmsm gf gl pcngr mnquhshthvc qug pcsgïm gf gl nïm “N-=‟. Gstg ohsoc pcngr  mnquhshthvc sureg pcr lm hftgrsgaahñf ng lm cigrtm ngl nhfgrc gf gl nïm “N-=‟ y su ngomfnm qug, jmsífncfcs gf gl vmlcr sujbgthvc ng lcs hfnhvhnucs, shtumocs fugvmogftg gf gl vmlcr  ngtgrohfmnc pcr gl pcngr mnquhshthvc uf nïm mftgs, gf gl nïm “N-:‟. Gstm rgergshñf pugng ngsmrrcllmrsg mn hfihfhtuo pgrc amrgagrïm gftcfags ng sgfthnc. Tmrm gl mutcr, gstm nhfíoham gophgzm gf gl ocogftc gf gl qug gl crc sg usmjm òfhamogftg acoc jhgf, pgrc su usc acoc ognhc ng amojhc (gf pmlmjrms ohshmfms su vmlcr ng amojhc cjbgthvc) mòf fc gxhstïm. Gf gl ocogftc gf gl qug gf uf pgqugýc erupc sg gstmfnmrhzm gl usc ng crc acoc ognhc ng amojhc pmrm gvhtmr lm hfgihahgfahm ng lcs hftgramojhcs ngl trugqug, gstg pcsgg ym vmlcr ng amojhc cjbgthvc y fmag lm nhfíoham ng ogramnc qug prcnuag qug gstg ognhc sg gxthgfnm gf gl rgstc ng rgehcfgs. Gf aumftc m lm cigrtm ocfgtmrhm ng gstg shstgom, pmrm Ohsgs ngjg gstmr   jmsmnm gf gl pmtrñf crc. Nmnc qug gl vmlcr qug pcsgg gl nhfgrc gstí jmsmnc gf ufm amfthnmn ng crc, gstg vmlcr fc sg ngvmlòm. Ctrm amrmatgrïstham qug ngihfg m lm gsauglm mustrhmam gs qug fc magptmf lm gxhstgfahm ng uf tèrohfc qug rgsuom gl shstgom egfgrml ng prgahcs. Tmrm lcs mutcrgs ng gstm gsauglm, lcs prgahcs ng tcncs lcs jhgfgs, hfaluhnc gl nhfgrc, sg pugng gxprgsmr gf hfihfhnmn ng rglmahcfgs ng hftgramojhc rgspgatc ml rgstc ng jhgfgs qug ngpgfngf ngl vmlcr sujbgthvc qug ctcreug amnm hfnhvhnuc m nha`cs jhgfgs. Ng gstg ocnc, aumlquhgr  “rgsuogf‟ ng lcs prgahcs gf uf sclc vmlcr c acfbuftc ng vmlcrgs òfhamogftg `magr 

 

ngsmpmrgagr lcs omthags egfgrmncs pcr uf igfñogfc acoplgbc gf lm ngtgrohfmahñf ng  prgahcs pcr uf vmlcr oís acoprgfshjlg acoprgfs hjlg pgrc amrgftg ng hopcrtmfahm. Acf lm pujlhamahñf ng “Gl aílaulc gacfñohac gf lm acoufhnmn scahmlhstm‟ (=8:4), Ohsgs gophgzm ufm arïth arïtham am ml shstgom scahmlhst scahmlhstmm qug acoplgogft acoplgogftmm su mfhomnvgrshñf mfhomnvgrshñf pcr lm hftgrvgfahñf hftgrv gfahñf gstmtm gstmtml.l. Lm tgshs prhfahpml prhfahpml prgsgftmnm gf gstm cjrm gs qug gf uf shstgom ncfng lcs prgahcs ougstrmf ufm lhoh lhohtmnm tmnm rglmahñf ng hftgr hftgramojhc amojhc,, lm hficromahñf hficromahñf qug mpcrtm m lcs megftgs gs tmojhèf lhohtmnm. Gf ufm gacfcoïm lhjrg, gl aílaulc ocfgtmrhc pgrohtg mprgahmr m lcs megftgs lms pctgfahmlhnmngs gacfñohams. Gf ufm gacfcoïm ncfng lm òfham iugftg ng rgftmjhlhnmn rgftmjh lhnmn gs smthsim smthsimagr agr lms fgagshn fgagshnmngs mngs ngl acfsuo acfsuohncr, hncr, lcs goprgsmrhcs goprgsmrhcs jusamrmf aujrhr  nha` nh a`ms ms fg fgags agshn hnmn mngs gs ng lm om omfg fgrm rm oís oís jm jmrmt rmtmm pcshj pcshjlg lg,, emrmf emrmfth thzm zmfnc fnc lm gihah gihahgfa gfahm hm y gl  prcergsc. Qh gl Gstmnc hftgrvhgfg gf lm gacfcoïm, hfagfthvm prcagscs prcnuathvcs hfgihahgftgs y ocnhiham lm rglmahñf gftrg prgahcs rglmthvcs y lm uthlhnmn rglmthvm qug cjthgfgf lcs megftgs gacfñohacs. Gf ufm gacfcoïm scahmlhstm lcs prgahcs fc sclc pgrbunhamf ml ogramnc ng jhgfgs ng acfsuoc, ncfng lms prgigrgfahms hfnhvhnumlgs scf ocnhihamnms acoc `gocs acogftmnc pcr lm hftgrvgfahñf gstmtml, shfc qug lcs ognhcs ng prcnuaahñf y gl ogramnc ng jhgfgs ng prcnuaahñf ñpthocs pmrm prcnuahr gl jhgf ihfml ngsgmnc fc sg rgmlhzm  pcr gl prcagsc ng ogramnc y pcr tmftc, fc sg acfcagrí acfcagr í lm gihahgfahm ng nha`cs oètcncs. Gf rgsuohnms augftms, gl ngsacfcahohgftc ng lcs megftgs ng lcs acstgs qug supcfgf sus maahcfgs llgvm m qug lm prcnuaahñf y gl hftgramojhc sg rgmlhagf scjrg lm jmsg ng arhtgrhcs fc gacfñohacs y pcr tmftcs hfgihahgftgs. Ngsng gl puftc ng vhstm ng lm pclïtham ocfgtmrhm, lcs ñremfcs eujgrfmogftmlgs thgfgf m hfagfthvmr lm gacfcoïm ognhmftg thpcs ng hftgrès jmbcs, lc qug prcvcam hfvgrshcfgs hoprcnuathvms y acfnuag m ufm shtumahñf qug sg ngsmrrcllm gf lm “^gcrïm mustrhmam ngl ahalc gacfñohac‟. Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs pujlhañ m lc lmrec ng su vhnm oís ng ncsahgftcs gfsmycs gf lcs qug trmtñ nhvgrscs tgoms, acoc lm mplhamahñf ngl oètcnc pcshthvc gf gacfcoïm, gl gstmthsoc y lm gnuamahñf. Wfm ng lms mpcrtmahcfgs oís ngstmamjlgs gs su fgemthvm m magptmr gl gquhlhjrhc egfgrml ng lcs alíshacs y lcs fgcalíshacs (tcomfnc acoc rgigrgfahm gl ocnglc ng Umlrms). Gf gacfcoïm gs hopcshjlg ngtgrohfmr uf gquhlhjrhc egfgrml ncfng tcnms lms vmrhmjlgs  pugnmf ngtgrohfmrsg ng icr icrom om shoultífgm. Tmrm Ohsgs gl prctmecfhstm prc tmecfhstm ng lm gacfcoïm gs gl goprgfngncr, ng omfgrm qug tgfnrí èxhtc shgoprg qug lcs prgahcs egfgrmncs gf gl ogramnc aujrmf sus pèrnhnms, ng gstg ocnc hríf mrruhfífncsg lcs goprgsmrhcs ogfcs acopgththvcs

 

imvcrgahgfnc lm hffcvmahñf y gl prcergsc. ^cnc gstg prcagsc ng ogramnc `mag qug lcs acfnhahcfmftgs ng lm cigrtm y ng lm ngomfnm prcnuzamf amojhcs gf gl ogramnc ng icrom acfthfum, pcr lc qug uf ocnglc gstíthac fc pugng plmsomr lm rgmlhnmn. Trhfahpmlgs cjrms 

^gcrïm ngl nhfgrc y ngl arènhtc ( arènhtc (=8=: =8=:)) Wfhñf gnhtcrhml5 HQJF 850-0>-5:48-1=1-1



Qcahmlhsoc ( Qcahmlhsoc  (=8:: =8::)) Wfhñf gnhtcrhml0 HQJF 850-0>-5:48->01-1



Lhjgrmlhsoc ( Lhjgrmlhsoc  (=8:5 =8:5))



Arïtham ngl hftgrvgfahcfhsoc (=8:8 (=8:8)) Wfhñf Gnhtcrhml8 HQJF 850-0>-5:48-197-:



Trcjlgoms gphstgoclñehacs ng lm gacfcoïm (=811 (=811))



Ecjhgrfc cofhpctgftg ( cofhpctgftg (=8>> =8>>))



Jurcarmahm ( Jurcarmahm  (=8>> =8>>))=4





Lm maahñf `uomfm ( `uomfm (=8>8 =8>8))  prgagnhnm pcr Fmthcfmlùkcfcohg (=8>4 (=8>4))



^gcrïm g `hstcrhm ( `hstcrhm (=875 =875))



Gl iufnmogftc òlthoc ng lm ahgfahm gacfñoham (=89: (=89:))

7. OW OWZZ ZZMX MX ZC ZC^@ ^@JM JMZN ZN NG NGIG IGFQ FQCZ CZ NG NGL L MF MFMZ MZAC ACAM AMTH TH^M ^MLH LHQO QOC C X IZWA^ÏIGZC GQAZH^CZ.  Fmahnc  : ng omrzc ng =8:9  =8:9 , imllgahnc gl 5 ng gfgrc ng =887, =887, iug uf gacfcohstm gacfcohstm,, `hstcrhmncr   yy tgñrha tgñrhacc pclïth pclïthac acgst gstmncu mncufhn fhngfsg gfsg,, pgrtgf pgrtgfgah gahgft gftgg m lm Gsauglm mustrïmam mustrï mam ng gacfco gacfcoïm ïm,, qug acftrhjuyñ m ngihfhr gl ocngrfc lhjgrmlhsoc lhjgrmlhsoc ng  ng acrtg lhjgrtmrhc lhjgrtmrhc (acfcahnc tmojhèf acoc lhjgrtmrhsoc lhjgrtmrhsoc)) y pcpulmrhzñ pcpulmrhzñ ufm icrom ng mfmrquhsoc mfmrquhsoc ng  ng prcphgnmn  prcphgnmn  prhvmnm y  prhvmnm  y lhjrg ogramn ogramncc ml qug ngfcohfñ mfmracamphtmlhsoc. mfmracamphtmlhsoc. M pmrthr ng lm tgshs mustrïmam scjrg lm maahñf `uomfm `uomfm imvcrm  imvcrmjlg jlg ml amphtmlhsoc y amphtmlhsoc y gf rga`mzc m lm plmfhihamahñf agftrml c gstmtml, buftc ml husfmturmlhsoc husfmturmlhsoc burïnhac  burïnhac rgspgatc m lm vmlhngz ng lcs ngrga`cs hfnhvhnumlgs, hfnhvhnumlgs, y tgfhgfnc ng prgagngftg lm hngm ng mfmrquïm ng mfmrquïm ng lcs mfmrachfnhvhnumlhstms ngl mfmrachfnhvhnumlhstms ngl shelc PHP, Zct`jmrn

llgem

m

ngl mfmracamphtmlhsoc mfmracamphtmlhsoc..

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prc rcpphms

acfalushcfgs

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tgcrï crïm

pclïtham

 

Ourrmy Zct`jmrn fmag gl : ng omrzc ng =8:9, gf gl Jrcfx. Zct`jmrn,  bunïc  bunïc,, tuvc su  prhogr a`cqug a`cqu g acf gl Gstmnc gf lm gsauglm pòjlham, qug, ssgeòf geòf prcphm acfigshñf, omrañ «gl «g l  pgrïcnc oís hfiglhz» ng su vhnm. ^mojhèf nhbc qug argahñ y sg gnuañ «gf lm aulturm acoufhstm acoufhstm». ».=  Qu pmnrg, Nmvhn, lg hfaulañ uf hftgrès pclhimaèthac pcr gl smjgr, «lms ahgfahms ahgfahms,, lm ihlcsciïm ihlcsciïm,, lm `hstcrhm... `hstcrhm... tcnc mtrmïm ml aurhcsc Ourrmy, qug tmojhèf mnquhrhñ ng

su

pmnrg

uf

rga`mzc

ngl tctmlhtmrhsoc, tctmlhtmrhsoc,

ngl imf imfmt mths hsoc oc

rglhe rglhehc hcsc sc y  y

ng

aumlquhgr nceomthsoc nceomthsoc». ».: Qg lhagfahñ gf Omtgoíthams y Gacfcoïm gf lm prgsthehcsm Wfhvgrshnmn ng Acluojhm gf Acluojhm gf gl mýc =8>7 y sg ncatcrñ gf Gacfcoïm gf gl =879 jmbc lm tutglm ng Bcsgp` Ncriomf. Zct`jmrn gsarhjhñ scjrg oulthnun ng tgoms nhigrgftgs. Quglg ngahrsg qug tml amfthnmn ng gsarhtcs sñlc punc sgr macogthnm pcr aumtrc c ahfac Zct`jmrns nhsthftcs, gspgahmlhzmncs amnm ufc ng gllcs gf uf írgm ngl acfcahohgftc acfargtm. Tcr gbgoplc, gl gacfcohstm Umltgr  Jlcak , ufc ng lcs sgeuhncrgs y mohecs ng Zct`jmrn, nhbc ngl gstmncufhngfsg qug grm ampmz ng gsarhjhr m ufm ognhm ng ca`c píehfms pcr `crm. 1 Gf gl trmfsaursc ng su vhnm, Zct`jmrn, gstuvc mscahmnc acf fuogrcscs pgfsmncrgs. Gf lcs prhogrcs mýcs ng lm nèamnm ngl =874 gstunhñ acf su omgstrc y ogftcr, gl gacfcohstm mustrïmac Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs Ohsgs,, y gopgzñ m trmjmbmr pmrm gl Uhll Uhllhmo hmo Yclkgr Iufn. Iufn. M ihfmlgs ng lcs =874 gstuvc jrgvgogftg gf gl aïraulc ng Myf Zmfn Zmfn y  y ng ng Fmt`mfhgl  Fmt`mfhgl Jrmfngf, Jrmfngf, m quhgfgs quh gfgs arhtha arhthaññ nurm nurmogf ogftg tg mýcs mýcs ngsp ngspuès uès..>  Gstuv Gstuvcc hf hfil iluh uhnc nc tm tmoj ojhè hèff pc pcrr lm gacfcoïm  pclïtham ng  pclïtham  ng Irmfz Cppgf`ghogr . Iug ufc ng lcs iufnmncrgs, gf =85=, ngl Tmrthnc Lhjgrtmrhc Lhjgrtmrhc gstmncufhngfsg,  gstmncufhngfsg, pmrthnc gf gl qug qug pmr pmrth thah ahpñ pñ ma math thvmo vmogf gftg tg nu nurmf rmftg tg lc lcss =854 =854 y =804 =804 sh shgf gfnc nc uf al almr mrcc cpcsh cpcshtc tcr  r  ml Ecjhgrfc Ecjhgrfc  fgcacfsgrvmncr   ng ng Zcfmln Zgmemf  Zgmemf y ml mp mpcy cycc ng ml mleu eufc fcss lh lhjg jgrt rtmr mrhc hcss m su Ecjhgrfc, lc auml acfshngrñ hfmngaumnc pmrm gl prcygatc lhjgrtmrhc. Mjmfncfñ gl LT gf =808, gopgzmfnc gftcfags m magramrsg m lm ngrga`m pmlgcacfsgrvmncrm ngrga`m  pmlgcacfsgrvmncrm,, llgemfnc m mpcymr, acftrm gl fgcacfsgrvmnurhsoc ncohfmftg, ml fmahcfmlhstm-pcpulhstm Tmt Jua`mfmf pcr Jua`mfmf pcr su  pcshahñf mhslmahcfhstm gf pclïtham gxtgrhcr, mýcs ngspuès ngshsthñ ng mpcymr gstg thpc ng iugrzms. Tcacs mýcs mftgs ng su ougrtg omfhigstñ gl grrcr ng `magr mlhmfzms pclïthams fc lhjgrtmrhms sh sg gstí gf pcs ng uf prcygatc lhjgrtmrhc. [ahtm rgqugrhnm_ Mufqug gf mleufms gtmpms ng su vhnm mpcymrm nhsthftcs pgfsmohgftcs pclïthacs, fufam sg mlgbñ ng sus prcphms hngms

 

mfmracamphtmlhstms. Argïm qug `mahgfnc pmatcs acfargtcs acf mleufms iugrzms pclïthams, sg nmrïmf lcs pmscs fgagsmrhcs pmrm mnglmftmr lm llgemnm m uf shstgom lhjgrtmrhc. Gl gstmncufhngfsg Ourrmy Zct`jmrn trmtñ ng ncohfmr y ng rgicroulmr uf shfiïf ng omtgrhms2 omtgrh ms2 gacfco gacfcoïm, ïm, ètha ètham, m, ihlcsciïm ihlcsciïm pclïtham, pclïtham, pclïtham, pclïtham, ogtcnclceïm ogtcnclceïm,, `hstcrhm `hstcrhm gacfñoham, gacfñoham, `hstcrhm `hstcr hm ngl pgfs pgfsmoh mohgft gftcc gacfño gacfñohac hac c `hstcr `hstcrhm hm gstmnc gstmncufh ufhngfs ngfsg. g. Ng tcn tcncs cs gstcs gstcs tgo tgoms ms gsarhjhññ moplh gsarhjh moplhmogftg mogftg gf sus amsh :7 lhjrcs. Zct`jmrn iug scjrg tcnc uf gacfcohstm, gacfcohstm, pgsg m sus nhvgrscs íojhtcs ng gstunhc y ufc ng lcs pcacs qug gstunhñ m lcs gacfcohstms mftgrhcrgs m Mnmo Qoht` Qoht`,, tmlgs acoc lcs gsaclísthacs gsaclísthacs y  y lcs ihshñarmtms. ihshñarmtms. Ourrmy Zct`jmrn sg amrmatgrhzm pcr sus mreuogftcs shstgoíthacs m lm `crm ng icroulmrr sus tgcrïms, ufm tèafham mreuogftmt icroulm mreuogftmthvm hvm qug pugng fctmrsg gf amsh tcnms sus cjrms. M lcs 19 mýcs gsarhjg su cjrm omefm  Gl `cojrg, lm gacfcoïm y gl Gstmnc. Gstg lhjrc (acf sus amsh =744 píehfms) gs ufm ng lms ncs ermfngs cjrms ng lm Gsauglm Mustrïmam ng Gacfcoïm  buftc acf Lm maahñf `uomfm ng Lunwhe Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs Ohsgs  y qug, qug, pmrm pmrm mleufc mleufcss gacfco gacfcohst hstms ms mustrïmacs lm ogbcrm. Gl prcphc Ohsgs lm ngihfhñ acoc «ufm acftrhjuahñf trmsagfngftml pmrm lm gacfcoïm». Lugec Zct`jmrn jmsmrïm ermf pmrtg ng su cjrm y ng su imom gf lm mrthaulmahñf ng ufm ngigfsm jmsmnm gf gl ngrga`c fmturml  fmturml  (c husfmturmlhsoc) ng lm prcphgnmn prhvmnm y ngl amphtmlhsoc, qug sgrïm gl gbg ng su mfmrquhsoc amphtmlhstm c, acoc èl lc llmomjm, mfmracamphtmlhsoc mfmracamphtmlhsoc.. Zct`jmrn gxplham añoc gl Gstmnc `m hnc gxtgfnhgfnc gxtgfnhgfnc su pcngr  scjrg nhsthftms írgms ng lm scahgnmn shf fhfeòf tïtulc pmrm gllc, y acf acfsgaugfahms fgemthvms. Ng mllï smam mreuogftcs acoc qug lcs ogramncs fgercs scf rglmahcfgs lgeïthoms gftrg lms pgrscfms y ngihgfng lm rgsthtuahñf ng prcphgnmngs gxprcphmnms 7  (uf gbgoplc ng gstc2 prcpcfïm lm ngvcluahñf ng lms thgrrms ng lcs gstmncs ngl Qur ng Gstmncs Wfhncs m lcs ngsagfnhgftgs mircmogrhamfcs ng lcs gsalmvcs acoprcjmjlgs, ym qug grmf gllcs quhgfgs `mjïmf trmjmbmnc lm thgrrm crhehfmlogftg).97

Lgy ng Zct`jmrn Lm «lgy ng Zct`jmrn» gs uf mnmehc mnmehc mutcmtrhjuhnc.  mutcmtrhjuhnc. Gf gsgfahm, Zct`jmrn suehgrg qug ufm pgrscfm ng ctrc tmlgftc sg gspgahmlhzm y sg agftrm gf uf írgm gf lm qug gs oís nèjhl „c shoplgogftg gstí gquhvcamnm„. C acoc m ogfunc `m sgýmlmnc2 «amnm ufc sg gspgahmlhzm gf lc qug gs pgcr». Gf uf gbgoplc, `mjlm ngl thgopc buftc m Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs2

 

Gf tcncs lcs mýcs qug acfaurrï m su sgohfmrhc y gstmjm acf èl, fufam sg rgihrhñ m lm  pclïtham hftgrfmahcfml. Qh grm uf hftgrvgfahcfhstm gf ms msuftcs uftcs gxtgrfcs, fuf fufam am lc supg. Gstc gs ufm vhclmahñf m lm lgy ng Zct`jmrn, qug acfshstg gf qug lms pgrscfms thgfngf m gspgahmlhzmrsg gf lc qug scf pgcrgs. @gfry Egcreg, pcr gbgoplc, gs gxaglgftg gf tcnc gxagptc thgrrm, pcr lc qug gsarhjg scjrg thgrrm gl 84% ngl thgopc. Ohltcf Irhgnomf gs gxaglgftg gxagptc gf ocfgnm, pcr lc qug sg acfagftrm gf ocfgnm. Ohsgs, shf gojmrec, y Khrzfgr tmojhèf, shgoprg trmjmbmrcf gf mqugllc gf lc qug grmf lcs ogbcrgs. «Lm ahgfahm ng lm lhjgrtmn2 ufm gftrgvhstm acf Ourrmy Zct`jmrn» pcr Bgiirgy ^uakgr  9. BG BGQÒ QÒQ Q @W @WGZ GZ^M ^M NG QC QC^C ^C ^G ^GÑZ ÑZHA HAC C NG NGL L AHAL AHALC C GA GACF CFÑO ÑOHA HAC, C,

NGIGFQCZ NGL TM^ZÑF CZC X OÍPHOC ZGTZGQGF^MF^G NGL MFMZACAMTH^MLHQOC GF LM MA^WMLHNMN .  Fmahnc gf Omnrhn Omnrhn,, :1 ng nhahgojrg nhahgojrg ng  ng =879, =879, gs uf gacfcohstm gacfcohstm,, mjcemnc y mjcemnc y ihlñscic  pclïthac gspmýcl  pclïthac  gspmýcl  y ufc ng lc lcss tg tgñrh ñrhac acss oí oíss rg rgprg prgsg sgft ftmt mthv hvcs cs ng lm gsauglm gsauglm mustrïm mustrïmam am ng gacfcoïm.. Gf lm matumlhnmn gs acfshngrmnc gl rgprgsgftmftg ngl mfmracamphtmlhsoc gacfcoïm mfmracamphtmlhsoc oís  oís amrm amrmat atgr grïïsth sthac gf gl ouf ufnc nc `h `hsp spíf ífhhac ac.. Gs am amttgn gnrí ríth thac ac ng Gacfco Gacfcoïm ïm Tclït Tclïtham ham gf  gf lm Wfhvgrshnmn Zgy Bumf Amrlcs Amrlcs ng  ng Omnrhn. Omnrhn. Amrrgrm prcigshcfml @m cjtgfhnc ncs tïtulcs ng ncatcr2 gf Ngrga`c Ngrga`c,, gf =80> =80>,, y gf Ahgfahms Gacfñohams, gf =88:, =88:, mojcs pcr lm Wfhvgrshnmn Acoplutgfsg ng Omnrhn Omnrhn.. Jgamnc pcr gl Jmfac ng Gspmým, iug tmojhèf mluofc ng lm Wfhvgrshnmn ng Qtmficrn Qtmficrn gf  gf lm qug cjtuvc gl tïtulc ng OJM. OJM. Trcigscr ng Gacfcoïm Tclïtham gf lm Imaultmn ng Ngrga`c ng lm Wfhvgrshnmn Acoplutgfsg ng Omnrhn ngsng Omnrhn ngsng =858 =858.. Ngsng :444 gs amtgnríthac ng Gacfcoïm Tclïtham gf lm Imaultmn ng Ahgfahms Burïnhams y Qcahmlgs ng lm Wfhvgr Wfhvgrshnmn shnmn Zgy Bumf Amrlcs Amrlcsng ng Omnrhn, y ngsng catujrg ng :445 :445  hop hopmrt mrtgg gf gst gstmm ohsom ohsom ufh ufhvgrs vgrshnm hnmnn gl òfhac òfhac Oístgr Oístgr Cih Cihahm ahmll gf Gacfcoïm ng lm Gsauglm Mustrïmam margnht Mustrïmam  margnhtmnc mnc acf vmlhn vmlhngz gz gf tcnm lm Wfhñf Gurcpgm, Gurcpgm, gf uf gsiugrzc pcr gxpmfnhr su pmrmnheom gf tcnm Gurcpm y gf gl rgstc ngl oufnc.= Ngsng omyc ng :44> gs iufnmncr y nhrgatcr ng lm rgvhstm mamnèoham  Trcagscs ng Ogramnc2 rgvhstm gurcpgm ng gacfcoïm pclïtham , qug pujlham ncs vgags ml mýc mrtïaulcs scjrg lm Gsauglm

Mustrhmam gf lcs hnhcoms cihahmlgs ng lm Wfhñf Gurcpgm.

 

Gf gl plmfc goprgsmrhml, gs prgshngftg y nhrgatcr egfgrml : ng Gspmým, Q.M. Acopmýïm  Fmahcfml ng Qgeurcs, Qgeurcs , lm acopmýïm ng sgeurcs ng vhnm imohlhmr qug iufnñ su mjuglc y prhogr  matumrhcc ng Gspmým, Bgsòs @ugrtm Tgým matumrh Tgým,, gf =8:0 =8:0.. Qgatcr, gl ngl sgeurc, ml qug `m ngnhamnc fuogrcsms acftrhjuahcfgs mamnèohams, y qug lg vmlhñ gf =801 gl =801 gl Trgohc Hftgrfmahcfml ng Gacfcoïm, gftrgemnc pcr gl Zgy Bumf Amrlcs Amrlcs,, pcr su trmjmbc Tlmfgs ng pgfshcfgs prhvmncs.: @ugr @u grtm tm ng Qctc Qctc pgrt pgrtgf gfga gagg ml Hf Hfst stht htut utcc Lu Lunw nwhe he vcf Ohsgs Ohsgs,, `m sh shnnc pm pmttrc rcffc ng lm Iufnmahñf Hfsthtutc Omnrhlgýc ng Gstunhcs Mvmfzmncs Mvmfzmncs((HONGM) HONGM) Ahgfahms Qcahmlgs, y iug vhagprgshngftg ng lm Qcahgnmn Ocft Tglgrhf (:444 Tglgrhf (:444 - :44>). Heumlogftg pgrtgfgag m lcs acfsgbcs gnhtcrhmlgs ngl ]umrtgrly Bcurfml ci Mustrhmf Gacfcohas , ngl Bcurfml ci Omrkgts mfn Ocrmlhty y ng lm rgvhstm  Fgw Tgrspgathvgs cf Tclhthaml Gacfcoy , msï acoc gs ac-

iufnmncr ng lm Qcahgnmn pmrm gl Gstunhc ng lm Maahñf @uomfm . ^mojhèf aclmjcrm ouy agramfmogftg acf gl Hfsthtutc Bumf ng Omrhmfm Omrhmfm gf  gf Omnrhn ngsng su iufnmahñf gf :447. Ngsng :4== sg gfaugftrm mihlhmnc ml Tmrthnc Lhjgrtmrhc Lhjgrtmrhc (T-Lhj).  (T-Lhj).1

Mleufms acftrhjuahcfgs hftglgatumlgs Gftrg sus oís rgacfcahnms mpcrtmahcfgs hftglgatumlgs sg gfaugftrmf, su gstunhc scjrg lm iufa iufahñ hñff go gopr prgs gsmr mrhm hmll y sc scjr jrgg lm hopc hopcsh shjh jhlh lhnm nmnn ng ngll sc scah ahml mlhs hsoc oc,, gx gxpu pugs gstc tc gf su lhjrc Qcahmlhsoc, aílaulc gacfñohac y iufahñf goprgsmrhml , msï acoc sus ngsmrrcllcs ng lm tgcrïm mustrïmam ngl ahalc gacfñohac gacfñohac gxpugstcs  gxpugstcs gf su lhjrc Nhfgrc, arènhtc jmfamrhc y ahalcs gacfñohacs, y ng lm tgcrïm ng lm gihahgfahm nhfíoham, hfaluhnm gf su lhjrc ^`g ^`gcry ci Nyfmoha Giihahgfay . @ugrtm ng Qctc ngihgfng qug gl mfílhshs ng lm rgmlhnmn scahml gxheg

acojhfmr mngaumnmogftg lcs sheuhgftgs trgs gficqugs2 tgñrhac (vcf Ohsgs), `hstñrhacgvcluthvc (@mygk) y èthac (Zct`jmrn). Lms cjrms ng @ugrtm ng Qctc sg `mf trmnuahnc m := hnhcoms, hfaluygfnc gl rusc, a`hfc, bmpcfès y írmjg. @ugrtm ng Qctc `m smjhnc argmr ufm futrhnm gsauglm ng bñvgfgs mamnèohacs y sgeuhncrgs, gftrg lcs qug ngstmamf lcs ncatcrgs T`hlhpp Jmeus, Oheugl Ífegl Mlcfsc Fghrm, Nmvhn @cwngf, Emj Emjrhg rhgll Aml Amlzmnm zmnm,, Bmvh Bmvhgr gr Mr Mrmf mfzm zmnh nh ng ngll Agrr Agrrc, c, Cs Csam amrr Ymrm Ymrm Args Argspc pc,, Mnrh Mnrhíf íf Zmvhgr, Bumf Zmoñf Zmllc Zmllc,, Ecfzmlc Oglhíf Oglhíf,, Oheugl Mfxc Jmstcs Jcujgtm, Hsrmgl @grvïms @heugrms c Arhstñjml Omtmríf, gftrg ctrcs oua`cs.

Trhfahpmlgs Lhjrcs

 



Tlmfgs ng pgfshcfgs prhvmncs (=80>)



Lgaturms ng gacfcoïm pclïtham, gn. (1 vcls, =80> - =805).



Qcahmlhsoc, aílaulc gacfñohac y iufahñf goprgsmrhml (=88:). goprgsmrhml  (=88:).



Gstunhcs ng gacfcoïm pclïtham (=88>). pclïtham  (=88>).



Nhfgrc, arènhtc jmfamrhc y ahalcs gacfñohacs (=880). gacfñohacs  (=880).



Lm gsauglm mustrhmam2 ogramnc y argmthvhnmn goprgsmrhml (:444).



 Fugvcs gstunhcs ng gacfcoïm pclïtham (:44:). pclïtham (:44:).



M`crrc y prgvhshñf gf gl sgeurc ng vhnm (:449).



^`g ^`gcry ci Nyfmoha Giihahgfay (:448).



"Irmung. Tcr què lm ermf rgagshñf" (:4=:) ncauogftml rgmlhzmnc acf lm prcnuatcrm Momehihlos



"Gf ngigfsm ngl Gurc" (:4=1) jmsmnc gf su gfsmyc jmbc gl ohsoc tïtulc, rgmlhzmnc acf lm prcnuatcrm Momehihlos

Jhjlhcermim Qa`ccls. Cjgfhnc ng Ohsgs, amfmnm2 Jlcak, N. U. (1 ng nhahgojrg ng :4=>).  Mustrhmf vs A`hamec Qa`ccls `tps2//www.ycuujg.aco/wma`3v?LhP5nzy@kK>

Jcgtkg, T. B. (=05=). Gsaclm Mustrïmam ng Gacfcohm.  Jhjlhcgam ng lm Gacfcoïm. Jcgtkg, T. B. (:445). ^`g Acfahsg Gfayalcpgnhm ci Gacfcohas, Hfnhmfmpclhs.  Musrhmf Qa`ccl ci Gacfcohas 2 Lhjgry Iufn, pp. :1-:5, H. Jcgtkg, T. B. (:4=7). Gl omfuml ng Cxicrn ng lm gacfcoïm mustrhmam. Cxicrn ; Fgw Xcrk2 Cxicrn Wfhvgrshy Trgss. Jcgtkg., T. B. (7 ng Mjrhl ng :4=8). Gsauglm Musrhmam. :-1. Cjgfhnc ng `tps2//gs.whkhpgnhm.cre/whkh/GsauglmSmusrhmam Jù`o-Jmwgrk, G. Z., & Kmphmlhzfs, K. W. (=008). Tcshvg ^`gcrhg ngs Kmphtmlgs. ^rmnuahnc acoc Amphtml g hftgrès. HH. Rwghg Mjghlufe.

 

Jua`mfmf, B. (:4=> ng 45 ng :4=>). Jclgo ng Gacfcoïm musrhmam. (O. Hfsug, Gfrgvhsmncr) Jua`mfmf, B. O. (:440). `g Fgw Tmlermvg Nhacfmry ci Gacfcohas Cflhfg .  ngsng gl crhehfml gl =0 ng gfgrc ng :4=:2 cfsulmnc gl =0 ng sgpgojrg ng :4=4. Ama`mfcsky, B. A. (:440). Lm Gsauglm Musrhmam ng Gacfcoïm. ZGvhstm ng Hfstuahucfgs Hngms y Ogramncs, =. Amplmf, J. (:4=9). ^`g Mustrhmf Qgmra` icr Zgmlhsa Icufnmcfs». Mra`hvmnc. Gkglufn, Z. &. (:440). @hstcrhm ng lm ^gcrïm Gacfñoham y ng su Oètcnc. OaErmw-@hll Hfgrmogrhamfm. p. 1>1. Gkglufn, Z. &. (:440). hstcrhm ng lm ^gcrïm Gacfñoham y ng su Oètcnc. OaErmw-@hll Hfgrmogrhamfm. p. 1>1. Irgg, T. Z. (47 ng Mjrhl ng :4=8).  Mfmracamphtmlhs  Mfmracamphtmlhsoc, oc, Micrrc g trmjmllc nurc. Cjgfhnc ng `tps2//xcmfngluec.cre/qug-gs-lm-gsauglm-musrhmam/ Irgg, T. Z. (47 ng Mjrhl ng :4=8). ]WG GQ LM GQAWGLM MWQ^ZHMAM . Cjgfhnc ng Mfmracamphmlhsoc, Micrrc, g ^rmjmlc nurc2 `tps2//xcmfngluec.cre/qug-gs-lm-gsauglm-musrh `tps2//xcmfngluec.cre/qug-gs-lm-gsauglm-musrhmam/ mam/ Erggfspmf, M. (:7 ng bulhc ng :444). Munhgfahms mfg gl Acohè ng Qgrvhahcs Ihfmfahgrcs ng lm Aíomrm ng Zgprgsgfmfgs ng lcs Gsmncs Wfhncs". Munhgfahms mftg gl Acohtè Acohtè ng Qgrvhahcs Ihfmfahgrcs ng lm Aíomrm ng Zgprgsgftmftgs ng lcs Gstmncs Wfhncs".  Ums`hfecf NA.2 Acohè ng Qgrvhahcs Ihfmfahgrcs ng lm Aíomrm ng Zgprgsgfmfgs ng lcs Gsmncs Wfhncs. @mfs-@gromff @cppg, @. @. (:445). Lm ahgfahm gacfñoham y gl oètcnc mustrhmac.  Mujurf2 Hfsuc Ohsgs, p. 91. @mygk, I. M. (=80>). Wfgoplcyogft mfn t`g Wfhcfs.  Hfsug ci Gacfcoha Mmhrs. @cppg, @.-@. (=888). Ergm Musrhmf Gacfcohss ‑ Ourrmy Zc`jmrn. Gf L. v. Hfsug. M Mlmjmom2 lmjmom2 Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs Hfsug. hefmahc, N. A. (:4=9). Ermfngs acftrcvgrshms ng lm `htcrhm gacfñoham.  Kghzgr, U. (=885). Mustrhmf Gacfcohas hf Ngjmtg. Fugvm Xcrk2 Zculgneg. Khrzfgr. (=800). copgtgfahm y Goprgsmrhmlhnmn. Hsrmgl2 Wfhcf Gnhcrhml . Khrzfgr, H. O. (=805). Gsauglm Mustrhmam ng Gacfcoïm.  ^`g Fgw Tmlermvg2 M Nhacfmry ci Gacfcohas. Khrzfgr, H. O., & Lma`omf, L. O. (=809). Qujbgvhsoc, hftglhehjhlhnmn y acoprgfshñf gacfñoham2 gfsmycs gf `cfcr ng Lunwhe O. Lma`omff gf su ca`gftm auoplgmýcs.  Gnhahñf hlusrmnm).2 OaOhllmf. HQJF 850-4-111->=500-= . Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs. (=801). ^`gcry ci Ocfgy mfn Argnht, Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs, Tmrtg HHH, Tmrtg HY.   Cjgfhnc ng ^`gcry ci Ocfgy mfn Argnh, Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs, Tmrg HHH, Tmrg HY2 `tps2//gs.whkhpgnhm.cre/whkh/GsauglmSmusrhmam#ahgSfcg-gacflhj.cre-00

 

Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs. (47 ng 4> ng :4=8). Uhkhpgnhm. Cjgfhnc ng Lm Gsauglm Musrhmam2 `tps2//gs.whkhpgnhm.cre/whkh/GsauglmSmusrhmam#ahgSrgi-LunwhevcfS94-4 Oma`lup, I. (:4=1). @hllsnmlg Acllgeg. Gf @. . Ohsgs. Ohsgs. (4= ng 4= ng =8:4). ^`g ^`gcry ci Ocfgy mfn Argnht. Cjgfhnc ng Musrhmf Gacfcohsa, Irggnnmo mfn pgmag2 `tps2//ohsgs.cre/lhjrmry/gacfcoha-amlaulmcf-scahml `tps2//ohsgs.cre/lhjrmry/gacfcoha-amlaulmcf-scahmlhshsacoocfwgml` Ohsgs, L. (:4=>). ^`g @hstcrhaml Qgfe ci t`g Mustrhmf Qa`ccl ci Gacfcohas.  Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs Hfsug. Ohsgs., L. v. (:: ng 4> ng :448). ^`g Trhfahplg ci Ogt`cnclcehaml Hfnhvhnumlhso. Cjgfhnc ng @uomf Macf. Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs Hfsug. Mra`hvmnc2 `tps2//gs.whkhpgnhm.cre/whkh/GsauglmSmusrhmam#ahgSfcg-Ohsgs-05 Ohssgs, A. (41 ng 4: ng :4=1). Xcutujg. Cjgfhnc ng Yhngc.2 `tps2//www.ycuujg.aco/wma`3 v?MccqsuQI7cM Oygrscf, Z. J. (:4=4). Mfmlhsh gacfcohac ngl ngrga`c. Lgy pcr hftgfahñf `uomfm c gvcluahñf , vcl. :8 (=), pp. 75‑58. ]ug gs gacfcohm musrhmam . (:4=9-:4=5). Hfstutc Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs , 1->. Qa`ocllgr, E. (:445). Gl gficqug ng Ogfegr „ Hftrcnuaahñf H ftrcnuaahñf m Trhfahplgs ci Gacfcohas ng Amrl Ogfegr. . Mlmjmom2 ^rmnuaahñf ng Bmogs Nhfewmll y Jgr I. @csglhz, =859. Qgfhcr Igllcws, ». O. (:4=1). Ohsgs.cre. Mra`hvmnc ngsng gl crhehfml gl :0 ng bulhc ng :4=1. .  Imauly Ogojgrs, mfn Qm. Qysgo, K. O. (4= ng 4= ng =080). Ohsgs Hfstg. Cjgfhnc ng Musrhmf Gacfcohas Irggnco, mfn pgmag2 `tps2//ohsgs.cre/lhjrmry/kmrl-omrx-mfn-alcsg-`hs-sysgo `tps2//ohsgs.cre/lhjrmry/kmrl-omrx-mfn-alcsg-`hs-sysgo Ycf Ohsgs, L. (:440). Gacfcoha amlaulmcf hf `g Qcahmlhs Acoocfwgml`. Lunwhe vcf Ohsgs Hfstutg.  vcf Ohsgs, L. (47 ng 47 ng :4=8). Gacfcoha Irggnco mfn Hftgrvgfcfhso.  Cjgfhnc ng Jgfm J. Gacfcohas ci Ocjhlhzmcf. Qulp`ur Qprhfes, Ugs Yhrehfhm2 `tps2//gs.whkhpgnhm.cre/whkh/GsauglmSmusrhmam#ahgSfcg-0= Ughyhf, R. (:4=4). Acoplggly jury Kgyfgshmfhso. Kg yfgshmfhso. Gf R. Ughyhf, «Mra`hvgn acpy». Mra`hvmnc ngsng gl crhehfml gl == ng omyc ng :4==. Acfsultmnc gl :4 ng bulhc ng :4=4.   Xmgegr, L. (:4==). Gs gl ogramnc ufm prugjm ng lm vgrnmn y lm jgllgzm. Gfsmycs gf gacfcoïm  pclïam, 81 .