Escalas

s•Cabo t

Bo

oks•Cabot

THE MUSICIAN’S WORKBOOK V Scales & Glossary

Compiled by Tobe A. Richards

Bo

oks•Cabot

CB

oks•Cabot

Series

ok Bo

Bo

From the:

SCALE

THE INTERVALS

Aeolian (AKA Natural Minor Scale)

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • b7 (C • D • Eb • F • G • Ab • Bb)

Algerian

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • #4 • 5 • b6 • 7 (C • D • Eb • F • F# • G • Ab • B)

Altered

1 • b2 • b3 • b4 • b5 • b6 • b7 (C • Db • Eb • E • Gb • Ab • Bb)

Arabian (Version 1)

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • #4 • #5 • 6 • 7 (C • D • Eb • F • F# • G# • A • B)

Arabian (Version 2)

1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • #4 • #5 • b7 (C • D • E • F • F# • G# • Bb)

Arabian (Version 3)

1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • b5 • b6 • b7 (C • D • E • F • Gb • Ab • Bb)

Augmented

1 • #2 • 3 • #4 • #5 • 7 (C • D# • E • F# • G# • B)

Auxiliary Augmented

1 • 2 • 3 • #4 • #5 • #6 (C • D • E • F# • G# • A#)

Auxiliary Diminished

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • #4 • #5 • 6 • 7 (C • D • Eb • F • F# • G# • A • B)

Auxiliary Diminished Blues

1 • b2 • b3 • 3 • b5 • 5 • 6 • b7 (C • Db • Eb • E • Gb • G • A • Bb)

Balinese

1 • b2 • b3 • 5 • b6 (C • Db • Eb • G • Ab)

Blues

1 • b3 • 4 • #4 • 5 • b7 (C • Eb • F • F# • G • Bb)

Blues

1 • b3 • 4 • b5 • 5 • b7 (C • Eb • F • Gb • G • Bb)

Byzantine

1 • b2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • 7 (C • Db • E • F • G • Ab • B)

Chinese

1 • 3 • #4 • 5 • 7 (C • E • F# • G • B)

Chinese Mongolian

1•2•3•5•6 (C • D • E • G • A)

Chromatic

1 • b2 • 2 • b3 • 3 • 4 • b5 • 5 • b6 • 6 • b7 • 7 (C • Db • D • Eb • E • F • Gb • G • Ab • A • Bb • B)

Diatonic

1•2•3•5•6 (C • D • E • G • A)

Diminished

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • b5 • b6 • 6 • 7 (C • D • Eb • F • Gb • Ab • A • B)

Diminished - Half

1 • b2 • b3 • 3 • b5 • 5 • 6 • b7 (C • Db • Eb • E • Gb • G • A • Bb)

Diminished - Whole

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • b5 • b6 • 6 • 7 (C • D • Eb • F • Gb • Ab • A • B)

Diminished - Whole Tone

1 • b2 • b3 • 3 • b5 • b6 • b7 (C • Db • Eb • E • Gb • Ab • Bb)

Dominant Bebop

1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • b7 • 7 (C • D • E • F • G • A • Bb • B)

Dominant Seventh

1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • b7 (C • D • E • F • G • A • Bb)

Dorian

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • b7 (C • D • Eb • F • G • A • Bb)

Dorian (Flattened Second)

1 • b2 • b3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • b7 (C • Db • Eb • F • G • A • Bb)

Dorian Blues

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • b5 • 5 • 6 • b7 (C • D • Eb • F • Gb • G • A • Bb)

Double Harmonic

1 • b2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • 7 (C • Db • E • F • G • Ab • B)

Egyptian

1 • 2 • 4 • 5 • b7 (C • D • F • G • Bb)

Eight Tone Spanish

1 • b2 • #2 • 3 • 4 • b5 • b6 • b7 (C • Db • D# • E • F • Gb • Ab • Bb)

Enigmatic

1 • b2 • 3 • #4 • #5 • #6 • 7 (C • Db • E • F# • G# • A# • B)

Ethiopian ( A raray)

1•2•3•4•5•6•7 (C • D • E • F • G • A • B)

Ethiopian ( Geez and Ezel)

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • b7 (C • D Eb • F • G • Ab • Bb)

Half-Step Whole Step Diminished

1 • b2 • b3 • 3 • #4 • 5 • 6 • b7 (C • Db • Eb • E • F# • G • A • Bb)

Half-Whole Diminished

1 • b2 • b3 • 3 • b5 • 5 • 6 • b7 (C • Db • Eb • E • Gb • G • A • Bb)

Harmonic Minor

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • 7 (C • D • Eb • F • G • Ab • B)

Hawaiian

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 (C • D • Eb • F • G • A • B)

Hindu

1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • b7 (C • D • E • F • G • Ab • Bb)

Hindustan

1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • b7 (C • D • E • F • G • Ab • Bb)

Hirajoshi

1 • 2 • b3 • 5 • b6 (C • D • Eb • G Ab)

Hungarian Gypsy

1 • 2 • b3 • #4 • 5 • b6 • 7 (C • D • Eb • F# • G • Ab • B)

Hungarian Gypsy Persian

1 • b2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • 7 (C • Db • E • F • G • Ab • B)

Hungarian Major

1 • #2 • 3 • #4 • 5 • 6 • b7 (C • D# • E • F# • G • A • Bb)

Hungarian Minor

1 • 2 • b3 • #4 • 5 • b6 • 7 (C • D • Eb • F# • G • Ab • B)

Ionian (AKA Major Scale)

1•2•3•4•5•6•7 (C • D • E • F • G • A • B)

Japanese (In Sen)

1 • b2 • 4 • 5 • b7 (C • Db • F • G • Bb)

Japanese (Taishikicho)

1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • #4 • 5 • 6 • #6 • 7 (C • D • E • F • F# • G • A • A# • B)

Japanese (Tchikosucho)

1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • #4 • 5 • 6 • 7 (C • D • E • F • F# • G • A • B)

Japanese (Version 1)

1 • b2 • 4 • 5 • b6 (C • Db • F • G • Ab)

Japanese (Version 2)

1 • 2 • 4 • 5 • b6 (C • D • F • G • Ab)

Javaneese

1 • b2 • b3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • b7 (C • Db • Eb • F • G • A • Bb)

Jewish (Adonai Malakh)

1 • b2 • 2 • b3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • b7 (C • Db • D • Eb • F • G • A • Bb)

Jewish (Ahaba Rabba)

1 • b2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • b7 (C • Db • E • F • G • Ab • Bb)

Jewish (Magen Abot)

1 • b2 • #2 • 3 • #4 • #5 • #6 • 7 (C • Db • D# • E • F# • G# • A# • B)

Kumoi

1 • 2 • b3 • 5 • 6 (C • D • Eb • G • A)

Leading Whole Tone

1 • 2 • 3 • #4 • #5 • #6 • 7 (C • D • E • F# • G# • A# • B)

Locrian

1 • b2 • b3 • 4 • b5 • b6 • b7 (C • Db • Eb • F • Gb • Ab • Bb)

Locrian - Half Diminished (Version 1)

1 • b2 • b3 • 4 • b5 • b6 • b7 (C • Db • Eb • F • Gb • Ab • Bb)

Locrian - Half Diminished (Version 2)

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • b5 • b6 • b7 (C • D • Eb • F • Gb • Ab • Bb)

Lydian

1 • 2 • 3 • #4 • 5 • 6 • 7 (C • D • E • F# • G • A • B)

Lydian Augmented

1 • 2 • 3 • #4 • #5 • 6 • 7 (C • D • E • F# • G# • A • B)

Lydian Diminished

1 • 2 • b3 • #4 • 5 • 6 • 7 (C • D • Eb • F# • G • A • B)

Lydian Minor

1 • 2 • 3 • #4 • 5 • b6 • b7 (C • D • E • F# • G • Ab • Bb)

Major (AKA Ionian Scale)

1•2•3•4•5•6•7 (C • D • E • F • G • A • B)

Major Bebop

1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • 6 • 7 (C • D • E • F • G • Ab • A • B)

Major Locrian

1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • b5 • b6 • b7 (C • D • E • F • Gb • Bb)

Melodic Minor (Ascending)

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 (C • D • Eb • F • G • A • B)

Melodic Minor (Descending)

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • b7 (C • D • Eb • F • G • Ab • Bb)

Mixo-Blues

1 • 2 • b3 • 3 • 4 • b5 • 5 • 6 • b7 (C • D • Eb • E • F • Gb • G • A • Bb)

Mixolydian

1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • b7 (C • D • E • F • G • A • Bb)

Mixolydian Flattened Sixth

1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • b7 (C • D • E • F • G • Ab • Bb)

Mohammedan

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • 7 (C • D • Eb • F • G • Ab • B)

Natural Minor (AKA Aeolian Scale)

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • b7 (C • D • Eb • F • G • Ab • Bb)

Neopolitan

1 • b2 • b3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • 7 (C • Db • Eb • F • G • Ab • B)

Neopolitan Major

1 • b2 • b3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 (C • Db • Eb • F • G • A • B)

Neopolitan Minor

1 • b2 • b3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • b7 (C • Db • Eb • F • G • Ab • Bb)

Nine Tone Scale

1 • 2 • #2 • 3 • #4 • 5 • #5 • 6 • 7 (C • D • D # • E • F# • G • G# • A • B)

Octatonic (Half-Whole)

1 • b2 • b3 • 3 • b5 • 5 • 6 • b7 (C • Db • Eb • E • Gb • G • A • Bb)

Octatonic (Whole-Half)

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • b5 • b6 • 6 • 7 (C • D • Eb • F • Gb • Ab • A • B)

Oriental ( Version 1)

1 • b2 • 3 • 4 • b5 • b6 • b7 (C • Db • E • F • Gb • Ab • Bb)

Oriental (Version 2)

1 • b2 • 3 • 4 • b5 • 6 • b7 (C • Db • E • F • Gb • A • Bb)

Overtone

1 • 2 • 3 • #4 • 5 • 6 • b7 (C • D • E • F# • G • A • Bb)

Overtone Dominant

1 • 2 • 3 • #4 • 5 • 6 • b7 (C • D • E • F# • G • A • Bb)

Pelog

1 • b2 • b3 • 5 • b6 (C • Db • Eb • G • Ab)

Pentatonic (Neutral)

1 • 2 • 4 • 5 • b7 (C • D • F • G • Bb)

Pentatonic Blues

1 • b3 • 4 • b5 • 5 • b7 (C • Eb • F • Gb • G • Bb)

Pentatonic Major

1•2•3•5•6 (C • D • E • G • A)

Pentatonic Minor

1 • b3 • 4 • 5 • b7 (C • Eb • F • G • Bb)

Persian

1 • b2 • 3 • 4 • b5 • b6 • 7 (C • Db • E • F • Gb • Ab • B)

Phrygian

1 • b2 • b3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • b7 (C • Db • Eb • F • G • Ab • Ab)

Prometheus

1 • 2 • 3 • b5 • 6 • b7 (C • D • E • Gb • A • Bb)

Prometheus Neopolitan

1 • b2 • 3 • b5 • 6 • b7 (C • Db • E • Gb • A • Bb)

Romanian Minor

1 • 2 • b3 • #4 • 5 • 6 • b7 (C • D • Eb • F# • G • A • Bb)

Six Tone Symmetrical

1 • b2 • 3 • 4 • #5 • 6 (C • Db • E • F • G# • A)

Spanish Gypsy

1 • b2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • b6 • b7 (C • Db • E • F • G • Ab • Bb)

Super Locrian

1 • b2 • #2 • 3 • #4 • #5 • b7 (C • Db • D# • E • F# • G# • Bb)

Whole Tone

1 • 2 • 3 • #4 • #5 • b7 (C • D • E • F# • G# • Bb)

Whole-Half Diminished

1 • 2 • b3 • 4 • b5 • b6 • 6 • 7 (C • D • Eb • F • Gb • Ab • A • B)

CHORD

THE NOTES

THE INTERVALS

The 73 examples given below use the key of C as an example, but they can be easily transposed into a different key using one of the transposition wheels supplied with this e-book. When a chord is transposed, the relationship between the intervals remains constant.

Two Note Chords C4 C5 (Power Chord)

C•F C•G

Three Note Chords (Triads) C (Major) Cm C-5 Cº C+ Csus2 Csus4

Four Note Chords Cadd9 Cadd11 Cº7 Csus4add9 C6 C6+11 (no 3rd) Cmadd9 Cm6 Cm(maj7) C7 C7-5 C7+5 C7sus2 C7sus4 Cm7 Cm7-5 Cmaj7 Cmaj7-5 Cmaj7+5

Five Note Chords Cadd9/11 C6add9 Cm6add9 Cm(maj9) C7add11 C7add13 C7-5-9

(1 • 4) (1 • 5)

C•E•G C • Eb • G C • E • Gb C • Eb • Gb C • E • G# C•D•G C•F•G

(1 • 3 • 5) (1 • b3 • 5) (1 • 3 • b5) (1 • b3 • b5) (1 • 3 • #5) (1 • 2 • 5) (1 • 4 • 5)

C•E•G•D C•E•G•F C • Eb • Gb • Bbb C•F•G•D C•E•G•A C • G • A • Gb C • Eb • G • D C • Eb • G • A C • Eb • G • B C • E • G • Bb C • E • Gb • Bb C • E • G# • Bb C • D • G • Bb C • F • G • Bb C • Eb • G • Bb C • Eb • Gb • Bb C•E•G•B C • E • Gb • B C • E • G# • B

(1 • 3 • 5 • 9) (1 • 3 • 5 • 11) (1 • b3 • b5 • bb7) (1 • 4 • 5 • 9) (1 • 3 • 5 • 6) (1 • 5 • 6 • #11) (1 • b3 • 5 • 9) (1 • b3 • 5 • 6) (1 • b3 • 5 • 7) (1 • 3 • 5 • b7) (1 • 3 • b5 • b7) (1 • 3 • #5 • b7) (1 • 2 • 5 • b7) (1 • 4 • 5 • b7) (1 • b3 • 5 • b7) (1 • b3 • b5 • b7) (1 • 3 • 5 • 7) (1 • 3 • b5 • 7) (1 • 3 • #5 • 7)

C•E•G•D•F C• E• G• A• D C • Eb • G • A • D C • Eb • G • B • D C • E • G • Bb • F C • E • G • Bb • A C • E • Gb • Bb • Db

(1 • 3 • 5 • 9 • 11) (1 • 3 • 5 • 6 • 9) (1 • b3 • 5 • 6 • 9) (1 • b3 • 5 • 7 • 9) (1 • 3 • 5 • b7 • 11) (1 • 3 • 5 • b7 • 13) (1 • 3 • b5 • b7 • b9)

C7-5+9 C7+5-9 C7+5+9 C7-9 C7+9 C7+11 C7-13 C7susb9 Cm7add11 Cm7-5-9 Cm7-9 C9 C9-5 C9+5 C9+11 C9sus4 Cm9 Cm9-5 Cmaj7+11 Cmaj9 Cmaj9-5 Cmaj9+5

Six Note Chords C9-13 Cmaj9add6 Cmaj9+11 C11 C11-9 Cm11 Cmaj11

Seven Note Chords C9+11-13 C13 C13+11 C13+9 C13-5-9 C13-9 C13sus4 Cm13 Cmaj13

C • E • Gb • Bb • D# C • E • G# • Bb • Db C • E • G# • Bb • D# C • E • G • Bb • Db C • E • G • Bb • D# C • E • G • Bb • F# C • E • G • Bb • Ab C • F • G • Bb • Db C • Eb • G • Bb • F C • Eb • Gb • Bb • Db C • Eb • G • Bb • Db C • E • G • Bb • D C • E • Gb • Bb • D C • E • G# • Bb • D C • E • G • Bb • D • F# C • F • G • Bb • D C • Eb • G • Bb • D C • Eb • Gb • Bb • D C • E • G • B • F# C•E•G•B•D C • E • Gb • B • D C • E • G# • B • D

(1 • 3 • b5 • b7 • #9) (1 • 3 • #5 • b7 • b9) (1 • 3 • #5 • b7 • #9) (1 • 3 • 5 • b7 • b9) (1 • 3 • 5 • b7 • #9) (1 • 3 • 5 • b7 • #11) (1 • 3 • 5 • b7 • b13) (1 • 4 • 5 • b7 • b9) (1 • b3 • 5 • b7 • 11) (1 • b3 • b5 • b7 • b9) (1 • b3 • 5 • b7 • b9) (1 • 3 • 5 • b7 • 9) (1 • 3 • b5 • b7 • 9) (1 • 3 • #5 • b7 • 9) (1 • 3 • 5 • b7 • 9 • #11) (1 • 4 • 5 • b7 • 9) (1 • b3 • 5 • b7 • 9) (1 • b3 • b5 • b7 • 9) (1 • 3 • 5 • 7 • #11) (1 • 3 • 5 • 7 • 9) (1 • 3 • b5 • 7 • 9) (1 • 3 • #5 • 7 • 9)

C • E • G • Bb • D • Ab C• E• G• A• B• D C • E • G • B • D • F# C • E • G • Bb • D • F C • E • G • Bb • Db • F C • Eb • G • Bb • D • F C•E•G•B•D•F

(1 • 3 • 5 • b7 • 9 • b13) (1 • 3 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 9) (1 • 3 • 5 • 7 • 9 • #11) (1 • 3 • 5 • b7 • 9 • 11) (1 • 3 • 5 • b7 • b9 • 11) (1 • b3 • 5 • b7 • 9 • 11) (1 • 3 • 5 • 7 • 9 • 11)

C • E • G • Bb • D • F# • Ab C • E • G • Bb • D • F • A C • E • G • Bb • D • F# • A C • E • G • Bb • D# • F • A C • E • Gb • Bb • Db • F • A C • E • G • Bb • Db • F • A C • F • G • Bb • D • F • A C • Eb • G • Bb • D • F • A C•E•G•B•D•F•A

(1 • 3 • 5 • b7 • 9 • #11 • b13) (1 • 3 • 5 • b7 • 9 • 11 • 13) (1 • 3 • 5 • b7 • 9 • #11 • 13) (1 • 3 • 5 • b7 • #9 • 11 • 13) (1 • 3 • b5 • b7 • b9 • 11 • 13) (1 • 3 • 5 • b7 • b9 • 11 • 13) (1 • 4 • 5 • b7 • 9 • 11 • 13) (1 • b3 • 5 • b7 • 9 • 11 • 13) (1 • 3 • 5 • 7 • 9 • 11 • 13)

Notes Technically a chord must have three or more notes, but for the sake of this guide, the chords C4 and C5 are treated as two-note chords. Eleventh chords often omit the 3rd and thirteenth chords often omit the 11th.

FRETTED INSTRUMENT TUNINGS INSTRUMENT

ANDYLIN ARCH MANDORE ARCH MANDORE ARCHLUTE BAGLAMA - Greek BAJO QUINTO BAJO SEXTO BAJO SEXTO - Mexican BALALAIKA - Alto BALALAIKA - Bass BALALAIKA - Contrabass BALALAIKA - Piccolo BALALAIKA - Prima BANDOLA - Oriental BANDOLA - Columbian BANDOLA LLANERA BANDOLETA BANDOLIM BANDOLIN BANDOLINETA BANDOLONCELO BANDORA - 6 Course BANDORA - 7 Course BANDURRIA - Standard tuning BANDURRIA BANJO - Bass BANJO - 5-String Bluegrass BANJO - 5-String Standard C BANJO - 5-String Seeger Long Scale BANJO - 5-String A Scale Bluegrass BANJO - 5-String Pony Short Scale BANJO - Guitar BANJO - Guitar 12-String BANJO - Irish Tenor BANJO - Plectrum Standard BANJO - Plectrum Open G BANJO - Plectrum Chicago BANJO - 7-String BANJO - Tenor Jazz BANJOLIM BANJOLIN BANJO-UKULELE (or Banjolele) C6 BANJO-UKULELE (or Banjolele) D6 BASS GUITAR BASS GUITAR - 5-String BASS GUITAR - 6-String BASS GUITAR - 7-String

LOW TO HIGH TUNING

F•C•G•C C•G•C•G•C C•F•C•F•C F•G•A•B•C•D•E•F•G C•F•A •D•G D•A•D A•D•G•C•F E•A•D•G•C•F E•A•D•G•B•E E•E•A E•A•D E•A•D E•E•A E•E•A G•D•A•E F# • B • E • A • D • G A • D • F# • B G•D•A•E G•D•A•E G•C•E•A•E C•G•D•A G•D•A•E C•D•G•C•E•A G•C•D•G•C•E•A G# • C# • F# • B • E • A G•B•E•A•D•G E•A•D•G G•D•G•B•D G•C•G•B•D G • B • E • G# • B A • E • A • C# • E C•G•C•E•G E•A•D•G•B•E E•A•D•G•B•E G•D•A•E C•G•B•D D•G•B•D D•G•B•E G•G•C•D•G•B•D C•G•D•A G•D•A•E G•D•A•E G•C•E•A A • D • F# • B E•A•D•G B•E•A•D•G B•E•A•D•G•C B•E•A•D•G•C•F

COURSES Double Single Single

Single & Double Double Double Double Double Single Single Single Single Single Double Double Single Double Double Double Double Double Single Single Double Double Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Double Single Single Single Single Single Single Double Single Single Single Single Single Single Single

BASS GUITAR - 8-String BASS GUITAR - 12-String BIWA - 4-String Chikuzen BIWA - 5-String Chikuzen BIWA - Heike Tuning 1 BIWA - Heike Tuning 2 BIWA - Mekuraso 4 Bridge BIWA - Mekuraso 5 Bridge BIWA - Mekuraso 6 Bridge BIWA - Nishiki BIWA - Satsuma BIZZAR (or Guitar-Bouzouki) - Irish BIZZAR (or Guitar-Bouzouki) - Mandolin BORDONUA BOUZOUKI - Greek - 3-String BOUZOUKI - Greek - 4-String BOUZOUKI - Irish - Irish Tuning BOUZOUKI - Irish - Mandolin Tuning BOUZOUKI - Irish Bass BRAGUINHA CAVAQUINHO - Standard CAVAQUINHO CAVAQUINHO CAVAQUINHO CELLO - Fretted CETARONE - 7 course CETARONE - 5 course CETERA CHARANGO CHARANGO - Quircuincho CHARANGO - Ranka CHARANGON CHAR ANGON CHILLADOR CHIN CHIN (or qinqin) CHITARRA BATTENTE CITTERN - Celtic Long Scale - Irish CITTERN - Celtic Long Scale - Mandolin CITTERN - Celtic Longscale CITTERN - Celtic Short Scale CITTERN - Celtic Short Scale CITTERN - Celtic Short Scale CITTERN - Virchi (1574) CUATRO - Puerto Rican CUATRO - Venezuelan 4-String CUATRO - Venezuelan 5-String CUMBUS CYTOLE DAN TYBA DOBRO (or Resophonic) DOMRA - Alto 3-String

F# • B • E • A • D • G • C • F B•E•A•D•G•C B • E • F# • B E • B • E • F# • B A•C•E•A A • C# • E • A E•B•E•A B • E • F# • F# Bb • Eb • Bb • Bb C•G•C•G•G A•E•A•B G•D•A•D G•D•A•D A • D • F# • B • E D•A•D C•F•A•D G•D•A•D G•D•A•E D•A•E•A D•G•B•D D•G•B•D G•C•E•G G•G•B•D D•G•B•E C•G•D•A Eb • Bb • F • C • G • D • A E•B•G•D•E C•D•E•F•G•G•D•G G•C•E•A•E G•C•E•A•E G•C•G•A•D•G C•F•A•D•A D•G•B•E•B D•G•B•E•C

Single Double Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Double Double Double Double Double Double Double Double Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Double Double Double Single & Double Double Double Double

A•D•G•B•E D•G•D•A•D D•G•D•A•E E•A•E•A•E G•D•A•E•A G•D•A•D•A A•D•A•D•A D•F•B•G•D•E B•E•A•D•G A • D • F# • B A • A • D • F# • B A•B•E•A•D•G D•G•B•E G•C•D•G G•B•D•G•B•D E•A•D

Single or Dbl. Double Double Double Double Double Double Single Double Single Single Double Single Single Single Single

DOMRA - Alto 4-String DOMRA - Bass 3-String DOMRA - Bass 4-String DOMRA - Contrabass DOMRA - Mezzo-Soprano 3-String DOMRA - Piccolo 3-String DOMRA - Prima 3-String DOMRA - Prima 4-String DOMRA - Tenor 3-String DOMRA - Tenor 4-String DULCIMER - Mountain - Aeolian Mode DULCIMER - Mountain - Aeolian Mode DULCIMER - Mountain - Aeolian Mode DULCIMER - Mountain Baritone - Mixolydian DULCIMER - Mountain Bass - Mixolydian DULCIMER - Mountain - Chromatic DULCIMER - Mountain - Dorian Mode DULCIMER - Mountain - Dorian Mode DULCIMER - Mountain - Dorian Mode DULCIMER - Mountain - Dorian of A Mode DULCIMER - Mountain - Ionian DULCIMER - Mountain - Ionian DULCIMER - Mountain - Ionian 4-string DULCIMER - Mountain - Ionian of C Mode DULCIMER - Mountain - Ionian (Reverse) DULCIMER - Mountain - Jazz DULCIMER - Mountain - Jazz DULCIMER - Mountain - Locrian Mode DULCIMER - Mountain - Lydian Mode DULCIMER - Mountain - Lydian Mode DULCIMER - Mountain - Lydian Mode DULCIMER - Mountain - Mixolydian Mode DULCIMER - Mountain - Mixolydian Mode DULCIMER - Mountain - Mixolydian Mode DULCIMER - Mountain - Mixolydian of A DULCIMER - Mountain - Phrygian Mode DULCIMER - Mountain - Phrygian Mode DULCIMER - Mountain - Phrygian Mode ENGLISH GUITTAR (or English Guitar) GHITA (or Dan Ghita, Luc Huyen Cam) GUITAR - Baritone - 5th Below Standard GUITAR - Baritone - 4th Below Standard GUITAR - Blues GUITAR - Classical 10-String GUITAR - Classical 10-String Lute Style GUITAR - ‘DADGAD’ GUITAR - Double Drop D GUITAR - Drop D GUITAR - Lute

C•G•D•A E•A•D C•G•D•A E•A•D•G B•E•A B•E•A E•A•D G•D•A•E B•E•A G•D•A•E C•A•D Bb • G • C G•E•A A•E•A D•A•D D • F# • A • D G•A•D F•G•C A•B•E D•A•A A•A•D G•G•C D•D•D•G G•E•C D•G•D DG • A • D DG • G • D A • G# • C# D•G•C C • F • Bb E•A•D A•E•A D•A•D G•D•G A•A•A Bb • D • G F•A•D Eb • G • C C•E•G•C•E•G C•F•C•G•C A•D•G•C•E•A B • E • A • D • F# • B E•A•D•G•C•F F# • G# • Bb • C • E • A • D•G•B•E A•B•C•D•E•A•D• G•B•E D•A•D•G•A•D D•A•D•G•B•D D•A•D•G•B•E E • A • D • F# • B • E

Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Single & Double Double Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single

GUITAR - Mid 1500’s - 5-String GUITAR - Mid 1500’s - 5-String GUITAR - Mid 1500’s - 4-String GUITAR - Octave GUITAR - Open A GUITAR - Open A Minor GUITAR - Open Bb GUITAR - Open C GUITAR - Open D GUITAR - Open D Minor GUITAR - Open E GUITAR - Open F GUITAR - Open G GUITAR - Raga GUITAR - Rev. Gary Davis Bottleneck GUITAR - 7-String GUITAR - 7-String Russian GUITAR - Skip James Open E Minor GUITAR - Stephen Stills D GUITAR - Standard Tuning GUITAR - Tenor GUITAR - Tenor Irish GUITAR - Tenor Irish - Irish Tuning GUITAR - Terz GUITAR - 12-String GUITARRA COLORADA GUITARRA DE GOLPE GUITARRA DE SON GUITARRA DE SON GUITARRA DE SON GUITARRO GUITARRÓN GUITARRÓN CHILENO GUITTERN HALSZITHER HUAPANGUERA HUMMEL JARANA HUASTECA JARANA HUASTECA JARANA JAROCHA JARANA MOSQUITO JARANA PRIMERA JARANA SEGUNDA JARANA TERCERA KABOSI KOBZA (or Cobza) - 4-String LAOUTO (or Laghouto) LAUD - Bass LAUD - Contralto LAUD - Laudon (or Big Laud)

D•D•G•B•E A•D•G•B•E D•G•B•E E•A•D•G•B•E E • A • E • A • C# • E E•A•E•A•C•E D • Bb • D • F • Bb • D C•G•C•G•C•E D • A • D • F# • A • D D • A • D • F# • A • D E • B • E • G# • B • E F•A•C•A•C•F D•G•D•G•B•D D•A•D•A•A•D D • A • D • F# • A • B B•E•A•D•G•B•E D•G•B•D•G•B•D E•B•E•G•B•E E•A•D•G•B•E E•A•D•G•B•E C•G•D•A G•D•A•E G•D•A•D G • C • F • Bb • D • G E•A•D•G•B•E D•G•C•E•A D•G•C•E•A G•A•D•G C•D•G•C A•B•E•A B • F# • D • A • E A•D•G•C•E•A F# • A • D • G • C • E • A • G•B A•D•G•B•E G•D•G•B•D G•D•G•B•E F•F•C•C•C•B G•D•G•B•E G • B • D • F# • A A•D•G•B•E D•G•B•E•C D•G•B•E•C G•A•E•C•G A•D•G•B•E D•G•G•A D•A•D•G C•G•D•A E•A•D•G G • C# • F# • B • E • A C • F# • B • E • A • D • G

Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Double Single Single Single Single Single Single & Double Single Single, Triple & Quadruple Single Double Single Single & Double Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Double Single Double Single Double Single & Double

LAUD - Filipino Tuning LAUD - Tenor Standard Spanish Tuning LAUD - Tenor Standard Tuning LAVTA LEON LIUQIN LUTE - 6-Course Accord Nouveau 17th C. LUTE - 6-Course Flat Tuning LUTE - 6-Course New Alto (Virdung 1500) LUTE - 8-Course New Descant LUTE - 8-Course Old Descant MANDOBASS MANDOCELLO MANDOLA - Tenor MANDOLIN MANDOLIN - Banjo MANDOLIN - 5-String/5-Course MANDOLIN - Guitar MANDOLIN - Guitar 12-String MANDOLIN - Octave (or Octave Mandola) MANDOLIN - Piccolo MANDOLINO LOMBARDO MANDORA - 5-Course MANDORA - 5-Course MANDORA - 4-Course MANDRIOLA MAULINCHO (or Walaycho) MEJORANA MEJORANA OCTAVINA ORPHARION PANDURINA PIPA PORTUGUESE GUITARRA - de Coimbra PORTUGUESE GUITARRA - de Lisboa PORTUGUESE GUITARRA - de Senhora PORTUGUESE GUITARRA - de Severa RAFFELE RAJÃO RAJÃO RAMKIE REQUINTO REQUINTO - Long Scale REQUINTO JAROCHO REQUINTO JAROCHO REQUINTO JAROCHO RONROCO (or Ronrroco) RUAN - Alto RUAN - Alto - Fifths RUAN - Bass (or Da-Ruan) RUAN - Bass (or Da-Ruan) - Fifths

F# • B • E • A • D • G G# • C# • F# • B • E • A A • D • G • C • F • Bb C•G•D•A G•A•D•G G•D•G•D A•D•F•A•D•F G • C • F • Ab • C • Eb G•C•F•A•D•G E# • B • A • D • G • C# • E • A E# • B • A • D • G • C# • E# • A E•A•D•G C•G•D•A C•G•D•A G•D•A•E G•D•A•E C•G•D•A•E E•A•D•G•B•E E•A•D•G•B•E G•D•A•E C•G•D•A G•B•E•A•D•G C•G•C•G•C C•F•C•F•C G•D•G•D G•D•A•E D•G•B•E•B D•A•A•B•E D•G•G•B•E F# • B • E • A • D • G G•C•F•A•D•G G•D•G•D A•D•E•A C•G•A•D•G•A D•A•B•E•A•B D•A•B•E•A•B D•A•B•E•A•B A•A•D E • A • D • F# • B D•G•C•E•A C•F•A•C A•D•G•C•E•A G • C • F • Bb • D • G G•A•D•G C•D•G•C A•D•G•C G•C•E•A•E A•D•A•D G•D•A•E A•D•A•D G•D•A•E

Double Double Double Double Single Single Double Double Double Double Double Single Double Double Double Double Single or Dbl. Single Double Double Double Single Double Double Double Triple Double Single Single Single & Double Double Double Single Double Double Double Double Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Double Single Single Single Single

RUAN - Soprano RUAN - Tenor RUAN - Tenor - Fifths SAZ - Baglama SAZ - Bozuk SAZ - Cura SAZ - Cura Baglama (or Tambura) SAZ - Divan SAZ - Meydan SAZ SAZ SAZ SAZ SAZ SEIS - Puerto Rican SEIS - Venezuelan SITAR SOCAVON (or Bocona) STEEL GUITAR - 8-String A6 STEEL GUITAR - Hawaiian 8-String STEEL GUITAR - Hawaiian 7-String STEEL GUITAR - Hawaiian 6-String STEEL GUITAR - Hawaiian 6-String STEEL GUITAR - Hawaiian 6-String STEEL GUITAR - 6-String E7th STEEL GUITAR - 6-String E7th STRUMSTICK STRUMSTICK - Alto STRUMSTICK - Alto STRUMSTICK - Chromatic 3-String STRUMSTICK - Chromatic 4-String STRUMSTICK - Grand STRUMSTICK - Grand STRUMSTICK - Grand STRUMSTICK - Long Scale STRUMSTICK - Ukulele TAMBURA - Bulgarian TAMBURITZA - Berde TAMBURITZA - Brac (or Basprim) TAMBURITZA - Bugarija (or Kontra) TAMBURITZA - Celo TAMBURITZA - Prim (or Bisernica) TAR - Persian or Modern Iranian TAR - Persian or Modern Iranian TARO PATCH (or Taropatch) THEORBO TIMPLE - 4-String TIMPLE - 5-String TIPLE - Argentine TIPLE - Chilean

G•D•A•E D•A•D•A C•G•D•A G•D•A

Single Single Single Double

G•D•A C•G•C E•D•A D•G•C C•F•C F# • B • E • A • D • G D•F•C•E•A•D C•C•G•C•G•C•F G•D•A•B F# • A • C# • E • F# • A • C# • E E • F# • A • C# • E • A • C# C • E • A • E •A • C# • E E • A • E • A • C# • E G•B•D•G•B•D G • B • D • F# • B • D B • D • E • G# • B • E E • D • D • G# • B • E G•D•G C•G•C A•E•A C•G•C C•G•D•A D•A•D C•G•C E•A•E C•G•C G•C•E•A D•G•B•E E•A•D•G E•A•D•G G•B•D•G E•A•D•G E•A•D•G D•A•D C•G•C G•C•E•A F•G•A•B•C•D•E•F• G•C•F•A•D•G C•E•A•D G•C•E•A•D G•A•D•G•B•E D•G•B•E

Double Double Double Double Double Double Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Double Single Single Single & Double Single Single Double Double Double Single & Double Single Single Double Triple

TIPLE - Colombian TIPLE - Martin TIPLE - Venezuelan TIPLE DOLIENTE TRES CUBANO - Open C TRES CUBANO - Open D TRES CUBANO - Open E Minor TRES CUBANO - Open D Minor TRICORDIA UKULELE - Akulele Sopranino UKULELE - Akulele Soprano UKULELE - Baritone UKULELE - Concert UKULELE - Soprano C6 UKULELE - Soprano D6 UKULELE - Tenor VIHUELA VIHUELA DE MANO VIHUELA DE MANO VIOLA - Fretted VIOLA AMARANTINA VIOLA BEIROA VIOLA CAIPIRA VIOLA CAMPANIÇA VIOLA DA GAMBA - Bass VIOLA DA GAMBA - Pardessus VIOLA DA GAMBA - Tenor VIOLA DA GAMBA - Treble VIOLA DA MADEIRA (or Viola de Arame) VIOLA DA TERRA VIOLA DE ARAME (or Viola da Madeira) VIOLA DE BRAGUESA (or Braguesa Guitar) VIOLA DE BRAGUESA - alternative VIOLA DE BRAGUESA - alternative VIOLA DE BRAGUESA - alternative VIOLA DE COCHO VIOLA DE COCHO VIOLA DE COCHO VIOLA DE TERCEIRA - 15-String VIOLA DE TERCEIRA - 18-String VIOLA DE DIZ CORDAS (or 10-Sting Gtr.) VIOLA SERTANEJA VIOLA TOEIRA - 12-String VIOLA TOEIRA - 15-String VIOLÃO (or Viola Francesa) VIOLÃO - Brazil VIOLÃO DE SETE CORDAS VIOLIN - Fretted WALAYCHO (or Hualaycho, Waylacho) WALDZITHER - Octave Higher Open G WALDZITHER - Open G

D•G•B•E A • D • F# • B D•G•B•E E•A•D•G•C G•C•E A • D • F# G•B•E F•D•A G•D•A•E D•G•B•E G•C•E•A D•G•B•E G•C•E•A G•C•E•A A • D • F# • B G•C•E•A A•D•G•B•E G•C•F•A•D•G C • F • Bb • A • D • G C•G•D•A D•A•B•E•A D•A•D•G•B•D A • D • F# • A • D C•F•C•E•G D•G•C•E•A G•C•E•A•D•G G•C•F•A•D•G D•G•C•E•A•D G•D•G•B•D A•D•G•B•D G•D•G•B•D C•G•A•D•G A•D•G•B•E D•A•B•E•A E•A•D•G•B D•A•B•E•A G•D•E•A•D G•C•E•A•D E•A•D•G•B•E E•A•D•G•B•E D•G•B•E A • D • F# • A • D A•D•G•B•E A•D•G•B•E E•A•D•G•B•E A•D•G•B•E B•E•A•D•G•B•E G•D•A•E D•G•B•E•B G•D•G•B•D G•D•G•B•D

Triple Double & Triple Triple Single Double Double Double Double Triple Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Double Double Double Double Single Single Single Single Single & Double Double & Triple Single & Double Double Double Double Double Single Single Single Double & Triple Double & Triple Double Double Double & Triple Double & Triple Single Single Single Single Double Single & Double Single & Double

WALDZITHER - Standard Open C YUEQIN

C•G•C•E•G G•D•G•D

Single & Double Single or Dbl.

FRETLESS INSTRUMENT TUNINGS INSTRUMENT

DOUBLE BASS CELLO (or violincello) HURDY-GURDY NEVUD (or New Oud) OUD - Arabic (popular) OUD - Arabic (maqarmat) OUD - Arabic (Iraqi) OUD - Arabic (Iraqi alternative) OUD- Armenian OUD - Turkish OUD - Turkish (alternative) VIOLA VIOLIN

LOW TO HIGH TUNING E•A•D•G C•G•D•A A•A•G•C C# • F# • B • E • A • D D•G•A•D•G•C C•F•A•D•G•C C•D•G•C•F•F D•E•A•D•G•G E•A•B•E•A•D A•D•E•A•D•G F# • B • E • A • D • G C•G•D•A G•D•A•E

COURSES

Single Single Single & Double Double Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single

TERM a a capella a capriccio a due a piacera a punto d’arco a tempo abellimenti aber accelerando (accel.) achtel acciaccatura accidental

DESCRIPTION

for, at, in, etc for choral music without accompaniment in a humorous manner in two parts at pleasure; same as ad libitum with the point of the bow in time or return to normal time ornaments but quickening quaver crushing; violent pressure a sharp, double sharp, flat, double flat or natural acoustic(s) sound, the theory and study there of ad libitum at the musician’s pleasure adjustable bridge a bridge on a stringed instrument where the height and position of the strings can be altered. Some can be individually adjusted affectuoso affectionate, with tender warmth agitato agitated, excited, restless agréments ornaments ais A sharp aisis double A sharp akustische acoustic al fine to the end alicate para torcer cordas string winding device for making loops on Portuguese guitarra strings. The guitarra unusually requires loops on both ends of the strings. Generally abbreviated to alicates all’ unisono in unison alla in the style of alla breve the half note rather than the quarter note takes the beat alla zoppa in a limping manner allargando growing broader allegretto moderately quickly; slower than allegro allegro lively allentando slowing down altflöte bass flute alto viola am griffbrett play on or near on the fingerboard amabile sweet, amiable, lovable amoroso loving ancora again andante moderate tempo; at walking pace andantino slightly faster than andante animando becoming animated animato animated

LANGUAGE Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian German Italian German Italian English English Latin English Italian Italian French German German German Italian

Portuguese Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian German French German Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian

a piacere appassionato appoggiatura arco arioso arpa arpeggio as ases assai attacca au talon aubade ausdruckswoll B flat bass (Bb flat) back bagatelle ballo bar (or bar-line) barytonhorn bass clarinet bass flute basset horn bassethorn bassklarinette basson bassoon be bécarre bémol bemolle ben, bene bequando beruhigen bewegt bewegter bien bindung bis biscroma blockflöte body bogen bottleneck

at the performer’s discretion Italian impassioned Italian leaning Italian with the bow Italian a short solo in the style of an air Italian harp Italian the notes of a chord are played in succession rather than simultaneously Italian A flat German A double flat German very Italian attack; without a break Italian with the nut or heel of the bow German morning music as opposed to serenade French with expression German lowest member of the tuba family English the back of stringed instruments. These can be flat, rounded or bowl shaped English short piece; light and humorous French dance Italian a vertical line drawn across a musical stave creating logical subdivisions English euphonium German pitched an octave lower than a standard clarinet English member of the flute family pitched a fourth below a standard flute English alto member of the clarinet family English basset horn German bass clarinet German bassoon French double reeded lower pitched member of the woodwind family English flat German natural (accidental) French flat French flat Italian well Italian natural (accidental) Italian to calm, to quiet German moved; animated German more agitated German very, well French slur or tie German twice or to be played twice French demisemiquaver Italian recorder German the resonating chamber of stringed instruments English bow German a hollow metal tube that slips over a finger on

the left hand and is used for sliding from note to note on a guitar. Used in blues and rock English bottom block internal construction element on the bottom of the body of stringed instruments English bund fret on a lute etc. German brace vertical line joining two or more staves together English bracing strips of wood glued to the internal top and back of stringed instruments, providing rigidity and different acoustics according to the configuration English bratsche viola German breve note value equal to eight crochets. No longer used. Latin for ‘short’ Latin bridge pins generally plastic removable pegs holding the ball-ends of metal strings in place on guitars English brillante with brilliance or vivacity Italian bugle valve or keyless member of the brass family generally used to give military signals English bugle à clefs the keyed bugle French cadence harmonic progression suggesting a musical conclusion Latin cadence trill French cadenza a passage for solo instrument in free, improvisatory style Italian calando diminishing in dynamic and speed Italian cambiare to change Italian cambiata changed note Italian cantabile in singable style Italian cantata to be sung as opposed to sonata; to be played Italian capotasto removeable bar for use on the fretboard of a fretted instrument to change key Italian cédez go a little slower French ces C flat German ceses C double flat German chanson song French chevalet bridge on a stringed instrument French chitarra guitar Italian chiuso stopped, in horn playing Italian chord three or more notes sounded together English clarinet single reeded member of the woodwind family English clarinete clarinet Spanish clarinette clarinet French clarinette basse bass clarinet French clarinetto clarinet Italian clarinetto basso (clarone) bass clarinet Italian coda concluding section in a piece of music Italian col, colla with the Italian coll’ arco with the bow Italian

come come common time comodo compound time

like like, as four crotchets in a bar or 4/4 time comfortable, easy. Not to fast or slow time where each beat in the bar is divisible by three con with... con brio with brilliance or vivacity con dolore with sorrow con forza with force or strength con fuoco with fire con giusto with taste, fitting mood and tempo con passione with passion con sordino with mute con spirito with spirit concert pitch standard international pitch concitato agitated contrabassoon pitched an octave below a standard bassoon contrafagotto contrabassoon (double bassoon) contrebasson contrabassoon (double bassoon) contrefagot contrabassoon (double bassoon) cor anglais (English horn) lower pitched member of the oboe family cor de basset basset horn corda string corde string corde à vide open string cornet member of the valved brass family of instruments generally found in military bands corneta cornet cornet à pistons (piston) cornet corno di bassetto basset horn corno inglés cor anglais (English horn) corno inglese cor anglais (English horn) coro chorus or choir corona pause sign placed over a note in the shape of a crown counterpoint two or more parts played against each other creating a harmonius musical structure crescendo increasing in volume croche quaver croma quaver crotchet note value equal to a fourth of a semibreve coulé slide cutaway a section of body that has been sculpted to make access easier to the higher frets on guitars da capo go back to the beginning daher from there dal from the dal segno (or D.S.) go back to a point in the music marked by the sign D.S.

French Italian English Italian English Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian English Italian English Italian French Spanish French/English French Italian French French English Italian French Italian Spanish Italian Italian Italian/Latin English Italian French Italian English French English Italian German Italian Italian

dämpfer decrescendo deciso delicato détaché demisemiquaver

mute gradually get softer with decision delicately detached value equal to half a semiquaver or a thirtysecond part of a semibreve demitone semitone des D flat deses D double flat dessus treble dièse sharp diesis sharp di molto extremely.. diminuendo getting softer dis D sharp disis D double sharp diskant soprano, treble do first note of the major scale (C) doh first note of the major scale (C) dolce sweetly dolente doleful, sorrowful doloroso sorrowful doppio movimento twice as quickly double bar two vertical lines on a stave indicating the end of a piece of music double croche semiquaver doucement gently or sweetly doux soft, light drängen pressing on dreiklang triad dringend urgent drohend threatening or menacing duple time time where the number of beats in a bar is a multiple of two. 2/4 time etc. dur major e, ed and e flat/f bass (Eb/F bass) mid-pitched members of the valved tuba family of brass instruments e poi and then echoton with an echo éclatant sparkling, brilliant eighth note quaver eilen to hurry einfach simply einleiten to lead into einleitung introduction eis E sharp eisis E double sharp en dehors outside, emphasized en fusée dissolving in

German Italian Italian Italian French French German German French French Italian Italian Italian German German German Italian English Italian Italian Italian Italian English French French French German German German German English German Italian English Italian French French American English German German German German German German French French

enchainez encore englisch horn english horn ensemble entr’acte entrée equal temperament erschütterung es eses espressivo estinto et etwas euphonium f hole fa facilimente fado fagot fagott fagotto fah feierlich fermata fermate feroce fes fiato fifteenth fife figure finale fine fingerboard (fretboard) fingerpick/thumbpick fioritura fis fisis five-three chord flageolett-töne

link up French again French cor anglais (English horn) German cor anglais American English a group of musicians or singers French music played inbetween the acts of an opera, musical or play French Introductory piece of music French the accepted universal western system where all the semitones are of equal value English a violent shaking, deep emotion German E flat German E double flat German expressively Italian barely audible or ‘extinct’ Italian and French somewhat, rather German highest pitched member of the tuba family with four valves English soundholes found on the body of instruments including the violin, cello and some guitars English fourth note of the major scale (F) Italian/French easily, without strain Italian Portuguese street song Portuguese bassoon Spanish bassoon German bassoon Italian fourth note of the major scale (F) Italian Solemn, exalted German pause, rest Italian pause, rest German ferocious Italian F flat German breath Italian interval of two octaves English small flute, pitched a little higher than the piccolo English brief musical phrase English last movement of a work Italian end, close Italian front section on the neck of stringed instruments where the fingers press the strings down onto to form notes English metal, plastic or other material slipped the top of the fingers or thumb to form an artificial nail for plucking the strings English flowering. Embellished Italian F sharp German F double sharp German basic triad such as C • E • G English harmonics German

flat note is lowered by 1 semitone English flauta dritto recorder Italian flauta flute Spanish flauta baja bass flute Spanish flauta de pico recorder Spanish flauta dulce recorder Spanish flauta recta recorder Spanish flautato (or flautando) harmonics Italian flautin piccolo Spanish flauto flute Italian flauto a becco recorder Italian flauto dolce recorder Italian flauto piccolo (or ottavino) piccolo Italian flautone bass flute Italian flebile mournful Italian fleissend flowing German flöte flute German flüchtig fleeting, transient German flügelhorn soprano member of the valved brass saxhorn family German flute member of the woodwind family, played horizontally and built from silver or wood English flûte flute French flûte à bec recorder French flûte alto bass flute French flûte douce recorder French flûte droite recorder French fois times, as in number of French forte loud Italian fortissimo very loud Italian fortspinnung continuation German forza vigorously Italian forzando (fz) forcing; strongly accented Italian frei free German fret narrow strip of metal or other material on a fingerboard facilitating the stopping of a string English fret markers mother of pearl or plastic markers set into the fingerboard at varying intervals to indicate which note the player is fretting English frog nut of a violin or violin bow American English frosch, am played at the nut of the bow German fundamental lowest note in an harmonic sequence English fuoco fire Italian furioso furiously Italian gamme scale French ganz entirely, altogether German ganze note semibreve German ganzton whole tone German garbato graceful Italian gebrochen broken German

gedehnt gedampft gehalten geheimnisvoll gehend geige geistlich gemächlich gemessen gemütlich generalpause ges gesangvoll geschlagen geses gesprochen gesteigert gestopft gestragen gewöhnlich giocoso gioioso gis gisis giusto gleichmässig glissando grace note grandevole grandezza grandioso grave grazioso grélots griffbrett gruppo (or groppo) gruppo gruppetto guitare guitarre h halbe half note half step half tone harfe harmonics

held back muted sustained mysterious move at a moderate speed violin religious; sacred comfortable measured comfortable; easy rest of one or more bars G flat songful. Same as cantabile struck G double flat spoken intensified stopped note by placing the hand in the bell of the horn slow and sustained usual, customary merry, playful joyful G sharp G double sharp proper, reasonable, exact equal, symmetrical sliding a musical ornament written to embellish a melody pleasing grandeur grandly solemn and slow graceful sleigh bells fingerboard or fretboard group trill small group guitar guitar B natural minim minim semitone semitone harp soft bell-like tones produced by lightly touching the strings at certain points on the fingerboard

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harpe hauptstimme halbe halbton halt harmony hauptzeitmass hautbois hautbois d’amour haut-dessus haut-contre headstock heel heftiger heiter hemidemisemiquaver heptachord hervorgehoben hervortretend hexachord hörbar il, la immer impetuoso innig intavolatura intonation inversion jack socket

key note key signature klang klangvoll klarinette klavier kleine flöte klingen lassen kontrabass (kontrabaß) kontrafagott konzert kornett

harp most important voice in the phrase half semitone stop, hold the relationship and structure of chords original tempo oboe oboe d’amore soprano alto the upper part of stringed instruments housing the tuners part of a stringed instrument where the neck joins the body. Situated at the back. more passionate, violent cheerful note value of two hemidemisemiquavers to a demisemiquaver or sixteen to every crotchet scale of seven notes emphasised prominently scale of six notes audible the always in an energetic manner heartfelt; quietly intense tablature accuracy of pitch on an instrument changing the order of the notes in a chord. i.e. the chord of C major would change from C • E • G to E • G • C an input found on electric and electronic instruments such as the guitar or synthesizer for plugging in a lead to feed directly to an amplifier, mixing desk or recording device first note of a scale or key sharps or flats placed at the start of a piece of music, dictating the key sound, sonority sonorous, full-sounding clarinet keyboard piccolo allow to sound double bass contrabassoon (double bassoon) concert cornet

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English English English German German German German German German German German German German

kräftig kreuz kurz la lacrimoso lah laissez vibrer lamentoso langsam largamente larghetto largo leading-note lebhaft legato legatissimo legatura légature leger lines (or ledger l.) légèrement leggiero leicht leidenschaftlich leier leise leiser leitton lent lentement lento liason libretto licenza lié liebesoboe lied liederbuch liniensystem loco lontano lower bout luftpause lunga pausa lusingando lustig ma machine heads

strong, forceful, vigorous sharp short sixth note of the major scale (A) tearfully, sad sixth note of the major scale (A) let vibrate in a mournful style slow in a dignified manner, broadly slow and broad, but less so than largo slow and broad seventh note in a scale. For example in the scale of C major lively smoothly smooth as possible slur or tie slur or tie shortened lines above or below a musical stave indicating the pitch of the notes Lightly Light Lightly passionate hurdy-gurdy soft, gentle softer leading note slow slowly slow tie text or book of an opera or musical licence, freedom tied oboe d’amore song songbook stave or staff in the normal place distant the widest section, near the bottom of an instrument like a guitar. This generates the lowest frequencies (or more bass) breathing rest long pause or rest alluring, flattering merry, cheerful but the metal geared tuners found on guitars

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maestoso main majeur mancando manieren marcato marcia marqué marsch martellato marziale mässig me measure medesimo tempo mehr mélodie meno meno mosso menuet Menuett messa di voce mesto metronome mezzo mi microtones middle C minacciando minaccevole minuet misterioso mit moderato modéré modulation moll molto monter morendo mosso moto mouvement movimento musicology nach nachdruck

and some other instruments majestic, dignified hand (droite right; gauche left) major dying away ornaments emphasized march marked, with emphasis march hammered stroke played with very short bows at the point martial, war-like moderate third note of the major scale (E) bar in the same tempo more melody less less movement, slower minuet minuet placing of the voice mournful, sad mechanical or electronic device for keeping time half third note of the major scale (E) intervals between semitones Reference point for the piano found in the approximate middle of the keyboard in a menacing manner alternative name for minacciando French dance in 3/4 time mysteriously with moderate speed moderate speed change of key minor much, very to tune up to the correct pitch dying away and becoming slower lively motion time, speed speed study of musical composition and history in the manner of emphasis

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nachgehend nachlassend natural neben nebenstimme neck nehmen neue nicht niente nobilimente noch nocturne noël noire non notation noter notturno nut nut oboe oboe d’amore oboe de amor octet ohne obbligato octave oeuvre ohne oktave ondulé open notes open string opus ornaments ossia ostinato

following relaxing a note that isn’t sharp or flat secondary the second most important voice in the phrase part of a stringed instrument housing the fingerboard to take new non, not reduce the tone of the instrument to a near whisper. Nothing nobly still, yet night piece Christmas carol crotchet or quarter-note not written music a little wooden stick used by mountain dulcimer players to slide up and down the fingerboard to form notes and chords night piece strip of ivory or composite material found at the headstock end of stringed instruments used to raise the strings above the f’board part of the bow held by the player double reeded member of the woodwind family a member of the oboe family. Larger than a regular oboe, with a pear-shaped bell oboe d’amore composition for eight musicians without essential, obligatory interval between the first or root note and the eighth note on the diatonic scale opus or work without octave unduLating notes played without applying pressure to strings on the fingerboard a string that isn’t fretted with the fingers of the left hand work or piece of music added embellishments applied to music either extemporaneously or by design or. A simplified passage a repeated musical passage

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ôtez (or ôter) ottava ouverture overture parlando parlante parte partition partitur partitura pateticamente pausa pause pause pegs pentatonic scale perdendosi perfect pesante petite flûte peu phantasie piacere piacevole piangendo piangevole pianissimo piano piccolo pick (or picking) pickguard pick-up

pieno pietoso pitch pipes più piuttosto pizzicato placidamente plectrum (or pick)

remove (for example, a mute) French octave Italian overture French introductory piece to an orchestral work English singing in speaking style Italian singing in speaking style Italian voice-part Italian score French score German score Italian pathetically Italian pause, rest Italian pause, rest English silence French/German tuning pegs found on certain types of stringed instruments including violins and lutes English a scale with five notes to the octave English dying away and becoming slower Italian intervals of the octave, fifth and fourth. These are called perfect consonances English heavy, weighting, ponderos Italian piccolo French little French fantasy German pleasure Italian agreeable Italian crying or in a plaintive manner Italian plaintively Italian very soft Italian soft Italiam higher pitched member of the flute family English playing a succession of independent notes with the right hand in a rhythmical fashion on many types of stringed instrument English alternative name for the scratchplate English a magnetic device that interacts with a metal string producing a specific tone through an amplifier. A guitar can have as many as 3 or 4 pickups, each producing a different tonal range (bass, middle, treble etc.) English full Italian compassionate, sympathetic Italian a set of four or six little pipes that produce a set note from each pipe. This is used to tune instruments such as the guitar or mandolin English more Italian faster, rather Italian plucked Italian peacefully Italian small piece of plastic, wood, ivory or horn held between the fingers for plucking the

plötzlich plus pochettino pochetto poco poco a poco poi point point d’orgue pointé pomposo ponticello port de voix portamento portée posaune postlude poussez praeludium precipitato (precipitoso) presto prestissimo prima pult punta d’arco purfling quadruple croche quarter-note quarter tone quartet quartett quartetto quartuor quasi quaver querstand quintet quintett quintette (or quintuor) quintsaite rabbia raddappiamento rallentando (rall.) ranks

strings. suddenly more very little, very lightly very little little, a little, slightly little by little then end of the bow pause, rest instruction that notes of equal length should be played in an inequal manner pompous bridge on a stringed instrument portamento gliding from one note to the next stave or staff trombone closing piece of music quick the tempo prelude impetuously lively, fastest speed in normal use fastest possible speed of which the player capable first a shared music stand by two players. Called a desk point of the bow decorative binding around the outside of the body of most stringed instruments hemidemisemiquaver crotchet half a semitone composition for four performers quartet quartet quartet almost, nearly note value of eight quavers to a semibreve or two to one crotchet false relation composition for five performers quintet quintet name for the E or first string of the violin rage doubling gradually slowing down two strings tuned to the same note. Usually referring to members of the lute family

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rasch ray re récit (or récitatif) recital recitative recitativo recorder

quick second note of the major scale (D) second note of the major scale (D) recitative performance by two performers singing in the form of dramatic speech recitative family of five end blown flutes of the woodwind family (sopranino, descant, treble, tenor and bass) recueilli mediative, collected reduction simplified arrangement of a piece of music réduction reduction refrain a repeating theme or chorus réjouissance enjoyment related the harmonic relationship between one key and another repeat a section of music to be repeated indicated by two vertical lines followed by two vertical dots. At the end of a passage these are reversed répétition rehearsal religioso with devotion replica repeat reprise repeat. Often used to indicate a repetition of a leading theme or tune resonance the tonal vibrations of one body in another body rest a silence retenu held back, in relation to speed rezitativ (sprechgesang) recitative rhapsody instrumental piece reflecting heroic or national pride rhythm the tempo and structure indicating the flow of a piece of music ribs internal construction of the body of a stringed instrument rigo stave or staff ripieno full ripresa repeat risoluto resolutely risvegliato in an animated fashion ritardando (rit.) gradually getting slower ritenuto (riten.) suddenly slower, held back ritmo rhythm ritmico rhythmical ritorrnello return roll rapid succession of notes on a drum creating an impression of continuous sound ronde semibreve root the first or key note in a chord

German English Italian/French French English English Italian English French English French English French English

English French Italian Italian English English English French German English English English Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian English French English

rosette rubato ruhig saddle saite saiteninstrument saltando salterio tedesco sanft sans sassophone satz sautillé scale scale length scala schellen scherzando scherzo schlag schlägel schlaginstrumente schleppen schleifer schluss schlüssel schmetternd schon schwach schwerer schwermütig schwindend schwung schwungvol sciolto score scorrevole scratchplate

scroll secco sechzehntel seconda volta

decorative inlay around the soundhole of stringed instruments robbed time, speeding up and slowing down calm upper part of the bridge that the strings pass over string stringed instrument leaping dulcimer soft, gentle without saxophone movement of a sonata leaping a succession of notes either ascending or descending the distance betweem the nut and the bridge on stringed instruments scale sleigh bells playfully a musical joke beat drumstick percussion instruments to drag slide or slur end or conclusion clef blaring (horn player’s instruction) already weak, soft heavier, more difficult dejected, sad dying away swinging spirited free and easy written music for more than one instrument scurrying, gliding situated on the body, below the first string of many stringed instruments. Placed there to stop the player damaging the body with a pick or plectrum decorative curl at the top of the headstock on many stringed instruments such as the violin and cello dry, short semiquaver second time

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English English Italian German

segno, dal segue sehr seiten semibreve semichroma semiminima semplice semiquaver semitone sempre semplice sensibilita sensible senza septet septuor sequence serenade serio (or seria) serioso serré settimino seulement sextet sextette (or sextuor) sfogato shake sforzando (sforzato) shake sharp si sight reading simile simple time sinfonie sinistra sino (or sin) sino al sistema sixteenth-note slancio slargando slentando

repeat from the sign moving seemlessly from one musical phrase or section to another very side longest note in modern notation. Originally half the value of the extinct breve semiquaver crotchet in a simple manner note value equal to a sixteenth of a semibreve or half the length of a quaver half a whole tone. In equal temperament there are twelve semitones to an octave always simple sensitive sensitive without composition for seven performers septet repetition of a musical pattern at another pitch song of love and devotion serious serious tightened. To be played tensely and quickly septet only composition for six performers sextet evaporated, in an airy fashion another name for a trill forcing. abbreviated to sfz or sf alternative name for trill raises the pitch of note by a semitone seventh note of the major scale (B) the ability to read music straight from the page on first viewing the same time where each beat in the bar is divisible by two symphony left hand until up to the stave or staff semiquaver impetus broadening getting slower

Italian Italian German German English/Italian Italian Italian Italian English English Italian Italian Italian French Italian English French English Latin Italian Italian French Italian French English French Italian English Italian English English French/Italian English Italian English German Italian Italian Italian Italian American English Italian Italian Italian

slide slur smorzando soave soggeto soh sol solenne solennemente solo soltanto sombre sombre son son étouffées son harmoniques sonata sonagli sonore sopra sordino sospiro sostenuto sotto sotto voce soubrette sound board soundhole soupir sourdine sousaphone soutenu spezzato spianato spiccato spinto spirito spiritoso spitze sprechgesang sprechstimme staccato

the movement of two grace notes up to the principal note English curved line under or over a group of notes indicating they are to be performed smoothly English dying away Italian suave, gentle Italian subject, theme Italian fifth note of the major scale (G) English fifth note of the major scale (G) Italian/French solemn Italian solemnly Italian alone Italian solely Italian somber, dark French dark, somber Italian sound French damped sound French harmonics French a piece of music for a solo keyboard instrument or a solo instrument accompanied by the piano English sleigh bells Italian sound with full tone Italian above Italian mute Italian crotchet rest Italian sustained Italian under Italian with a barely audible sound Italian cunning, shrewd French wooden top on instruments over which the strings are stretched to produce and amplify the sound English opening on the top of mainly stringed instruments to project and amplify the sound English crotchet rest French mute French member of the tuba family to be worn around the neck. Generally used in marching bands English held, sustained, flowing smoothly French divided Italian smooth and even Italian with a light bouncing motion of the bow on the strings Italian pushed, urged on Italian spirit Italian lively, with spirit Italian point German speech-song German speaking voice German detached, short Italian

staff ständchen stark stave steel steg stentando stimme stopping

strap button strascinando streich strepitoso stretto stimmgabel strich string winder stringendo strings

strum (or strumming) strumento stück study subito suite suivez sul sul ponticello sul tasto summation tone suono sur sur la touche suspension

alternative name for a stave serenade strong, loud set of five horizontal lines housing the notes and ornaments in written music. Plainsong only used four lines a heavy little metal cylinder used by steel guitar players to slide from note to note on the fretboard bridge on a stringed instrument delaying, retarding, labouring voice with stringed instruments the placing of the left hand fingers on the strings and fingerboard to produce a higher pitch, as opposed to open string playing button on the bottom underside of the body for holding a strap in place. These can also be seen on the heel of many instruments dragging bow noisy close, narrow, drawn together tuning fork bow stroke a device that fits over the tuner or machine head of a stringed instrument, making the process of re-stringing a lot quicker quickening lengths of metal, nylon, gut or composite material of different diameters stretched over a neck and soundboard on instruments such as guitars, harps, violins and zithers striking all, or the majority of the strings on a stringed instrumented simultaneously in a rhythmical, up or down motion instrument piece of music or composition a practice piece suddenly a set of connected musical pieces forming a whole work follow on the on the bridge play on or near on the fingerboard very faint note sound, tone over, on play on or near on the fingerboard the sounding of a sustained note or chord

English German German English English German Italian German

English English Italian German Italian Italian German German English Italian

English English Italian German English Italian English French Italian Italian Italian English Italian French French

sympathetic strings symphonie symphony system tablatur tablature (or tab) tacet tactus tailpiece

takt taktstrich talon tanto tardo tardando tastar tastiera tasto tastura te tema temperament tempo tempo primo tempo rubato temps tenendo teneramente tenor horn tenorhorn tenuto tertian harmony tessitura testo thirty-second note ti tie timbre time signature

while a second chord is played English additional strings which vibrate while the main strings are sounded, as on the sitar English symphony French/German an orchestral work in three or four movements English stave or staff. abbreviated from liniensystem German tablature German notation system where the notes are represented by numbers or letters and the horizontal lines represent the strings English is silent Latin beat Latin final resting place for the strings after the bridge on some stringed instruments. Usually metal and joined to the bottom underside of the body English bar, beat, time German barline German nut of the bow French so much Italian slow Italian becoming slower Italian touching Italian fingerboard or fretboard Italian key of a keyboard instrument Italian keyboard Italian seventh note of the major scale (B) English theme Italian tuning system where the intervals are tuned away from the natural scale English time Italian return to original time Italian robbed time Italian beat French sustaining Italian tenderly Italian member of the valved brass family belonging to the saxhorn group (tuba, euphonium etc.) English tenor horn German held, sustained Italian harmony based on a triad or third English average range of a vocal part Italian text Italian demisemiquaver American English seventh note of the major scale (B) curved line joining together two notes of identical pitch into a continuous sound English tonal quality French vertical numbers found at the beginning of a piece of music indicating the note values in

tiré toccata ton ton tonart tone (or whole-tone) tonic tonic sol-fa tonkunst tonleiter tonstück top top block tosto touche tranquillo transition transposition trauernd träumerisch traurig tremblement tremolo tremelo arm or bar

très triad trill trille triller trio triple croche triple stop triple time tristement tristement tromba (clarino) trombone

each bar English downward stroke of the bow French musical piece for a keyboard instrument Italian key, mode or pitch French sound, music German key, mode German interval of a major second such G to A, rather than semitones G to G sharp English first note in a scale English a method of musical training where the notes are sung to syllables English art of sound or music German scale German piece of music German the soundbound or front of the body of stringed instruments English internal construction element on stringed instruments under the base of the neck where it joins the body English quick, rapid Italian fingerboard or fretboard French tranquil, quiet, calm Italian change of key English the writing or performing of a piece of music in a different key from the original English mournfully German dreamy German sad German trill French a quick reiteration of the same tone on a string instrument Italian a metal bar fixed to the bridge or tailpiece of an electric guitar to temporarily alter the string tension, which in turn changes the pitch, creating a vibrato effect. English very French a three-note chord, such as C major English a very fast alteration between a note and the note a second above it English trill French trill German composition for three parts English demisemiquaver French three note chord played on bowed musical instruments English time featuring three beats to the bar English sadly French sadly Italian trumpet Italian member of the brass family with a u-shaped slide instead of valves English/French/Italian

trompete trompette tronco troppo troubadours trumpet truss rod tuba tuners tuning fork turn tutte le corde tutti twang bar tympanon uber übertönend umkehrung ubung un poco una corda unison (unis.) unmore unruhig unter unterbrechung up bow upper bout

ut valse valzer vamp variation veloce verhalten verklingen lassen verzweiflungsvoll vibrato vibrato arm viertel vide vif

trumpet trumpet truncated too much poet-musicians from the early middle ages valved member of the brass family metal rod inserted into the neck of guitars to keep the neck straight or correct bowing lower pitched members of the brass family in three sizes, the euphonium, the Eb/F bass and the Bb bass. All have valves. for tightening up a string to the correct pitch on stringed instruments two-pronged metal device for sounding the pitch of a note an ornament which makes a turn around a particular note, starting with the note above all the strings all colloquial name for a vibrato arm dulcimer over, above drowning out turning round, inversion exercise a little one string same pitches played by several instruments humour restless under, lower interuption, suspension stroke of the bow from the point to the heel the narrower section, near the top of the body on an instrument like a guitar. This generates the higher frequencies (or more treble) the note C in French waltz waltz an improvised accompaniment modification of a musical theme fast restrained, held back let die away full of despair slight change of pitch on same note same as a tremelo arm crotchet empty lively

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English French French Italian English English Italian German German German Italian English German French French

vigoroso vihuela de braço viola viola da braccio violine violon virtuoso vite vivace vivo voce volante volta volti volume vorspiel vorwärts wagner tuba waist waltz walzer wechsel weg whammy bar whole-note wieder wie oben wuchtig zart zeitmass zero fret ziemlich zurückhaltend zurückkehrend zum zweiunddreissigstel

vigorous, strong violin alto member of the violin family violin violin violin a musician of extraordinary talent fast, quick lively lively voice fast and light turn or time turn over the page loudness of sound prelude forward, onward a group of five brass instruments designed for Wagner’s Ring Cycle the middle or dipped section in the body of a guitar dance in triple or 3/4 time waltz change away, beyond colloquial name for a vibrato arm semibreve again as above, as before weighty, heavy tenderly, delicately tempo an extra fret to aid tuning stability situated just in front of the nut on the neck of some stringed instruments suitable, fitting slowing in speed return to demisemiquaver

Italian Spanish English/Italian Italian German French Italian French Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian English German German English/German English English German German German English American English German German German German German English German German German German