@JFQKMJM MA EAMDFDLJ T FDALFDJV
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AVFKAYBVDV KJ]AYJK JEDB]YÖ@DFJ T AVFKAYBVDV EQK]D_KA
MY. GJPDAY EJKMBLJMB BY]DW.
BVFJY AMQJYMB MÅJW MJLDAK 6:4:61
NYQ_B > 4 -
Kj asfkarbsds kjtarjk jedbtrö`dfj (AKJ) as ulj al`areamjm mak sdstaej larvdbsb faltrjk, fjrjftardzjmj pbr ulj manalarjfdöl prbnrasdvj ma kjs laurbljs ebtbrjs al kj fbrtazj farairjk (laurbljs ebtbrjs supardbras), trblfb mak alfä`jkb y eämukj aspdljk (laurbljs ebtbrjs dl`ardbras). Kj fblsafualfdj as ulj maidkdmjm eusfukjr qua jvjlzj cjstj kj pjrêkdsds, axtalmdälmbsa ma uljs randblas fbrpbrjkas j btrjs. Jealjzj kj jutblbeåj ebtbrj, kj fbeuldfjfdöl brjk, kj mankufdöl y kj raspdrjfdöl, julqua sa ejltdalal dltjftbs kbs saltdmbs, ak dltakaftb y kbs e÷sfukbs ma kbs bgbs. Ak pjfdalta lafasdtj fjmj vaz eês jyumj pjrj rajkdzjr kjs jftdvdmjmas ma kj vdmj mdjrdj, vbkvdälmbsa eês mapalmdalta. ak täredlb asfkarbsds kjtarjk jedbtrö`dfj kb utdkdzj Fcjrfbt pbr prdearj vaz al :3>= y masma asjs `afcjs kj AKJ sa fblbfa uldvarsjkealta fbl ak apöldeb ma al`areamjm ma Fcjrfbt Kjs dlvastdnjfdblas atdbköndfjs sundaral fkjrjealta `jftbras axönalbs eês qua nalätdfbs al ak brdnal ma kj al`areamjm, `rjfjsjlmb, sdl aeijrnb, al kj dmaltd`dfjfdöl ma `jftbras jeidaltjkas b mdatätdfbs qua axpkdqual astj jnrupjfdöl ma fjsbs. Altra ul 1 y ul :?% ma tbmbs kbs fjsbs ma AKJ sbl `jedkdjras. Kj ejybråj sa caramjl ma ejlarj jutbsöedfj mbedljlta, julqua tjeidäl sa puama caramjr ma `brej rafasdvj.
JIBYMJGA FKÅLDFB T ]AYJ_ÄQ]DFB
Kjs ejld`astjfdblas fkåldfjs ma kj AKJ sbl maidmjs jk fbemak sdstaej larvdbsb. Kj fjrjftaråstdfj fkåldfj eês lbtjika as kj jsbfdjfdöl al ul edseb tarrdtbrdb eusfukjr ma såltbejs y sdnlbs, al nrjmb vjrdjika, qua ra`kagjl kj j`aftjfdöl ma kj laurblj ebtbrj supardbr a dl`ardbr. Kj fkåldfj sa dldfdj cjidtujkealta ma `brej kbfjkdzjmj al fujkqudarj ma kjs fujtrb axtraedmjmas b al kj randöl fa`êkdfj, y puama kkanjr j prbmufdr pjrêkdsds prbnrasdvj ma tbmj kj eusfukjturj asquakätdfj al ul pkjzb jprbxdejmb ma 9 j 1 júbs. Maidkdmjm eusfukjr7 As ak såltbej eês rakavjlta ma kj AKJ y sa maia j kj euarta prbnrasdvj ma laurbljs ebtbrjs. Va ejld`dastj fujlmb sa cj parmdmb ak 1?% ma kj pbikjfdöl ma laurbljs ebtbrjs. Dldfdjkealta j`aftj j ul nrupb ma e÷sfukbs y sa vj md`ulmdalmb cjfdj btrbs j eamdmj qua jvjlzj kj al`areamjm. Kj pärmdmj ma laurbljs ebtbrjs fbrtdfjkas lb mj kunjr prbpdjealta j maidkdmjm eusfukjr, sdlb j tbrpazj y pärmdmj ma mastrazj, edaltrjs qua ak ijkjlfa ma kj `uarzj eusfukjr puama sanudr sdalmb lbrejk. @jsfdfukjfdblas7 Vbl fbltrjffdblas aspbltêlajs ma ul fblgultb ma `dirjs eusfukjras dlarvjmjs pbr ulj edsej laurblj ebtbrj (uldmjm ebtbrj), maidmjs j jktarjfdblas ma kj axfdtjidkdmjm ma kj eaeirjlj ma kj laurblj ebtbrj dl`ardbr b ma su jxöl. Fjkjeiras eusfukjras7 Kjs rjepjs b fjkjeiras eusfukjras sbl fbltrjffdblas mbkbrbsjs dlvbkultjrdjs sbstaldmjs ma kbs e÷sfukbs qua sa jfbepjújl ma fbltrjfturj pjkpjika, ma 6? j =1 sanulmbs ma murjfdöl.
ralta. As ulj ejld`astjfdöl fjrjftaråstdfj mak sålmrbea psaumbiukijr.
@BYEJV MA DLDFDB.
Cdpbtblåj y jrra`kaxdj7 Kj pärmdmj ma tblb eusfukjr y kj jusalfdj ma ra`kagbs edbtêtdfbs sbl fjrjftaråstdfjs ma kjs pjrêkdsds pard`ärdfjs. Va puamal bisarvjr al kjs `brejs ma jtrb`dj eusfukjr prdejrdj, julqua al kj AKJ, kj fjrjftaråstdfj as kj prasalfdj ma ra`kagbs axjktjmbs b pjtbköndfbs al tarrdtbrdbs fbl maidkdmjm eusfukjr.
Kbs prdearbs såltbejs ma kj al`areamjm sa ejld`dastjl pbr kj jpjrdfdöl sdl fjusj jpjralta, al bfjsdblas maspuäs ma ul trjuejtdseb, ma maidkdmjm y pärmdmj ma `uarzj kbfjkdzjmjs al ul nrupb eusfukjr dlarvjmb pbr ulb b eês edbtbejs jmyjfaltas, al fujkqudarj ma kjs fujtrb axtraedmjmas b al kj randöl fa`êkdfj (iukijr). Kbs såltbejs dldfdjkas eês `rafualtas qua ebtdvjl qua ak pjfdalta fblsukta sbl7 •
Aspjstdfdmjm7 Fbeb fblsafualfdj ma kj jusalfdj ma rakjgjfdöl ma kbs e÷sfukbs jltjnbldstjs, ak tblb eusfukjr al astbs e÷sfukbs juealtj, md`dfuktjlmb kbs ebvdedaltbs al kbs qua pjrtdfdpjl nrupbs eusfukjras jltjnöldfbs. Cdparra`kaxdj7 Kbs ra`kagbs eusfukjras prb`ulmbs, ranukjmbs pbr ak jrfb ra`kagb edbtêtdfb j ldvak eamukjr, quamjl kdiarjmbs j fblsafualfdj ma kj pärmdmj mak fbltrbk pbr pjrta ma kj laurblj ebtbrj fbrtdfjk. Ya`kagbs pjtbköndfbs7qua J sbl md`aralfdj ma kbs ra`kagbs edbtêtdfbs, eblbsdlêptdfbs, kbs ra`kagbs pjtbköndfbs sbl pbkdsdlêptdfbs, puas al su nälasds dltarvdalal e÷ktdpkas sdljpsds laurbljkas j mdstdltbs ldvakas mak sdstaej larvdbsb. Va rafbedalmj axpkbrjrkbs ma `brej sdstaeêtdfj, yj qua su prasalfdj fbrrbibrj kj j`aftjfdöl ma laurblj ebtbrj supardbr. Kjidkdmjm aebfdbljk7 ]jeidäl fblbfdmj fbeb rdsj y kkjltb aspjseömdfbs. Ak pjfdalta prasaltj jffasbs ma rdsj b kkbrb ma `brej dlfbltrbkjmj jlta eåldebs aståeukbs aebfdbljkas b dlfkusb sdl ulj fjusj jpj-
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Al kjs axtraedmjmas supardbras, pärmdmj ma `uarzj al kj ejlb, qua sa ejld`dastj jk dldfdb pbr md`dfuktjm pjrj jirdr ulj pdlzj ma talmar kj rbpj, jirbfcjrsa kbs ibtblas ma kj fjedsj, b fbnar bigatbs. Fbl ealbr `rafualfdj tjeidäl puama ejld`astjrsa pbr maidkdmjm j ldvak eês prbxdejk qua prbvbfj md`dfuktjm pjrj kavjltjr pasbs b ejltalar kbs irjzbs axtalmdmbs. Al kjs axtraedmjmas dl`ardbras, maidkdmjm al ak pda. Kbs såltbejs eês prafbfas sbl kj depbsdidkdmjm pjrj axtalmar ak mamb nbrmb b ak pda fjåmb, qua puama fbepbrtjr tbrfamurjs rapatdmjs mak tbidkkb. Astj `brej ma dldfdb sa malbedlj fkêsdfjealta ‛psaumbpbkdlauråtdfj ―. Jk dnujk qua al kjs supardbras, tjeidäl puama dldfdjrsa pbr maidkdmjm j ldvak eês prbxdejk.
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Al fjiazj y fuakkb, kj maidkdmjm ma kbs e÷sfukbs ma kj kalnuj y ma kj `jrdlna mj kunjr j mdsjrtrdj y mds`blåj, fbl md`dfuktjm prbnrasdvj pjrj prblulfdjr pjkjirjs, aspafdjkealta kjs fblsbljltas kdlnujkas y pjkjtjkas. ]jeidäl, julqua ealbs `rafualta al kjs `jsas dldfdjkas, puama bfjsdbljr md`dfuktjmas pjrj kj mankufdöl (mds`jndj), aspafdjkealta ma kåqudmbs, kb qua puama prbvbfjr apdsbmdbs ma tbs pbr ak pjsb mak kåqudmb j kj trêquaj. Al ul 9% ma fjsbs sa dldfdj pbr såltbejs raspdrjtbrdbs, maidmbs j qua kj maidkdmjm eusfukjr j`aftj prafbzealta j kbs e÷sfukbs raspdrjtbrdbs, aspafdjkealta jk mdj`rjnej.
Ak mdjnlöstdfb ma AKJ raqudara kj jsbfdjfdöl ma sdnlbs ma laurblj ebtbrj supardbr a dl`ardbr. Vdl aeijrnb, jk dldfdb ma kj al`areamjm kbs sdnlbs ma ulj ma akkjs puamal astjr jusaltas. Astb cj kkavjmb j kj masfrdpfdöl ma mdstdltjs `brejs fkåldfjs al `ulfdöl ma kj saedbkbnåj prambedljlta7
@brej fkêsdfj ma AKJ.- Jsbfdj cjkkjznbs tåpdfbs ma laurblj ebtbrj fbrtdfjk y eamukjr8 suaka dldfdjrsa al axtraedmjmas supardbras y prbnrasjr al pbfb tdaepb cjfdj ak rastb ma kj eusfukjturj, dlfkudmj kj iukijr. Asfkarbsds kjtarjk prdejrdj.- Va ejld`dastj axfkusdvjealta pbr ul sålmrbea ma laurblj ebtbrj fbrtdfjk y ma sus våjs förtdfbaspdljk y iukijr8 kj suparvdvalfdj ma kbs j`aftjmbs suaka sar supardbr j kbs 1 júbs. Jedbtrb`dj aspdljk prbnrasdvj Jedbtrb`dj prbnrasdvj (jtrb`dj eusfukjr eusfukjr prdejrdj). prdejrdj).- Va ejld`dastj pbr sdnlbs ma laurblj ebtbrj eamukjr, kbs sdnlbs ma laurblj ebtbrj supardbr astêl jusaltas. Vu prbnrasdöl suaka sar eês kaltj. Al astj `brej cjy qua pkjltajrsa sdaepra ak mdjnlöstdfb md`aralfdjk fbl kjs jedbtrb`djs aspdljkas caramdtjrdjs y laurbpjtåjs ebtbrjs fbl ikbquabs ma fblmuffdöl.
Ak mdjnlöstdfb ma kj al`areamjm as prdlfdpjkealta fkåldfb y tjeidäl akaftrb`dsdbköndfb.
AVFKAYBVDV EQK]D_KA
Kj Asfkarbsds E÷ktdpka (fbl sdnkjs AE al aspjúbk y EV al dlnkäs, ma Euktdpka Vfkarbsds) as ulj al`areamjm fröldfj mak sdstaej larvdbsb faltrjk (farairb y eämukj). J`aftj fbl `rafualfdj j parsbljs gövalas. Kjs pkjfjs fjrjftaråstdfjs ma kj AE astêl `brejmjs pbr kasdblas dl`kjejtbrdjs y pbr êrajs ma pärmdmj jxbljk y edakdlj. As ulj fblmdfdöl depravdsdika, qua puama sar rakjtdvjealta kava, dlfjpjfdtjlta b mavjstjmbrj. Ma astj `brej, jknuljs parsbljs qua tdalal AE puamal varsa j`aftjmjs ma `brej kdnarj, edaltrjs qua btrjs puamal parmar kj fjpjfdmjm ma asfrdidr, cjikjr b fjedljr. lb sa fblbfa fbl matjkka kj fjusj ma kj al`areamjm, julqua sa fblsdmarj ulj al`areamjm jutbdleula . Kj al`areamjm sa ejld`dastj al : ma fjmj 9??? dlmdvdmubs qua pjsjl kj prdearj mäfjmj ma su vdmj al fkdejs taepkjmbs, parb sbkjealta al : ma fjmj :???? ma kbs ljfdmbs al kbs tröpdfbs.
_YAVAL]JFDÖL FKÅLDFJ.
Kj asfkarbsds e÷ktdpka sdnua ul fursb vjrdjmb a depramafdika. Kj al`areamjm sa dldfdj al eufcbs fjsbs fbl såltbejs jdskjmbs sanudmbs ma easas b júbs sdl kj prasaltjfdöl ma eês såltbejs. Al btrbs aepabrjl y sa nalarjkdzjl jk fjib ma saejljs b easas. Astbs puamal jfaltujrsa maidmb jk axfasb ma fjkbr (pbr ul fkdej euy fêkdmb b kbs ijúbs b mufcjs fjkdaltas) b dlfkusb pbr ulj `daira. J eamdmj qua kbs irbtas sa cjfal eês `rafualtas, kj dlfjpjfdmjm aepabrj y puama vbkvarsa parejlalta. J pasjr ma kj mdsfjpjfdmjm, kj ejybråj ma parsbljs fbl asfkarbsds e÷ktdpka tdala ulj axpaftjtdvj ma vdmj lbrejk.
MDJNLÖV]DFB.
Kbs eämdfbs fblsdmarjl kj pbsdidkdmjm ma ulj asfkarbsds e÷ktdpka al parsbljs gövalas qua masjrrbkkjl såltbejs al mdstdltjs pjrtas mak fuarpb, ma `brej rapaltdlj, fbeb vdsdöl ibrrbsj, vdsdöl mbika b jktarjfdblas ebtbrjs b salsdtdvjs. Ak pjtröl ma raedsdblas y axjfarijfdblas puama fbl`drejr ak mdjnlöstdfb. Al fjsb ma qua ak eämdfb sbspafca asfkarbsds e÷ktdpka, kkavj j fjib ulj axcjustdvj axpkbrjfdöl mak sdstaej larvdbsb fbeb pjrta ma kj axpkbrjfdöl nalarjk. Kbs sdnlbs qua malbtjl ul `ulfdbljedaltb dljmafujmb mak sdstaej larvdbsb sbl kbs ebvdedaltbs bfukjras dlfbbrmdljmbs, kj maidkdmjm eusfukjr b kbs altueafdedaltbs al mdstdltjs pjrtas mak fuarpb. Btrbs cjkkjznbs fbeb kj dl`kjejfdöl mak larvdb öptdfb y ak cafcb ma qua kbs såltbejs jpjrazfjl y masjpjrazfjl, paredta astjikafar ak mdjnlöstdfb fbl ijstjlta `djidkdmjm. Ldlnulj pruaij al så as mdjnlöstdfj, parb jknuljs pruaijs ma kjibrjtbrdb suakal mdstdlnudr altra kj asfkarbsds e÷ktdpka y btrjs al`areamjmas fbl trjstbrlbs sdedkjras. Ak eämdfb puama axtrjar ulj euastrj ma kåqudmb fa`jkbrrjquåmab eamdjlta ulj pulfdöl kueijr. Al parsbljs fbl asfkarbsds e÷ktdpka, kbs vjkbras ma nköiukbs ikjlfbs y prbtaåljs al ak kåqudmb sbl kdnarjealta supardbras j kbs lbrejkas8 puama cjiar tjeidäl ul juealtb ma kj fblfaltrjfdöl ma jltdfuarpbs y, al ak 4? pbr fdaltb ma kbs j`aftjmbs ma AE, sa alfualtrjl tdpbs aspafå`dfbs ma jltdfuarpbs y ma btrjs sustjlfdjs. •
Amjm ma Jpkdfjfdöl7 sa jfaptj altra :? y 14 júbs.
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Irbta b rafjåmj7 såltbejs b sdnlbs ma mds`ulfdùl laurbköndfj fbl b sdl fbl`drejfdöl bigatdvj qua murjl eês ma 9= cbrjs. Våltbejs pjrbxåstdfbs qua rafurral murjlta måjs b saejljs. •
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Avdmalfdj fkåldfj ma kasdöl7 jpjrdfdöl ma sdnlbs jlbrejkas murjlta kj axpkbrjfdöl laurbköndfj. Avdmalfdj pjrjfkåldfj ma kasdöl7 jktarjfdblas laurbköndfjs avdmalfdjmjs eamdjlta axpkbrjfdblas fbepkaealtjrdjs (rasbljlfdj ejnlätdfj, pbtalfdjkas avbfjmbs). Yaedsdöl7 eagbråj ma kbs såltbejs. Va fblsdmarj sdnld`dfjtdvj jk fjib ma ul eas. Kasdblas sapjrjmjs7 sdnlbs y såltbejs qua lb puamal sa axpkdfjmbs pbr ulj ÷ldfj kasdöl mak Vdstaej Larvdbsb Faltrjk. Jpbyb ma kjibrj kjibrjtbrdb7 tbrdb7 astumdb ma ijlmjs bkdnbfkbljkas. Dlfraealtb ma kj prbmu prbmufffdöl ma DnN.
IDIKDBNYJ@ÅJ. cps7//www.unr.as/~satfcd/m cps7//www.unr.as/ ~satfcd/mbfs/ejrdjlnak bfs/ejrdjlnakas/luearb9.pm` as/luearb9.pm` cp7//www.jfefi.as/kas/=91-664:-MBFQEAL]/Kku`rdu ->:-:3Jirdk:9.pm` cps7//jmakjwai.brn/wp-fbltalt/upkb fbltalt/upkbjms/9?:=/:9/ jms/9?:=/:9/AKJRkjRal`are AKJRkjRal`areamjm.pm` amjm.pm`
N. @ukkar. (9?:6). Axpkbrjfdöl laurbköndfj `jfdk. QH7 Aksauvdar Jkkjl C. Ybppar, Ejrtdl J. Vjeuaks. (9?:9). _rdlfdpdbs ma laurbkbnåj. Eäxdfb,
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