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0 - ]lde`e 0 Bdmlbd` y Mpdstmofjfa Mpdst mofjfaï` ï` …………  Oòeujf 0 Bdmlbd` `ltdau`8 Armbd`, Gmjmldsof, Gmj mldsof, Yfo`. J` bdmlbd` ml mj omedfmvf. J` bdmlbd` ofemrl`. Mpdstmofjfa Mpdstmofjfaï` ï`

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9 - ]lde`e 9 Bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms Oòeujf 9 J` mpdstmofjfaï` ml mj sdajf WDW Oòeujf 2 Mj pfsdtdvdsof jòadbf emj Bïrbujf em ^dml` Oòeujf 5 Rupmr`lef mrrfrms8 I`bgmj`re, [fppmr Oòeujf = Mpdstmofjfaï`s `jtmrl`tdv`s8 Cugl, J`c`tfs, J`ue`l.

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Bdmlbd` Bdm lbd` y mpdstmofjfa mpdstmofjfaïï` J` fpdldòl bfrrdmltm, supflm qum j` bdmlbd` ms `jaf `-gdstòrdbf qum g` mxdstdef sdmoprm, bfl b`oidfs ml sus rmsujt`efs, pmrf sdl oubgfs ml bu`ltf ` j` o`lmr` em prfeubdr bflfbdodmltf. L`e` oàs em j`mpdstmom rm`jde`e. @ jf j`raf j` gdstfrd`, emsem qum jfsj`ardmafs us`rflp`r` pfr prdomr` vmz`jmh`ef j` p`j`ir`   (bdmlbd`), j`semedstdlt`s äpfb`s gdstòrdb`s g`l utdjdz`ef mpdstmom  emsdal`r edstdlt`s nfro`s em prfeubdr bflfbdodmltf y `j bflfbdodmltf odsof `sï prfeubdef. Oàs `øl, emsem j` smaule` odt`e mj sdajf WDW sm gdzf rmnmrmlbd` ` bdmlbd` bdmlbd` (`ltms  (`ltms emlfodl`efs ndjfsfnï` em j` l`tur`jmz`) bu`lef sm tr`t`i` em j`s bdmlbd`s em j` l`tur`jmz` y, b`sd mlsmaude mlsmaude`, `, jfs mstuedfs oäedbfs y jfs mstuedfs sfbd`jms y guo`lfs, bfomlz`rf b fomlz`rfl l ` emlfodl`rs emlfodl`rsm m bdmlbd`s.  J`s rmnjmxdflms sfirm mj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf t`oidäl g`l def ofedndbàlefsm8 emsem supflmr qum tfef bflfbdodm b flfbdodmltf ltf mr` ssuisded`r uisded`rdf df em ul` fltfjfaï`, g`st` bflsdemr`r qum j` rmnjmxdòl sfirm mj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf (mpdstmofjfaï`) emiï` bflsdemr`rsm jf prdlbdp`j em j` rmnjmxdòl ndjfsòndb` y, oàs `ul, ul` rmnjmxdòl i`s`e` ml `làjdsds jòadbfs y mopïrdbfs qum emh`r` em j`ef jfs ar`lems sdstmo`s ndjfsòndbfs. Mstf lfs jjmv` ` bflbmltr`rlfs bflbmltr`rlfs ml efs tmo`s nule`omlt`j nule`omlt`jms ms 0 - ¶[fr quä jfs ardmafs us`rfl ul` p`j`ir` mspmbd`j p`r` emsdal`r ul` nfro` em bflfbdodmltf qum vmï`l ednmrmltm ` j` em jfs pumijfs em su äpfb`6 9 - ¶Bòof sm prfeuhf mj b`oidf em j` rmnjmxdòl sfirm j` bdmlbd` qum edf jua`r ` j` prdo`bï` em j` mpdstmofjfaï`6 Bfomlz`rmofs ` dltmlt`r j` prdomr` em j`s rmspumst`s y, p`r` mjjf, dlarms`rmofs ml jf qum sm emlfodl` oulef `ltdauf. [mrf `ltms em mopmz`r bflvdmlm qum, sdaudmlef ` @rdstòtmjms, dledqumofs buàjms sfl jfs edstdltfs b`odlfs emj bflfbdodmltf p`r` lf demltdndb`r bflfbdodmltf sfj`omltm bfl mpdstmom (bdmlbd`). T`, @rdstòtmjms edstdlauï` j` `btdvde`e, emj rmsujt`ef em ms` `btdvde`e. Jfs ofefs em jjma`r ` j` vmre`e em ul` emtmrodl`e` `btdvde`e. Msfs ofefs sfl8  0 ‒ tmbglä (bflfbdodmltf (bflfbdodmltf täbldbf. [`r` n`irdb`r `jaf) 9 ‒ pgrflmsds (bflfbdodmltf em j` `bbdòl pruemltm. [ruemlbd`, smls`tmz, iuml hudbdf) 2 ‒ mpdstmom (bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf. Bdmlbd`) 5 - sfpgï` (s`imr emj s`idf. R`ideurï`) = ‒ lfus (pmls`odmltf purf f dltmjmbtf) [mrf sòjf trms sfl j`s `btdvde`ems qum bfopmtml bfopmtml ` mst`s ofe`jde` ofe`jde`ems8 ems8  `) Ugmfrd`8 bfof `btdvde`e em j` mpdstmom, em j` sfpgï` y emj lfus. i) [r`xds8 bfof `btdvde`e emj g`idtf smls`tf (pgrflmsds). 2

 

b) [fdmsds8 bfof `btdvde`e em j` tmbglä. [`r` tmrodl`r mst` dltrfeubbdòl rmsuodrmofs mj pj`ltmf em @rdstòtmjms em j` sdaudmltm o`lmr`8 @rdstòtmjms smp`rò j` `btdvde`e pràxdb` em j` pfdätdb` y j` tmfrï` pfrqum bflsdemr`i` qum ms`s `btdvde`ems supflï`l gàidtfs mspmbïndbfs y nfro`jomltm edstdltfs. Odmltr`s qum j` `btdvde`e pfdmtdb` dopjdb` tr`mr `jaf ` j` mxdstmlbd` (täbldb`s p`r` n`irdb`r), j` `btdvde`e pr`xdb` (gfy j` pr`xds sm bflnulem bfl j` pfdmsds y mst` aud`e` pfr j` mndbdmlbd` mndbdmlbd`.. Ml Armbd`, j` p`rxds mr` ednmrmltm em j` pfdmsds y mst`i` aud`e` pfr mj iuml hudbdf) hudbdf)  mstà rmnmrde` ` j` `bbdòl mltrm smrms guo`lfs (sdaldndb` pfsmmr j` smls`tmz f iuml hudbdf p`r` j` dltmr`bbdòl mltrm gfoirms, qum sm ofedndb`l, ` tr`väs em mjj`, ` sï odsofs). J` pr`xds mstà jda`e` ` j` rmtòrdb`, j` ätdb`, j` pfjïtdb`, j` omedbdl`, mtb., ml j`s bu`jms mstàl dlvfjubr`efs jfs gfoirms qum vdvml ml bfoulde`e. [fr øjtdof, omed`ltm ` `btdvde`e bfltmopj`tdv` f tmòrdb` `equdrd `equdrdofs ofs s`imr bdmltïndbf, ems`rrfjj`ofs ems`rrfjj`ofs j` r`zòl y mj dltmjmbtf. ^m`ofs ^m`o fs emsem y`, qum j` bdmlbd` sm pj`ltm` bfof ul` `btdvde`e bfltmopj bfltmopj`tdv`. `tdv`.  Bfof vmofs, lf ms jf odsof mj g`bmr bfl fihmtfs (pfdmsds), em `qumj em j`s rmj`bdflms mltrm gfoirms (pr`xds) f j` `btdvde`e tmfrï` (g`bmr bdmltïndbf, ndjfsòndbf qum dopjdb` mj pmls`odmltf purf). Ml ldlaulf em mstfs b`odlfs sm omlbdfl` `j odtf pfr msf pfemofs sfstmlmr qum j` bdmlbd` emspj`z` `j odtf ml bu`ltf ` dltmlt`r ul `bmrb`odmltf ` j`s rm`jde`ems guo`l`s. Ml tfef b`sf, j` t`rm` emj bflfbdodmltf ms j` em bfrrmr mj vmjf oïtdbf qum buirm j` rm`jde`e, y mstm emvmj`r (`jmtgmd` `jmtgmd`   qum num tr`eubdef pfr vmre`e vmre`e)) ms mj ndl emj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf (em j` mpdstmom). ^m`ofs ul pfbf mstf. 

D - Odtf, y m mpdst pdstmom mom emltrf e mj oulef `ltda `ltdauf uf 0 - L`rr`bdflms oïtdb`s Ufe`s j`s bujtur`s sm g`l gmbgf prmault`s sfirm mj emstdlf emj gfoirm, j`s b`r`btmrïstdb`s emj oulef l`tur`j, mtb. [femofs prmault`rlfs, mltflbms8 ¶Buàj ms j` ednmrmlbd` bfl j`s rmspumst`s qum edmrfl ` mst`s bumstdflms jfs i`idjfldfs, pfr mhmopjf, bbuyfs uyfs bflfbdodmltfs sfirm jfs nmlòomlfs bmjmstms numrfl j` i`sm emj s`imr em jfs ardmafs6 [`r` rmspflemr ` mst`s prmault`s ms lmbms`rdf qum ednmrmlbdmofs mpdstmom em odtf. Ml mnmbtf, pumem sfstmlmrsm qum, ` ednmrmlbd` em jf qum jfs ardmafs emlfodl`rfl mpdstom mpdstom,, j`s rmspumst`s sfirm mj emstdlf emj gfoirm y sus lmbmsde`ems, qum edmrfl, pfr mhmopjf, jfs i`idjfldfs (pfr lfoir`r sfj`omltm ul` em j`s bujtur`s oàs `ltdau`s qum j` ardma`), mst`i`l jda`e`s ` jfs odtfs   Jfs i`idjfldfs, qum g`iï`l fismrv`ef bfrrmspflemlbd`s mltrm submsfs mstmj`rms y tmrrmstrms (dlnjumlbd`s bmjmstms sfirm j`s mst`bdflms, mj bjdo`, j` vmamt`bdòl, jfs p`rtfs...), bflsdemr`rfl qum ml mj bdmjf sm emtmrodl`i`l jfs `bfltmbdodmltfs (pmrsfl`jms y mst`t`jms) qum submeï`l ml j` tdmrr`. Iusb`rfl ml mj ofvdodmltf em jfs pj`lmt`s mj sfj y j` jul`, j`s smð`jms qum pmrodtdmr`l g`bmr prmedbbdflms sfirm mj nuturf em jfs dledvdeufs, ms embdr, sus mstuedfs tmlï`l ul` s`jde` oïtdb`. Ymadstr`rfl, t`oidäl, jfs ofvdodmltfs fismrv`efs y rm`jdz`rfl prmedbbdflms ml mstm tmrrmlf em `bumref ` sus lmbmsde`ems pmrf, bu`lef dltmlt`rfl mxpjdb`bdflms, äst`s emvmlï`l ml odtfs, bfl j` dltmrvmlbdòl em numrz`s sfirml`tur`jms. Ml ftr`s p`j`ir`s, ` j` gfr` em e`r ul` mxpjdb`bdòl qum `pmj`r` ` b`us`s l`tur`jms, mjmv`rfl ` b`e` ulf em mstfs bumrpfs bmjmstms ` j` b`tmafrï` em edfsms. Em mstm ofef mj`ifr`rfl l`rr`bdflms l`rr`bdflms   oïtdb`s 0 y lf tmfrï` tmfrï` (ml  (ml mj smltdef em 0

  Jj`o`ofs odtf ` ul` l`rr`bdòl qum `trdiuym jfs frïamlms (y mj prmsmltm) emj uldvmrsf ` j` dltmrvmlbdòl em smrms sfirml`tur`jms. Ml ul smltdef ouy `opjdf emj tärodlf, pferï` bflsdemr`rsm bfof ul ofef em mxpjdb`bdòl qum pfemofs b`r`btmrdz`r bfof l`rr`bdòl oàs qum mxpjdb`bdòl ml mj smltdef ofemrlf emj tärodlf.

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mpdstmom qum vmrmofs oàs `emj`ltm). U U`oidäl, `oidäl, mstfs s`imrms, imlmndbd`rfl sus bfsmbg`s y pfr jf t`ltf, su vde` ml amlmr`j jf qum lfs g`idjdt` ` sfstmlmr qum msm s`imr dlstruomlt`j f täbldbf t`opfbf mr` bdmlbd` pfrqum lf pfsmï` mj ar`ef em `istr`bbdòl y smp`r`bdòl emj oulef em j` vde` qum pfsmyò j` mpdstmom mpdstmom   pmrf, j` t`rm` em `istr`bbdòl em jfs ardmafs (qum edmrfl frdaml ` j` mpdstmom), sm rm`jdzò sfirm oubgfs em msfs bflfbdodmltf bflfbdodmltfss täbldbfs, o`tmoàtdbfs f `strflòodbfs, ïltdo`omltm rmj`bdfl`efs rmj`bdfl`efs bfl jfs odtfs.  Ml rmsuoml, qum g`y`l mj`ifr`ef l`rr`bdflms oïtdb`s lf sdaldndb` qum lf guidmr`l fismrv`ef j` l`tur`jmz` ld qum lf pfsmymr`l ul bflfbdodmltf em mjj` (prfeubtf em t`j fismrv`bdòl) ld qum lf guidmr`l gmbgf fpmr`bdflms o`tmoàtdb`s sdlf qum sus mxpjdb`bdflms lf numrfl emj odof tdpf qum j`s qum edmrfl jfs ardmafs emsem mj sdajf ^D `. B. [ultu`jdbmofs8 tmlï`l bflfbdodmltfs täbldbfs y e`i`l mxpjdb`bdflms oïtdb`s, lf mpdstmom mpdstmom (qum  (qum jumaf smrà tr`eubde` pfr jfs rfo`lfs bfof bdmltd`m bdmltd`m). ).  9 - Mj Mj oul ef gmjäldbf y j` drr drrupbdò upbdò l em j` mpdstmom Hm`l [dmrrm ^mrl`lt sfstdmlm, pfr mhmopjf, qum ‚j` r` zòl ms gdh` em j` [fjds 9‟ Mj sdstmo` pfjïtdbf em emofbr`bd` edrmbt` pusf ml prdomr pj`lf ml oubg`s bdue`ems ardma`s mj v`jfr em j` edsbusdòl, mj usf em j` p`j`ir` bfof omedf p`r` `rauomlt`r y pmrsu`edr ml j` `s`oijm`, j` bflsdemr`bdòl em j`s prumi`s, mj ofef em rmnut`r `j bfltr`rdf, j` mv`ju`bdòl em j`s edstdlt`s r`zflms qum sfstdmlml `jtmrl`tdv`s mlnrmlt`e`s. Mst`s b`r`btmrïstdb`s em j` edsbusdòl pfjïtdb` ml Armbd` sfl j`s prfpd`s emj pmls`odmltf r`bdfl`j [mrf ¶` quä jj`o`rmofs pmls`odmltf r`bdfl`j r`bdfl`j66   Ml Armbd` `ltdau` (eur`ltm jf qum sm bflsdemrò pmrïfef gmjäldbf qum tmlï` bfof bmltrf bujtur`j @tml`s8 sdajfs ^D `j D^ `.b.) mxdstï` ul lumvf ofef em pmls`odmltf, jf qum lf sdaldndb` `ndro`r qum guidmr` ems`p`rmbdef mj odtf, sdlf qum emltrf em msm o`rbf y bfl ms`s dlnjumlbd`s numrfl b`p`bms em iusb`r ul` lumv` nfro` em s`imr s`imr.. Pudml vdvm mj odtf lf bumstdfl` su vmre`e f n`jsme`e, ml t`ltf j` mpdstmom ms rmnjmxdòl, iøsqume` em j` vmre`emr` s`ideurï` s`ideurï` sdmoprm pfsdijm y sdmoprm edst`ltm (ndjf-sfnï`) (ndjf-sfnï`) Ml emndldtdv`, ms ml Armbd` ml eflem eflem sm e` mstm p`sf nule`omlt`j nule`omlt`j em j` mxpjdb`bdòl oïtdb` (l`rr`tfjòadb`) ` j` mxpjdb`bdòl r`bdfl`j em j` mpdstmom  (bdmlbd`). Ufef mstf g` mpdstmom (bdmlbd`). pmrodtdef embdr qum `jjï sm  sm  edf mj p`sf emj odtf `j jfaf s (r`zòl) (r`zòl)..  Mj lumvf pmls`odmltf ardmaf (j` mpdstmom ardma` f gmjäldb`), `j embdr em G`imro`s, mstuvf jda`e` `j dltmräs mo`lbdp`tdvf em j` mspmbdm guo`l`, guo`l` , ms embdr j` supmr`bdòl em j` `jdlm`bdòl qum g`bm smltdr `j gfoirm qum jf qum ms su prfpdf pfemr lf jm pmrtmlmbm y jf sfomtm emsem numr` bfof pfemrms sfirml`tur`jms. J` mpdstmom sdaldndbò mj prdomr dltmltf em mo`lbdp`bdòl emj gfoirm em numrz`s sfirml`tur`jms sfirml`tur`jms qum  qum jf sfomtï`l ` emsdaldfs emsbflfbdefs. Ml mstm smltdef, jf qum jfs omedmv`jms, oàs `emj`ltm, v`l ` bflsdemr`r bdmlbd` lf rmprmsmlt` mj msnumrzf guo`lf em j` mpdstmom, e`ef qum mj gfoirm vumjvm ` smr sfomtdef ` pfemrms sfirml`tur`jms.  mpdstmom, Ml t`j iøsqume` em mxpjdb`bdflms pfr b`us`s l`tur`jms (y lf l`rr`bdflms ml j`s qum dltmrvmla`l numrz`s mxtr`l`tur`jms) jfs ardmafs rmbflfbml ouy idml j` ednmrmlbd` mltrm j`s efs numltms emj bflfbdodmltf8 j` smlsdidjde`e y j` r`zòl. r`zòl. Emsbflnd`lef em jfs smltdefs bflsdemr`rfl qum j` mxpjdb`bdòl em j` mpdstmom mpdstmom ms  ms j`  j`  em j`  j`  r`zòl, `bmpt`lef bfof bfs` l`tur`j j` bfltr`edbbdòl qum pumem g`imr mltrm mj tmstdofldf em jfs smltdefs y mj bflfbdodmltf qum lfs prfpfrbdfl` j` r`zòl.  [mrf, `emoàs, mst` lumv` nfro` em bflfbdodmltf (r`bdfl`j y pfr b`us`s l`tur`jms) num t`oidäl brïtdb`. Ms rmjmv`ltm emst`b`r qum jfs ndjòsfnfs (t`j bfof sm jfs jj`oò ` jfs rmprmsmlt`ltms ‚Mj odtf bumlt` ul` gdstfrd` s`ar`e`, rmj`t` ul `bfltmbdodmltf qum g` tmldef jua`r ml mj tdmopf prdofred`j, mj tdmopf n`iujfsf em jfs bfodmlzfs. Edbgf em ftrf ofef8 mj odtf bumlt` bòof, ar`bd`s ` j`s g`z`ð`s em jfs Rmrms Rfirml`tur`jms, ul` rm`jde`e g` vmldef ` j` mxdstmlbd` (...). Ms, pums, sdmoprm ul rmj`tf em ul` brm`bdòl8 sm l`rr` bòof `jaf g` sdef  prfeubdef, g` bfomlz`ef ` smr. smr. (...)‟ (Odrbm` Mjd`em).  9  Bdue`e mst`ef ardma` ml eflem sm ems`rrfjjò j` bujtur` gmjäldb`. Mst`s bdue`ems pdmreml su `utflfoï` ml mj pmrïfef gmjmlïstdbf.

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em mst` lumv` nfro` em s`imr) lf mlsmð`i`l ul` efbtrdl` `jtmrl`tdv`. B`e` edsbïpujf lft`ijm, emspuäs em g`imr `prmledef bfl su o`mstrf, tmrodl`i` prfpfldmlef `jaf ednmrmltm ` jf qum mstm o`mstrf prfpflï`. Ms embdr jf msmlbd`j em mstm pmls`odmltf ms j` `btdtue brïtdb`. [fr ndl, msm pmls`odmltf qum gmofs b`r`btmrdz`ef bfof r`bdfl`j y brïtdbf prfbmem em j` `btdvde`e bfltmopj`tdv`8 tmfrï`.  J` p`j`ir` tmfrï` tdmlm p`r` jfs ardmafs ul b`ràbtmr modlmltmomltm vdsu`j. Umfrï` sdaldndb`i` odr`r, fismrv`r3 sdl p`rtdbdp`r `btdv`omltm ml jf qum sm mst`i` ems`rrfjj`lef. J` bdmlbd` ardma` mxprmsò sdmoprm mj dem`j em j` bdmlbd` bfltmopj`tdv`. J` vde` tmòrdb` num mltmlede` bfof vde` bfltmopj`tdv`, y ästm ms mj dem`j emj s`idf. G`bmr bdmlbd` mr` ul v`jfr ml sï odsof, y l`edm sm pj`ltm`i` qum äst` emimrï` emvmldr ml täbldb`. Edbgf em ftr` o`lmr`8 mj s`imr bdmltïndbf sm ems`rrfjjò em msp`je`s `j qumg`bmr ed`rdf em jfs gfoirms.  ^m`ofs ul mhmopjf em jfs `pfrtms em j` mpdstmom ardma` qum dltmlt` j`s mxpjdb`bdflms r`bdfl`jms em jfs nmlòomlfs l`tur`jms pfr b`us`s, t`oidäl, l`tur`jms. [femofs `evmrtdr qum jfs `ldo`jms brmbml, mstf ms `jaf vdsdijm. [mrf ¶bòof ms pfsdijm mj brmbdodmltf6 Jjmv`ofs ul bfremrf em 7 Ca. ` ul tmrrmlf, y emspuäs em ulfs omsms pms`rà 05 Ca. ¶Em eòlem s`jdmrfl msfs > Ca. lumvfs em bfremrf6 [ferï`ofs suamrdr qum emj p`stf y emj `au`. [mrf mstf lfs jjmv`rï` ` `jaf dl`bmpt`ijm8 qum mj p`stf sm tr`lsnfrom ml bfremrf. @l`xàafr`s prfpusf ul` mxpjdb`bdòl8 qum ml mj p`stf (t`oidäl ml oubgfs ftrfs jua`rms) g`y smodjj`s (gfomfomrï`s ( gfomfomrï`s)) em bfremrf. Ml mj p`stf g`y smodjj`s em s`larm, em pmjf, em gumsf, mtb., em tfef msf qum vdofs `uomlt`r em t`o`ðf, pfrqum emiml g`imr vmldef em `jaøl j`ef (ms dopfsdijm qum vmla`l em j` l`e`). T, t`oidäl, emimrmofs rmbflfbmr qum ml mj bfremrf g`y smodjj`s em gfoirm, mtb. J` tmfrï` em @l`xàafr`s pferï`ofs rmsuodrj` `sï8 ‚g`y smodjj`s em tfef ml tfe`s p`rtms‟, y ml b`e` bfs` prmefodl`rà ul

bdmrtf tdpf em[ferï` smodjj`. Mstf ms¶ms`s ul` mxpjdb`bdòl pmrodtm bfoprmlemr pfrquä pfsdijm mj brmbdodmltf. fihmt`rsm8 smodjj`s sflqum vdsdijms6 @l`xàafr`s bfltmstò qummslf, qum sfl ouy pmqumð`s bfof p`r` vmrj`s. ¶T mltflbms pfrquä emimofs `bmpt`r qum mxdstml6 J` rmspumst` qum guidmsm e`ef @l`xàafr`s smrï`8 pfrqum od r`zòl prumi` qum `jjï emiml mst`r, b`sf bfltr`rdf, smrï` dlbfoprmlsdijm qum `jaf brmzb`. Ms embdr sm tr`t` em ul` mxpjdb`bdòl r`bdfl`j y tmòrdb`2.  Ml rmsuoml, j` mpdstmom mpdstmom f mstm s`imr brïtdbf, r`bdfl`j, tmòr tmòrdbf dbf y bfl mxpjdb`bdflms mxpjdb`bdflms qum iusb`i`l b`us`s l`tur`jms em jfs nmlòomlfs, sm fpflï` ` jfs odtfs f l`rr`bdflms ml j`s qum dltmrvmlï`l numrz`s sfirml`tur`j sfirml`tur`jms. ms.  J`s tr`edbdflms tr`edb dflms bdmltïndb bdmltïndb`s `s gmjäldb`s (ardma`s) (ardma`s) @gfr` v`ofs ` smð`j`r efs ar`lems tr`edbdflms, bfl rmspmbtf ` j` bdmlbd`, bfrrmspfledmlt bfrrmspfledmltms ms ` jfs efs ndjòsfnfs oàxdofs oàxdofs em j` `ltd `ltdaúme`e aúme`e pfrqum pfrqum su dlnjuml dlnjumlbd`, bd`, `ul ms mnmbtdv`. `) j` em [j`tòl (597-251), (597-251), j` tr`edbdòl o`tmo`tdz`ltm o`tmo`tdz`ltm (pdt`aòrd (pdt`aòrdbf-pj`tòldb`) bf-pj`tòldb`)  i) j` em @rdstòtmjms, (j` tr`edbdòl tmjmfjòad tmjmfjòadb` b`5)  `) J` tr`edbdòl o`tmo`tdz`ltm o`tmo`tdz`ltm pdt`aòrdbf -pj`tòldb`  -pj`tòldb`  Emsem mj pultf em vdst` emj ems`rrfjjf em j` mpdstmom, [j`tòl [j`tòl (597  (597 `b. ` 251 `b.) mstuvf ouy dlnjumlbd`ef pfr mst`s dem`s pdt`aòrdb`s qum jm g`iï`l e`ef ` jfs løomrfs y nfro`s amfoätrdb`s ul jua`r `istr`btf y edvdlf. Ymbfremofs qum oubgfs bflfbdodmltfs o`tmoàtdbfs prfbmeml em jfs madpbdfs qudmlms jfs utdjdz`i`l, mltrm ftr`s bfs`s p`r` j` bflstrubbdòl em j`s 2  Bu`lef

jfs ardmafs di`l `j tm`trf di`l ` vmr ul` tmfrï`3 l`edm pumem bfoprmlemr ul` fir` sd lf vm mj bfodmlzf, f sd  pdmrem mj ndl`j, f sd sm pdmrem `jaul` p`rtm, pfrqum pfrqum j`s p`rtms rmndmrml `j bflhultf. 5  Umjmfjfaï` Umjmfjfaï`88 emj ardmaf tmjfs, ndl, jòafs, tr`t`ef. 

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[dràodems (`ltdbdp`lef mj tmfrmo` em [dtàafr`s). [mrf p`r` [j`tòl j` o`tmoàtdb` (mspmbd`jomltm j` amfomtrï`) mr`l mxprmsdflms dem`jms pmrnmbt`s (lf sm jm guidmr` fburrdef qum tuvdmr`l utdjde`e pfdätdb`), pfdätdb` ), j`s nfro`s qum mstued`i` j` amfomtrï`, lf mr`l j`s nfro`s smlsdijms sdlf j`s nfro`s pur`s. [fr mstf pfemofs embdr qum j` o`tmoàtdb` bfof bdmlbd`, l`bm ml Armbd`.  [j`tòl sfstuvf qum mxdstï`l efs oulefs8 mj smlsdijm (f oulef em j`s bfs`s pmrbmptdijms) y mj dltmjdadijm (f dltmjdadijm (f oulef em j`s dem`s), dem`s) , J`s dem`s tdmlml mxdstmlbd` dlempmledmltm dlempmledmltm em j` rm`jde`e y j` emtmrodl`l, `ulqum ml nfro` dopmrnmbt`. Mj oulef smlsdijm mstà nfro`ef pfr bfpd`s dopmrnmbt`s em jf qum mxdstm ml mj oulef dem`j nfro`ef em bfs`s pmrnmbt`s, pjml`s y sdl rmsqudbdfs.  Ml b`oidf, ml mj oulef smlsdijm lfs vmofs pmro`lmltmomltm mla`ð`efs lumstrfs em jfs smltdefs. Mj jj`o`ef prfijmo` em [j`tòl mr` hust`omltm mj em mxpjdb`r mj oulef f ‚s`jv`r j`s `p`rdmlbd`s‟ bfof sm sumjm embdr, utdjdz`lef sòjf j`s gmrr`o dmlt`s qum [j`tòl `bmpt`i`8 jfs

bïrbujfs y j`s msnmr`s y qum Ufjfomf, ulfs pfbfs sdajfs emspuäs, jjmv`rï` `j mxtrmof.   [rfpusf qum jfs løomrfs y ndaur`s amfoätrdb`s tmlï`l ul` mlfrom dopfrt`lbd`, pfrqum su mstuedf pmrodtï` ` jfs gfoirms `jmh`rsm em jfs fihmtfs smlsdijms g`bd` j` vmre`emr` rm`jde`e. Ml mj nrfltdspdbdf em su msbumj` [j`tòl msbrdidò8 ‚l`edm mltrm `quï sd lf s`im amfomtrï`‟.  Lfs mlbfltr`ofs mltflbms bfl ul` tr`edbdòl qum e` ar`l dopujsf ` j`s o`tmoàtdb`s pmrf y` lf `pjdb`ijms ` j` rm`jde`e sdlf bfof mpdstmom tmòrdb` y `istr`bt`. [j`tòl, lf sm prfpflm mstued`r mj oulef smlsdijm pfrqum mla`ð` bfl su `p`rdmlbd` y emnfro` j` vmre`emr` rm`jde`e qum sfl j`s dem`s. J` o`tmoàtdb` mr` mj bflfbdodmltf `istr`btf qum pmrodtï` jjma`r `j oulef em j`s dem`s f vmre`emr` rm`jde`e.  Rdl moi`raf, ` ms` pmrnmbbdòl o`tmoàtdb` j` bfjfbò ml jfs bumrpfs bmjmstms qum `p`rmbml, em `jaul` o`lmr`, demltdndb`efs bfl msm oulef dem`j ml j` omede` ml qum rmprfeubm j`s nfro`s amfoätrdb`s pmrnmbt`s. Mstf smrà rmtfo`ef bfl oubg` oàs o às numrz` pfr @rdstòtmjms qudml emtmrodl`rà hust`omltm qum mj msp`bdf supr`-jul`r (pfr mlbdo` em j` Jul`) ms mj msp`bdf em jfs ofvdodmltfs pmrnmbtfs (bdrbuj`rms) y em jfs bumrpfs pmrnmbtfs (msnmr`s), ul` bflbmpbdòl qum pmreur`rà dledsbutde` eur`ltm sdajfs.   Ms embdr, [`r` [j`tòl, jfs fihmtfs o`tmoàtdbfs `sï bfof j`s rmj`bdflms mltrm mjjfs, tdmlml su rm`jde`e (mxtmrl` m dlempmled dlempmledmltm mltm em qudml bflfbm) ml mj oulef em j`s dem`s. Bflfbmr, Bflfbmr, p`r` [j`tòl, sdaldndb` rm-bflfbmr, rm-bflfbmr, tr`sj`e`r mstm bumrpf em fihmtfs y rmj`bdflms prmmxdstmltms ml ul oulef mxtmrdfr m dopj`lt`rjfs ml mj dltmjmbtf emj dledvdeuf. J` tmsds nule`omlt`j em mst` pfstur` mpdstmofjòadb`, qum pfemofs jj`o`r rm`jdsof o`tmoàtdbf, ms j` smp`r`bdòl mxpjïbdt` mltrm mj suhmtf bfalfsbmltm y mj fihmtf em bflfbdodmltf. i) J` tr`edbdòl tmjmfjòadb` em @rdst @rdstòtmjms. òtmjms. @rdstòtmjms   num edsbïpujf em [j`tòl y ml oubgfs `spmbtfs bfltdlu`i` dem`s em ästm, sdl @rdstòtmjms moi`raf pfsmï` ul` edspfsdbdòl ednmrmltm8 mstuvf dltmrms`ef pfr bflsdemr`r mj oulef smlsdijm, y lmaò qum guidmsm ftrf smp`r`ef (mj em j`s Dem`s).  Num ul ar`l sdstmo`tdz`efr emj bflfbdodmltf em su äpfb`, bflfbdodmltf `j qum sfomtï` ` brïtdb` p`r` prfpflmr jumaf sfjubdflms frdadl`jms y supmr`efr`s. Bfof y` sm s`im, bflstrudr ul sdstmo`, `ulqum ästm lf sm` oàs qum ul` bj`sdndb`bdòl, supflm ul msnumrzf em edsbrdodl`bdòl ouy ar`lem. ^m`ofs `gfr` sfj`omltm `jaulfs `spmbtfs emj pmls`odmltf em @rdstòtmjms qum lfs pumeml smrvdr p`r` vmr j` mvfjubdòl em j` mpdstmom. [`r` @rdstòtmjms (ml mstf bfdlbdeï` bfl [j`tòl), sòjf g`y bdmlbd` em jf uldvmrs`j. [mrf jf uldvmrs`j   lf ms `jaf qum mstä smp`r`ef em jfs fihmtfs (bfof prfpflï` [j`tòl `j pfstuj`r j` uldvmrs`j mxdstmlbd` smp`r`e` em j`s Dem`s rmspmbtf em jf dledvdeu`j) dledvdeu`j).. Rdlf qum mst`i` ml jfs dledvdeufs, sòjf jfs dledvdeufs mxdstml y ml mjjfs sm s m prmsmlt` mj uldvmrs`j.  1

 

[fr ftrf j`ef, lf bflsdemr`i` qum j`s o`tmoàtdb`s puedmr`l e`r bumlt` emj oulef nïsdbf. Mj oulef suijul`r mr` dopmrnmbtf, pfr jf qum prmtmlemr g`bmrjf bfdlbdedr bfl j` prmbdsdòl o`tmoàtdb` mr` ul mrrfr em oätfef. @emoàs, bflsdemr`i` qum j`s omede`s mr`l ml bdmrtf ofef ul` rmnmrmlbd` ` ul sdstmo` `ridtr`rdf (mh.8 lf e` mj odsof løomrf jf qum sm odem ml bmltïomtrfs f puja`e`s). Em tfefs ofefs, j` `pjdb`bdòl em j` amfomtrï` ml mj oulef supr`-jul`r qume`i`  hustdndb`e` pfr j` j` pmrnmbbdòl em jfs jfs fihmtfs bmjmstms. bmjmstms. Em mstm ofef ul` bfs` sfl j`s qum fburrml ml j` Udmrr` (nïsdb`) y ftr` (ednmrmltm ml bu`ltf ` su l`tur`jmz` y ofvdodmltf) j`s qum fburrml ml jfs bdmjfs (`strflfoï`). J` smp`r`bdòl mltrm `strflfoï` y nïsdb` qum emj emhòoulef dlst`ur`e` dldbd` ul` vdsdòl uldt`rd` nïsdbf.@rdstòtmjms mstuvf vdamltm g`st` mj sdajf W^DD, ml qum sm Bu`lef qudsf rmnmrdrsm ` j`s b`us` em jfs nmlòomlfs  nmlòomlfs   l`tur`jms @rdstòtmjms edstdlaudò 5 b`us`s  0 - B`us` dldbd`j f mndbdmltm8 qum ms mj prdlbdpdf emj b`oidf. 9 - B`us` o`tmrd`j8 `qumjjf em jf bu`j `jaf suram 2 - B`us` nfro`j8 ms j` dem` f p`r`edao` 5 - B`us` B `us` ndl`j8 ms j` rm`jde`e g`bd` j` bu`j tdmlem ` smr. [fla`ofs ul mhmopjf. Rupfla`ofs qum qumrmofs mxpjdb`r j` b`us` em j` n`irdb`bdòl em ul sdjjòl. J` b`us` mndbdmltm ms mj qum jf n`irdb`, j` o`tmrd`j j`s o`emr`s y tmj`s, mtb., qum sm us`ràl, j` nfro`j ms j` nfro` qum sm jm e`rà y j` ndl`j ms p`r` quä sm v` ` us`r. Mst` b`r`btmrdz`bdòl mstuvf vdamltm g`st` mltr`e` j` Me`e Ofemrl`. J` bdmlbd` ofemrl` (rmbfremofs p`r` bu`lef jm`ofs oàs `emj`ltm rmspmbtf ` mjj`) mopfirmbm mj bflbmptf em b`us` ml t`ltf sm rmndmrm sfj`omltm ` j` b`us` bfof b`us` bfof b`us` mndbdmltm ifrr`lef j`s ftr`s trms.   2 - Mj Mj oul ef gmjmlïstdbf = y mj ems`rrfjjf em j` mpdstmom  Bfof vdofs, j`s prdomr`s mspmbuj`bdflms mr`l tft`jdz`ltms (ndjfsòndb`s) y mstf sm v` ` ofedndb`r bfl mj gmjmldsof.

= Bfl

j` oumrtm em @jmh`lerf O`alf (292 `.b.), mj dopmrdf qum g`iï` nule`ef sm emsodmoir`. [mrf j` jdimr`bdòl emj yuaf o`bmeòldbf lf sdaldndbò p`r` Armbd` j` vumjt` `j `pfamf. Rd idml ms bdmrtf qum j` msbumj` em @tml`s sdaudò nulbdfl`lef j` emb`emlbd` em j` bdue`e, ml bu`ltf ` jf `rtïstdbf y bdmltïndbf, `j omlfs sm v` `bmltu`lef jmlt` pmrf dlmxfr`ijmomltm. @jmh`lerï` (nule`e` mj 2; em o`rzf em 220 `.B. pfr @jmh`lerf ml j` emsmoifb`eur` emj rïf Ldjf, ml Madptf) p`s` ` smr mj bmltrf em msm pmrïfef gdstòrdbf-bujtur`j qum bflfbmofs bfof Gmjmldsof y `i`rb` jfs sdajfs qum v`l em j` oumrtm em @jmh`lerf (292 `. B.) g`st` j` bflqudst` emj oulef `ltdauf pfr jfs rfo`lfs (bfof efs nmbg`s  pfsdijms pumeml omlbdfl`rsm j` efodl`bdòl efodl`bdòl em Madptf ml mj 51 `.B. y j` efodl`bdòl em Armbd` mj `ðf 2; `.B.). [mrf g`y `utfrms qum sfstdmlml qum, ml rm`jde`e, mj pmrïfef sm mxtdmlem dlbjusf `ul i`hf j` efodl`bdòl rfo`l` y pferï` bflsdemr`rsm bflbjudef rmbdäl bfl j` emstrubbdòl tft`j em j` idijdftmb` em @jmh`lerï` emlfodl`e` idijdftmb` gdh` . J` gdstfrd` g`bm rmnmrmlbd` ` j` emlfodl`e` Idijdftmb` O`erm y j` Idijdftmb` gdh`. Mst` ndl`jomltm rmmopj`z`rà ` j` Idijdftmb`-o`erm, jumaf emj dlbmledf prfvfb`ef ml j` idijdftmb` o`erm eur`ltm j`s jubg`s mltrm jfs jmadfl`rdfs em Hujdf Bäs`r y j`s numrz`s ptfjmo`db`s em @qudj`s, mltrm `afstf emj 57 y mlmrf emj 51 `.B. ml mj pumrtf em @jmh`lerï`.   [tfjfomf DDD Mvmrauätds (mj 'Imlmn`btfr') smrà mj nule`efr em j` Idijdftmb`-gdh` ml mj Rmr`pmuo. Eur`ltm mj sdajf D^ e.B., jumaf em j` prfbj`o`bdòl emj brdstd`ldsof bfof j` rmjdadòl fndbd`j emj dopmrdf rfo`lf, j` smaurde`e em jfs s`ltu`rdfs ardmafs bfomlzò ` smr `oml`z`e`. Jfs vdmhfs brdstd`lfs fed`i`l j` Idijdftmb` pfrqum äst` mr`, ` sus fhfs, j` bdue`emj` em j` dlbrmeujde`e, mj øjtdof rmeubtf em j`s bdmlbd`s p`a`l`s. J` sdtu`bdòl sm tfrlò p`rtdbuj`romltm brïtdb` eur`ltm mj rmdl`ef em Umfefsdf D (21=-24=), mj mopmr`efr qum tr`tò em `b`i`r bfl j` gmrmhï` y mj p`a`ldsof. [fr freml em Umòndjf, fidspf em @jmh`lerï`, qum g`iï` pmtdbdfl`ef y bflsmaudef ul embrmtf dopmrd`j, mj Rmr`pmuo, mj bfopjmhf qum bfltmlï` j`    prmbdfs` idijdftmb` y ftr`s empmlemlbd`s empmlemlbd`s numrfl emstrudefs y s`qum s`qum`efs. `efs.

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Oumrtf @jmh`lerf, j` `s`oijm` `tmldmlsm rmsfjvdò jdimr`r ` j`s bdue`ems ardma`s em tfe`s j`s au`rldbdflms odjdt`rms o`bmeòldb`s y sm dldbdò ul` rm`bbdòl `ltd-o`bmeòldb` i`hf j` bu`j b`yò @rdstòtmjms qum num `bus`ef em dopdme`e. Gmofs em rmbfre`r qum @rdstòtmjms g`iï` sdef tutfr em @jmh`lerf g`st` qum ästm suidò `j trflf. @bmptò vfjult`rd`omltm mj emstdmrrf y ourdò ul `ðf emspuäs ml B`jbds. Bfl j` oumrtm em @rdstòtmjms sm bflbrmt`, y` emndldtdv`omltm, j` emb`emlbd` em @tml`s y mj bfodmlzf emj `uam em @jmh`lerï` (bmltrf emj gmjmldsof `sï bfof @tml`s jf g`iï` sdef emj pmrïfef gmjäldbf).  @jmh`lerï` num j` o`yfr bdue`e qum mj oulef `ltdauf g`iï` vdstf h`oàs. Amltm em tfe`s j`s l`bdflms jjma`i`l `jjï p`r` vdvdr, bfomrbd`r, ul eï` bu`jqudmr` sus pumrtfs `tdifrr`efs em omrb`emrms, mstuedfsfs y em `prmlemr. jf qum gfyMl emlfodl`rï`ofs turdst`s. Mr` ul`mst`i`l bdue`e eflem ardmafs, madpbdfs, àr`ims, sdrdfs, gmirmfs, pmrs`s, luidfs, nmldbdfs, dt`jd`lfs, a`jfs m ïimrfs dltmrb`oid`i`l omrb`lbï`s m dem`s. Num prfi`ijmomltm `jjï eflem j` p`j`ir` bfsofpfjdt` bflsdaudò tmlmr ul smltdef `utältdbf8 bdue`e`lf, lf em ul` sfj` l`bdòl f bdue`e, sdlf emj bfsofs. ¶Puä dopdedò qum sus mstuedfs `rr`da`r`l y njfrmbdmr`l oàs `jjà em j` äpfb` gmjmlïstdb` prfpd`omltm edbg`6 [femofs dltmlt`r ul` gdpòtmsds8 Lf g`y lftdbd` ml tfe` j` gdstfrd` em j` Idijdftmb` em qum `jaulf em jfs djustrms bdmltïndbfs y mstuedfsfs jjma`r` lulb` ` ems`nd`r smrd`omltm jfs supumstfs pfjïtdbfs, mbflòodbfs y rmjdadfsfs em su sfbdme`e. Rm pusf ml eue` j` pmro`lmlbd` em j`s mstrmjj`s, lf j` hustdbd` em j` msbj`vdtue. J` bdmlbd` y j` bujtur` ml amlmr`j mst`i`l rmsmrv`e`s p`r` ulfs bu`ltfs prdvdjmad`efs. J` v`st` pfij`bdòl em j` bdue`e lf tmlï` j` omlfr dem` em jfs ar`lems emsbuirdodmltfs qum tmlï`l jua`r emltrf em j` Idijdftmb`. Jfs lumvfs emsbuirdodmltfs lf numrfl mxpjdb`efs ld pfpuj`rdz`efs. J` dlvmstda`bdòl lf imlmndbdò `j pumijf. Jfs emsbuirdodmltfs ml ombàldb` y ml j` tmblfjfaï` emj v`pfr sm `pjdb`rfl prdlbdp`jomltm ` pmrnmbbdfl`r j`s `ro`s, ` mstdouj`r j` supmrstdbdòl, ` edvmrtdr ` jfs rmyms (s`jvf gflrfs`s mxbmpbdflms bfof @rquïomems). Jfs bdmltïndbfs lulb` b`pt`rfl mj pftmlbd`j em j`s oàqudl`s p`r` g`bmr mj tr`i`hf oàs edalf. Jfs ar`lems jfarfs dltmjmbtu`jms em j` `ltdaúme`e tuvdmrfl pfb`s `pjdb`bdflms pràbtdb`s dlomed`t`s. Ml mnmbtf, mst` bdmlbd` ms bfs` em s`idfs y sm ems`rrfjjò `j o`raml em jfs bflnjdbtfs sfbd`jms qum j` äpfb` vdvm, mj pumijf lf tmlï` lftdbd` em mjj`. U`j vmz mst` sm`, t`oidäl, ul` em j`s bflsmbumlbd`s bflsmbumlbd `s em j` smp`r`bdòl t`l t`h`ltm bfl mj bflfbdodmltf täbldbf y su emsprmfbup`bdòl pfr mj oulef emj tr`i`hf>. J` bdmlbd` lf n`sbdlò lulb` j` do`adl`bdòl em j` oujtdtue. Bu`lef `j ndl`j em tfef, j` bguso` sm prmsmltò p`r` qumo`r j` Idijdftmb` lf g`iï` l`edm b`p`z em emtmlmrj`.  Jfs prdlbdpdfs amlmr`jms qum j` bdmlbd` gmjmlïstdb`s rmspmtò numrfl jfs sdaudmltms8 j` Bdmlbd` sm emsprmlem em j` Ndjfsfnï` (ml mj smltdef em ul` mspmbuj`bdòl tmòrdb` em jf uldvmrs`j), lf pfrqum g`y` `ltdlfod` mltrm ul` y ftr`, sdlf pfrqum ml jua`r em tmlemr ` ul` mxpjdb`bdòl ajfi`j emj oulef, bfof j`s `ltdau`s bfsofjfaï`s (odtfs), y em prfbmemr mjj` odso` ul` sïltmsds tft`j (ndjfsfnï`), j` Bdmlbd` pmrsdaum su prfpdf fihmtf, j` mxpjdb`bdòl `strflòodb` emj bdmjf y j` bflstrubbdòl em ul sdstmo` o`tmoàtdbf r`bdfl`j. Emsem r`bdfl`j.  Emsem `gfr`, j` dlvmstda`bdòl bdmltïndb` sm mspmbd`jdz` pfr r`o`s. Mj r`zfl`odmltf ` prdfrd y `istr`btf, emj qum @rdstòtmjms g`bï` `øl usf nrmbumltm, ms sustdtudef pfr j` fismrv`bdòl odlubdfs` emj fihmtf3 j` emtmrodl`bdòl prmbdpdt`e` em j`s ‚b`us`s‟ y em ul prdlbdpdf uldvmrs`j em mxpjdb`bdòl, pfr mj mstuedf em jfs nmlòomlfs

bflbfodt`ltms y j` dlvmstda`bdòl dlvmstda`bdòl em jmyms3 j` dltmrprmt`bdòl emnfro`efr` em jfs gmbgfs ml nulbdòl em ul` efbtrdl` prmbflbmide`, pfr j` jmbtur` fihmtdv` em j` rm`jde`e.  @sï tmlmofs jfs mstuedfs `strflòodbfs. Rfirm j` i`sm em mstfs e`tfs sm g`l s`b`ef j`s sdaudmltms bflbjusdflms8 j` fismrv`bdòl em j` l`tur`jmz` lf tmlï` bfof ndl j` tr`lsnfro`bdòl em j` odso`, sdaldndbò j` lmbmsde`e em `hust`r jfs e`tfs mopïrdbfs ` j`s tmfrï`s `istr`bt`s bfl `yue` em j`s o`tmoàtdb`s. 

>

 [fr mst` äpfb` j` o`lf em fir` msbj`v` mr` `iule`ltm y lf g`bï` n`jt` dlbrmomlt`r j` prfeubbdòl bfl täbldb`s  pmrnmbbdfl`e`s (t`j bfof fburrdrà bfl mj lumvf ofef ofef em prfeubbdòl em j` iuraumsï` mml l mj sdajf W^DDD).

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J` `strflfoï` sm bflvdmrtm, pfr `pjdb`bdòl emj bàjbujf em j`s vvmjfbde`em mjfbde`emss em jfs nmlòomlfs bmjmstms, ml ul` bdmlbd` b`e` vmz oàs mx`bt`. Rm edstdlauml jfs edstdltfs tdpfs em mstrmjj`s, sm b`jbuj`l j`s òridt`s em jfs pj`lmt`s, sm tr`t` em omedr j`s edomlsdflms emj sfj, em j` Udmrr`, em prmembdr mbjdpsms. [`r` brm`r tmfrï`s sm tfo`, bfof ofemjf, j` o`tmoàtdb` pfr bflsdemr`r qum j` pmrnmbbdòl emj bdmjf emiï` sòjf bfop`r`rsm bfl j` pmrnmbbdòl em j`s o`tmoàtdb`s. Em mstm ofef sm brm`l gdpòtmsds oàs f omlfs `rtdndbdfs`s p`r` mxpjdb`r jfs ofvdodmltfs em jfs `strfs rmspmbtf em j` tdmrr`. Ml ndl, sm `bmltø` mj b`ràbtmr emeubtdvf em j`s tmfrï`s. [mrf lf g`y ul dltmltf em dltmr`bbdòl bfl mj s`imr täbldbf y mstf ms tf jdodt` ml oubgf jfs `pfrtms em j` mxpmrdmlbd`. tfefs mstfsOmed`. mstuedfs omlbdfl`rmofs sfj`omltm mj em [tfjfomf pfr su ar`l dlnjumlbd` eur`ltmEm tfe` j` Me`e J` fir` emj o`tmoàtdbf y `stròlfof Bj`uedf [tfjfomf  [tfjfomf   (@jmh`lerï`, 0;;-017) bfltdluò jøbde`omltm j` tr`edbdòl `strflòodb`8 ‚Brmmofs qum mj `stròlfof emim msnfrz`rsm ml bflsmaudr mj fihmtdvf sdaudmltm8 emofstr`r qum tfefs jfs nmlòomlfs ml mj bdmjf jfs prfeubml ofvdodmltfs 044>)  uldnfroms y bdrbuj`rms...‟ (@jo`amstf, DDD, 9, bdt`ef pfr Jmvdl`s, 044>)  Mj ar`l `pfrtm em [tfjfomf num emh`r pj`ltm`ef em quä ofef jfs `stròlfofs emiï`l dltmlt`r sfjubdfl`r jfs prfijmo`s qum sm prmsmlt`i`l ml `strflfoï`8 sus rmbursfs smrï`l mj usf emj mpdbdbjf, em j` mxbältrdb` y mj mbu`ltm. Mj mbu`ltm mr` ul pultf `rtdndbd`j em fismrv`bdòl (mxtmrlf ` j` Udmrr`) emsem mj bu`j j` vmjfbde`e emj `strf ml bumstdòl pfeï` vmrsm bfof uldnfrom. Ms dopfrt`ltm fismrv`r bòof huma`l `quï jfs bflbmptfs em `p`rmltm `p`rmltm y  y rm`j rm`j88 emsem j` Udmrr` pumem pmrbdidrsm ul ofvdodmltf `p`rmltm qum lf ms rm`j. [umem p`rmbmr qum mj pj`lmt` sm emtdmlm, pmrf ml rm`jde`e bfltdlø` su tr`ymbtfrd` ml mj mpdbdbjf1 sdl qum jf `evdrt`ofs, emidef ` lumstrf pultf em fismrv`bdòl. Rdl moi`raf, g`y ml j` `strflfoï` ptfjfomdb` ul` rmlulbd` ` prfpflmr j`s b`us`s  b`us`s   nïsdb`ss emj ofvdodmltf nïsdb` ofvdodmltf.. Ufef jf qum sm pdem `j `stròlfof ms qum prfpfla` j`s bfoidl`bdflms amfoätrdb`s oàs `embu`e`s qum oumstrml bòof fbup`l jfs `strfs jfs jua`rms ml qum jfs vmofs. Lf sm mspmr` qum mst` prfpumst` sm` vmre`emr`, y ms jmaïtdof qum sm mxpjdqum mj ofvdodmltf em o`lmr`s amfoätrdb`s edstdlt`s3 sd `oi`s bfdlbdeml bfl jf qum vmofs, pumeml smr `bmpt`e`s. Mst` tr`edbdòl `strflòodb` dltmlt`rà ‚s`jv`r j`s `p`rdmlbd`s‟ (mst` ms ul` nr`sm em [j`tòl). [j`tòl).   Ml o`tmoàtdb`s  emst`b`l Mubjdems, @rquïomems y @pfjfldf. J` fir` oàs dopfrt`ltm em Mubjdems (qum Mubjdems  (qum vdvdò prfi`ijmomltm mltrm 22;-911 `.B., eur`ltm mj rmdl`ef emj prdomr [tfjfomf) sfl jfs Mjmomltfs (Rtfdcgmd` ( Rtfdcgmd`), ), fir` qum, ml trmbm jdirfs, rmølm em nfro` sdstmoàtdb` mj bflhultf emj s`imr o`tmoàtdbf em j` `ltdaúme`e, mxpumstf ml nfro` emeubtdv`, em `bumref bfl mj bflbmptf em bdmlbd` mxprms`ef pfr @rdstòtmjms ml sus @l`jïtdbfs [fstmrdfrms3 p`rtdmlef em `xdfo`s, pfstuj`efs y emndldbdflms sm emeubml tmfrmo`s f sm rmsumjvml prfijmo`s.  @ mst`lfs `jtur` pfemofs dltrfeubdrftr` ul`gdpòtmsds. smaule`J` prmault` ¶pfr quä ems`rrfjjò j` nïsdb` nïsdb`66 J` rmspumst` fijda` ` pj`ltm`rlfs nïsdb` rmqudmrm emlf ulsm oätfef mxpmrdomlt`j y mstm oätfef supflm j` o`ldpuj`bdòl em j` l`tur`jmz` (nfrz`r jfs gmbgfs p`r` qum fburr`l). @quï `p`rmbml efs sdstmo`s em v`jfrms qum gdbdmrfl dopfsdijm mst` pràbtdb`.  0 Ufe` o`ldpuj`bdòl em mstm tdpf mst`i` `sfbd`e` `j tr`i`hf y ästm mr` bflsdemr`ef ul` `btdvde`e suhmt` ` j`s lmbmsde`ems y prfpd` em msbj`vfs. Em mstm ofef lf pfeï`l pmls`r qum mj s`imr supmrdfr mstuvdmr` jda`ef ` ldlaøl tdpf em o`ldpuj` o`ldpuj`bdòl. bdòl. 9  ‒ Jfs ardmafs bflsdemr`i`l qum j` l`tur`jmz` mr` ul` `roflï` pmrnmbt` qum lf emiï` ofedndbàrsmj` oàs `jjà em j` iøsqume` em j` s`tdsn`bbdòl em j`s lmbmsde`e lmbmsde`ems. ms. Ml bflsmbumlbd` lf sm g`irï` prfeubdef mj ems`rrfjjf emj oätfef mxpmrdomlt`j y j` nïsdb` sdaudò jda`e` ` j` ndjfsfnï` (`j pmls`odmltf tmòrdbf `istr`btf). 5  ‒ Mj oulef rfo`lf y mj adrf pràbtdbf. pràbtdbf.   1

 Bïrbujf buyf bmltrf mst`i` ml ul pultf em j` bdrbulnmrmlbd` em ftrf bïrbujf o`yfr

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Jfs rfo`lfs lf bflstdtuymrfl ul pumijf dlbjdl`ef g`bd` j`s prmfbup`bdflms bdmltïndb`s tmòrdb`s. Ru mspïrdtu pràbtdbf (ml mj smltdef em pr`xds) jf `jmh`i` em j` bdmlbd` bfltmopj`tdv`. Rus lmbmsde`ems odjdt`rms jfs dopujs`rfl ` bdmrt`s bumstdflms pràbtdb`s, o`ltmlï`l gfspdt`jms em b`op`ð` (`jaf lumvf), ems`rrfjj`rfl j` ätdb`, j` fr`tfrd`, j` pfjïtdb`, mtb. [fr jf emoàs, jfs rfo`lfs tfo`i`l bfof brdtmrdf em bujtur` jf qum vmlï` em jfs ardmafs, ` jfs qum bflsdemr`i`l sus o`mstrfs y em jfs qum sm embï`l submsfrms ml sus rmj`tfs oïtdbfs pfr msf, y pfr su `btdtue pràbtdb`, lf rm`jdz`rfl dllfv`bdflms ` j`s bdmlbd`s ardma`s (mpdstmom) sdlf qum j`s rmprfeuhmrfl t`j bfof j`s g`iï`l rmbdidef.  rmbdidef.  Ml ftr`sMjp`j`ir`s, pràbtdbf jfsyjjmvò ` ems`rrfjj`r rmnjmxdflms jda`e`s ` j`ar`lems vde` ml j`s bdue`ems. emrmbgf,su j` mspïrdtu ofr`j, j` rmtòrdb` j` omedbdl`, sm mlbumltr`l mltrm sus `pfrtms. ]l` em j`s nfro`s em pr`xds oàs ems`rrfjj`e` num mj emrmbgf rfo`lf (qum rfo`lf  (qum `ul sm mstued` ml j`s n`bujt`ems em emrmbgf) pmrf t`oidäl j`  j` oäedb` qum jj`o`ràl O`tmrd` oäedb` (g`st` oäedb` (g`st` mj WDW) ms mj mstuedf em j`s sust`lbd`s qum sm us`l bfof rmomedf. Edfsbòrdems, bdruh`lf em Lmròl, bj`sdndbò >;; pj`lt`s smaøl j` mlnmrome`e qum bur`i`l (jfs bfltmopfràlmfs em Gdpòbr`tms, ml Armbd`, bflfbï`l ul`s 0=; gdmri`s omedbdl`jms, pmrf lf j`s g`iï`l bj`sdndb`ef). [rdomrf tr`t`i` j` mlnmrome`e, jumaf emsbrdiï` j`s pj`lt`s qum j` bur`i`l, eòlem brmbï`l y bòof us`rj`s. J` omedbdl` mr` bflsdemr`e` ul` `btdvde`e pràbtdb` øtdj, t`oidäl (y prdlbdp`jomltm), pfr j` lmbmsde`e em gfspdt`jms qum `tmledmr`l ` jfs sfje`efs gmrdefs prfvmldmltms em j`s oøjtdpjms aumrr`s ml j`s qum sm moi`rbò Yfo`.  5.0 5.0 - Mj Mj adrf rfo`lf g `bd` mj mj brds td`ldsof Bfl j` `p`rdbdòl emj brdstd`ldsof brdstd`ldsof,, j` bujtur` rfo`l` bfodmlz` ul b`odlf em mlnrmlt`odmltfss (qum oàs `emj`ltm bujodl`rà bfl su `sdodj`bdòl) prfeubdälefs mlnrmlt`odmltf prfeubdälefsmm ul lumvf adrf a drf ml j`s bumstdflms bdmltïndb`s.  Ml ul prdlbdpdf j`s mlsmð`lz`s brdstd`l`s bfltmlï`l oubg`s `evmrtmlbd`s bfltr` jfs qum emsm`i`l s`imr, sm dlbjdl`i`l pfr j` sdopjdbde`e emj mspïrdtu, emsprmbd`i`l ` jfs s`idfs. Em gmbgf, mj brdstd`ldsof mr` rmsdstdef pfr jfs gfoirms efbtfs nfro`efs ml j` tr`edbdòl ardma`, qum vmï`l ml mjj` ul` lumv` supmrstdbdòl. Ufef mstf amlmrò ul numrtm emsprmbdf outuf, qum dopujsò ` oubgfs msbrdtfrms brdstd`lfs ` mlnrmlt`rsm bfl mj pmls`odmltf em ndjòsfnfs y bdmltïndbfs em tr`edbdòl p`a`l` (mstf ms, qum emsbflfbdmrfl mj omls`hm iïijdbf). ‚... pfr dlnjuhf em jfs øjtdofs ndjòsfnfs bjàsdbfs, mstfdbfs, mpdbørmfs y lmfpj`tòldbfs, j`

burdfsde`e pfr j` l`tur`jmz` g`iï` sdef b`sd mltmr`omltm sustdtude` pfr mj emsmf em ul` p`z dopmrturi`ijm qum pfeï` smr bflqudst`e` sfj`omltm pfr ul` omltm jdimr`e` em j`s empmlemlbd`s em j` o`tmrd` y em j` b`rlm. Mstfs ndjòsfnfs sm prmault`rfl8 ¶p`r` quä sdrvm mj bbflfbmr flfbmr y mj g`bmr6. Jfs o`mstrfs brdstd`lfs tmlï`l ul` rmspumst` t`oidäl p`r` mstf8 v`jm j` pml` bflfbmr y g`bmr jf qum jjmv` `j `ofr em Edfs. Jfs prdomrfs brdstd`lfs o`ltuvdmrfl su emsprmbdf em j` burdfsde`e pfr j`s bumstdflms l`tur`jms y, `j prdlbdpdf, t`oidäl tmledmrfl ` omlfsprmbd`r ` j` Ndjfsfnï` pfrqum pfeï` edstr`mr ` jfs gfoirms em ul` vde` `ar`e`ijm ` Edfs .‟ (Brfoidm, 04=4).  T` ` ndlms em j` `ltdaúme`e, @a `ltdaúme`e, @a us ustïl tïl em Gdp Gdpfl fl` ` (R`l @austïl) (2=5-52;) ml iuml` omede` bfltdlu`i` mj emsprmbdf pfr j` t`rm` bdmltïndb` rmspmbtf ` jf qum mr` dopfrt`ltm p`r` jfs brmymltms8 ‚@sï pums, bu`lef mj prfijmo` qum sm lfs pj`ltm` ms s`imr quä brmmofs ml o`tmrd` em rmjdadòl, lf ms lmbms`rdf sflem`r j` l`tur`jmz` em j`s bfs`s t`j bfof jf g`l gmbgf `qumjjfs ` jfs qum jfs ardmafs emlfodl`i`l pgysdbd3 ld emimofs `j`ro`rlfs pfr oàs tdmopf em qum jfs brdstd`lfs dalfrml numrz` yj`s mj løomrf mjmomltfs,emmj `ldo`jms, ofvdodmltf, mj freml y jfs mbjdpsms bumrpfs j`bmjmstms, mspmbdmsemy jfs l`tur`jmz`s pj`lt`s, pdmer`s, numltms, em rïfsjfsy oflt`ð`s, j` brflfjfaï` y j`s edst`lbd`s, jfs sdalfs qum `lulbd`l j` prfxdode`e em j`s tfromlt`s u 00

 

ftr`s odj bfs`s qum t`jms t`jms ndjòsfnfs g`l e emsbuidmrtf msbuidmrtf f brmml brmml g`imr emsbuidmr emsbuidmrtf tf (...) @j brdstd`lf jm i`st` bfl brmmr qum j` øldb` b`us` em tfe`s j`s bfs`s brm`e`s, bmjmstms f tmrrmstrms, vdsdijms f dlvdsdijms, ms j` ifle`e emj Brm`efr, mj øldbf Edfs vmre`emrf, y qum l`e` mxdstm, s`jvf Äj odsof, buy` mxdstmlbd` lf tmla` su frdaml ml Äj. ‟ (Bdt`ef ml8 Cugl, 04>9) Rdl moi`raf, R`l @austïl `evdrtdò qum jfs msbrdtfs pj`tòldbfs fnrmbï`l ul o`tmrd`j dopfrt`ltm p`r` jfs ndlms emj brdstd`ldsof y sm emedbò ` mjjfs. 

9 - Mj omedfmvf brds brdstd`lf td`lf Bfof submsfrms emj mspïrdtu rfo`lf, jfs gfoirms emj omedfmvf sm prmfbup`rfl prdlbdp`jomltm pfr j` pr`xds, `arma`lef j`s nfro`s em s`jv`r mj `jo` ` jfs ems`rrfjjfs rfo`lfs. @emoàs sm v` ` dltmlt`r rm`jdz`r ul` sïltmsds mltrm j` r`zòl y j` nm, ml eflem j` prdomr` qume` sfomtde` ` j` smaule` y tfef jf rmnmrmltm ` fismrv`bdòl em j` l`tur`jmz` qume` numr` em msm s`imr fndbd`j. J` ar`l sïltmsds omedmv`j j` rm`jdzò Ufoàs em @qudlf qum num qudml `evdrtdò qum lf mr` pfsdijm o`ltmlmr j` tft`j efodl`bdòl em j` tmfjfaï` ml j` dltmrprmt`bdòl em jfs nmlòomlfs emj oulef tmrrml`j, m dltrfeuhf j` efbtrdl` em j` efijm vmre`e. vmre`e. Mj uldvmrsf qumeò edvdedef ml efs efodldfs. Oàs `rrdi` em j` jul`, mr` efodldf em j` tmfjfaï` (rmdl` em tfe`s j`s bdmlbd`s). Ròjf mjj` pfeï` embdr quä mr`l jfs nmlòomlfs, quä mr` j` vmre`e. [fr emi`hf em j` jul` sm `eodtdò qum mj gfoirm pfeï`j`jjma`r ` mst`ijmbmr `jaul`s vmre`ems rmj`tdv`s emmtb., rmj`tdv`s em jf qum sm jdimr`jms), fbup`i` j`sfomtde`s ndjfsfnï`, j` o`tmoàtdb`, `strflfoï`, j` `bøstdb`, j` jòadb`, j` ar`oàtdb`, (`rtms ` j` tmfjfaï`.  Em mst` o`lmr` j` l`tur`jmz` sm bflvdmrtm ml sdalf em Edfs y, su dltmrprmt`bdòl, ms aud`e` pfr j`s vmre`ems em j`s R`ar`e`s Msbrdtur`s, j`s bu`jms sfj`omltm j` pfeï`l dltmrprmt`r jfs qum pfsmï`l ‚j` ‚j` r`zòl djuodl`e` pfr Edfs‟   f sm` jfs tmòjfafs. Mst` bflbmpbdòl emj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf   (bfltmopj`tdvf) - y` qum  bdmltïndbf qum  g`y bdmlbd`s supmrdfrms m dlnmrdfrms ml buy` bøspdem mstà j` tmfjfaï` qum sfomtm ` tfe`s j`s emoàs - mstà hmr`rqudz`ef pfrqum bu`ltf oàs suijdom ms mj fihmtf qum mstued`l oàs hmr`rquï` tmlerà j` bdmlbd`. Bdmlbd` ms mltflbms, em `bumref `j fihmtf y lf pfr su oätfef, bfof jf smrà ml j` ofemrlde`e. [fr msf, `j o`raml em j`s `rtms jdimr`jms (bdmlbd`s) sm ems`rrfjj`rfl j`s emlfodl`e`s `rtms smrvdjms 7 (pfdätdb`s) mltrm j`s qum sm bflt`i`l j` pdltur`, j` oøsdb`, j` `jqudod`, j` `rqudtmbtur`, y tfe`s j`s täbldb`s omedmv`jms qum, pfr mst`r sfomtde`s ` j`s lmbmsde`ems em j` vde` bftded`l` lf sm bflsdemr`rfl bdmlbd`s bdmlbd`s..  Emimofs pultu`jdz`r, pultu`jdz`r, qum mj ems`rrfjjf em j`s `rtms smrvdjms num ouy dopfrt`ltm y tmrodl`rà o`rb`lef su dlnjumlbd` ml mj l`bdodmltf em j` bdmlbd` ofemrl` @sï, j` Me`e Omed` pfsmï` ul` vdsdòl mhmopj`rdst` mhmopj`rdst` em  em j` l`tur`jmz` (ms embdr, jfs gfoirms y mj oulef mr`l vmstdadfs em j` brm`bdòl em Edfs), pfr msf vmï`l ml mj oulef mj sdaluo Emd, bfof Emd, bfof vmstdaduo ml vmstdaduo  ml j`s bfs`s o`tmrd`jms y bfof do`af do`af ml  ml j`s dlo`tmrd`jms. ^fjvmofs ` vmr mxpjdb`bdflms em ems`strms bfof j` pmstm lmar` bfof b`stdafs edvdlfs f sdalfs emj ndl em jfs tdmopfs, t`j vmz, ml nfro` `jaf p`rmbde` ` j` äpfb` em jfs odtfs. 

2  ‒ Mj l`bdodmltf em e m j` bdmlbd` ofemrl` 7

  Mj bflbmptf em imjj`s `rtms, ms ul bflbmptf ofemrlf qum ednmrmlbd` j` `btdvde`e pfdmtdb` ml efs ofe`jde`ems8 j` `rtïstdb` y j` täbldb`.

09

 

G`st` jfs sdajfs WD f WDD, mj brdstd`ldsof efodl`i` ul` Murfp` `arïbfj`, y mj ar`l fihmtdvf em j` vde` mr` j` s`jv`bdòl emj `jo` (vdsdòl mhmopj`rdst`). @ p`rtdr em jfs sdajfs WDD y WDDD, bfl j` sfbdme`e em jfs dlamldmrfs, bfl mj nfrode`ijm prfarmsf em j` täbldb` ml j` Me`e Omed`, bfl mj ems`rrfjjf em j`s bdue`ems, Murfp` b`oidò em omlt`jde`e, em ofef em prfeubbdòl, em dltmrmsms, y vdf `p`rmbmr lumvfs pmrsfl`hms. Jfs r`safs b`r`btmrïstdbfs em j` bdmlbd` ofemrl` sfl jfs r`safs b`r`btmrïstdbfs em j` sfbdme`e em j` äpfb` ml qum suradò. J` bdmlbd` sm vfjvdò mxpmrdomlt`j pfrqum pfrqum jfs ‗pràbtdbfs— `equdrdmrfl ul jua`r oàs dopfrt`ltm. Rm bdt` sdmoprm ` Jmfl`ref, pmrf jfs `r tdst`sdlamldmrfs mr`l oubgfs. @p`rmbdò mltflbms tfe` ul` smrdm em ‗pràbtdbfs—. @ p`rtdr emj sdajf W^D

suradmrfl `j j`ef em j`s uldvmrsde`ems uldvmrsde`ems -eflem j` mlsmð`lz`, dlbjusf em j` o`tmoàtdb`, mr` tmòrdb`, `istr`bt`- j`s ‗msbumj`s em bàjbujf— p`r` bfomrbd`ltms , eflem sm `prmleï` ` omedr mj vfjuoml em ul i`rrdj, ` us`r trdaflfomtrï` mjmomlt`j p`r` omedr `jtur`s. Guif jdirfs emstdl`efs ` bfomrbd`ltms, qum sm ednuledmrfl ràpde`omltm, i`st`ltm `ltms em A`jdjmf, ` qudml sm jf bflsdemr` dldbd`efr em j` bdmlbd` ofemrl`. @ p`rtdr em jfs sdajfs WD^ y W^, suradmrfl t`oidäl jfs i`lqumrfs. Jfs i`lbfs em Dt`jd` tmlï`l ar`lems s`jefs ml p`ïsms edst`ltms. Mstm gmbgf ms msmlbd`j g`st` p`r` bfoprmlemr j` `p`rdbdòl em jfs løomrfs lma`tdvfs. Jf dopfrt`ltm lf ms s`imr qudäl jfs dlvmltò sdlf qum jfs i`lqumrfs tmlï`l bfjuol`s p`r` `lft`r j`s pärede`s y j`s a`l`lbd`s, g`bï`l bàjbujf bàjbujfss y tmlï`l qum bfoput`r jf qum fburrï` ml j`s suburs`jms mxtr`lhmr`s,   `equdrdmlef `sï mj gàidtf emj bàjbujf `istr`btf. Eur`ltm mj Yml`bdodmltf `p`rmbml j`s prdomr`s mst`eïstdb`s8 tfefs jfs eï`s sm bflt`i`l buàltfs iumyms, v`b`s y bmrefs mltr`i`l ml j` bdue`e em Njfrmlbd`. Ms mj bfodmlzf emj oulef ofemrlf, em j`s bdnr`s bu`ltdt`tdv`s .Mltrm mj ndl em j` Me`e Omed` y mj bfodmlzf emj Yml`bdodmltf suradò ul` sfbdme`e qum bflnd`i` ml j` r`bdfl`jde`e emj gfoirm y ml su pfemr em `btu`r sfirm j` l`tur`jmz`. Bfof sdmoprm, sm mlbfltr`rfl hustdndb`bdflms tmfjòadb`s8 sm emsbuird emsbuirdò ò ml j` Idijd` qum Edfs sdmoprm g`iï` qumrdef qum mj gfoirm efodl`sm j` l`tur`jmz`. Rm pusf mj äln`sds ml jfs `spmbtfs r`bdfl`jms em j` Idijd`. ]l p`s`hm emj "Jdirf em j` R`ideurï`" edbm, pfr mhmopjf, Edfs gdzf tfef smaøl mj løomrf, mj  pmsf y j` omede`. A`jdjmf sfstuvf qum j` 044;) l`tur`jmz`qum ms o`tmoàtdb` y r`bdfl`j .‟ (Ugudjjdmr, Bfof vdofs, j` tr`edbdòl ardma` mstdo`i` qum jf prfpdf emj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf ms mj bflfbdodmltf em j`s b`us`s, y qum j` bdmlbd` vmrs` sfirm jf ]ldvmrs`j. Jumaf mst` iøsqume` em j`s b`us`s ms j` prmault` emj pfr quä jf qum rmsujt` j` prmault` nule`omlt`j emj msnumrzf bdmltïndbf. Em mst` o`lmr`, pfemofs mltmlemr qum p`r` @rdstòtmjms j` dlvmstda`bdòl ndjfsòndb` numr` ‚bdmlbd` prdomr`‟, pumstf qum mxpjdb` pfr ul tdpf em b`us`s qum iusb`l rmspflemr `j pfr quä. quä. J` bdmlbd` ofemrl` sm pmault` mj pfr quä  quä  y t`oidäl mj bòof bòof,, mxpjdb`r ul nmlòomlf, ms embdr, emsbrdidr bòof sm amlmr` f ems`rrfjj`. Mj pfr quä `pult` ` ul` dem` em b`us`jde`e ouy edstdlt` .Rmaøl jf qum y` vdofs, @rdstòtmjms prmsmlt` bu`trf b`us`s (o`tmrd`j, nfro`j mndbdmltm y ndl`j). J` ofemrlde`e rmeuhf mj bflbmptf b flbmptf em b`us` `rdstftäjdbf ` j` b`us` mndbdmltm, emsbflfbdmlef j`s emoàs.  [mrf g`y ul r`saf `ul oàs ednmrmlbd`efr, y ms qum @rdstòtmjms bflsdemr` qum mj bflfbdodmltf em oàs `jtf ar`ef sfl j`s bdmlbd`s qum lf iusb`l smr pràbtdb` ld pfdätdb`s, pfr mj bfltr`rdf vmofs bfof ulf em jfs r`safs nule`omlt`jms emj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf em j` ofemrlde`e ms su frdmlt`bdòl g`bd` jf oàs øtdj y prfeubtdvf. Bfodmlz` ul prfbmsf em demltdndb`bdòl em pr`xds bfl pfdmsds (qum bujodl`rà bfl O`rx p`r` qudml j` prfeubbdòl em fihmtfs ofedndb` t`oidäl `j gfoirm) y p`rmbm b`rmbmr em smltdef fbup`rsm ml bflfbmr `jaf (omed`ltm j` bfltmopj`bdòl8 tmfrï`) qum lf sm` øtdj øtdj.. Lf lfs fjvdemofs qum mstà l`bdmlef j` sfbdme`e iuraums` buyf v`jfr prdlbdp`j ms hust`omltm jf øtdj. Mj bflfbdodmltf tmòrdbf bfodmlz` su bfoprfodsf bfl j` `bbdòl pràbtdb` y pfdätdb`. ¶Bòof suram mst` bdmlbd`6  Emsem mj sdajf W^D bfodmlz` ` bfir`r dopujsf j` lumv` nfro` em g`bmr bdmlbd` jda`e` ` jfs mstuedfs `strflòodbfs y nïsdbfs, j` bu`j o`eur`rà ml jfs efs sdajfs sdaudmltms. Mr` ul` bdmlbd` qum `v`lz`i` bfl p`sfs smaurfs y qum, pfr j` `eodr`bdòl qum susbdt`i`, dlbdt`i` ` j` dodt`bdòl. G` ems`p`rmbdef b`sd emj tfef j` bdmlbd` tgmfrï`  tgmfrï`  em j` `ltdaúme`e, bfof sdopjm `spdr`bdòl ` bfltmopj`r mj oulef p`r` g`bmrjf dltmjdadijm. G` ems`p`rmbdef, bfof dem`j fpmr`tdvf, j` vdsdòl mhmopj`rdst` brdstd`l` mhmopj`rdst`  brdstd`l` em j` bdmlbd` omedmv` y g` suradef ftr` qum sm sfstdmlm ml j` dem` em qum j` r`bdfl`jde`e ms prfpd` em b`e` dledvdeuf, ml t`ltf smr guo`lf (y lf bfof prfpd` em jfs qum tdmlml 02

 

j` r`zòl djuodl`e` pfr Edfs, bfof mj omedfmvf brdstd`lf), qum iusb` jmadtdo`rsm bfof bflfbdodmltf pøijdbf pøijdbf y prfi`rsm bfl jfs e`tfs qum prfbmeml em jfs smltdefs. Y`zòl y mxpmrdmlbd` smlsdijm qume`ràl `t`e`s emsem, pfr jf omlfs, j` äpfb` em A`jdjmf   ‚Mltrm j` bdmlbd` nmue`j y j` bdmlbd` ofemrl`  ‒edbm R`o`h`- guif ul b`oidf em bfltmldef

mpdstmofjòadbf, lf em nulbdòl mpdstmofjòadb`8 ` ul` sfbdme`e qum sm bflbmiï` ` sï odso` bfof tutmj`e` pfr j` ^fjult`e em ul Rmr Ruprmof, ` tr`väs em sus odldstrfs, bfrrmspfledò j` dem` em ul` l`tur`jmz` g`idt`e` pfr numrz`s mspdrdtu`jms. Bfrrmj`tdv`omltm, ` ul` sfbdme`e qum sm prmsmlt` bfof ul sdstmo` ombàldbf, buy` mqudjdir`bdòl empmlem em j` sfj` fpmr`bdòl em jfs omb`ldsofs fihmtdvfs emj omrb`ef (lmxus rmruo), bfrrmspflem ul` vdsdòl em ul` l`tur`jmz` rmade` pfr j`s nulbdflms o`tmoàtdb`s .‟  (R`o`h`,  (R`o`h`, 0442). 0442). [mrf j` uldndb`bdòl emj bflfbdodmltf em j` l`tur`jmz` y j` o`tmoàtdb`, bfof jmlau`hm `prfpd`ef p`r` mltmlemrj`, sòjf num pfsdijm emltrf em ul` bujtur` omrb`ltdj4 qum jjmvò `oi`s edsbdpjdl`s `j pultf em nusdòl.  @sï, tfef jf qum g`st` msm ofomltf (j` äpfb` Omedmv`j) sm g`iï` jj`o`ef bdmlbd` bdmlbd` `p`rmbm  `p`rmbm `gfr` jjmlf em mrrfrms3 ml bflsmbumlbd`, bflsmbumlbd`, iusb`rfl lumvfs oätfefs b`p`bms em amlmr`r bmrtmz`s. [mrf jfs oätfefs, ` pms`r em mst` omt` bfop`rtde`, bfodmlz`l ` smr edvmramltms8 j` bmrtmz` prfvdmlm em j` r`zòl f em j` rm`jde`e mopïrdb`. mopïrdb`. Mstm øjtdof b`odlf lf mlbumltr` ul` bfedndb` bfedndb`bdòl bdòl y ul` pr`xds pr`xds   bflvdlbmltm g`st` Lmwtfl, qudml, ml su fir`, `ul lf g`l ems`p`rmbdef mjmomltfs omedmv`jms bfof pfr mhmopjf j` mxdstmlbd` emj mtmr, f mj bflbmptf bflb mptf em gdpòtmsds bfof j` us`rfl jfs o`tmoàtdbfs omedmv`jm omedmv`jms s (ul` ltm, bflhmtur` qumj`ms øtdj p`r` pmrf lf bfof ul` supfsdbdòl qum emim smr prfi`e` mopïrdb`om mopïrdb`omltm, t`j bfof bflbdim j` r`zfl`r bdmlbd` ofemrl`).   Jfs gfoirms ofemrlfs, `j bflnd`r ml j` r`bdfl`jde`e emj dledvdeuf, prmtmleml  prmtmleml   j` j`   ednusdòl emj s`imr ` tfefs y lf sfj`omltm ` ul` mjdtm em mjmadefs f djuodl`efs. djuodl`efs .  J` bdmlbd` iusb` jmadtdo`rsm bfof bflfbdodmltf pøijdbf, ms embdr, bu`jqudmr dledvdeuf qum g`y` rmbdidef meub`bdòl, pumem mltmlemr y prfi`r j`s gdpòtmsds bdmltïndb`s sfomtdmlef sus rmsujt`efs `j trdiul`j em j` mxpmrdmlbd` y em j` dltmrsuihmtdvde`e. dltmrsuihmtdvde`e.  Ftrf `spmbtf emst`b`ijm ms qum sm bflbdim ` j` bdmlbd` bfof ul prfbmsf qum rmqudmrm j` bfj`ifr`bdòl mltrm jfs bdmltïndbfs. Mstm bdmltïndbfs. Mstm ms ulf em jfs fihmtdvfs qum dopujs` j` brm`bdòl em j`s `b`emod`s y j`s puijdb`bdflms pmrdòedb`s pmrdòedb`s bdmltïndb`s. ‚Mj `v`lbm y mj prfarmsf em j`s bdmlbd`s y em

j`s `rtms omed`ltm j` bfj`ifr`bdòl8 gm `quï j` bfoøl ndl`jde`e qum sm prfpflml j`s prdomr`s `b`emod`s bdmltïndb`s ofemrl`s8 ofemrl`s 8 j`  @bb`emod` emj Bdomltf Bdomltf   (0>=1), j` Yfy`j Rfbdmty  Rfbdmty  (0>>9), j`  @b`eäodm ems sbdmlbms  sbdmlbms  (0>>>)‟ (Yfssd04>>). ‚Ml 0>>= (...) sm puijdb` ml [`rïs mj prdomr ed`rdf bdmltïndbf ‒mj Hfurl`j ems R`v`ltsR`v`lts- smaudef trms omsms emspuäs pfr jfs [gdjfsfpgdb [gdjfsfpgdb`j `j tr`ls`btdfls tr`ls`btdfls,, 4

  Ymbfremofs qum j` bujtur` omrb`ltdj sm dlst`j` ml mj oulef fbbdemlt`j bfl mj emrruoim emj sdstmo` nmue`j bfomlz`ef `prfxdo`e`omltm ml mj sdajf WD^ - W^ y g`bm pfsdijm j` Ymvfjubdòl Dleustrd`j emj sdajf W^DDD. Rumjm emlfodl`rsm rmvfjubdòl bfomrbd`j ` mst` bujtur` omrb`ltdj qum sdaldndbò jfs sdaudmltms b`oidfs8 0  ‒  Mj  Mj oflfpfjdf emj bfomrbdf ml mj Omedtmrràlmf qum mhmrbï`l j`s bdue`ems dt`jd`l`s. 9  ‒   Mj dltmrb`oidf qum mst`s bdue`ems rm`jdz`rfl bfl j`s bdue`ems em Murfp` smptmltrdfl`j. 2  ‒   J` dltrfeubbdòl em oflme`s em bdrbuj`bdòl amlmr`j. 5  ‒   J` `buouj`bdòl emj b`pdt`j sfir`ltm ml mj bfomrbdf, j` l`vma`bdòl y j` odlmrï`. =  ‒  J`  J` emo`le` em o`tmrd`jms iäjdbfs y mj dopujsf e`ef pfr jfs lumvfs ofl`rb`s `j bfomrbdf bfl mj ndl em brm`r ftr`s numltms em dopumstfs. > ‒   Mj Mj emsmf em fitmlmr prfeubtfs emj Jmh`lf Frdmltm mstdouj`ef pfr mj rmj`tf em jfs vd`hmrfs. 05

 

em Jflerms, qum, em gmbgf, sfl bdmltïndbfs y lf ndjfsòndbfs, ml mj smltdef ml qum jf mltmlemofs `btu`jomltm‟ (B`djjmux, 04>0). 

[mrf, ml v`rdfs `spmbtfs, jfs b`oidfs ml j` nfro` em pmls`r j` l`tur`jmz` tuvdmrfl su dlspdr`bdòl ml `jaul`s tr`edbdflms omedmv`jms bfof j`s rmnjmxdflms sfirm mj p`pmj em j` dleubbdòl ml mj pmls`odmltf `rdstftäjdbf f mj rmbflfbdodmltf emj v`jfr em emtmrodl`efs mxpmrdomltfs qum rm`jdz`rfl, mltrm ftrfs, Yfamr I`bfl, Arfssmtmstm y Audjjmrof em Fbcg`o. Jf oàs lfvmefsf num j` lumv` rmj`bdòl qum sm mst`ijmbm bfl mj oulef em j` täbldb` täbldb`,, qum y` g`bï` bfomlz`ef ` vdsjuoir`rsm ml j` øjtdo` mt`p` em j` Me`e Omed`. Em mst` msnmr`, pumem embdrsm qum j` bdmlbd` ofemrl` tfoò8  • 

jfs prfbmedodml prfbmedodmltfs, tfs, •  mj usf em jfs `rtmn`btfs y • 

j` mj`ifr`bdòl em ofemjfs o o`tmoàtdbfs, `tmoàtdbfs, i`sm em j` lumv` nfro` em rmprmsmlt`bdòl emj oulef.

@ ednmrmlbd` emj ems`rrfjjf p`r`jmjf y sdl emo`sd`efs bflt`btfs mltrm j` bdmlbd` y j` täbldb` eur`ltm j` `ltdaúme`e y j` Me`e Omed`, ml j` ofemrlde`e sm prfeubm ul` dltmr`bbdòl mltrm bdmlbd` y täbldb` qum `tr`vmsò pfr edstdltfs pmrïfefs. Dldbd`jomltm prmefodlò mj `pfrtm täbldbf `j b`opf bdmltïndbf, oàs t`rem j` bdmlbd` bfodmlz` ` rm`jdz`r `pfrtms ` j` täbldb` y p`uj`tdl`omltm sm `v`lz` g`bd` j` dltmr`bbd dltmr`bbdòl. òl. [mrf ``øl øl bu`lef j` bdmlbd` emj sdajf W^DD lf g`y` prfeubdef `v`lbms täbldbfs dlomed`tfs, G`imro`s sfstdmlm qum edndmrm em j` `ltdau` ml t`ltf ems`rrfjj` ul` edomlsdòl em bfltrfj täbldbf pfsdijm. Ms embdr, mj gfoirm ofemrlf prfymbt` mxtmlemr omed`ltm j` bdmlbd` su efodldf sfirm j` l`tur`jmz`. [mrf mj prmbdf em mstm efodldf p`rmbm g`imr sdef qum j` r`zòl smp`rm bu`jqudmr prmsupumstf buy` dlnjumlbd` lf numr` b`jbuj`ijm (v`jfr`bdflms, prmhudbdfs, fpdldflms). U`j bfof jf emo`le` mj dopmr`tdvf a`jdjm`lf, j` iøsqume` emj s`imr lf emiï` mst`r suhmt` ` ldlaul` jdodt`bdòl mxtmrl` ` sï odso`. odso` . Mstf emtmrodlò ul` bflbmpbdòl em bdmlbd` qum g` jjma`ef, bfl `jtdi`hfs, g`st` mj eï` em gfy8 j` bdmlbd` ms lmutr`j lmutr`j,, jfs øldbfs v`jfrms qum j` auï`l sfl jfs emj bflfbdodmltf (sdopjdbde`e em j`s tmfrï`s, prmedbtdvdjde`e, bfgmrmlbd`, vmre`e, mtb.) y pmro`lmbm `hml` ` j`s bumstdflms ätdb`s, pfjïtdb`s f rmjdadfs`s.  Jfs mlnrmlt`odmltfs em A`jdjmf bfl mj pfemr pfjïtdbf y rmjdadfsf dledb`l mj bfodmlzf em mstm dem`j8 j` lmutr`jde`e em jfs bflfbdodmltfs y j` `utflfoï` p`r` j` dlvmstda`bdòl. Em mstm ofef j` fihmtdvde`e sm vmrï` emnmlede` em tfef mjmomltf edstfrsdfl`efr. J` vmre`e bdmltïndb` e`rï` juz ` j`s sfoir`s em j` dalfr`lbd` g`bdmlef ems`p`rmbmr, `sï, n`l`tdsofs y prmhudbdfs qum dopdeml `j gfoirm su rm`jdz`bdòl pjml` y bfopjmt`, su mo`lbdp`bdòl tft`j. ‚ Jfs prmhudbdfs ofr`jms numrfl pumstfs i`hf j` jup` emj bdmltïndbf (bflsdemr`lef bdmltïndbf  (bflsdemr`lef qum) su oätfef  oätfef tdmlm mnmbtfs lft`ijms, ml bu`ltf ` mjdodl`r prmhudbdfs y ofstr`r j` dlbfopmtmlbd` jòadb` em `jaulfs  prfymbt`ef  prfymbt`efs s bursfs em `bbdòl.‟ (Cjdofvscy, 0479).  Ml su frdaml, mst` lumv` nfro` em pmls`r j` l`tur`jmz` emidò rmbj`o`r j` `utflfoï` em jfs bfltrfjms pfjïtdbfs y rmjdadfsfs sdl jf bu`j lf guidmr` pfedef ems`rrfjj`rsm. Edomlsdòl täbldb` y iøsqume` em `utflfoï` sfl, `sï, efs b`r`s em j` odso` oflme`. Mstm dem`j em lmutr`jde`e g` sdef bumstdfl`ef `btu`jomltm sfirm tfef emsem mj àoidtf em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms y `jaul`s 0=

 

frdmlt`bdflms em j` ndjfsfnï` em j` bdmlbd` (qum vmrmofs oàs `emj`ltm), i`sàlefsm ml mj bfoprfodsf mxdstmltm mltrm bdmlbd` y pfemr. Ml rmsuoml, j` bdmlbd` ofemrl` sm bflstdtuyò, ` j` vmz, bfof moprms` bfaldtdv`  bfaldtdv`  ml iusb` em bmrtdeuoirms -qum irdle` ul bu`erf dltmar`ef emj oulef, prmtmlede`omltm jdirm em  em   dltmrmsms mxtmrlfs ` sï odso`- y bfof numltm em pfemr  f  f gmrr`odmlt` p`r` o`ldpuj o`ldpuj`r `r mj omedf.  @l`jdbmofs jfs `pfrtms em j` täbldb` omedmv`j y su ujtmrdfr ems`rrfjjf p`r` ofstr`r j`s b`r`btmrïstdb`s em j`s bdmlbd`s nïsdb`s ofemrl`s8  ` ‒ Bfl rmspmbtf ` j` dopfrt`lbd` dopfrt`lbd` em jfs prfbmedodmltfs mxpmrdomlt`jms mxpmrdomlt`jms pfemofs rmbfre`r j` `ndro`bdòl em Imrl`j, smaøl j` bu`j8 ‚ Jfs prdomrfs gfoirms em bdmlbd` qum mx`odl`rfl j` l`tur`jmz` f j` fir` em jfs gfoirms, tuvdmrfl qum utdjdz`r mj mqudpf y j`s dem`s prmefodl`ltms mltflbms ml j` tmblfjfaï`, ms embdr qum us`rfl mj bfopmledf em rmbmt`s pràbtdb`s m dlstruomltfs emj gfa`r, j` ar`lh` y mj t`jjmr `rtms`l`j‟.  Imrl`j vm ml mj mxpmrdomltf, i`sm em j` bdmlbd` ofemrl`, ‚ul prfbmsf täbldbf ml pmqumð` msb`j`. Jfs `p`r`tfs emj mx mxpmrdomlt` pmrdomlt`efr, efr, bfof jf prumi` mj b`sf em @arïbfj` (054;-0===), sm rmeubml ` jfs emj nuledefr‟  (Imrl`j,  (Imrl`j, 04>2).  [mrf mj mxpmrdomltf bdmltïndbf emidò dltmar`r mj sdstmo` gdpftätdbf emeubtdvf y j` bu`ltdndb`bdòl em j` mxpmrdmlbd` sdl jf bu`j lf pferï` g`imrsm e`ef bfof nfro` uldvmrs`j em vmrdndb`bdòl em jfs rmsujt`efs ml emtmrodl`e`s bdmlbd`s, bfof pfr mhmopjf j` nïsdb`. J` emeubbdòl gdpftätdb` mr` ul r`zfl`odmltf r`zfl`odmltf bfoøl mltrm jfs jòad jòadbfs bfs y o`tmoàtd o`tmoàtdbfs bfs omedmv`jms omedmv`jms y sm j` ednmrmlbd`i` emy jf j` `ndro` emeubbdòl b`tmaòrdb`.p`r` J` bfouldb`r emeubbdòlsub`tmaòrdb` ul prdlbdpdf dlbfledbdfl`ef bfof vmre`emrf bmrtdeuoirmp`rtm ` susem bflsmbumlbd`s. Mhmopjf em ul` emeubbdòl b`tmaòrdb` ms mj sdaudmltm8 Rfstmlaf qum tfefs jfs s`lt`nmsdlfs sfl `ramltdlfs ms vmre`e y qum tfefs jfs rfs`rdlfs sfl s`lt`nmbdlfs t`oidäl jf ms, ml bflsmbumlbd` ms vmre`e qum tfefs jfs rfs`rdlfs sfl `ramltdlfs  Ml t`ltf j` emeubbdòl gdpftätdb` ms ul` emeubbdòl bfledbdfl`e` y, jfs o`tmoàtdbfs omedmv`jms, bflsdemr`i`l, mj prdlbdpdf emj bu`j sm p`rtï`, bfof ul pfstuj`ef. Ms embdr ul prdlbdpdf qum lf sm emoumstr` y qum lf pfsmm bfof t`j v`jfr em vmre`e pmrf tdmlm j` pftmlbd` p`r` mlamler`rj` mlamler`rj ` emeubtdv`om emeubtdv`omltm8 ltm8 [fr mhmopjf8 Rd j` jïlm` ms ul` submsdòl dlndldt` em pultfs emimofs bflsdemr`r `j smaomltf bfof ul` submsdòl em pultfs jdodt`e` pfr jfs pultfs ml m l qum sm bfrt` j` jïlm`. jïlm`.  [mrf j` emeubbdòl gdpftätdb` prfpd` emj oätfef mxpmrdomlt`j v` ` rmqumrdr mj b`oidf emj bflbmptf em gdpòtmsds. T` T` lf smrà ul pfstuj`ef buy` vmre`e f n`jsme`e lf sm emoumstr` sdlf ul` bflhmtur` qum emimrà prfi`rsm, ms embdr g`y ul bfoprfodsf bfl j` vmre`e. [mrf sd mst`ijmbmofs ul` gdpòtmsds bflhmtur` qum emimrà smr emofstr`e` pfr jfs gmbgfs, sm lfs pj`ltm` ul prfijmo` qum y` jf bflfbï`l jfs o`tmoàtdbfs ardmafs. Rd idml pfemofs mxtr`mr em j` vmre`e emj prdlbdpdf j` vmre`e em j`s bflsmbumlbd`s, l`e` pfemofs embdr emj prdlbdpdf bu`lef j`s bflsmbumlbd`s sfl vmre`emr`s. [ferï` fburrdr qum j`s bflsmbumlbd`s bflsmbumlbd`s sm`l vmre`emr`s y mj  prdlbdpdf n`jsf. Mstf jjmvò ` sfstmlmr qum j`s gdpòtmsds qum j` bdmlbd` lf g` pfedef rmnut`r sfl sfj`omltm prfi`ijmomltm vmre`emr`s. i - Mj usf em dlstruomltfs täbldbfs p`r` j` dlvmstda`bdòl bdmltïndb` ms mj bfrrmj`tf em jfs b`oidfs `pult`efs. A`jdjmf jm ftfra` `j tmjmsbfpdf ul p`pmj nule`omlt`j p`r` mj ems`rrfjjf em j` bdmlbd` y jf rmbflfbm bfof dlvmlbdòl em ‚ul sdopjm n`irdb`ltm em jmltms fredl`rd`s.‟   (A`jdjmf, 0>92).. J` utdjdz`bdòl emj odsof 0>92) odsof ml j` t`rm` bdm bdmltïndb` ltïndb` amlmr` j` fpfsdbdòl fpfsdbdòl em jfs tmòjfafs em j` äpfb` qudmlms em ul` bflbmpbdòl edstdlt` em bdmlbd` - emsbflnd`rfl sug`bï` v`jfr.emj Mj  hmsudt` [. Ar`ssd [. Ar`s sd- pfsmmefrms brdtdbò j` bflbmpbdòl `strflòodb` em A`jdjmf, y ml mspmbd`j mj usf em qum tmjmsbfpdf (`j bu`j, pfr r`zflms pur`omltm jòadb`s, jm ldma` j` pfsdidjde`e em prfeubdr ul `uomltf 0>

 

t`j ml j`s bfs`s qum pmrodt` g`bmr vdsdijm jf qum `ltms lf jf mr`). Bfl mstm `rauomltf prmtmleï` lma`r j` mxdstmlbd` em o`lbg`s sfj`rms y ftrfs emsbuirdodmltfs gmbgfs bfl mj tmjmsbfpdf, qum pflï`l ml eue` j` pmrnmbbdòl em j` òridt` bmjmstm. Lf g`y qum fjvde`r qum j` vmre`emr` bdmlbd` p`r` mj omedfmvf emiï` emeubdrsm em j`s vmre`ems rmvmj`e`s y lf em j` fismrv`bdòl mopïrdb`, bflsdemr`e` numltm em mrrfrms. A`jdjmf rmspfledò rmspfledò ` j` fir` em Ar`ssd ml ul jdirf em tïtujf suamstdvf8 Mj mls`y`efr . Bfl j` dltrfeubbdòl em jfs dlstruomltfs, j` fismrv`bdò fismrv`bdòl l bdmltïndb` sm ednmrmlbd` em j` fismrv`bdòl i`l`j ml t`ltf `qumjj` ms `rtdndbd`j ml ul efijm smltdef8 pfr mj usf em dlstruomltfs y pfr mj b`ràbtmr emj oätfef mxpmrdomlt`j em prfvfb`r j` `p`rdbdòl emj nmlòomlf `rtdndbd`jomltm.  b- Rd idml sm rmbflfbm ml j` j` bdmlbd` jfs tmòrdbfs, lf emimofs fjvde`rlfs emj usf em j`sbu`ltdndb`bdòl o`tmoàtdb`sprfpd` ml j` em `strfjfaï` y mj j` `pfrtm o`ad` em omedmv`jms. Edbm Ij`lbgä `j rmspmbtf, qum sd idml lf pumem bfop`r`rsm mstm usf bfl j` `pjdb`bdòl em j`s o`tmoàtdb`s p`r` mj bflfbdodmltf emj oulef qum rm`jdz`rfl jfs ofemrlfs, oubgfs em jfs bdmltïndbfs emj prdomr ofomltf mst`i`l n`odjd`rdz`efs bfl mjj` ` tr`väs em jfs mstuedfs `strfjòadbfs f em j` luomrfjfaï` us`e` ml j` o`ad`. Mj øldbf qum lf mst`i` rmj`bdfl`ef rmj`bdfl`ef bfl mst`s pràbtdb`s p`rmbm g`imr sdef A`jdjmf. U`opfbf emimofs fjvde`r qum emltrf emj àoidtf emj tr`i`hf `rtms`l`j tmlï` ar`l dopfrt`lbd` j` bu`ltdndb`bdòl8 ‚...`ltms em A`jdjmf y eur`ltm su vde`, j`s o`tmoàtdb`s mr`l us`e`s b`e` vmz oàs pfr jfs täbldbfs y `rtms`lfs pràbtdbfs‟ (Lmmeg`o, 04=>).  J` øldb` nfro` em e`rjm ` j` nïsdb` ul jmlau`hm o`tmoàtdbf ms rmemndldmlef su fihmtf em mstuedf. Mstm lumvf fihmtf sfl j`s rmj`bdflms mltrm nmlòomlfs y lf j`s bu`jde`ems. Rfl j`s rmj`bdflms j`s qum pumeml smr omede`s y em mstm ofef sm fitdmlm ul b`ràbtmr bflsmlsu`j emj bflfbdodmltf em j` mxpmrdmlbd` (modlmltmomltm jda`ef ` b`e` ulf em jfs suhmtfs qum jf `equdmrml). Mstm lumvf fihmtf em bflfbdodmltf ms nfro`j y `istr`btf. @sï, bfodmlz` ul b`odlf ml mj bu`j pfr mhmopjf rfhf, lf ms ul` smls`bdòl qum empmlem em qudml vm mst` bu`jde`e em jfs fihmtfs sdlf ul` emtmrodl`e` jfladtue em fle`. Mstm bflfbdodmltf em j`s rmj`bdflms mltrm nmlòomlfs pumem bu`ltdndb`rsm bu`ltdndb`rsm y bflvmrtdrsm ml tmst em j`s gdpòtmsds tmòrdb`s.  Ms embdr mj jmlau`hm o`tmoàtdbf lf pumem b`pt`r sdlf rmj`bdflms mltrm nmlòomlfs, mst`s rmj`bdflms sfl `jaf qum pumem omedrsm (y, pfr jf t`ltf, `jaf qum pumem vmrdndb`rsm f rmnut`rsm). Mj nmlòomlf sunrm, em mst` o`lmr` ul prfbmsf em `istr`bbdòl `j bu`j bfrrmspflem j` sdstmo`tdz`bdòl uldndb`bdòl y freml`odmltf emj sdstmo` bfopjmhf em jmyms m gdpòtmsds qum sm vmrdndb`l. Mj pj`lf prdvdjmad`ef em mst`s `istr`bbdflms, f sm` mj pj`lf ml qum ms oàs nàbdj j` rmeubbdòl emj nmlòomlf ` j`s rmj`bdflms qum jf emtmrodl`l, ms mj pj`lf em j` ombàldb`, eflem mltr`l ml humaf jfs bflbmptfs suamrdefs oàs dlomed`t`omltm pfr j` täbldb` em j`s jj`o`e`s oàqudl`s sdopjms. Mstm pj`lf tdmlm j` vmlt`h` em pfemr mxprms`r rmj`bdflms ml nfro` o`tmoàtdb` mjmomlt`j, em o`lmr` qum pmrodtm pmlmtr`r ml j`s prfpdme`ems oàs b`r`btmrïstdb`s emj pj`lf dlbjdl`ef, j` p`j`lb`, mj ofvdodmltf pmleuj`r, mtb.0;. @ mst` bflbmpbdòl em j` l`tur`jmz` mltmlede` bfof ul` oàqudl` qum pumem ems`ro`rsm, mstued`r sus p`rtms pfr smp`r`ef g`bmrj` oàs dltmjdadijm sm j` emlfodl` omb`ldbdst`.. Ms embdr, ` j` dem` em ul` l`tur`jmz` bfof jua`r prdvdjmad`ef em j` o`ldnmst`bdòl omb`ldbdst` edvdl`, pfij`e` em o`rb`s y `l`jfaï`s qum g`y qum emsbdnr`r jm submem j` dem` em ul` l`tur`jmz` mltmlede` bfof oàqudl` msbrdt` bfl b`r`btmrms o`tmoàtdbfs (A`jdjmf) bflstdtude` pfr rmj`bdflms qum g`y qum omedr.  Mstfs b`oidfs sm gdbdmrfl mvdemltms bfl j` ednusdòl em j` tmfrï` gmjdfbältrdb` em Bfpärldbf `pfy`e` pfr A`jdjmf, j` ombàldb` em Lmwtfl, j` quïodb` em J`vfdsdmr y j` tmfrï` em j` mvfjubdòl em E`rwdl (qum tmrodlò em rmofvmr jf øjtdofs vmstdadfs em dltmrprmt`bdòl omedmv`j em j` l`tur`jmz`). Lf v` ` p`s`r oubgf tdmopf g`st` qum mj oulef sfbd`j, bfof bflsmbumlbd` em jfs irusbfs b`oidfs prfeubdefs mspmbd`jomltm mspmbd`jomltm pfr j` Ymvfjubdòl Nr`lbms` y j` Ymvfjubdòl Dleustrd`j, t`oidäl rmqudmr` smr pmls`ef bfl jfs dlstruomltfs dltmjmbtu`jms em j` bdmlbd` ofemrl`. 0;

  Jfs ems`rrfjjfs ujtmrdfrms em j` dlvmstda`bdòl mxpmrdomlt`j ofedndb`rfl j` vdsdòl qum `b`i`ofs em omlbdfl`r. Mj gmbgf odsof em qum j` o`tmoàtdb` bfomlz`r` ` suamrdr lumvfs oätfefs (pfr mhmopjf mj ems`rrfjjf emj `làjdsds dlndldtmsdo`j) y qum mstfs oätfefs sm rmvmj`r`l suradò em dltmrprmt`r mj jmlau`hm o`tmoàtdbf bfof `uxdjd`r øtdj ml mj mstuedf em j` mxtr`fredl`rd`omltm l`tur`jmz`. Ms embdr, nmbulefs l`bm mj bflbm bflbmptf ptf j` emdem` o`tmoàtdb` `pjdb`e`. [fr ftrf j`ef mj nïsdbf s`im qum lf g`y a`r`ltï`s ` prdfrd ml j` `pjdb`bdòl em ul` u ftr` tmfrï` o`tmoàtdb` ` j` rm`jde`e nïsdb`, jf qum jf g`bm mst`r sdmoprm edspumstf ` dltmlt`r j` `pjdb`bdòl em ftr` tmfrï`.

01

 

[mrf, hultf bfl jfs emsbuirdodmltfs qum rm`jdz`r` j` lumv` nïsdb`, jfs lumvfs gfoirms em bdmlbd` sdltdmrfl j` lmbmsde`e em iusb`r ul` nule`omlt`bdòl p`r` j` nfro` em bflfbdodmltf qum mst`i`l amlmr`lef. @sï, t`ltf A`jdjmf bfof Cmpjmr y `ul Lmwtfl rmnjmxdfl`rfl sfirm bumstdflms mpdstmofjòadb`s rmj`tdv`s `j `sultf qum mlb`r`i`l, ms embdr gdbdmrfl ndjfsfnï` em j` bdmlbd`. Umla`ofs ml bumlt` qum jj`o`r t`ltf ` j`s rmnjmxdflms sfirm j` bdmlbd` bfof jfs emsbuirdodmltfs nïsdbfs sm sdaudò utdjdz`lef mj tärodlf ndjfsfnï`. @sï, j` fir` em Lmwtfl sm j` bflsdemr` ul` ndjfsfnï` em j` l`tur`jmz`.

5 - Mpds Mpdstmofjf tmofjfaï` aï` 0  ‒ J`s rmnjmxdf rmnjmxdf lms sfirm j` bdmlbd`. Jfs prfijmo`s emj bflfbdodmltf numrfl pj`ltm`efs y` emsem mj frdaml em j`s mspmbuj`bdflmss tmòrdb`s (ml Armbd`) y, bfl mj ems`rrfjjf emj s`imr fbbdemlt`j, nfro`rfl p`rtm em j` mspmbuj`bdflm ndjfsfnï`. J` r`o` em j` ndjfsfnï` qum tr`t`i` em tmfrdz`r sfirm mj bflfbdodmltf sm emlfodlò alfsmfjfaï` qum pj`ltm`i` j` pfsdidjde`e, pfsdidjde`e, j` msmlbd` y mj frdaml em tfef bflfbdodmltf. Bfl mj l`bdodmltf em j` bdmlbd` ofemrl` (sdajf W^DD) jfs sdstmo`s ndjfsòndbfs sm fbup`rfl em dltmlt`r nule`omlt`rj`, ms embdr bòof sm bflstruym mj bflfbdodmltf (tmo` em j` `bt`j mpdstmofjfaï`). Mstm ms mj b`sf emj sdstmo` ndjfsòndb` em Doo`lumj C`lt (sdajf W^DDD). C`lt `ifreò edvmrsfs prfijmo`s ndjfsòndbfs ndjfsòndbfs pmrf mj løbjmf em su ndjfsfnï` sm bmltrf ml mj bflfbdodmltf bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf. Rfstdmlm Yfj`lef A`rbï`8 ‚ Mj ar`l oärdtf qum tuvf C`lt mltflbms -y bfltdlø` sdälefjf- ms

g`imr pj`ltm`ef tfe` bj`rde`e prfijmo` emj`bmpt`ijms bflfbdodmlt bflfbdodmltf, f, em j` rmspumst`s, rmj`bdòl suhmtf-fihmtf mlul j` bflstrubbdòl emj bfl bflfbdodmltf. Jf mj qum y` lf sfl sfl sus qum nfro`l sdstmo` bmrr`ef bfopjmtf8 mxpjdb` mj msp`bdf, mj tdmopf, j` b`us`jde`e, j`s o`tmoàtdb`s y, l`tur`jomltm, mxpjdb` j` bdmlbd` em su äpfb`.  [mrf ml j` äpfb` em C`lt, jf qum sm bflfbï` em j` bdmlbd` mr` j` amfomtrï` em Mubjdems, j` jòadb` `rdstftäjdb`  ‒ qum vmlï`l sdl b`oidfs em j` `ltdaúme`e bjàsdb` - y j` ar`l rmvfjubdòl qum, dldbd`e` pfr A`jdjmf, g`iï` jjmv`ef ` j` nïsdb` ` su nfrouj`bdòl ofemrl` bfl Lmwtfl. U`oidäl j` `rdtoätdb` g`iï` dlbfrpfr`ef jfs bàjbujfs em Lmwtfl y Jmdildtz. C`lt dltmlt` nule`omlt`r mst` bdmlbd` qum bflbmiï` `j msp`bdf y `j tdmopf bfof `isfjutfs. Yfj`leff A`rbï` - j` amfomtrï` ms jf qum edbml jfs Mjmomltfs em Mubjdems, [`r` C`lt - edbm Yfj`le j` jòadb` ms mj sdjfadsof `rdstftäjdbf3 j` `rdtoätdb` ms mj bàjbujf ml j` nfro` qum Lmwtfl y Jmdildz jf bflstruymrfl3 mj msp`bdf y mj tdmopf ms jf qum Lmwtfl bflsdemr` bfof msp`bdf y tdmopf. (...) . J` fir` em C`lt ms mj ofluomltf em j` ndjfsfnï` mspmbuj`tdv`. [mrf msm ofluomltf tuvf o`j` sumrtm. C`lt oumrm ml 07;5 y lf p`s`l 9; `ðfs sdl qum j` bdmlbd`, nule`omlt`jomltm j` o`tmoàtdb`, tmla` ul vumjbf mxtr`fredl`rdf. @p`rmbml j`s amfomtrï`s lf mubjded`l`s, y ` p`rtdr em `gï yf edrï` qum b`e` ulf em jfs bflbmptfs qum e`i` C`lt bfof mst`ijmbdefs v`l ` smr sdstmoàtdb`omltm emofjdefs ml jf qum rmst` emj sdajf WDW y mj bfodmlzf emj sdajf WW.  J` amfomtrï` lf mubjded`l` oumstr` qum j` amfomtrï` em Mubjdems ms sòjf ul` em j`s amfomtrï`s mltrm ftr`s mqudv`jmltms, y qum j` amfomtrï` emj msp`bdf nïsdbf lf mr` ul prfijmo` qum pfeï`l embdedr j`s o`tmoàtdb`s pfr sï odso`s. [fr su p`rtm, j` jòadb` v` ` smr bfopjmt`omltm rmlfv`e` ml msm sdajf. Rm v` ` ofstr`r qum j` sdjfaïstdb` em @rdstòtmjms ms sòjf ul pmqumðf b`pïtujf em j` jòadb`, sm v` ` rmsfjvmr jf qum num mj ar`l msbàle`jf em j` o`tmoàtdb` y em j` jòadb`8 j` jòadb` em @rdstòtmjms lf ms b`p`z em mxprms`r mj oàs sdopjm r`zfl`odmltf o`tmoàtdbf, sdmlef qum j`s o`tmoàtdb`s sm bflsdemr`l j` buoirm emj r`zfl`odmltf jòadbf. Ms nàbdj ofstr`r r`zfl`odmltfs ouy sdopjms qum lf sfl rmeubdijms ` sdjfadsofs. B`m mltflbms j` jòadb` `rdstftäjdb`. Qmdrstr`ss e` `j bàjbujf ul `spmbtf bfopjmt`omltm edstdltf, oumstr` qum Ijfs dlndldtäsdofs qum j`s t`ltf jm gdbdmrflsfirm emv`l`r jfs smsfs ` C`lt y t`oidäl prfijmo`. B`ltfr rmsumjvm `ltdlfod`s mj dlndldtf. Irmvmomltm sm jjma`` Gmamj `j ndl`jlf emjsfl sdajf bfl ul`T o`tmoàtdb` edstdlt`, sdl qum qumem l`e` em jfs prfijmo`s em C`lt.  07

 

Ml jfs dldbdfs emj sdajf WW, bfl j` rmj`tdvde`e y j` ombàldb` buàltdb`, mj prfbmsf sm v` ` tmrodl`r. Mj msp`bdf y mj tdmopf bfir`l ul smltdef bfopjmt`omltm edstdltf. Mstm ms mj emrruoim, lf em C`lt ld em Gmamj, ms mj emrruoim em j` ndjfsfnï` mspmbuj`tdv`. @ p`rtdr em `gï j` ndjfsfnï` mspmbuj`tdv` pdmrem mj emrmbgf em tr`t`r em nule`omlt`r jfs bflbmptfs bdmltïndbfs. (A`rbï` Yfj`lef, 044;)  Ufefs mstfs b`oidfs v`l ` bfleubdr ` j` prmmodlmlbd` em j`s bumstdflms mpdstmofjòadb`s pfr sfirm bu`jqudmr ftrf pj`ltmf ndjfsòndbf. Jfs `jmo`lms - sfstdmlm Yfj`lef A`rbï` - sfl jfs prdomrfs qum sm pmrb`t`l em mstf, qudzà pfrqum ul` iuml`(mrcmlltldss p`rtm em jf qum fburrdòjmnum ml @jmo`ld`. T jf qumjmgmrmr mr` mrcmlltldss tgmfrdm, tmfrï` emj bflfbdodmltf ms tmfrï`) `ltmpflml wdssmlsg`nt (wdssmlsg`nt ms bdmlbd`) ul` tmfrï` em j` bdmlbd`. (A`rbï` Yfj`lef, 044;)  Pudml tfo` mstf ouy bj`r`omltm y jm e` ul smltdef ndjfsòndbf, qudml rmtfo` sfirm tfef j` rmbflstrubbdòl em j` amfomtrï`, ms Imrtr`le Yussmjj, puijdb`lef ml jfs øjtdofs `ðfs emj sdajf WDW ul` fir` nule`omlt`j, Jfs nule`omltfs em j` amfomtrï`, ml j` qum utdjdz` j` p`j`ir` mpdstmofjfay bfof tr`eubbdòl, f bfof mqudv`jmltm `j wdssmlsg`nt jmgmrmr em jfs `jmo`lms. Lf j` tmfrï` emj bflfbdodmltf, lf mj mrcmlltldss, sdlf j` tmfrï` em j` bdmlbd`. [fbf emspuäs, ml 04;0, sm tr`eubm `j nr`lbäs mj jdirf em Yussmjj, y `jjï `p`rmbm j` p`j`ir` mpdstmofjdadm, qum smaøl mj edbbdfl`rdf gdstòrdbf em j` jmlau` nr`lbms` ms mj pultf em p`rtde` emj usf em j` p`j`ir` mpdstmofjfaï`, bfof edstdlt` ` j` tmfrï` amlmr`j emj bflfbdodmltf qum g`iï` sdef medndb`e` pfr jfs ndjòsfnfs. Pudml l`bdfl`jdz` mj tärodlf mpdstmofjdadm, mpdstmofjdadm, qum v` ` p`s`r `j msp`ðfj bfof mpdstmofjfaï`, ms Omymrsfl. Omymrsfl. Ru jdirf puijdb`ef jdirf puijdb`ef pfbf emspuäs, Demltde`e y rm`jde`e, rm`jde`e, bfodmlz` mj pròjfaf edbdmlef "om vfy ` fbup`r em j` ndjfsfnï` em j` bdmlbd` f mpdstmofjfaï` bfof gfy mopdmz` ` us`rsm". Ms msm mj ofomltf ml mj qum `p`rmbm ul` mpdstmofjfaï` bfof tmfrï` em j` bdmlbd`, edstdlt` ` jf qum j` ndjfsfnï` mspmbuj`tdv` mltmleï` bfof tmfrï` emj bflfbdodmltf. Mltflbms, ` p`rtdr em msm ofomltf sm g`bm lmbms`rdf edstdlaudr mltrm ul` tmfrï` emj bflfbdodmltf qum pferï`ofs jj`o`r tmfrï` emj bflfbdodmltf bfoøl, y ul` tmfrï` emj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf qum smrï` j` mpdstmofjfaï`‟.  (A`rbï` Yfj`lef, 044;)  9 -  - Em Ems`rrfjjf s`rrfjjf em j` mpdstmofjfa ï` ï`..  @ bfodmlzfs emj sdajf WW, j` mpdstmofjfaï` ms mltmlede` bfof ul` nfro` em nule`omlt`r j` bdmlbd`. [mrf mst` `btdvde`e ms bflbmide` em ednmrmltm o`lmr`. Odmltr`s `jaulfs sdauml pmls`lef qum jfs pj`ltmfs mpdstmofjòadbfs emiml g`bmrjf jfs ndjòsfnfs, pfr numr` em j` `btdvde`e bdmltïndb`, ftrfs (bfof mj mopdrdsof jòadbf) sfstdmlml qum j` øldb` nfro` em nule`omlt`bdòl pfsdijm emim suradr emsem emltrf em j` `btdvde`e bdmltïnd bdmltïndb` b` odso`, ms embdr, emsem jfs bdmltïndbfs. Jf qum y` em mopmz`ofs ` emst`b`r, qum tfefs pj`ltmfs, sm bmltr`l mlqum mj `làjdsds em jfs rmsujt`efs j` j`ifr bdmltïndb` y sm ms bflvdmrtml ml mstfs ul` mpdstmofjfaï` lfro`td lfro`tdv` v` edbm jf qum emim smr y jf qum lf emim smr bdmlbd`. F sm`, bòof emiï` `l`jdz`rsm j` mstrubtur` jòadb` y j` prumi` mopïrdb` p`r` pfemr emtmrodl`r quä emiï` smr ul bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf. Ftr` nfro` em `làjdsds (qum suram ` omed`efs emj sdajf WW) ms pj`ltm`rsm j` bdmlbd` bfof pràbtdb`, bfof `btdvde`e pmrf, ` bfodmlzf em sdajf, v`l ` prmefodl`r jfs `làjdsds em j` bdmlbd` bfof rmsujt`ef.  [fr msf pfemofs emtmrodl`r pfr jf omlfs efs mt`p`s8  mt`p`s8 J` prdomr` mt`p` bfrrmspflem ` jfs `pfrtms emj Bïrbujf em ^dml` y ` j` j`ifr em ndjòsfnfs, bfof numrfl jfs `pfrtms emj mopdrdsof jòadbf y jfs em [fppmr rmspmbtdv`omltm.  J` smaule` mt`p` sm `irm, `irm, bfl j` fir` em Ugfo`s Cugl, qudml sustdtuym bfof bmltrf em dltmräs ndjfsòndbf j` mstrubtur` jòadb` em jfs mlulbd`efs pfr j`s vdbdsdtuems gdstòrdb`s em j` bdmlbd`.   Bfl mstf lfs `bmrb`ofs ` jfs pj`ltmfs em j` bdmlbd` bfof `btdvde`e.  Mlnrmlt`e` bfl mstfs pj`ltmfs mstà j` sfbdfjfaï` emj bflfbdodmltf qum ldma` mj v`jfr em j` mpdstmofjfaï` y sm bmltr` ml mj `làjdsds em j`s pràbtdb`s bdmltïndb`s. 04

 

Emltrf em j` prdomr` mt`p` bfjfb`ofs mj msnumrzf pfr bflsdemr`r qum g`y oubgfs fihmtfs ednmrmltms sfirm jfs qum pumem tr`i`h`r j` bdmlbd`, emtmrodl`lef ednmrmltms bdmlbd`s (psdbfjfaï`, sfbdfjfaï`s, nïsdb`, `strflfoï` mtb.) pmrf qum mj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf ms ulf. F sm`, sd em bdmlbd` sm tr`t`, ` pms`r em mxdstdr oubg`s, emim mxdstdr ul` ulde`e f uldbde`e em tfe`s. Mj prfijmo` sm amlmrò, lf bfl j`s bdmlbd`s nfro`jms, sdlf bfl j`s bdmlbd`s nàbtdb`s qum numrfl j`s qum sm rmvfjubdfl`rfl rmvfjubdfl`rfl `j smp`r`rsm s mp`r`rsm em j`s mspmbuj`bdflms tmfjòadb` tmfjòadb`ss (sdajf W^DD)  ]l mhmopjf em mst` iøsqume` em uldbde`e sfl jfs tr`i`hfs em B`rl`p qudml bflsdemrò qum j` bdmlbd` mr` ‚ul`‟ pfrqum su jmlau`hm ms mj odsof ml tfefs jfs b`sfs8 ul jmlau`hm jòadbf y mopïrdbf.msMstrmbg`omltm ` j` uldndb`bdòl emj jmlau`hm j` uldndb`bdòl emj oätfef. Rd mj oätfef mj nule`omltfjda`ef emj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf emiï` mstà smr øldbf, p`r` tfe`s j`s bdmlbd`s nàbtdb`s. @sï, sm jjmaò ` j` dem` em tr`sbmlemlt`jde`e y `-gdstfrdbde`e emj oätfef bdmltïndbf (mj oätfef ms tr`sbmlemlt`j ` j` gdstfrd`, ul` vmz qum sm g` jjma`ef ` äj, lf jf ofedndb`).  U`oidäl, sm g` iusb`ef j` ulde`e pfr j` `xdfo`tdz`bdòl em sus tmfrï`s. ]l` vmz `xd`o`tdz`e`s, sm pferà ofstr`r qum j` mstrubtur` jòadb` ms j` odso`. Mst` tmsds g` sdef sfstmlde`, mltrm ftrfs, y` pfr Fttf Lmur`tg (0779  ‒ 045=, pmrtmlmbdmltm `j bïrbujf em ^dml`), qudml t`oidäl pj`ltm` j` lmbmsde`e em iusb`r bflmxdflms mltrm j`s edstdlt`s bdmlbd`s.  Ml j` smaule` mt`p` pfemofs bflsdemr`r qum mj ems`rrfjjf em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms, y em j` sfbdfjfaï` emj bflfbdodmltf, qum ofstr`rfl j` b`sd dopfsdidjde`e em `pjdb`bdòl emj oätfef bflsdemr`ef bdmltïndbf, jjmvò ` bumstdfl`r tfef. Mj oätfef empmlem emj fihmtf em mstuedf, mltflbms g`y t`ltfs oätfefs ednmrmltms bfof bdmlbd`s, t`ltfs jmlau`hms ednmrmltms bfof bdmlbd`s y t`lt`s nfro`s em mstrubtur`bdòl em sus tmfrï`s bfof bdmlbd`s g`y`. Mstf pflm ml tmj` em hudbdf j` uldbde`e em j` bdmlbd`8 lf mxdstm j` bdmlbd` sdlf j`s bdmlbd`s. [mrf mltflbms, lf mxdstm ul` mpdstmofjfaï` sdlf ednmrmltms mpdstmofjfaï`s p`r` b`e` bdmlbd`.  [`r` jfs sfbdòjfafs emj bflfbdodmltf lf emimrï` g`ij`rsm em bdmlbd` sdlf em bdmlbd`s (bflsdemr`l qum g`ij`r em bdmlbd` bdmlbd`   ms ul` dlvmlbdòl ndjfsòndb`)3 b`e` bdmlbd` emimrà rm`jdz`r sus prfpdfs pj`ltmfs mpdstmofjòadbfs. Jfs mpdstmoòjfafs sm mlbfltr`rfl `ltm j` uramlbd` em rmemndldr su àoidtf ml ul` mpdstmofjfaï` amlmr`j f `bmpt`r qum sm edjuy` ml v`rd`s mpdstmofjfaï`s p`rtdbuj`rms.  [`r` tmrodl`r omlbdfl`rmofs j` pfsdbdòl em Ij`lbgm qudml dltmlt` supmr`r mst` fpfsdbdòl. [`r` Ij`lbgä, j` uldbde`e em j`s bdmlbd`s nàbtdb`s ml tärodlfs em dltmjdadidjde`e y pfsdtdvde`e emj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf. f sm`, j` bdmlbd` ofemrl` prmsmlt` ul` tmlsdòl mltrm jfs `pfrtms em j` mxpmrdmlbd` (e`tfs sdlauj`rms) y jfs em j` r`zòl (tmfrï`s uldvmrs`jms) y ms mst` tmlsdòl jf qum ms bfoøl ` tfe`s j`s bdmlbd`s. Ml ftr`s p`j`ir`s, lf ms ul oätfef øldbf ld jmyms f jmlau`hm øldbf jf qum lfs pmrodtm g`ij`r em uldbde`e, sdlf j` nfro` em prfeubdr bflfbdodmltf dltmjdadijm dltmjdadijm y pfsdtdvf.   Rdmlef `sï, ul` mpdstmofjfaï` amlmr`j ms pfsdijm, ml t`ltf mxdstml tmo`s amlmr`jms p`r` tfe`s j`s bdmlbd`s. b dmlbd`s. @btu`jomltm, mstf mstà ml edsbusdò edsbusdòll pfrqum sm prmndmrm g`ij`r em mpdstmofjfaï` em b`e` ul` em j`s bdmlbd`s p`rtdbuj`rms f ndjfsfnï` em j` bdmlbd` (bu`lef sm g`bml pj`ltmfs amlmr`jms sfirm j` bflstrubbdòl emj bflfbdodmltf).

9;

 

]lde`e 9 J` mpdstmofjf aï` y j`s bdmlbd`s em j` l`tur`jmz l`tur`jmz` `

Oòeujf 9 [rdlbdp`jms sfjubd flms mpdstmofjòadb`s emj sdaj f WDW Ml mj sdajf WDW `j`s rmj`bdfl`e`s bfl j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms adr`rfl, prdlbdp`jomltm, ml tfrlf jfs mpdstmofjfaï`s, prfijmo`s em j` nïsdb` em Lmwtfl. Mst`s mpdstmofjfaï`s tr`t`i`l em rmsfjvmr j`s bumstdflms bdmltïndb`s em ul` lumv` o`lmr`. Rm prfeubm `sï, ul rdbf emi`tm mltrm ndjòsfnfs y bdmltïndbfs qum v` ` emjdlm`r jfs prfijmo`s prdlbdp`jms qum emimràl smr rmpmls`efs, bfof bflsmbumlbd` em jfs lumvfs b`oidfs, em bfodmlzfs emj sdaudmltm sdajf (pultu`jdz`efs ml j` ulde`e `ltmrdfr). J` rmnjmxdòl sfirm j`s bumstdflms rmj`tdv`s ` j` pfsdidjde`e emj bflfbdodmltf (bdmltïndbf), ms embdr j`s bumstdflms mpdstmofjòadb`s adr`rfl ml tfrlf `j oätfef em j`s bdmlbd`s pfr bbflsdemr`r flsdemr`r qum ms j` mstrubtur` ms trubtur` jòadb` emj oätfef bdmltïndbf jf qum g`bm pfsdijm mj bflfbdodmltf. Mst`s bumstdflms mpdstmofjòadb`s (y omtfefjòadb`s) mstuvdmrfl o`rb`e`s pfr mj mopdrdsof dlajäs00  bfof nflef t`ltf p`r` j`s brïtdb`s bfof p`r` su emnmls`. Rus bumstdflms prdlbdp`jms mstuvdmrfl bmltr`e`s ml j` rmj`bdòl qum emimrï` mxdstdr mltrm j`s tmfrï`s o`tmo`tdz`e`s y j` rm`jde`e mopïrdb` `bmpt`lef bfof oätfef em iøsqume` f emsbuirdodmltf em b`us`s ` j` dleubbdòl bdmltïndb` emndlde` pfr Nr`lbds I`bfl ml mj sdajf W^DD. I`bfl g`iï` iusb`ef ftfra`rjm ` j` bdmlbd` ul jua`r p`r` mj idmlmst`r em j` sfbdme`e s fbdme`e y rmlfv`r mj oätfef em j` bdmlbd` omedmv`j. @sï pumem bflsdemr`rsm ` I`bfl bfof mj pultf em p`rtde` em j`s mpdstmofjfaï`s dleubtdv`s emj sdajf qum lfs dltmrms`. Mstm ms mj oftdvf pfr mj bu`j lfs `jmh`rmofs, pfr ul ofomltf, em lumstrf

00

  Bfof rmprmsmlt`ltms emst`b`efs emj mopdrdsof dlajäs pfemofs omlbdfl`r ` Hfgl Jfbcm (0>29-01;5) y ` E`vde Guom (0100-011>). J` `btdtue brïtdb` emj mopdrdsof sm bmltrò ml j` mxdamlbd` iàsdb` em qum ` tfe` dem` g` em bfrrmspflemrjm ul` doprmsdòl p`r` qum tmla` smltdef. @sï, tfefs jfs bflbmptfs nule`omlt`jms em j` ndjfsfnï` tr`edbdfl`j8 b`us`jde`e, sust`lbd`, `jo`, Edfs y jdimrt`e qume`l bumstdfl`efs bfof mxprmsdflms sdl smltdef. Jfbcm g`iï` sfstmldef qum tfefs jfs bflfbdodmltf qum pfsmm j` r`zòl emrdv`l em j` mxpmrdmlbd` y mst` lfs irdle` bu`jde`ems prdo`rd`s (fihmtdv`s em jfs bumrpfs bfof sfl j` mxtmlsdòl, j` ndaur`, mj løomrf, mj ofvdodmltf, j` sfjdemz) y j`s bu`jde`ems smbule`rd`s sfl (suihmtdv`s sfl mj bfjfr, s`ifr, mj sfldef, j` tmopmr`tur` mtb.). J`s bu`jde`ems prdo`rd`s y smbule`rd`s dem`s bflbfof j`s qum pmls`ofs jfsmjbumrpfs. Guom, ` su vmz, `suom bfof pultf em p`rtde` qum j`s dem`s sfl nmlòomlfs em j` bflbdmlbd`, jf qum pmls`ofs supmr` bfl brmbms jf pmrbdidef, pmrf sòjf g`y bmrtmz` em jf pmrbdidef. J` dllfv`bdòl nule`omlt`j em Guom ms su edstdlbdòl mltrm doprmsdflms (prfeubtf em j`s pmrbmpbdòl) m dem`s sdopjms (bfpd` em j`s doprmsdflms) y bfopumst`s (nfro`e`s pfr j` `sfbd`bdòl em dem`s sdopjms). J` `sfbd`bdòl em dem`s sm rdam pfr jmyms em `sfbd`bdòl (smomh`lz`, bfltdaúde`e, b`us`jde`e). ]l` doprmsdòl ms ul` pmrbmpbdòl qum, pfr smr dlomed`t` y `btu`j, ms vdv` m dltmls`, odmltr`s qum ul` dem` ms ul` bfpd` em ul` doprmsdòl, y pfr jf odsof lf ms oàs qum ul` pmrbmpbdòl omlfs vdv` m dltmls`, qum bflsdstm ml j` rmnjmxdòl em j` omltm sfirm ul` doprmsdòl3 t`j rmnjmxdòl sm g`bm pfr j` omofrd` f j` do`adl`bdòl. Em mst` o`lmr`, j` tmsds nule`omlt`j em Guom ms `j odsof tdmopf ul` gdpòtmsds psdbfjòadb` sfirm j` aälmsds emj bflfbdodmltf mopïrdbf y ul` mstdpuj`bdòl jòadb` emj r`laf em jfs bflbmptfs mopïrdb`omltm sdaldndb`tdvfs. Mstf gdzf qum j`s bfrrdmltms mopdrdst`s ujtmrdfrms sm vdmr`l doprmal`e`s em pj`ltmfs psdbfjfadst`s bfltr` jfs bu`jms v` ` rm`bbdfl`r [fppmr. J` iøsqume` emj smltdef f j` vmre`e em ul` prfpfsdbdòl ms j` iøsqume` em j` doprmsdòl qum j` g` prfeubdef y mstf v` ` smr ul prfar`o` qum sm mxtdmlem g`st` ml mj emlfodl`ef mopdrdsof jòadbf pmrf, bfl j`s ofedndb`bdflms dltrfeubde`s `j mopdrdsof bjàsdbf, sm tmrodl`l prfeubdälefsm bflnjdbtfs qum vmrmofs oàs.  ]lf em jfs `pfrtms oàs sdaldndb`tdvf em Guom num j` brïtdb` ` j` lfbdòl em b`us`jde`e. Lf vmofs j` bflmxdòl mltrm mnmbtf y b`us`, jf qum vmofs sflj`efs nmlòomlfs tmlemofsml pfrnfro` gàidtfem` `sfbd`rjfs bfof b`us` y mnmbtf. Ms embdr, j` b`us`jde`e ms oàs bfstuoirm, gàidtf, emqum amlmr`jdz`r jmy, f mlulbd`ef uldvmrs`j, j`s   f bfltdaufs submsdflms em nmlòomlfs qum submeml rmauj`romltm ml mj tdmopf. Bfl jf qum ldma` qum j`s tmfrï`s mopïrdb`s puedmsml bflsmaudr mj r`laf em vmre`ems lmbms` lmbms`rd`s. rd`s.  

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prfpòsdtf em `ifb`rlfs ` j`s rmnjmxdflms emj sdajf WDW p`r`, ml nfro` ouy subdlt`, rmnmrdrlfs ` Nr`lbds I`bfl.  [`r` Nr`lbds I`bfl09 (0=>0-0>9>) j` uldj`tmr`jde`e emj Fra`lfo `rdstftäjdbf ms ul` em j`s bfs`s ` supmr`r. J` nfro` ms j` bflstdtubdòl em ul Lfvuo Fra`lfo qum dltmarm j` fismrv`bdòl y j` rmnjmxdòl `efpt`lef prfbmedodmltfs qum bfltrfjml j` o`rbg` ar`eu`j em j` dleubbdòl. Mst` jïlm` bfodmlz` ` dlsdstdr ml j` hustmz` em j`s rdaurfs`s fismrv`bdflms p`rtdbuj`rms, ml eflem j` dleubbdòl y sus t`ij`s g`bml j`s vmbms em vftf r`bdfl`j. r`bdfl`j. @j  @j mst`ijmbmr jfs `xdfo`s `xdfo`s pfr omedf em j` j` dleubbdòl - lfs edbm I`bfl - g`y qum iusb`r ul` nfro` em dleubbdòl edstdlt` em j` `btu`jomltm ml usf S..._. J` dleubbdòl qum prfbmem mluomr`bdòl sdopjmy ms `jaf pumrdj,amlmr`jomltm bflbjuym em`nfro` prmb`rd`, sm mxpflm `j pmjdarf em ul`pfr dlst`lbd` bfltr`edbtfrd` sm prflulbd` amlmr `jomltm p`rtdr em ul løomrf em p`rtdbuj`rms oàs rmstrdladef em jf bflvmldmltm m dlbjusf smaøl `qumjjfs qum mstàl `j `jb`lbm em j` o`lf. Rdl moi`raf, j` dleubbdòl øtdj `j emsbuirdodmltf y emofstr`bdòl em j`s bdmlbd`s y em j`s `rtms emim smp`r`r j` l`tur`jmz` pfr omedf em jfs emidefs rmbg`zfs y mxbjusdflms y ndl`jomltm bflbjudr `ndro`tdv`omltm, tr`s t`lt`s lma`bdflms bfof sm`l prmbds`s. (I`bfl, N., 0475).  Ms embdr, j` dleubbdòl lf bflsdstm ml ul` sdopjm rmbfade` em e`tfs, sdlf ml ul` fismrv`bdòl bude`efs` y bfopjmt` em jfs gmbgfs, qum jj`o` «gdstfrd` l`tur`j y mxpmrdomlt`j³, rm`jdz`e` smaøl t`ij`s em prmsmlbd`, `usmlbd` y bfop`r`bdòl f ar`efs. J` dleubbdòl i`bfld`l` supflm em gmbgf j` fitmlbdòl em gdpòtmsds f bflhmtur`s pfr mjdodl`bdòl, j`s bu`jms sfomtm em lumvf ` ftr`s prumi`s. Ufef mj msnumrzf rm`jdz`ef ml mj sdajf WDW ms dltmlt`r ul oätfef rdaurfsf ` p`rtdr em jfs gmbgfs (pfr msf sm jf v` `sdopjm). jj`o`r oätfef dleubtdvf) pmrf lf ml j` omr` amlmr`jdz`bdòl mopïrdb` mopïrdb` (dleubbdòl pfr mluomr`bdòl

0 - Mj Mj dleu btdvd sof ml mj sdaj f WDW Ymbfremofs qum ms rmbdäl ml mj sdajf WW ml qum mopdmz` ` g`ij`rsm em mpdstmofjfaï` `jjï eflem, `ltms, mstfs pj`ltmfs nfro`i`l p`rtm em ul sdstmo` ndjfsònd ndjfsòndbf bf y emltrf em äj em j` alfsmfjfaï` (f tmfrï` amlmr`j emj bflfbdodmltf) bflfbdodmltf).. Ml mj sdajf WDW j`s rmnjmxdflms ndjfsòndb`s sfirm j` bdmlbd`, mst`i`l rmj`bdfl`e`s bfl mj oätfef em j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms. Rd sm tr`t`i`l em bdmlbd`s mopïrdb`s, mltflbms mj oätfef emimrï` tmlmr ul` mstrubtur` dleubtdv`. [mrf j` dleubbdòl lf e` smaurde`ems em ofef qum iusb`rfl ul` jòadb` em j` dleubbdòl qum puedmr` a`r`ltdz`r j` vmre`e em j`s gdpòtmsds. Mst` t`rm` mstuvf prdlbdp`jomltm pfr mopdrdst`s, ms embdr, pfr `qumjjfs qum sfstuvdmrfl qum j` øldb` numltm em bflfbdodmltf ms j` mxpmrdmlbd`. J` bdmlbd` lumv` ms ul` bdmlbd` mopïrdb` ml j` omede` ml qum j` mxpmrdmlbd` ms j` pdmer` em tfqum p`r` sus gdpòtmsds. [fr msf, lf ms mxtr`ðf qum ul` em j`s prdlbdp`jms bflbmpbdflms ndjfsòndb`s numr` mj mopdrdsof p`r` mj bu`j lf g`y ml mj dltmjmbtf qum lf g`y` mltr`ef pfr jfs smltdefs. Ms embdr, ` j`s dem`s jm bfrrmspfleml doprmsdflms qum tdmlml su frdaml ml jfs smltdefs y lf g`y dem`s dll`t`s. @sï, tfefs jfs bflbmptfs nule`omlt`jms em j` ndjfsfnï` tr`edbdfl`j8 b`us`jde`e, 09

  Nr`lbds I`bfl (0=>0- 0>9>) mr` gdhf emj Jfre Au`re`smjjfs em j` rmdl` Ds`imj, mstuedò hurdspruemlbd` y ml 0=75 num mjmadef odmoirf em j` Bào`r` em jfs Bfoulms y jumaf, ml 0>02, y` bfl H`bfif D, Jfre Au`re`smjjfs y Jfre B`lbdjjmr. Ml 0>07 num lfoir`ef i`ròl em ^mruj`o ^mruj`o y pfstmrdfromltm vdzbflem em R`dlt @ji`ls. Ru lft`ijm b`rrmr` pfjïtdb` sm vdf dltmrruopde` bu`lef, `bus`ef em bfrrupbdòl, ml 0>90, `ltm j` Bào`r` em jfs Jfrms. Mj rmbflfbdò qum g`iï` `bmpt`ef rma`jfs em pmrsfl`s qum tmlï`l b`us`s bfl äj pmrf qum mstf lf g`iï` dlnjudef ml su embdsdòl ndl`j. Num embj`r`ef y mlbmrr`ef ml j`emspuäs Ufrrm em qume`lef mxbjudef j` vde` pøijdb`. H`bfif D jm pmreflò j` oujt` y edfbujp`ijm pfr tmrodl`e` su prdsdòl em Jflerms, ulfs pfbfs eï`s. Eur`ltm jfs em øjtdofs `ðfs em su vde` p`sò j`raf tdmopf tr`i`h`lef sfirm jfs prfijmo`s em j` bdmlbd` bflvmlbdef qum äst` emiï` smr øtdj p`r` j` guo`lde`e.

99

 

sust`lbd`, `jo`, Edfs y jdimrt`e qume`l bumstdfl`efs bfof mxprmsdflms sdl smltdef e`ef qum lf g`y l`e` ml j` rm`jde`e mopïrdb` qum j`s g`y` prfeubdef. Guom, mopdrdst`, `suom bfof pultf em p`rtde` qum j`s dem`s sfl nmlòomlfs em j` bflbdmlbd`, jf qum pmls`ofs supmr` bfl brmbms jf pmrbdidef, pmrf sòjf g`y bmrtmz` em jf pmrbdidef. J` dllfv`bdòl nule`omlt`j em Guom ms su edstdlbdòl mltrm doprmsdflms (prfeubtf em j`s pmrbmpbdòl), dem`s sdopjms (bfpd` em j`s doprmsdflms) y bfopumst`s (nfro`e`s pfr j` `sfbd`bdòl em dem`s sdopjms). J` `sfbd`bdòl em dem`s sm rdam pfr jmyms em `sfbd`bdòl (smomh`l (smomh`lz`, z`, bfltdaúde`e, b`us`jde`e). ]l` doprmsdòl ms ul` pmrbmpbdòl qum, pfr smr dlomed`t` y `btu`j, ms vdv` m dltmls`, odmltr`s qum ul` vdv` dem`mms ul` bfpd` em ul` ml doprmsdòl, y pfr odsof lf ms qum ul` pmrbmpbdòl omlfs dltmls`, qum bflsdstm j` rmnjmxdòl em j`jfomltm sfirm ul`oàs doprmsdòl3 t`j rmnjmxdòl sm g`bm pfr j` omofrd` f j` do`adl`bdòl. Em mst` o`lmr`, j` tmsds nule`omlt`j em Guom ms `j odsof tdmopf ul` gdpòtmsds psdbfjòadb` sfirm j` aälmsds emj bflfbdodmltf mopïrdbf y ul` mstdpuj`bdòl jòadb` emj r`laf em jfs bflbmptfs mopïrdb`omltm sdaldndb`tdvfs. J` iøsqume` emj smltdef f j` vmre`e em ul` prfpfsdbdòl ms j` iøsqume` em j` doprmsdòl qum j` g` prfeubdef. Mstf gdzf qum j`s bfrrdmltms mopdrdst`s sm vdmr`l doprmal`e`s em pj`ltmfs psdbfjfadst`s bfltr` jfs bu`jms v` ` rm`bbdfl`r [fppmr.  ]lf em jfs `pfrtms oàs sdaldndb`tdvf em Guom num j` brïtdb` ` j` lfbdòl em b`us`jde`e. Guom sfstdmlm qum lf vmofs j` bflmxdòl mltrm mnmbtf y b`us`, jf qum vmofs sfl efs nmlòomlf nmlòomlfss bfltdaufs qum tmlemofs pfr gàidtf ` `sfbd`rjfs bfof b`us` y mnmbtf. Ms embdr, j` b`us`jde`e ms oàs j` bfstuoirm, f gàidtf, em amlmr`jdz`r ml nfro` em jmy, f mlulbd`ef uldvmrs`j, j`s submsdflms em nmlòomlfs qum submeml rmauj`romltm ml mj tdmopf. Bfl jf qum ldma` qum j`s tmfrï`s mopïrdb`s puedmsml bflsmaudr mj r`laf em vmre`ems lmbms`rd`s y qume` pj`ltm`e` j` bumstdòl em j` dleubbdòl, qum pfemofs mlulbd`r `sï8 Mj prfijmo` em j` dleubbdòl bflsdstm iàsdb`omltm ml jf sdaudmltm8 lumstrfs smltdefs lfs pmrodtml bflfbmr sdtu`bdflms p`rtdbuj`rms p`rtdbuj`rms f gmbgfs bflbrmtfs qum sm e`l ml mj oulef mxtmrdfr. Rd `jaulfs em msfs gmbgfs sm rmpdtml, tmlmofs j` tmlemlbd` ` brmmr qum sfl rmsujt`ef em ul` jmy uldvmrs`j y lmbms`rd` (bfl lmbms`rd` (bfl jf qum g`irmofs e`ef ul s`jtf em jfs b`sfs p`rtdbuj`rms `j uldvmrs`j y jòadb`omltm lf mstà hustdndb`ef). hustdndb`ef) . [fr mhmopjf, vmofs s`jdr mj sfj pfr mj mstm tfe`s j`s o`ð`l`s y tmlmofs `isfjut` bflnd`lz` ml qum msm nmlòomlf pfermofs smaudr fismrvàlefjf odmltr`s tmla`ofs bflbdmlbd` (pfr supumstf, sd lfs o`ltmlmofs ` ul` edst`lbd` pruemlbd`j sfirm j` supmrndbdm em j` Udmrr` mltrm jfs efs bïrbujfs pfj`rms, y mst`ofs idml em j` vdst`, mtb.). [mrf mstfs b`sfs lfs emoumstr`l ` j`s bj`r`s qum j` sdopjm `sfbd`bdòl em efs b`r`btmrïstdb`s (j` s`jde` emj sfj y ul bdbjf em vmdltdbu`trf gfr`s) lf i`st` p`r` pfstuj`r ul` rmj`bdòl lmbms`rd` y bflst`ltm mltrm mjj`s. mjj`s. (Autdmrrmz, Bj`uedf)  Ms embdr, j`s amlmr`jdz`bdflms mopïrdb`s (dleubbdòl bfoøl) e`l ul s`jtf em ul` ar`l b`ltde`e em b`sfs ` tfefs jfs b`sfs y mstf lf tdmlm hustdndb`bdòl jòadb` pfrqum `p`rmbdef ul b`sf bfltr`rdf ` j` amlmr`jdz`bdòl, (y msf ms pfsdijm sdmoprm) qume`rï` n`js`ef mj uldvmrs`j. Mstf ms f odsof qum embdr qum mj r`zfl`odmltf dleubtdvf lf e` smaurde`ems bfof mj emeubtdvf y, sd j` mstrubtur` jòadb` emj oätfef bdmltïndbf ms j` dleubbdòl bfoøl, mltflbms lf g`irï` bfof emnmlemr j` bdmlbd`.  Oubgfs ndjòsfnfs g`l iusb`ef nfrouj`r em ul` o`lmr` r`bdfl`j j`s bfledbdflms qum pmrodtml smp`r`r j`s `sfbd`bdflms nfrtudt`s, em j`s `sfbd`bdflms jmaïtdo`s. Mstfs ndjòsfnfs sfl jfs bflsdemr`efss dleubtdvdst`s qum, ml mj sdajf WDW, iusb`rfl nule`omlt`r j` bdmlbd` ml j` psdbfjfaï` y bflsdemr`ef `j oätfef bdmltïndbf ml j` dleubbdòl. Bfl edstdlt`s sfjubdflms y `egmsdflms, pfemofs omlbdfl`r emsem Nr`lbds I`bfl (0=>0- 0>9>) ml mj sdajf W^DD, y Hfgl Rtu`rt Odjj  Odjj (07;> ` 0712) 0712).  Hfgl Hf gl Rtu `rt Odjj (07 (07;>;>-071 0712 2)  Hfgl Rtu`rt Odjj  Odjj  dltmlt` nule`omlt`r j` dleubbdòl pfr mjdodl`bdòl (qum y` g`iï` sdef utdjdz`e` pfr I`bfl) pfrqum j` bflbdim bfof mstrubtur` jòadb` emj oätfef mxpmrdomlt`j f sm` em ul oätfef rdaurfsf ` p`rtdr em jfs gmbgfs.  92

 

Bfodmlz` ednmrmlbd`lef j` nfro` em dleubbdòl dopmrnmbt`, (pfr mluomr`bdòl sdopjm m dlbfopjmt`), em j` o`j emlfodl`e` dleubbdòl pmrnmbt` (`qumjj` ml j` qum pfemofs mluomr`r tfefs jfs dltmar`ltms em ul` tft`jde`e). J` dleubbdòl pmrnmbt` lf ms oàs qum ul` lft`bdòl `irmvd`e`.. @sï pfr mhmopjf, sd `l`jdzf mj uldvmrsf em jfs 09 `pòstfjms, ulf pfr ulf, y mlbumltrf `irmvd`e` `jaul`s prfpdme`ems bfoulms, pumef jjma`r ` g`bmr, smaøl jf mxprms`ef pfr j` tr`edbdòl, ul` dleubbdòl pmrnmbt` pfrqum pumef `l`jdz`r tfefs jfs b`sfs y prmedb`r ul` b`r`btmrïstdb` em tfefs mjjfs. [mrf embdr [merf ms hueïf, [`ijf ms hueïf, Hu`l ms hueïf (y `sï bfl tfefs) y bflbjudr qum  qum  Ufefs jfs `pòstfjms sfl hueïfs lf hueïfs  lf ms ul` dlnmrmlbd` sdlf sfj`omltm ul` tr`lsnfro`bdòl vmri`j. F sm`, j` øldb` dlnmrmlbd` dleubtdv` ms `qumjj` qum p`rtm em `jaulfs b`sfs `l`jdz`efs y sm mxtdmlem, pfr mjdodl`bdòl, f pfr amlmr`jdz`bdòl sdopjm ` b`sfs qum lf sm g`l `l`jdz`ef.  Em ofef qum bu`lef Odjj g`ij` em dleubbdòl sm rmndmrm sfj`omltm ` j` dleubbdòl dopmrnmbt` pfr mjdodl`bdòl (bdmltïndb`) qum ednmrmlbd` em j` sdopjm amlmr`jdz`bdòl em j` o`yfrï` em jfs b`sfs (dleubbdòl bfoøl).  Ml bdmlbd`, bu`lef tr`t`ofs em ofstr`r qum ul nmlòomlf emtmrod emtmrodl`ef l`ef ms j` b`us` em ftrf, (ms embdr, ul `ltmbmemltm dlv`rd`ijm m dlbfledbdfl`j em ftrf) mxdstm ul` ar`l v`rdme`e em sdtu`bdflms pfsdijms y em l`e` sdrvm sfstmlmr qum ml j` amlmr`jde`e em jfs b`sfs sm g` o`ldnmst`ef em t`j o`lmr` (dledbbdòl bfoøl). J`s amlmr`jdz`bdflms mopïrdb`s em mstm tdpf mstàl i`s`e`s ml mj smltdef bfoøl y lf sfl bdmltïndb`s. Jfs prfbmsfs dleubtdvfs qum rm`jdz` j` bdmlbd` sfl `qumjjfs qum sm rm`jdz`l bu`lef sm mst`ijmbml rmj`bdflms b`us`jms mltrm nmlòomlfs pfr omedf em j` mjdodl`bdòl em bdrbulst`lbd`s ml qum lf sm e` mj nmlòomlf  [mrf p`r` qum j` jòadb` jòadb`  dleubtdv` dleubtdv` mstä  mstä nule`omlt`e`, emim i`s`rsm ml ul prdlbdpdf uldvmrs uldvmrs`j `j em dleubbdòl qum g`a` lmbms`rd` mst` dlnmrmlbd`. Mstm prdlbdpdf em dleubbdòl emim smr lmbms`rdf. [mrf sd tfefs jfs bflfbdodmltf bflfbdodmltfss suraml em j` mxpmrdmlbd`, y pfr jf t`ltf sfl bfltdlamltms, ¶em eòlem s`b` mj prdlbdpdf em dleubbdòl su b`ràbtmr em lmbms`rdf6 Odjj bflsdemr` qum, bfof j`s vmre`ems em j`s o`tmoàtdb`s qum sfl amlmr`jdz`bdflms mopïrdb`s, mj prdlbdpdf em dleubbdòl dleubbdòl  f bfof äj jf jj`o` prdlb prdlbdpdf dpdf em rmauj`rde`e em j` l`tur`jm l`tur`jmz` z`   tdmlml mj odsof st`tus L`edm eue` em j`s vmre`ems o`tmoàtdb`s ld emj prdlbdpdf em dleubbdòl pfrqum su bmrtmz` j` fitdmlm emj j`raf b`odlf rmbfrrdef sdl qum h`oàs l`edm g`y` pfedef rmnut`rjfs.  Mlulbd` mj prdlbdpdf em rmauj`rde`e em j` l`tur`jmz` emj sdaudmltm ofef8 ‚jf submedef ul` vmz vfjvmrà ` submemr sd j`s bdrbulst`lbd`s sm `smomh`l ml ar`ef sundbdmltm ‟. F sm`,  j` odso` b`us` mstà `bfop`ð`e` pfr mj odsof mnmbtf ml bfledbdflms smomh`ltms. Mstm prdlbdpdf sm lfs dopflm sdl qum mspmrmofs qum mxdst` ul` mxbmpbdòl (emj odsof ofef j`s vmre`ems o`tmoàtdb`s).  Mstm prdlbdpdf pfsmm j` lmbmsde`e qum pumem irdle`rlfs j`s bumstdflms qum prfbmeml em j` l`tur`jmz`, ms embdr sm lfs dopflm sdl qum mspmrmofs qum mxdst` ul` mxbmpbdòl (emj odsof ofef j`s vmre`ems o`tmoàtdb`s). [mrf bu`lef tr`t`ofs em ofstr`r qum ul nmlòomlf emtmrodl`ef ms j` b`us` em ftrf, (ms embdr embdr,, ul `ltmbmemltm dlv`rd`ijm m dlbfledbdfl`j em ftrf) j` sdtu`bdòl ms ednmrmltm pfrqum mxdstm ul` ar`l v`rdme`e em sdtu`bdflms pfsdijms y em l`e` sdrvm sfstmlmr qum ml j` amlmr`jde`e em jfs b`sfs sm g` o`ldnmst`ef em t`j o`lmr`. J`s amlmr`jdz`bdflms mopïrdb`s em mstm tdpf mstàl i`s`e`s ml mj smltdef bfoøl y lf sfl bdmltïndb`s. Odjj prfpflm lf ul sdopjm oätfef em amlmr`jdz`bdòl mopïrdb` sdlf, bfof äj jf jj`o` ul oätfef mxpmrdomlt`j qum mxpmrdomlt`j  qum jm pmrodt` `ndro`r qum j` prmsmlbd` em ul nmlòomlf @ ms ul dledbdf em qum I v` ` fburrdr, `pfy`ef ml mj prdlbdpdf em rmauj`rde`e em j` l`tur`jmz`. Em mstm ofef ul` dlnmrmlbd` dleubtdv` tdmlm j` odso` numrz` qum ul` emeubtdv`.  J` dlnmrmlbd` emeubtdv` pumem emeubtdv` pumem tmlmr j` sdaudmltm nfro`8  Ufefs jfs gfoirms sfl ofrt`jms (rmaj` rmaj`   uldvmrs`j qum pmrodtm fitmlmr ul rmsujt`ef, em ofef qum sd j`s prmods`s sfl vmre`emr`s j` bflbjusdòl bflbjusdòl t`oidäl jf smrà)   95

 

y Hu`l ms gfoirm (b`sf b`sf em  em j` rmaj`, s`idef pfr fismrv`bdòl em jfs gmbgfs)   jumaf Hu`l ms ofrt`j (rmsujt`ef rmsujt`ef em  em j` dlnmrmlbd` f bflbjusdòl)  ]l` dlnmrmlbd` dleubtdv`  dleubtdv`  (f sm` ` p`rtdr em jfs gmbgfs) smrï` smaøl Odjj emj sdaudmltm ofef8  J` odso` b`us` mstà `bfop`ð`e` pfr mj odsof mnmbtf sd j`s bfledbdflms sm `smomh`l ml ar`ef sundbdmltm ( sundbdmltm (rmaj` rmaj`))  y @ tdmlm bfof `ltmbmemltm dlv`rd`ltm m dlbfledbdfl`j ` I (b`sf)  jumaf ml bfledbdflms smomh`ltms I prfeubdrà @. ( @. (rmsujt`ef, rmsujt`ef, prmedbbdòl gdpftätdb` ndrom)  Jf qum g` gmbgf, `j dlbfrpfr`r mj prdlbdpdf em rmauj`rde rmauj`rde`e `e em j` l`tur`jmz` ml j`s prmods`s, ms dltmlt`r bflvmrtdr ` j` dlnmrmlbd` dleubtdv` ml ul bbàjbujf àjbujf emeubtdvf. Rdl moi`raf lfs n`jt`rï` vmr bòof sfstmlmofs j` vmre`e emj b`sf (smaule` prmods`). ¶Puä a`r`ltdz` qum I ms ml rm`jde`e j` b`us` em @6 [`r` mstf Odjj g` prfpumstf jfs oätfefs mxpmrdomlt`jms qum, sdaudmlef ` I`bfl, bflsdstï`l ml j` mjdodl`bdòl r`bdfl`j em `qumjj`s bfledbdflms qum lf mstàl jda`e`s `j nmlòomlf, g`st` jjma`r ` `qumjj` qum lf sm pumem mjdodl`r sdl mjdodl`r mj nmlòomlf odsof. J` o`lmr` em g`bmrjf ms prfvmyäleflfs em rmaj`s rmaj`s,, t`j bfof ml mj b`sf em j`s dlnmrmlbd`s emeubtdv`s, em ofef qum lumstr`s bflbjusdflms dleubtdv`s smràl bflbjuymltms ml j` omede` ml qum sda`ofs ms`s rmaj`s. J` ftr` prmods` tdmlm mj prdlbdpdf em rmauj`rde`e em j` l`tur`jmz` mj bu`j b u`j ms `bmpt`ef bfof vmre`emrf sdl mxbmpbdòl bfof j`s vmre`ems o`tmoàtdb`s. Ml bflsmbumlbd` j` dlnmrmlbd` pfsmm mj odsof v`jfr qum ul` dlnmrmlbd` emeubtdv`.  @gfr` pfemofs e`r bumlt` emj oätfef em j` bdmlbd` qum Odjj jf emlfodl` oätfef mxpmrdomlt`j qum `btøm pfr mjdodl`bdòl em b`sfs. b`sfs . Ml pfsmsdòl em mstm oätfef mj bdmltïndbf pumem `ndro`r qum j` prmsmlbd` em ul nmlòomlf @ ms ul dledbdf em qum I v` ` fburrdr, mjdodl`lef bdrbulst`lbd`s y `pfy`ef ml mj prdlbdpdf em rmauj`rde`e em j` l`tur`jmz`. Em mstm ofef ul` dlnmrmlbd` dleubtdv` tdmlm j` odso` numrz` qum ul` emeubtdv`. [`rtm em ul prdlbdpdf uldvmrs`j, v` ` b`sfs mstued`efs mxpmrdomlt`jomltm, mxpmrdomlt`jomltm, y s`b` ul` bfl bflbjusdòl bjusdòl vàjde` p`r` b`sfs bfl bdrbulst`lbd` bdrbulst`lbd`ss smomh`ltms.  Odj prfpusf bdlbf bàlflms f oätfefs mxpmrdomlt`jms (em mstrubtur` dleubtdv`)8 bflbfre`lbd`, ednmrmlbd`, bfoidl`bdòl em ednmrmlbd` y bflbfre`lbd`, v`rd`bdflms bflbfodt`ltms y rmsdeufs8  B`lfl D. Mj oätfef e m j` bflbfre`lbd` B`lfl bflbfr e`lbd` mjdodl`  mjdodl` em mltrm j`s bdrbulst`lbd`s `ltmbmemltms j`s qum lf mstàl prmsmltms bu`lef sï jf mstà mj nmlòomlf. Mj «oätfef em j` bflbfre`lbd`³ mjdodl` em mltrm j`s bdrbulst`lbd`s `ltmbmemltms j`s qum lf mstàl prmsmltms bu`lef sï jf mstà mj nmlòomlf. Mst`ijmbm efs f oàs ms b`sfs emj nmlòomlfj`qum sm fdlvmstda` sòjf ul`e`ef³ bdrbulst`lbd`   ml bfoøl, qum mst`«sd bdrbulst`lbd` (prfi`ijmomltm) b`us` mj mnmbtftdmlml emj nmlòomlf Rm fismrvò qum jfs g`idt`ltms em v`rd`s bdue`ems prmsmlt`i`l ul` prfpmlsdòl oubgf omlfr em b`rdms emlt`jms qum mj tärodlf omedf em tfe` j` l`bdòl (N) y sm emedbò bdmrt` `tmlbdòl ` tr`t`r em emsbuirdr j` b`us` em mstm nmlòomlf. Rm g`jjò qum j`s bdrbulst`lbd`s prfpd`s em mst`s bdue`ems ednmrï`l ml oubgfs `spmbtfs8 ml j`tdtue y ml jfladtue, ml mjmv`bdòl, ml tdpfs em mbflfoï` mtb.(B) [mrf g`iï` ul` bdrbulst`lbd` qum mr` bfoøl ` tfe`s mjj`s8 j` prmsmlbd` em ul pfrbmlt`hm r`r`omltm mjmv`ef em njøfr ml sus `au`s, jf qum sdaldndb`i` qum j` edmt` em jfs g`idt`ltms em ms`s bdue`ems dlbjuï` ul` b`ltde`e mxbmpbdfl`jomltm ar`lem em njøfr (BB). Rm dlndrdò em mjjf qum mj usf em njøfr pumem b`us`r ul` edsodlubd edsodlubdòl òl ml j` nfro`bdòl em b`rdms emlt`jms y j` `bmpt`bdòl em mst` bflbjusdòl bfleuhf ` `efpt`r tr`t`odmltf ml i`sm ` njøfr p`r` edbgf prfpòsdtf ml ftr`s jfb`jde`e jfb`jde`ems. ms. N ? nmlòomlf `j bu`j sm dltmlt` iusb`r j` b`us`. B ? bflhultfs em bdrbulst`lbd` bdrbulst`lbd`ss 9=

 

BB ? bdrbulst`lbd` bfoø bfoøll Mhmopjf (mxtr`ïef em Bfpd, 04=2)

B`lfl DD.  DD.  Mj oätfef em j` ednmrmlbd` rmqudmrm ednmrmlbd`  rmqudmrm ul b`sf pfsdtdvf y ulf lma`tdvf, bfl j`s bdrbulst`lbd`ss `ltmbmemltms qum edndmrml ml ul sfjf `spmbtf. [mrf ms pfsdijm qum j` bdrbulst`lbd bdrbulst`lbd` bdrbulst`lbd`` ml bumstdòl sm` `bbdemlt`j. Em ofef qum emim `buedrsm `j oätfef em j` ednmrmlbd`8 ««Rd Rd ul b`sf ml qum sm prmsmlt` mj nmlòomlf qum dlvmstda`ofs y ftrf ml qum lf sm prmsmlt` tdmlml j`s odso`s bdrbulst`lbd`s ml bfoøl mxbmptf ul`, qum fburrm sòjf ml mj prdomrf, ms` bdrbulst`lbd` sfj` ml j` qum jfsemj efsnmlòomlf³. b`sfs edndmrml ms (prfi`ijmo (prfi`ijmomltm) mj mnmbtf f j` yb`us` f ul` p`rtm dledspmls`ijm `ijm em j` b`us` nmlòomlf ³. Mj  Mj oätfef rmqudmrmmltm) ul b`sf pfsdtdvf ulf lma`tdvf, bfldledspmls j`s bdrbulst`lbd`s `ltmbmemltms qum edndmrml ml ul sfjf `spmbtf.  @gfr`, sdaudmlef bfl mj odsof mhmopjf, tfo`ofs ul arupf em pmrsfl`s (N) bfl j`s odso`s bfledbdflms amlätdb`s (gmro`lfs). Jms e`ofs j` odso` `jdomlt`bdòl y pj`ltm`ofs mj odsof bude`ef em jfs edmltms (BB). [mrf ` ul` em mjj`s jm e`ofs njøfr (BE) jumaf pfemofs s`b`r j` bflbjusdòl, sd j` qum tfo` njøfr tdmlm omlfs b`rdms qum j`s rmst`ltms, qum mj njøfr prmvdmlm j`s b`rdms.  N ? jfs efs nmlòomlfs BB ? bdrbulst`lbd`s bfoulm bfoulmss BE ? bdrbulst`lbd` ednmrmlt ednmrmltm. m. B`lfl B` lfl DDDD DD em j` bflbf re`lbd` y j` ednmrmlbd` bfoidl `e` `e`ss 8 J` emidjde`e emj r`zfl`odmltf mstà ml qum jf qum jj`o`ofs b`us` pumem smr sòjf p`rtm lmbms`rd` em j` odso`. Odjj suadrdò j` bfoidl`bdòl bfoidl`bdòl eem m `oifs oätfefs oätfefs bfof oàs mnmbtdv`. Mj «oätfef bflhultf bflhultf em bflbfre`lbd` y ednmrmlbd`³ mlulbd`8 «Rd «Rd efs f oàs b`sfs ml qum `p`rmbm mj nmlòomlf tdmlml sòjf ul` bdrbulst`lbd` bfoøl, odmltr`s qum efs f oàs b`sfs ml qum lf `p`rmbm mj nmlòomlf sòjf tdmlml ml bfoøl qum mst` bdrbulst`lbd` lf `p`rmbm, j` bdrbulst`lbd` øldb` ml qum edndmrml jfs efs bflhultfs em mhmopjfs ms (prfi`ijmomltm) j` b`us` f p`rtm dledspmls`ijm em j` b`us` emj nmlòomlf³. nmlòomlf ³.  ]s`ofs prdomrf mj oätfef p`r` g`jj`r ul` bfledbdòl ml buy` prmsmlbd` sdmoprm fburrm mj nmlòomlf (bfledbdòl sundbdmltm) y ml buy` `usmlbd` edbgf nmlòomlf lf fburr` (bfledbdòl lmbms`rd`). Mstm oätfef `uomlt` j` mndb`bd` em jfs efs oätfefs `ltmrdfrms tfo`efs pfr smp`r`ef. Mj oätfef em v`rd`bdflms bflbfodt`ltms bflbfodt`ltms sm utdjdz` bu`lef lf ms pfsdijm utdjdz`r `jaulf em jfs efs `ltmrdfrms ms embdr embdr,, lf pumeml mjdodl`rsm emtmrodl`e`s bdrbulst`lbd`s. bdrbulst`lbd`s. @sï, Bu`lef ul nmlòomlf v`rï` ml prfpfrbdòl edrmbt` f dlvmrs` ` j` v`rd`bdòl em ul` bdrbulst`lbd`s e`e`, äst` pumem smr su su b`us`  Mj oätfef em j`s v`rd`bdflms bflbfodt`ltms   sm utdjdz` bu`lef lf ms pfsdijm utdjdz`r `jaulf em jfs efs `ltmrdfrms ms embdr embdr,, lf pumeml mjdodl`rsm emtmrodl`e`s bdrbulst`lbd`s. bdrbulst`lbd`s. Bu`lef ul nmlòomlf v`rï` em `jaul` o`lmr` p`rtdbuj`r, ms j` b`us` f mnmbtf em ftrf nmlòomlf qum v`rï` em j` odso` f em ftr` o`lmr`, pmrf bflbfodt`ltmomltm. @l` ems`rrfjjò ul s`rpujjdef ar`vm m dlusu`j (N) emidef ` su smomh`lz` bfl ftr`s mlnmrome`ems em j` pdmj, jfs oäedbfs jm edhmrfl qum mjdodl`r` em su edmt` j` b`rlm em `vms em bfrr`j, j` b`rlm v`bul` y jfs prfeubtfs jàbtmfs (RB). @j g`bmrjf ems`p`rmbdò mj s`rpujjdef y jumaf jfs oäedbfs jm edhmrfl qum bfomlz`r` ` bfomr em lumvf pfjjf y oàs t`rem b`rlm. Ml ldlaøl b`sf sm prmsmltò em lumvf mj s`rpujjdef. Mltflbms sm jm edhf ` @l` qum rm`lue`r` mj bflsuof em prfeubtfs jàbtmfs (^0), tr`sy g`bmrjf rm`p`rmbdò mj s`rpujjdef qum pmrsdstdò `ul bu`lef jumaf mjdodl`r` em su edmt` `vms b`rlm (^9). Jfs oäedbfs bflbjuymrfl qum mj s`rpujjdef em @l` jf prfeubï` mj bflsuof em prfeubtfs jàbtmfs. 9>

 

RB ? smjmbbdòl em j`s pfsdijms b`us`s ^0 ? v`rd`bdòl8 `p`rmbm j` bdrbulst`lbd`, `p`rmbm mj nmlòomlf ^9 ? ^`rd`bdòl8 lf `p`rmbm j` bdrbulst`lbd`, bdrbulst`lbd`, lf `p`rmbm mj nmlòomlf. Mhmopjf em Aust`sfl Q., bdt`ef pfr Gmremr . 

B`lfl D^. Mj oätfef em jfs rmsdeufs  pflm oàs ml mvdemlbd` mj b`ràbtmr mjdodl`efr em mst` dleubbdòl. Odjj jf emndlm em j` sdaudmltm o`lmr`8 Ymst`e em ul nmlòomlf j` p`rtm em j` bu`j sm s`im, pfr dleubbdflms `ltmrdfrms, qum ms mj mnmbtf em bdmrtfs `ltmbmemltms3 mltflbms mltflbms mj rmsdeuf emj nmlòomlf ms mj mnmbtf em jfs `ltmbmemltms rmst`ltms. rmst`ltms. ^màofsjf bfl ul mhmopjf8 Mj emsbuirdodmltf emj pj`lmt` Lmptulf pfr @e`os y Jm ^mrldmr. Rm g`iï` mstued`ef mj ofvdodmltf emj pj`lmt` ]r`lf bfl `yue` em j`s tmfrï`s em Lmwtfl, y sm ifsqumhò su òridt` ml j` supfsdbdòl em qum mj Rfj y jfs pj`lmt`s dltmrdfrms ` mjj` mr`l jfs øldbfs bumrpfs qum dlnjudr dlnjudrï`l. ï`l. [mrf j`s pfsdbdflms em ]r`lf fitmlde`s pfr bàjbujf lf bfdlbdeï`l bfl j`s fismrv`e`s. Rupfldmlef qum mst`s ednmrmlbd`s (YN) pferï`l mxpjdb`rsm pfr j` `bbdòl ar`vdt`bdfl`j em ul pj`lmt` mxtmrdfr ` j` òridt` em ]r`lf, sm b`jbujò j` pfsdbdòl em t`j pj`lmt` gdpftätdbf (buyfs prdlbdpdf sm `hust`rï`l ` jfs prdlbdpdfs bfoulms em j` ombàldb` bmjmstm) (D@), tfo`lef bfof i`sm p`r` mj bàjbujf j`s pmrturi`bdflms ml mj ofvdodmltf em ]r`lf. Ml j`s bmrb`lï`s emj jua`r b`jbuj`ef num emsbuidmrtf, ml mnmbtf, mj pj`lmt` Lmptulf (ml 075>) (@Y) YN ? rmsdeuf emj nmlòomlf. D@ ? dleubbdflms `ltmrdfrms. @Y ? `ltmbmemltm rmst`ltm. Mhmopjf mxtr`ïef em Bfgml y L`amj .

Bfgml y L`amj jm brdtdb` mj gmbgf em qum Odjj vm` ml mstm prfbmedodmltf ul` dleubbdòl bu`lef ml rm`jde`e sm tr`t` em ul` emeubbdòl qum p`rtm em j` `bmpt`bdòl em j` tmfrï` em j` ar`vdt`bdòl uldvmrs`j y ul` gdpòtmsds sfirm mj frdaml pfsdijm em mst`s edsbrmp`lbd`s8 ftrf pj`lmt` emsbflfbdef. Jf odsof pfemofs embdr em jfs oätfefs `ltmrdfrms e`ef qum sdaldndb`l ul` gdpòtmsds prmvd` sfirm j`s pfsdijms b`us`s. Bfl mstf lf sm jms mstà lma`lef su mndb`bd` pràbtdb`, mj pj`ltmf ms ftrf8 sd emiml dltmrprmt`rsm bfof ul` nfro` em dleubbdòl f bfof prfbmedodmltfs emeubtdvfs, sd lfs pmrodtml@`ndro`r vmrdndb`ef bflbjuymltm `jaf, sdflfs pmrodtmlf sfstmlmr qum ul submsf pumem qum smr gmofs mltmlede` bfof bflbjuymltmomltm j` bfledbdòlomltm lmbms`rd` sundbdmltm lmbms`rd` y sundbdmltm  sundbdmltm  (smaøl bfof sm` mltmlede` j` dem` em b`us`) b`us` ) em ftrf submsf I. @p`rmltmomltm mj oätfef em j` bflbfre`lbd` sm oumvm bfl j` dem` b`us` bfof bfledbdòl lmbms`rd`, mj em j` ednmrmlbd` bfof bfledbdòl sundbdmltm y mj em j`s v`rd`bdflms bflbfodt`ltms bfl j` dem` em bfledbdòl lmbms`rd` y sundbdmltm. Mstf jf vmrmofs oàs `emj`ltm bfl j`s brïtdb`s qum sm jm g`l rm`jdz`ef, prdlbdp`jomltm `j prdlbdpdf prdlbdpdf em rmauj`rde`e rmauj`rde`e em j` l`tur`jmz` ml mj bu`j sm `pfy`l. J`s brïtdb`s qum sm jm g`l rm`jdz`ef sfl edvmrs`s8 @jaul`s em mjj`s prfvmldmltms emj odsof b`opf emj mopdrdsof mopdrdsof.. Odjj g` p`rtdef emj supumstf em qum ml j` rm`jde`e bflbrmt` sm mxprms`l j`s amlmr`jde`ems y mstf ms bfltr`rdf `j mopdrdsof qum sfstdmlm qum j`s amlmr`jdz`bdflms sfl bflstrubbdflms ` p`rtdr em b`sfs qum sfl p`rtdbuj`rms. Em `quï prfbmeml `jaul`s brïtdb`s qum sfstdmlml qum su pfsdbdòl lf pumem bflsdemr`rsm ul` nfro` lumv` em mopdrdsof bfof äj j` bflsdemr`. [fr ftrf j`ef, Bfgml y L`am L`amjj  jm rm`jdz`l j` sdaudmltm brïtdb`8  91

 

‚0 ‒ Mj prdlbdpdf sm g`jj` nfrouj`ef em ul` nfro` suo`omltm v`a`8 jf submedef ul` vmz

vfjvmrà ` submemr, sd j`s bdrbulst`lbd`s sm `smomh`l ml ar`ef sundbdmltm. [mrf, ¶buàj ms msm ar`ef sundbdmltm em smomh`lz`6 Mj prdlbdpdf lf jf edbm. Ml tfe` dlvmstda`bdòl p`rtdbuj`r emimofs i`s`rlfs ml ftrfs brdtmrdfs, sd jfs g`y, ` ndl em emtmrodl`r buàjms sfl j`s bdrbulst`lbd`s dopfrt`ltms p`r` j` prfeubbdòl prfeubbdòl emj nmlòomlf. 9  ‒  Ml smaulef jua`r, j` prmods` omlfr em ul sdjfadsof dleubtdvf ms ul` prfpfsdbdòl p`rtdbuj`r. [fr jf t`ltf, `ulqum utdjdbmofs ul` prmods` o`yfr uldvmrs`j, bfof mj prdlbdpdf em uldnfrode`e em j` l`tur`jmz`, j`s prmods`s sfl dlsundbdmltms p`r` emofstr`r ul` bflbjusdòl uldvmrs`j. 2  ‒  [fr øjtdof, mj prdlbdpdf lf `ndro` qum tfef p`r em nmlòomlfs mstäl rmj`bdfl`efs dlv`rd`ijmomltm3 dlv`rd`ijmom ltm3 sfjf embj`r` qum `jaulfs p`rms em nmlòomlfs mstàl vdlbuj`ef vdlbuj`efss em t`j sumrtm. [fr mlem, `pmj`r ` edbg` efbtrdl` ml ul` dlvmstda`bdòl p`rtdbuj`r ms dløtdj‟.  Jfs oätfefs pferï`l utdjdz`rsm bu`lef lf g`y ul` ar`l v`rdme`e em bfledbdflms pfsdijms pfrqum, sd mstm ms mj b`sf, ms ouy ednïbdj j` mjdodl`bdòl em j`s bfledbdflms qum lfs sfl b`us`s emj nmlòomlf sdl `ltms g`imr smjmbbdfl`ef ul bflhultf pfsdijm em mjj`s. Qgmwmjj edbm8 ‚Jf fivdf ` emst`b`r ml mstfs oätfefs ms qum e`l pfr supumstf `qumjjf qum ms oàs ednïbdj em emsbrdidr....¶Eòlem gmofs em iusb`r lumstrfs @, I, B6 J` l`tur`jmz` lf lfs prmsmlt` jfs b`sfs em ms` nfro`, ¶bòof ¶ bòof pums, rmeubdrjfs ` mjj`6‟  

97

 

Oòeujf 2 J` rm`bbd rm`bbdòl òl em bfod bfodmlz mlzfs fs emj sdaj sdajf f WW WW88 @ifre`rmofs sfj`omltm efs frdmlt`bdflms @ifre`rmofs frdmlt`bdflms mpdstmofjòadb`s em bfodmlzfs emj sdajf WW qum, supumst`omltm, `yue`ràl ` bfoprmlemr omhfr j`s tmlemlbd`s mpdstmofjòadb`s `btu`jms. Mj bflvmlbdfl`jdsof em [fdlb`rä y Eugmo y mj pfsdtdvdsof jòadbf qum sm bflstdtuyò ml j` mpdstmofjfaï` efodl`ltm efodl`ltm em j` prdomr` p`rtm emj sdajf. 0  ‒ Mj emlfodl`ef bflvmlbdfl`jdsof 8  Mj bflvmlbdfl`jdsof bflsdemr` qum jfs `xdfo`s y prdlbdpdfs em j` bdmlbd` sfl bflvmlbdflms r`zfl`ijms buy` nulbdòl ms j` rmprmsmlt`bdòl o`tmoàtdb` em j`s jmyms. Rm bflsdemr` ` [fdlb`rä (07=5-0409) bfof mj prdomrf qum ems`rrfjjò mst` tmsds, pmrf sfl t`oidäl bflvmlbdfl`jdst`s [dmrrm Eugmo (07>0-040>), bdmltïndbf m dlvmstda`efr em j` gdstfrd` em j` bdmlbd`, y Mefu`re Jm Yfy (071;-04=5), o`tmo o`tmoàtdbf àtdbf y ndjòsfnf. [fdlb`rä sfstmlï` qum ul` jmy bdmltïndb` pumem tmlmr ul efijm sdaldndb`ef8 Ml mj prdomr b`sf tfe` jmy pumem smr us`e` bfof ul` bflvmlbdòl qum sdrvm p`r` mstdpuj`r mj sdaldndb`ef ` ul tärodlf bdmltïndbf. [fdlb`rä pflï` bfof mhmopjf8 j` jmy em dlmrbd` amlmr`jdz`e`. Mst` jmy lf pumem smr bfltr`st`e` mopïrdb`omltm e`ef qum lf mxdstm ul sdstmo` `dsj`ef emj rmstf qum pmrodt` t`j bfs`. J` jmy mspmbdndb` qum j` `bmjmr`bdòl em ul bumrpf empmlem sòjf em su pfsdbdòl y em j`s vmjfbde`ems y pfsdbdflms em ftrfs vmbdlfs. ]l` bfltr`st`bdòl embdsdv` em mstm prdlbdpdf rmqudmrm qum, tr`s bdmrtfs pmrïfefs, b`e` bumrpf emj uldvmrsf vfjvdmsm ` j` pfsdbdòl y vmjfbde`e qum tmlï` ml ul dlst`ltm `ltmrdfr emtmrodl`ef. [mrf t`j bfltr`st`bdòl lf pumem g`bmrsm. Jf oàs qum pumem bflsmaudrsm ms mx`odl`r j` bfleubt` em arupfs em bumrpfs qum sm mlbumltrml r`zfl`ijmomltm r`zfl`ijmomltm `dsj`efs emj rmstf emj uldvmrsf. (Jfssm, 0475).  Em mstm ofef sd lf sm s m bflsdaudmsm bfoprfi`r j` gdpòtmsds sdmoprm ms pfsdijm supflmr qum jfs bumrpfs lf mst`i`l emide`omltm emide`omltm `dsj`efs (gdpòtmsds `e gfb02) pmrf pumem embdedrsm `bmpt`rj` bflvmlbdfl`jomltm bfof sdaldndb`tdv`. Em t`j o`lmr` mstm prdlbdpdf lf ms oàs qum ul` bflvmlbdòl qum pmrodtm e`rjm sdaldndb`ef `j tärodlf bdmltïndbf ofvdodmltf dlmrbd`j.  Ml mj smaulef b`sf, j`s jmyms bdmltïndb`s tdmlml t`oidäl ftrf sdaldndb`ef8 pumeml us`rsm p`r` sdstmo`s bmrr`efs ml bmrr`efs ml buyf b`sf ms pfsdijm j` bfltr`st`bdòl mopïrdb`. Ms embdr, ul bflhultf em supumstfs, pfstuj`efs, `xdfo`s y tmfrï`s qum sm emeubml em jfs prdomrfs (sdl tmlmr ml bumlt` ldlaøl ftrf bflhultf) rmnmrdef ` j` rm`jde`e mopïrdb`. [fdlb`rä sm fbup`, `sï, em j` ombàldb` em Lmwtfl ml j` bu`j j` o`tmo`tdz`bdòl j` bflvdmrtm ml ul sdstmo` bmrr`ef. 

02

  ]l` gdpòtmsds `e gfb (? ` prfpòsdtf em jfs gmbgfs3 p`r` ul ndl emtmrodl`ef) ms `qumjj` qum suram emspuäs em j`s bfltr`st`bdflms n`js`efr`s (f p`r` mvdt`rj`s) bfl mj ndl em rmvds`r `jaulfs em jfs bflfbdodmltfs supumstfs qum pferï`l g`imr prfeubdef j` bfltr`st`bdòl lma`tdv` (? emnmls` em gdpòtmsds n`js`e`). [fppmr sfstdmlm qum j`s gdpòtmsds `e gfb lf emiml us`rsm. @ltms em j` bfltr`st`bdòl mopïrdb` sm emim rm`jdz`r ul bude`efsf `làjdsds em tfefs jfs bflfbdodmltfs dopjdb`efs em ofef qum bu`lef j` gdpòtmsds ms pumst` ` prumi`, sd ms rmnut`e`, lf g`y qum emnmlemrj` bfl ldlaul` gdpòtmsds `e gfb. Gmopmj sfstdmlm qum sdmoprm ms pfsdijm rmvds`r jfs supumstfs bfl gdpòtmsds `e gfb pmrf j` bdmlbd` lf tdmlm dltmräs em emnmlemr ` tfe` bfst` sus gdpòtmsds. [fr ftrf j`ef, demltdndb`r ml ul p`s`ef, j`s gdpòtmsds `e gfb qum sm

g`l utdjdz`ef lf ms t`rm` nàbdj. J`c`tfs ednmrmlbd` trms tdpfs edstdltfs em mst`s gdpòtmsds. G`y gdpòtmsds `e gfb,  qum `arma`l j`s mxprmsdflms8 s`jvf mxbmpbdflms, (bfof j`s em j` smuef bdmlbd`). Ftr`s mstàl bflndro`e`s em ofef `prfxdo`ef  ( `e gfb em jfs bflvmlbdfl`jdst`s). [fr øjtdof mstàl j`s qum emndmleml j` gdpòtmsds y mstàl bfrrfifr`e`s pmrf tfe`s mjj`s sm b`r`btmrdz`l pfr lf prfofvmr j` iøsqume` ml ftr`s edr edrmbbdflms. mbbdflms.

94

 

Mstf edf pdä ` Eugmo p`r` mxtmlemr j` pfsdbdòl bflvmlbdfl`jdst`, qum [fdlb`rä g`iï` jdodt`ef ` j` amfomtrï` y ` j` ombàldb` em Lmwtfl, ` tfe`s j`s bdmlbd`s em j` l`tur`jmz` bfl jmlau`hm o`tmoàtdbf. @bmltuò j` tmsds em [fdlb`rä em qum sdmoprm ms pfsdijm msb`p`r ` j`s rmnut`bdflms ` jfs sdstmo`s bmrr`efs, e`ef qum ms jïbdtf pmls`r qum bu`lef ul` bflhulbdòl em gdpòtmsds ms pumst` ` prumi` ms pfsdijm qum mj mrrfr prfvmla` em ul` em mjj`s f em g`imr pumstf ml nfro` bflhult` ` `oi`s. [fr mhmopjf, mhmopjf,   sd supflmofs qum ul` sust`lbd` ms àbde`, y mj mxpmrdomltf bfl p`pmj tfrl`sfj rmnut` lumstr` supfsdbdòl, pfemofs pmls`r qum gmofs bfomtdef ul mrrfr y mstm pumem smr8 f qum mj prdlbdpdf em qum ml tfefs jfs b`sfs mj àbdef pflm rfhf `j p`pmj tfrl`sfj tfrl`sf j bfof bfledbdflms `ltmbmemltms ms mrròlmf (mst`rï` o`j gmbg` j` rmj`bdòl mltrm mj àbdef y mj bfjfr rfhf emj tfrl`sfj, p`r` tfefs tfefs jfs b`sfs) f t`oid t`oidäl äl qum mj mrrfr pue pueff mst`r ml g`imr supumstf qqum um j` sust`lbd` mr` àbde` f ml qum mj p`pmj tfrl`sfj tmlï` tdlt` sundbdmltm. Rd `efpt`ofs j` mstr`tmad` em eue`r emj p`pmj tfrl`sfj f emj àbdef em j` sust`lbd` ms pfrqum gmofs embdedef `efpt`r pfr bflvmlbdòl j` gdpòtmsds qum rmj`bdfl` mj rfhf emj p`pmj tfrl`sfj bfl mj àbdef em j` sust`lbd`. [`r` mjmadr mltrm ul` eue` u ftr` lfs aud`rmofs pfr j`s vmbms `ltmrdfrms ml qum g` sdef pumstf ` prumi` mj p`pmj tfrl`sfj f j`s vmbms ml qum g` sdef emofstr`ef qum j`s sust`lbd`s, prfbmemltm emj odsof sdstmo`, g`l prfi`ef su `bdemz. Ms embdr, sd ulf em jfs supumstfs `p`rmbm bflndro`ef ml ftr`s tmfrï`s y mj ftrf lf, ms jïbdtf eue`r emj smaulef.  Bfl jfs odsofs `rauomltf rmnut` jfs mxpmrdomltfs brubd`jms   (supfsdbdòl sfstmlde` ml mj sdajf WDW) ]l mxpmrdomltf brubd`j rmnut` sfj`omltm j` bflhulbdòl em emtmrodl`e`s gdpòtmsds. Rfjf pferï` smr embdsdvf sd sm puedmsml mjdodl`r tfefs jfs pfsdijms bflhultfs em prmods`s mxpjdb`tdv`s omlfs ul` y mstf ms b`sd dopfsdijm.  Ml bflsmbumlbd` Eugmo sfstdmlm qum jfs gmbgfs mstàl b`ra`efs em tmfrï` pfr jf qum mj rmsujt`ef em ul` rmnut`bdòl empmlem sdmoprm em j` embdsdòl em jfs bdmltïndbfs. Ml mstm smltdef rmbfomle`i` ` jfs bdmltïndbfs `suodr ul` `btdtue ems`p`sdfl`e` y fihmtdv` bfof nfro` em nule`omlt`r su iuml hudbdf. 05

J`c`tfs jj`o`y `mxpmrdomltfs mst` tmsds gfjdsof  emml Eugmo Pudlmlf Pudlm j`  j`sfl bu`jdlempmledmltms ms dltmrprmt`e`embfof qumtfef j`s gdpòtmsds bflbmptfs dlsbrdptfs ul` tmfrï` mjj` (mj emtmrodl` j`s p`rtms) jf qum bfleubm ` lma`r j` edstdlbdòl tr`edbdfl`j mltrm tärodlfs fismrv`bdfl`jms fismrv`bdfl`j ms y tärodlfs tmòrdbfs. 

05

 Rm emlfodl` `sï ` tfef mlnfqum tmòrdbf qum tdmle` ` bflsdemr`r mj fihmtf em mstuedf em ul` bdmlbd` bfof ul tfef (? gfjfs, ml ardmaf) ms embdr, jfs dledvdeufs f jfs mjmomltfs em ul` tft`jde`e lf tdmlml ftrf smltdef qum mj qum jms ftfra` mj tfef.

2;

 

9 - Mj Mj sd sdajf ajf WW y m mjj Bïrbujf Bïrbuj f em ^dml` @j bfomlz`r mj sdajf, ^dml` sm bflstdtuyò ml mj mpdbmltrf em ul ofvdodml ofvdodmltf tf dltmjmbtu`j drr`ed`ef ` tfef mj Dopmrdf @ustrf-gøla`rf, qum `i`rb`i` j` ndjfsfnï`, j` bdmlbd`, j`s `rtms pjàstdb`s, j` oøsdb` y j` `rqudtmbtur`. Mstm ofvdodmltf jjmlò em `sfoirf `j oulef em j` bujtur` y ms sfj`omltm bfop`r`ijm `j [`rïs em mltrmaumrr`s f mj em j` eäb`e` emj >;. @j j`ef em mst` ^dml` dltmjmbtu`j sm ems`rrfjj`i` j` vde` irdjj`ltm em j`s mjdtms qum sm ombï`l `j bfopàs em jfs v`jsms em Rtr`uss, ml rmuldflms ` frdjj`s emj E`luidf @zuj, ml @zuj, ml bg`rj`s dltmjmbtu`jms dltmjmbtu`jms ml mj B`nä Bmltr`j. Rdl^dml` moi`raf, j` prfnule` pfremj j` jdimr`jdsof qum `tr`vms`i` pmrodtm g`ij`r t`oidäl em ul` efjfrfs`, ul` ^dml`brdsds qum, mbflòodb` tr`s j` emrrft` (qum lf g`iï` pfedef e`r sfjubdflms ` j` brdsds mbflòodb`) bfodmlz` ` iusb`r j`s b`us`s em su nr`b`sf ml mj `ltdsmodtdsof y mj r`bdsof.  Ms `quï ml eflem sm ems`rrfjjf mj emlfodl`ef Bïrbujf em ^dml` bfopumstf pfr edstdltfs ndjòsfnfs y bdmltïndbfs qum iusb`rfl prfeubdr ul` rmvfjubdòl ml j` bdmlbd`, ml j` ndjfsfnï` y `øl ml j` sfbdme`e. J` gdstfrd` oàs rmbdmltm edvdem j` gdstfrd` emj Bïrbujf ml trms mt`p`s8 0  ‒ em 04;1 ` 0402 @ltms em j` prdomr` aumrr` em 0405-0407, ul arupf em hòvmlms mltrm jfs qum sm mlbfltr`i`l Nr`lc, G`ls G`gl y ftrfs, sm rmulï`l p`r` edsbutdr sfirm tfef bumstdflms em ndjfsfnï` em j` bdmlbd`, em nïsdb` y o`tmoàtdb`. Ml `qumjj` äpfb` mj pfsdtdvdsof em Mrlst O`bg bflstdtuï` j` prdlbdp`j dlspdr`bdòl em mstm pmqumðf arupf em mstuedfsfs. Mst`s rmuldflms `ltmrdfrms ` j` prdomr` aumrr` ouled`j sm rmbfre`ràl bfof j` äpfb` "prmgdstòrdb`" emj lmfpfsdtdvdsof. Jfs prfijmo`s prdlbdp`jms prdlbdp`jms qum tr`t`i`l mr`l mj jmlau`hm em j` bdmlbd`, mj prfijmo` em j` emo`rb`bdòl mtb. [mrf lf g`y ldlaul` tmsds em mst` äpfb` qum g`y` sfirmvdvdef. 9  ‒  Emspuäs em j` prdomr` aumrr` ouled`j (0490 ` 0499) bfodmlz` su pmrïfef fndbd`j. Oàs mspmbïndb`omltm 0495, bu`lef Gmrimrt Nmdaj y Nrdmemrdbg Q`dso`ll sm mltrmvdst`rfl bfl Rbgjdbc bfl j` dem` em nfro`r ul arupf em emi`tm. Rbgjdbc `bmptò j` dldbd`tdv`, y bfof bflsmbumlbd` bfomlz`rfl jfs bfjfqudfs emj vdmrlms pfr j` lfbgm. Mstm num mj dldbdf emj Bïrbujf em ^dml`, qum bfltò mltrm sus prdomrfs odmoirfs bfl mj o`tmoàtdbf G`ls G`gl, mj sfbdòjfaf Fttf Lmur`tg y su mspfs` Fja` (gmro`l` em G`gl y t`oidäl o`tmoàtdb`), Nmjdz C`uno`ll (mltflbms prfnmsfr em ndjfsfnï` emj emrmbgf), ^ïbtfr Cr`nt (ndjòsfnf vmrs`ef ml gdstfrd` m dltmrms`ef pfr j` omtfefjfaï` bdmltïndb`) y mj o`tmoàtdbf Curt Ymdemomdstmr, qudml 0495 prfpusf jmmr y edsbutdr mj Ur`bt`tus jfadbf-pgdjfsfpgdbus  em J. Qdttamlstmdl qudml lf pmrtmlmbdò lulb` `j Bïrbujf.  Ml sus 049> t`oidäl Y.pfrB`rl`p num jj`o`ef ` j`Ymdbgmli`bg, uldvmrsde`e em ^dml`. ofstr`rfl prmnmrmlbd`s äj, ml jua`r em pfr G`ls qudml pfr suG`gl p`rtmymlRbgjdbc Imrjïl g`iï` nule`ef j` Rfbdme`e p`r` j` Ndjfsfnï` bdmltïndb`, buyfs fihmtdvfs mr`l `làjfafs ` jfs emj Bïrbujf em ^dml`. Dlomed`t`omltm sm nfro`l efs arupfs8 0 ‒ Mj `j` emlfodl`e`, emlfodl`e`, gfy, em dzqudmre` nfro`e` nfro`e` pfr B`rl`p, Nr`lc, Lmur`tg. 9 ‒ [ferï`ofs embdr qum mj `j` emrmbg`, `arup`i` `arup`i` `j rmstf. 2 - 0425 (guïe`) Lmur`tg sm v` ` Dlaj`tmrr` y B`rl`p ` MM.]]. Mj qum dltrfeubm ` Br`l`p ml j` `b`emod` num Bg`rjms Ofrrds qum tmlï` ar`l pfemr em o`lmhf `b`eäodbf. [mrf jfs smrvdbdfs em dltmjdamlbd` mst`i`l dlnfro`efs emj pmls`odmltf em Br`l`p y jm pusdmrfl bfledbdflms8 qum lf rmj`bdfl`r` mj bàjbujf jòadbf bfl j` pfjïtdb`. Bfl jf bu`j jf fijda`rfl ` emedb`rsm ` j` nfro`jdz`bdòl em j`s tmfrï`s, ` j` jòadb` sdoiòjdb` y `j bàjbujf. Mj Bïrbujf em ^dml` tmlï` su o`ldndmstf (pmrtmlmbdmltm `j smaulef pmrïfef) rme`bt`ef pfr Lmur`tg, eflem jfs odmoirfs sm bfoprfomtml bfl ul bflhultf em dem`s. Lmur`tg prmsmlt`rà j`s 20

 

tmsds emj Bïrbujf bfof ‚j`s øldb`s pfsdbdflms em rmsdstmlbd` smaur`s bfltr` mj efodldf brmbdmltm em j` demfjfaï` l`zd‟. Ms dlhustf b`jdndb`r em bmaumr` pfjïtdb` f em dlamlude`e ndjfsòndb` j` `btdtue em jfs pfsdtdvdst`s jòadbfs, bfof prmtmledò mj o`rxdsof sfvdätdbf8 ‚ mjjfs edstdlaudmrfl pmrnmbt`omltm mj pmjdarf, tuvdmrfl mj bfr`hm em `nrflt`rjf pøijdb`omltm‟.(Jmbfurt, 0470). Ròjf ul `làjdsds em j`

bfyultur` bdmltïndb` lumv` qum mltflbms sm g`iï` dlst`ur`ef pumem pmrodtdr bfoprmlemr mj p`pmj mnmbtdvf qum puef emsmopmð`r emsmopmð`r mj lmfpfsdtdvdsof lmfpfsdtdvdsof ml mstm ofomltf gdstòrdbf.  Mj Bïrbujf em ^dml` suradò ml tfrlf ` j` ndrom bflvdbbdòl bfoøl em qum ml jf submsdvf ul` rmvfjubdòl emndldtdv` mr` pfsdijm y lmbms`rd lmbms`rd`` ml ndjfsfnï`, mj mltusd`sof em ul` dltmls` `btdvde`e em fra`ldz`bdòl p`r` tfe`s j`sm numrz`s dltmjmbtu`jms qum puedmr`l p`rtdbdp`r ml mj buopjdodmltf em mst`rm`arup`r t`rm`, mxpjïbdt`omlt mx pjïbdt`omltm bflbmide` bfof ul bfoi`tm bfoi`tm. .  ‚Mj o`ldndmstf sm bdmrr`, y` jf gmofs edbgf, bfl ul jj`o`ef `j ‚bfoi`tm‟ ‟. Ru mspïrdtu

pdflmrf brmyò tmlmr dlbdemlbd` dlomed`t` ml j`s bumstdflms oàs omeuj`rms em j` `btu`jde`e murfpm` em 042;. Mj trdulnf em ‚j` bflbmpbdòl bdmltïndb` emj oulef‟ tmlerï` ul` ‚rmj`bdòl edrmbt`‟ bfl j` ‚sumrtm em j`s o`s`s‟ ( Jmbfrut, Jmbfrut, 0470) 0470)  Mstm bfoi`tm mst`i` emndldef pfr j` pfsdidjde`e em

rmofemj`r, smaøl j`s mxdamlbd`s em j` r`bdfl`j rmofemj`r, r`bdfl`jde`e, de`e, tfe`s j`s msnmr`s em j` vde` mbflòodb`, sfbd`j y bujtur`j. Mst` t`rm` rmvfjubdfl`rd` sm emiï` ems`rrfjj`r mspmbd`jomltm ml j` meub`bdòl y ml j` `rqudtmbtur`.   @oidbdfl`l  @oidbdfl` l ul prfymbtf em uldndb`bdòl uldndb`bdòl rmvfjubdfl`rd` rmvfjubdfl`rd` ‚pfr mlbdo`‟, lf sfjf em em j`s pràbtdb`s

bdmltïndb`s, sdlf emj bflhultf em rmadflms rmadflms demfjòadb`s  demfjòadb`s em j` sfbdme`e vdmlms` v dmlms` qum sm nusdfl`i` i`hf ul` rmprmsmlt`bdòl emtmrodl`e` em j` r`bdfl`jde` r`bdfl`jde`ee bdmltïndb`.  [mrf j` o`yfrï` em mstfs dltmjmbtu`jms (Ofrdtz Rbgjdbc, Yuefjn B`rl`p, Fttf Lmur`tg, mtb.)   mr`l  hueïfs `sï bfof jfs dltmjmbtu`jms dltmjmbtu`jms qum `btu`i`l ml ftrfs b`opfs y mj fedf `ltdsmodt` num ul tmjòl em nflef g`st` qum j`s bfledbdflms gdstòrdb`s jf bfjfb`rfl bfof prdomr` ndaur`, bfs` qum bfleubm ` j` edsarma`bdòl emj ofvdodmltf dltmjmbtu`j. Mj trdulnf emj l`zdsof bfl sus tmfrï`s smuef bdmltïndb`s sfirm j` r`z` supmrdfr jfs fijdaò `j mxdjdf.   @jaulf em sus odmoirfs, (bfof B`rl`p) p`rtdmrfl p`r` MM.]]. y `jjï emspj`z`rfl, ml j` `b`emod`, `j pr`ao`tdsof y edmrfl frdaml ` j` bfrrdmltm tmbldbdst`. [mrf oubg`s em sus prfpumst`s sfbd`jms, em bfltmldef sfbd`jdst`, lf mr`l idml vdst`s em ofef qum j` dlvmstda`bdòl qum sm o`ltuvf num `qumjj` rmj`tdv` ` jfs `spmbtfs nfro`jms emj jmlau`hm bdmltïndbf. Jf qum num ul ofvdodmltf bfl `jdmltf rmvfjubdfl`rdf, rmvfjubdfl`rdf, f pfr jf omlfs em bfltrfj em j`s lumv`s numrz`s `utfrdt`rd`s `utfrdt`rd`s l`bdmltms, sm bflvdrtdò, ml ul efao` bdmltïndbf bflsmrv`efr. Mstm mxdjdf, ofstrò j` dlmndb`bd` em j`s `ro`s jòadb`s bfltr` mj l`zdsof pmrf t`oidäl bfltr` mj o`bb`rtgysof lfrtm`omrdb`lf. Edbm Jmbfurt qum t`opfbf ‚bfltrdiuymrfl ` `ro`r ` jfs ndjòsfnfs bfltr` jfs mxbmsfs brdodl`jms emj o`bb`rtgysof‟. (Jmbfurt, 0470)  Ml mstm o`rbf sm ems`rrfjjf ul` bflbmpbdòl mpdstmofjòadb` emlfodl`e` mopdrdsof jòadbf, pfsdtdvdsof jòadbf f lmfpfsdtdvdsof buy`s b`r`btmrïstdb`s bmltr`jms, y oàs ednulede`s, sfl bflsfjde`e`s numr` em ^dml` emspuäs emj mxdjdf em sus odmoirfs. Rd idml pfemofs omlbdfl`r `jaul`s em mst`s b`r`btmrïstdb`s bfof bfoulms, lf emimofs emsbude`r qum j`s `sulbdflms em b`e` ulf em sus odmoirfs numrfl ouy ednmrmltms. [fr msf, emspuäs em ofstr`r `jaul`s em mst`s b`r`btmrïstdb`s g`rmofs rmnmrmlbd` ` jfs pj`ltmfs em Yuefjn B`rl`p, bflsdemr` bflsdemr`ef ef bmltr`j emltrf em mst` bfrrdmltm. 9.0. 9.0. - Mj mopdrdsof j òadbf 8 Mj emlfodl`ef mopdrdsof jòadbf dltmltò ul` supmr`bdòl emj pfsdtdvdsof y mj mopdrdsof emj sdajf WDW sdlmltrm `p`rt`rsm emoàs susdopfrt`ltms supumstfs numrfl prdlbdp`jms y num rmprmsmlt`e` pfr v`rdfs bïrbujfs `b`eäodbfs, mjjfs jfs mj emlfodl`ef Bïrbujf em ^dml` y mj bïrbujf em Imrjïl. 29

 

Mj prfar`o` sm fra`ldzò dltmlt`lef ul` sïltmsds mltrm mj mopdrdsof em O`bg, p`r` qudml tfe` bfopjmh` tmfrï` bdmltïndb` mr` rmeubdijm ml øjtdo` dlst`lbd` ` ul bflhultf em amlmr`jdz`bdflms em j` mxpmrdmlbd`, y mj jfadbdsof em Yussmjj y Qdttamlstmdl, buyf nfro`jdsof num ul` dlnjumlbd` emtmrodl`ltm ml B`rl`p, (bflsdemr`ef bmltr`j ml mj pfsdtdvdsof jòadbf). Mj mopdrdsof jòadbf, bflbdidò ` j` ndjfsfnï`, f bfof j` `btdvde`e bflsbdmltm em j` iøsqume` em smltdef (Rbgjdbc) f bfof ul` jòadb` em j` bdmlbd` (B`rl`p) pmrf lf bfof ul` tmfrï` qum pume` rm`jdz`r `ndro`bdflms ml mj odsof smltdef qum j`s rm`jdz` j` bdmlbd`. Ru l`tur`jmz` ms ouy edstdlt` ` j` em j` bdmlbd`, y` qum lf lfs edbm l`e` (sus ml mlulbd`efs ulbd`efs sfl smuef-mlulbd`efs), smuef-mlulbd`efs), `ul bu` bu`lef lef lfs `yuem ` bfoprmlemr omhfr jf qum emsm`ofs embdr. Rd `l`jdz`ofs j` b`r`btmrdz`bdòl qum mj mopdrdsof g`iï` e`ef `j bflbmptf em mxpmrdmlbd` emimrmofs embdr qum pfr mxpmrdmlbd` mltdmleml tfef bflfbdodmltf qum lfs jjma` ` tr`väs em jfs smltdefs. Mj prfijmo` qum sm jm pj`ltm`i` `j mopdrdsof ms qum tfef bu`ltf sm bflfbm omed`ltm jfs smltdefs lf ms sdlf ul` pmrbmpbdòl, `quï y `gfr`, rm`jdz`e` ml j` bflbdmlbd` emj dledvdeuf `bmrb` em `jaf sdlauj`r y suihmtdvf3 ms embdr ul` vdvmlbd` emj yf. ¶Bòof pumem `jaf suihmtdvf smr j` bflndro`bdòl emj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf qum prmtmlem v`jdemz uldvmrs`j6 Mstm prfijmo` jjmvò ` jfs pfsdtdvdst`s jòadbfs ` `i`lefl`r j` tmsds mopdrdst` mstrdbt` y sfstmlmr qum `j j`ef em j` dlvmstda`bdòl mopïrdb` em j`s prfpfsdbdflms bdmltïndb`s emim bfjfb`rsm mj `làjdsds jòadbf em j`s odso`sg`bd` (j` jòadb` pfsmm mlulbd`efs t`utfjòadbfs, ms embdr,emlfmxpmrdmlbd` mopïrdbf). Frdmlt`rfl sus dlvmstda`bdflms mj jmlau`hm em j` bdmlbd`, buyfs mlulbd`efs prmtmleml ul bflsmlsf mltrm bdmltïndbfs.  Ml emndldtdv`, bflsdemr`rfl qum jfs mlulbd`efs em j`s bdmlbd`s nïsdb`s (ml j` qum bmltr`rfl sus mspmbuj`bdflms), ftfra`l vmre`emrf bflfbdodmltf pfrqum g`ij`l em `qumjjf qum sm fnrmbm ` jfs smltdefs y pfsmml ul` mstrubtur` jòadb` qum a`r`ltdz` su bfgmrmlbd`. [mrf ¶quä ms `qumjjf qum sm fnrmbm ` jfs smltdefs6 ¶Rfl jfs fihmtfs y sus prfpdme`ems6 prfpdme`ems6 ¶Bòof mj`ifr` mj fhf, mj fïef, mtb., mst`s doàamlms6 Ymspflemr mst` prmault` lfs jjmv` ` bflsdemr`bdflms em psdbfjfaï` em j` pmrbmpbdòl y, `emoàs, qume` sdl mxpjdb`bdòl mj s`jtf qum e`ofs p`r` j` nfro`bdòl em dem`s. U`jms edsbusdflms lf emh`rfl em mst`r prmsmltms ml mj Bïrbujf em ^dml` pmrf j` tmsds qum prmefodlò num j` sdaudmltm8 sfl j`s prfpfsdbdflms (mlulbd`efs) j`s qum emiml smr `l`jdz`e`s, f sm` mj jmlau`hm em j` bdmlbd`, `i`lefl`lef `i`lefl`lef tfef tdpf em `làjdsds psdbfjòadbf.  Mj mopdrdsof jòadbf `i`lefl` j` dem` em qum j`s jmyms bdmltïndb`s sfl rmaj`s p`r` sfs sfstmlmr tmlmr qum sfl prfpfsdbdflms y `bmpt`l ul` vmrdndb`bdòl mopïrdb` .  Bflsdemr`rfl qum j` prfpfsdbdòl ms ul` mstrubtur` jòadb` qum sfj`omltm pumem prmedb`rsm em ul` fr`bdòl embj`r`tdv` ms embdr ms j` pfsdidjde`e qum äst` øjtdo` tdmlm em smr vmre`emr` f n`js`. [`r` jfs odmoirfs emj Bïrbujf em ^dml`, j`s psmuef-prfpfsdbdflms psmuef-prfpfsdbdflms sfl `qumjj`s fr`bdf fr`bdflms lms embj`r`tdv`s qum pfr lf pfsmmr ul` rmnmrmlbd` ` `jaul` mltde`e lf pumem mst`ijmbmrsm su sdaldndb`ef8 su vmre`e f n`jsme`e. J`s prfpfsdbdflms prfpfsdbdflms qum g`ij`l em gmbgfs. ¶Rfl sfj`omltm j`s prfpfsdbdflms p`rtdbuj`rms pfr mj gmbgf em rmnmrdr ` `btfs em ul suhmtf f sfl j`s qum pumem b`r`btmrdz`rsm pfr mj tdpf em tärodlfs qum j`s bfopflml, ms embdr, qum rmndmrml fihmtfs nïsdbfs f prfpdme`ems mstfs6 Mstf edvdedò j`s pfsdbdflms. Jf qum uldò ` jfs rmprmsmlt`ltms emj Bïrbujf em ^dml` num su `làjdsds jòadbf em jfs mlulbd`efs bdmltïndbfs y su pj`ltmf sfirm mj bfltmldef mopïrdbf em jfs odsofs.  Mltmledmrfl qum mxdstml prfpfsdbdflms, bfof j`s prfpfsdbdflms o`tmoàtdb`s, qum mxprms`l demltde`ems y lf g`ij`l emj oulef3 y prfpfsdbdflms, (bfof j`s em j` nïsdb`) qum g`ij`l 22

 

emj oulef. Ufe`s j`s ftr`s emiï`l smr bflsdemr`e`s smuef prfpfsdbdflms. Bfof pfr mhmopjf `qumjj`s qum g`ij`l emj smltdef em j` vde`. @sï, ofedndb`rfl mj prdlbdpdf em jfs mopdrdst`s smaøl mj bu`j tfe` prfpfsdbdòl dltmjdadijm sm i`s` ml j` mxpmrdmlbd`, mxpmrdmlbd` , emj sdaudmltm ofef8 Ufe` prfpfsdbdòl dltmjdadijm sm i`s` ml j` mxpmrdmlbd` ` omlfs qum sm` ul` demltde`e (t`utfjfaï`s jòadb`s f o`tmoàtdb`s)..  o`tmoàtdb`s) Ml ftr`s p`j`ir`s, p`r` jfs rmprmsmlt`ltms emj mopdrdsof jòadbf, j` omt`nïsdb` ms omt`nïsdb` ms mj dltmltf em emofstr`r qum g`y mltde`ems qum mstàl oàs `jjà emj àoidtf em tfe` mxpmrdmlbd` pfsdijm. Bflsdemr`rfl qum lf g`y qum rmmopj`z`r jfs `isfjutfs omt`nïsdbfs pfr ftrfs omlfs amlmr`jms tfo`efs em j` bdmlbd` odso` (pfsdtdvdsof embdoflòldbf) sdlf rmbg`z`r j`s prfpfsdbdflms sdl smltdef f smuef s muef prfpfsdbdflms prfpfsdbdflms pfrqum g`ij`l em omr`s ndbbdflms.  Ml bflsmbumlbd`8 g`y pfr jf omlfs trms tmsds numrtms qum jjma`rfl ` emspj`z`r j`s prmfbup`bdflms sfbd`jms emj arupf y sm fndbd`jdz`rfl bfof j`s tmsds emj pfsdtdvdsof jòadbf. Mst`s numrfl8 0J` jòadb` dleubtdv` ms ul `jafrdtof8 sd om e`l mlulbd`efs em fismrv`bdòl nfro`jdz`efs m gdpòtmsds, nfro`jdz`e`s, bfl jfs tmfrmo`s em j` jòadb` dleubtdv` sm pumem emtmrodl`r j` prfi`idjde`e. 9Ftr` em j`s tmsds, ms j` edvdsdòl ml bfltmxtfs. 2J` tmfrï` em vmrdndb`bdfld vmrdndb`bdfldst` st` emj sdaldndb`ef8 mj oätfef em vmrdndb`bdòl em gdpòtmsds ms mj oätfef p`r` emtmrodl`r mj sdaldndb`ef sdaldndb`ef em j`s prfpfsdbdflms. [`smofs ` `l`jdz`r, irmvmomltm b`e` ul` em mjj`s. 0 - Ml bu`ltf ` j` jòadb` dleubtdv`, dleubtdv`, numrfl v`rd`lef sus iøsqume`s pmrf lulb` eue`rfl em j` dleubbdòl bfof nfro` em bflndro`bdòl em gdpòtmsds.  9 - J` mpdstmofjfaï`, bfl mj pfsdtdvdsof jòadbf, l`bm emjdodt`lef su b`opf em mstuedf qum supflm j` smp`r`bdòl em j`s `btdvde`ems bdmltïndb`s, jf qum sm emlfodlò8 edvdsdòl ml bfltmxtfs.  Ymdbgmli`bg, (07=0-04=2) rm`jdzò ul` edstdlbdòl t`h`ltm em jfs prfijmo`s rmj`tdvfs `j emsbuirdodmltf em gmbgfs y rmauj`rde`ems y `qumjjfs rmj`tdvfs ` bòof sm v`jde`l mstfs emsbuirdodmltfs. Ml su jdirf Mxpmrdmlbd` y prmedbbdòl fra`ldz` prmedbbdòl  fra`ldz` j`s rmnjmxdflms sfirm j` bdmlbd` em j` sdaudmltm o`lmr`8  ` ‒ U`rm`s emj bfltmxtf em emsbuirdodmltf prfpd`s em j` psdbfjfaï` y em j` sfbdfjfaï` i ‒ U  U`rm`s `rm`s em j` brïtdb` gdstòrdb` qum tdmlm pfr ndl j` rmbflstrubbdòl r`bdfl`j em j`s tmfrï`s b ‒  U`rm`s mpdstmofjòadb`s qum tdmlml ` su b`raf j` brïtdb` emsjda`e` em jfs n`btfrms sfbd`jms bfl prmtmlsdòl em `jb`lz`r j` vmre`e dltmopfr`j m dopmrsfl`j. @bmpt`lef mst` edstdlbdòl, jfs odmoirfs emj Bïrbujf em ^dml` (Ymdbgmli`bg lf jf mr`) bflsdemr`rfl qum j`s t`rm`s mpdstmofjòadb`s mstàl rmj`bdfl`e`s bfl `qumjj`s `btdvde`ems bdmltïndb`s qum iusb`l vmrdndb`r f n`js`r gdpòtmsds f sm` mj bfltmxtf em hustdndb`bdòl em gdpòtmsds. Bfl mj tdmopf sm bflvdrtdò ml ul jua`r bfoøl em j` mpdstmofjfaï` j` edstdlbdòl mltrm bfltmxtf em emsbuirdodmltf y hustdndb`bdòl  hustdndb`bdòl   emjdodt`lef mj b`opf em j` mpdstmofjfaï` ` jfs prfijmo`s rmj`tdvfs `j bfltmxtf em hustdndb`bdòl. hustdndb`bdòl.  Mj bfltmxtf em emsbuirdodmltf mstà rmnmrdef prfijmo` em j` dlvmlbdòl em gdpòtmsds pfstuj`e`s p`r` j` dltmrprmt`bdòl em j` l`tur`jmz`, ms`jembdr, ms ul bflhultf em prfijmo`s p`r` smr mlb`r`efs pfr j` sfbdfjfaï` f j` psdbfjfaï` e`ef qum lf pfsmm mstrubtur` jòadb`. @ p`rtdr em j` 25

 

fir` em Ymdbgmli`bg0=, jfs mpdstmoòjfafs `rauomlt`rfl qum j` fismrv`bdòl em jfs gmbgfs ms dopfsdijm sdl ul` gdpòtmsds prmvd` f qum j` dleubbdòl lf ms ldlaul` a`r`ltï` p`r` j` nfrouj`bdòl em gdpòtmsds3 pfr mj bfltr`rdf äst`s sfl prfeubtf em j` do`adl`bdòl bdmltïndb` (Gmopmj, [fppmr), jumaf mj emsbuirdodmltf em gdpòtmdsds lf ms tmo` em j` mpdstmofjfaï`. J` t`rm` em äst` ms ofstr`r j` mstrubtur` jòadb` emj bfltmxtf em hustdndb`bdòl em gdpòtmsds, ms embdr jfs prfbmedodmltfs jòadbfs jjmv`efs ` b`if p`r` j` bflndro`bdòl f rmnut`bdòl mopïrdb` em j`s odso`s.  J` edvdsdòl ml bfltmxtfs tuvf su dlnjumlbd` t`oidäl ml j` o`tmoàtdb`. [`r` v`rd`s em j`s bfrrdmltms o`tmoàtdb`s mspmbd`jomltm mj nfro`jdsof, mj o`tmoàtdbf emsbuirm (bfltmxtf em emsbuirdodmltf) j`s rmj`bdflms o`tmoàtdb`s ul` vmz gmbgf mj emsbuirdodmltf j` nfro`j. t`rm` emj o`tmoàtdbf bflsdstm ml hustdndb`rjf (bfltmxtf emy hustdndb`bdòl) emltrf em ul` mstrubtur` J` t`rm` bdmltïndb` ms, mltflbms, t`oidäl j` em hustdndb`bdòl. Gfy, mst` edvdsdòl mltrm bfltmxtfs g` sdef rmpmls`e`, ml nulbdòl em b`e` bdmlbd`, ml tärodlfs em bflstrubbdòl sfbd`j em bflfbdodmltf (sfbdfjfaï` emj bflfbdodmltf) f ml tärodlfs em v`jdemz prfar`oàtdb` emj emsbuirdodmltf. [fr mhmopjf, J`c`tfs sfstdmlm qum ms mj prfar`o` em dlvmstda`bdòl mj qum emtmrodl` j` nfro` em v`jde`bdòl f emsbuirdodmltf em tmfrï`s8 ‚ ]l emsbuirdodmltf o`yfr bflsdstm ml mj emsbuirdodmltf em ul` tmfrï` ml vmz em ul gmbgf. ]l` vmz dlvmlt`e` ul` tmfrï` jfs emsbuirdodmltfs em gmbgfs sfl emsbuirdodmltfs omlfrms‟, ( J`c`tfs, 047>). Ms embdr, embdr, mj bfltmxtf em emsbuirdod emsbuirdodmltf mltf ms t`oidäl ul prfijmo` mpdstmofjòadbf. 2 - J` tmsds vmrdndb`bdfldst` emj sdaldndb`ef sfstdmlm sdaldndb`ef  sfstdmlm qum ul` prfpfsdbdòl bfltdlamltm ms sdaldndb`tdv` sd y sòjf sd pumem smr vmrdndb`e` mopïrdb`omltm. Ms embdr8 mj sdaldndb`ef em ul` prfpfsdbdòl ms su oätfef em vmrdndb`bdòl. Mstf g`bm qum mj prdlbdpdf em vmrdndb`idjde`e sm bflvdrtdò ml mj prdlbdpdf em sdaldndb`tdvde`e sdaldndb`tdvde`e88 smp`r` j`s prfpfsdbdflms bfl smltdef em `qumjj`s qum lf jf tdmlml. Ms embdr, `qumjj`s qum pfsmml ul jmlau`hm `oidauf y lf pumeml ofstr`r su rmj`bdòl ml ul` mxpmrdmlbd` pfsdijm 

@ltm mst` tmsds, jfs mopdrdst`s jòadbfs (pfsdtdvdst`s jòadbfs f lmf-pfsdtdvdst`s) `efpt`rfl edstdlt`s sfjubdflms. Guif `jaulfs qum `egdrdmrfl ` mst` tmfrï` sfstmldmlef qum j`s gdpòtmsds y tmfrï`s qume`l vmrdndb`e`s bfl j` dleubbdòl (ms embdr, pfemofs sfstmlmr qum sfl vmre`emr`s emspuäs em j` prumi` mopïrdb`). Ftrfs, ml b`oidf, sm bflnfro`rfl bfl `ndro`r ul bdmrtf ar`ef em prfi`idjde`e pmrf lf ul` vmre`e, bfof ms mj b`sf em B`rl`p.  9.9 - Yuef jn B`rl`p.(0740-041;) B`rl`p.(0740-041;) Jf qum oàs sm ednuledò em B`rl`p numrfl sus pj`ltmfs nfro`jms y mstf prdlbdp`jomltm pfrqum, `j vmrsm fijda`ef ` `i`lefl`r Murfp` (` b`us` emj l`zdsof), sm num ` MM.]]. @jjï, prmefodl`i` mj pr`ao`tdsof em Emwmy pmrf `ltm j` `btdtue qum ästm tuvf em prmsdedr mj Bfodtä qum huza`rï` `j `smsdlf em Urfscy, b`yò ml emsar`bd`. Emwmy mr` oàs em dzqudmre` em jf qum MM.]]. pfeï` sfpfrt`r. sfpfrt`r. Ml msm ofomltf jjmaò B B`rl`p. `rl`p. Mj Rmrvdbdf em Dltmjdamlbd` lfrtm`omrdb`lf s`iï` ouy idml em jfs pj`ltmfs sfbd`jms emj Bïrbujf em ^dml`. Jf `bmpt`rfl ` B`rl`p prmvd` `evmrtmlbd` qum sm jdodt`r` ` jfs `làjdsds nfro`jms emh`lef em j`ef jfs pj`ltmfs sfbd`jms. @sï jf gdzf B`rl`p. Em ofef qum jf qum oàs sm ednuledò em äj, numrfl jfs pj`ltmfs nfro`jms qum sfl jfs qum p`s`ofs ` mxpjdb`r. Mj pultf bmltr`j em su pmls`odmltf ms mj rmeubbdfldsof em rmeubbdfldsof  em edvmrsf tdpf ml j` iøsqume` em j` ulde`e em j` bdmlbd`, bdmlbd`, `oi`s tmsds dltmrbflmbt`e`s.  D - Ymeubb Ymeubb dfldso dfldsof f  0=

  Ymdbmli`bg lf pmrtmlmb pmrtmlmbdò dò `j Bïrbujf em ^dml` ^dml` sdlf `j em Imrjïl. Mj øldbf arupf dopfrt`ltm dopfrt` ltm em ndjòsfnfs `jmo`lms qum `efptò dem`s p`r`jmj`s ` j`s prfofvde`s pfr mj Bïrbujf em ^dml` num mj em Imrjïl, qum `ulqum pmqumðf bflt`i` mltrm sus odmoirfs ` Fttf vfl Odsms, B`rj A. Gmopmj y G`ls Ymdbgmli`bg (0740-04=2).

2=

 

` - Ymeubbdfldsof ndsdb`jdst`8 ndsdb`jdst` 8 B`rl`p prfpflm ul øldbf ar`l sdstmo` hmr`rqudz`ef em ofef qum j`s bdmlbd`s sm rmeubï`l emsem j`s lumv`s bdmlbd`s g`st` j`s `ltmrdfrms (pfr rmaj`s em bfrrmspflemlbd`). Rm tr`t`i` em ul ndsdb`jdsof tmrodlfjòadbf y jma`j. Mj tmrodlfjòadbf prfpflï` j` rmeubbdòl em jfs tärodlfs ` jfs emj jmlau`hm em j` nïsdb`. Ml bu`ltf `j rmeubbdfldsof em j`s jmyms äj lf jjmaò ` g`bmrjf jf prfpusf bfof ul prfymbtf pfsdijm.  i - J` rmeubbdòl emj oätfef  oätfef   Ufe` bdmlbd` ms dleubtdv` y jfs pj`ltmfs mpdstmofjòadbfs mstàl rmeubdefs ` jf qum fburrm ml mj bfltmxtf em hustdndb`bdòl em gdpòtmsds. Mj oätfef bdmltïndbf, (dleubtdvf, bfltmxtf em hustdndb`bdòl) ms dau`j p`r` tfe`s j`s bdmlbd`s.  DD -  - ]ldndb`bdòl em j` bdmlbd`.  J` dem` em ul` bdmlbd` øldb` (bfl øldb` (bfl jf bu`j sm fpflml `j dem`jdsof dopmr`ltm ml j` ^dml` rfoàltdb` em ms` äpfb`) tmlï` pfr ndl fpflmrsm ` ms` bflbmpbdòl rfoàltdb` f omt`nïsdb` em j` äpfb` rmsdaldndb`lef j` rmj`bdòl mltrm prfarmsf bdmltïndbf y sfbd`j. Ml øjtdo` dlst`lbd` jf qum iusb` ms j` uldndb`bdòl em j` bdmlbd` pmrf sus prfpumst`s sfl numrtmomltm pfjïtdb`s8 j` ulde`e emj jmlau`hm y emj oätfef ml `r`s em j` ulde`e em j` bfouldb`bdòl3 äst` ml `r`s em j` ulde`e em `bbdòl3 y mstf ml `r`s em ul prfymbtf pfjïtdbf. Ufef mstf bfleubm ` su prfymbtf bmltr`j8 j` uldndb`bdòl em j` bdmlbd`.  Mst` tmsds em ulde`e em j` bdmlbd` sm i`s`, `sï, ml efs sui-tmsds nule`omlt`jms8 emj jmlau`hm y emj oätfef. ` - ]lde`e emj jmlau`hm Bfl mst` tmsds `ro` mj msqumjmtf p`r` bfleml`r ` j` omt`nïsdb` `j tmrrmlf emj smuef-jmlau`hm. Jf qum g`y qum nfomlt`r ms j` bfouldb`bdòl mltrm bdmltïndbfs y pfr msf j` iøsqume` em ul jmlau`hm bfoøl qum numr` dlempmledmltm emj frdaml l`bdfl`j f r`bd`j em jfs bdmltïndbfs y qum gdbdmr` `istr`bbdòl emj bfltmldef mspmbïndbf, bflsdemr`ef `qumjjf qum ednmrmlbd`i` m dopmeï` j` bfoprmlsdòl ml tfrlf ` jf qum jfs ulï`. Ml mj jmlau`hm ¶Puä pfeï` g`imr em bfoøl6 su mstrubtur` jòadb`, bflsdemr`e` bmltrf emj jmlau`hm uldndb`ef. Ms embdr, bu`lef msm jmlau`hm sm dlst`j`r`, tfefs jfs prfijmo`s sm bmltr`ràl ml `qumjjf qum ulm `j h`pfläs bfl mj `omrdb`lf8 j`s rmj`bdflms jòadb` jòadb`ss mltrm mlulbd`efs. Ufo` em Lmur`tg j` dem` em qum j`s fr`bdflms sm vmrdndb`l bfl ftr`s fr`bdflms. @sï j` rmnjmxdòl sfirm j` bdmlbd` sm bmltr` ml j` bflstrubbdòl em ul jmlau`hm iàsdbf p`r` tfefs jfs mlulbd`efs bdmltïndbfs (ulde`e em j` bdmlbd`). Bflsdemrò qum tfe`s j`s fr`bdflms sdlauj`rms qum rmadstr`l mxpmrdmlbd`s sfl fr`bdflms prftfbfj`rms em j` bdmlbd` lf bfrrmadijms (ms embdr, lf gdpftätdb`s) sdlf bflsmlsu`ijms. T j`s jmyms sfl fr`bdflms uldvmrs`jms qum emiml pfemr prfi`rsm bfl mlulbd`efs sdlauj`rms. Ml j` øjtdo` p`rtm em su vde` v` ofedndb`r mstf sfstmldmlef qum j`s prfpfsdbdflms qume`l bflndro`e`s y lf vmrdndb`e`s y qum jfs mlulbd`efs em i`sm sfl `bmpt`efs pfr bflvmlbdòl. B`rl`p rm`jdz` mj `làjdsds em jfs tärodlfs qum bfopflml j`s fr`bdflms y edstdlaum tärodlfs fismrv`bdfl`jms em tärodlfs tmòrdbfs pmrf rmbflfbm j` edndbujt`e p`r` g`bmr mst` edstdlbdòl. Rda`ofs, pfr ul ofomltf su pmls`odmltf8 ‚]l` em j`s edstdlbdflms oàs dopfrt`ltms mltrm efs tdpfs em jmyms em j` bdmlbd` ms j`

edstdlbdòl mltrm j`s qum pferï`l jj`o`rsm (lf g`y ul` tmrodlfjfaï` `bmpt`e` ml amlmr`j) jmyms mopïrdb`s y jmyms tmòrdb`s. Jmyms mopïrdb`s sfl j`s qum pumeml smr bflndro`e`s edrmbt`omltm omed`ltm fismrv`bdflms mopïrdb`s. @ omluef sm utdjdz` mj tärodlf «fismrv`ijm³ p`r` emsdal`r ul 2>

 

nmlòomlf qum pumem smr fismrv`ef edrmbt`omltm3 em ofef qum pumem embdrsm qum j`s jmyms mopïrdb`s sfl jmyms `bmrb` em fismrv`ijms. fismrv`ijms.  Ml mstm pultf emimofs g`bmr ul` `evmrtmlbd`. Jfs ndjòsfnfs y jfs bdmltïndbfs utdjdz`l em o`lmr` ouy ednmrmltm jfs tärodlfs «fismrv`ijm³ «fismrv`ijm³ m «dlfismrv`ijm³. «dlfismrv`ijm³. [`r` ul ndjòsfnf, «fismrv`ijm³ «fismrv`ijm³ tdmlm ul smltdef oàs mstrmbgf. Rm `pjdb` ` prfpdme`ems bfof «`zuj³, «eurf³, «b`jdmltm³, mtb. Rfl prfpdme`ems qum sm pmrbdiml edrmbt`omltm edrmbt`omltm ` tr`väs em jfs smltdefs. [`r` mj nïsdbf, j` p`j`ir` tdmlm ul smltdef oubgf oàs `opjdf. Dlbjuym ` tfe` o`aldtue bu`ltdt`tdv` qum pume` smr omede` em ul` o`lmr` rmj`tdv`omltm sdopjm y edrmbt`. ]l ndjòsfnf lf bflsdemr`rï` ul` tmopmr`tur` em 7;¸ B, pfr mhmopjf, f ul pmsf em[`r` 5= cdjfs bfof`oifs ul fismrv`ijm, pfrqum lf g`y pmrbmpbdòl smlsfrd`j edrmbt` em t`jms o`aldtuems. ul nïsdbf, sfl fismrv`ijms pfrqum sm jfs pumem omedr em ul` o`lmr` ouy sdopjm. Mj fihmtf qum sm qudmrm pms`r ms bfjfb`ef ml ul` i`j`lz` em pj`tdjjfs. J` tmopmr`tur` sm odem bfl ul tmroòomtrf. Mj nïsdbf lf edrï` qum j` o`s` em ul` ofjäbuj`, y omlfs `øl j` em ul mjmbtròl, ms `jaf fismrv`ijm, pfrqum ml mstm b`sf jfs prfbmedodmltfs em omedbdòl sfl oubgf oàs bfopjdb`efs m dledrmbtfs. [mrf ` j`s o`aldtuems qum pumeml smr emtmrodl`e`s omed`ltm prfbmedodmltfs prfbmedodmltfs rmj`tdv`omltm sdopjms -j` jfladtue bfl ul` rmaj`, mj tdmopf bfl ul rmjfh f j` nrmbumlbd` em fle`s juodlfs`s bfl ul mspmbtòomtrf- j`s jj`o` fismrv`ij fismrv`ijms. ms.  ]l ndjòsfnf pferï` fihmt`r qum lf sm fismrv` rm`jomltm j` dltmlsde`e em ul` bfrrdmltm mjäbtrdb`. Ròjf sm fismrv` j` pfsdbdòl em ul dledb`efr. Rm dltrfeuhf ul `opmrïomtrf ml mj bdrbudtf y sm fismrvò qum j` `auh` smð`j`i` j` o`rb` =,2. Bdmrt`omltm, lf sm fismrvò j` dltmlsde`e em j` bfrrdmltm, sdlf qum sm j` dlndrdò ` p`rtdr em jf fismrv`ef. Mj nïsdbf rmspflemrï` qum mstf ms vmre`e, pmrf qum j` dlnmrmlbd` lf mr` ouy bfopjdb`e`. Mj prfbmedodmltf em omedbdòl ms t`l sdopjm y t`l idml nule`ef qum lf pumem eue`rsm em qum mj `opmrïomtrf irdle` ul` omedbdòl mx`bt` em j` dltmlsde`e em j` bfrrdmltm. [fr mjjf sm j` dlbjuym mltrm jfs fismrv`ijms. fismrv`ijms.  @quï lf sm tr`t` em qudäl utdjdz` mj tärodlf «fismrv`ijm³ «fismrv`ijm³ em j` o`lmr` bfrrmbt` f `embu `e`. G`y ul bfltdluf qum bfodmlz` bfl8 fismrv`bdflms, smlsfrd`jms edrmbt`s, y p`s` ` oätfefs em fismrv`bdòl mlfromomltm bfopjmhfs m dledrmbtfs. Fivd`omltm, lf pumem tr`z`rsm ul` jïlm` edvdsfrd` t`h`ltm ml mstm bfltdluf3 ms ul` bumstdòl em ar`ef. ]l ndjòsfnf mstà smaurf qum mj sfldef em j` vfz em su ouhmr prfvmldmltm emj ftrf j`ef em j` g`idt`bdòl ms ul fismrv`ijm. [mrf supfla`ofs qum j` fym ml mj tmjänflf. ¶Ms f lf ul fismrv`ijm su vfz6 ]l nïsdbf, bdmrt`omltm, edrï` qum bu`lef odr` `jaf ` tr`väs em ul odbrfsbfpdf bfoøl mstà g`bdmlef ul` fismrv`bdòl edrmbt`. ¶Rubmem jf odsof bu`lef odr` ` tr`väs em ul odbrfsbfpdf mjmbtròldbf6 ¶Fismrv` j` tr`ymbtfrd` em ul` p`rtïbuj` bu`lef vm mj r`strf qum emh` ml ul` bào`r` em iuriuh`s6 Ml amlmr`j, mj nïsdbf g`ij` em fismrv`ijms ml ul smltdef ouy `opjdf, bfop`r`ef bfl mj mstrmbgf smltdef qum e` mj ndjòsfnf `msj` ouy p`j`ir`, pmrf, mlMs`oifs b`sfs, j`rmbfre`r jïlm` em mstf smp`r`bdòl fismrv`ijmmstfs y jf dlfismrv`ijm `ridtr`rd`. bflvmldmltm bu`lefmltrm sm jf mlbumltr`l tärodlfs ml jfs jdirfs em jfs ndjòsfnfs f jfs bdmltïndbfs. B`e` `utfr mst`ijmbm mj jïodtm eflem jm rmsujt` oàs bflvmldmltm, smaøl su pultf em vdst`, y lf g`y ldlaul` r`zòl pfr j` bu`j lf emi` afz`r em mstm prdvdjmadf.  J`s jmyms mopïrdb`s, ml od tmrodlfjfaï`, sfl j`s qum bfltdmlml tärodlfs edrmbt`omltm fismrv`ijms pfr jfs smltdefs f omedijms omed`ltm täbldb`s rmj`tdv`omltm sdopjms. @ vmbms, mst`s jmyms rmbdiml mj lfoirm em amlmr`jdz`bdflms mopïrdb`s, p`r` rmbfre`r qum sm j`s fitdmlm omed`ltm j` amlmr`jdz`bdòl em jfs rmsujt`efs em j`s fismrv`bdflms y omedbdflms. Lf sòjf dlbjuyml jmyms bu`jdt`tdv`omltm bu`jdt`tdv`omlt m sdopjms (bfof «tfefs jfs bumrvfs sfl lmarfs³), sdlf t`oidäl jmyms bu`ltdt`tdv`s qum suraml em omedbdflms sdopjms. J`s jmyms qum rmj`bdfl`l j` prmsdòl, mj vfjuoml y j` tmopmr`tur` em jfs a`sms sfl em mstm tdpf. J` jmy em Fgo, qum vdlbuj` j` ednmrmlbd` em pftmlbd`j mjäbtrdbf, j` rmsdstmlbd` y j` dltmlsde`e em j` bfrrdmltm, ms ftrf mhmopjf bflfbdef. Mj bdmltïndbf rm`jdz` rmpmtde`s omedbdflms, g`jj` bdmrt`s rmauj`rde`ems y j`s mxprms` ml ul` jmy. Mst`s sfl j`s jmyms mopïrdb`s. Bfof dledb`ofs ml b`pïtujfs `ltmrdfrms, sm j`s us` p`r` mxpjdb`r gmbgfs fismrv`efs y p`r` prmembdr submsfs nuturfs fismrv`ijms.  21

 

Lf g`y ul lfoirm bfoølomltm `bmpt`ef p`r` emsdal`r mj smaulef tdpf em jmyms, ` j`s qum yf jj`of jmyms tmòrdb`s. @ vmbms sm j`s jj`o` jmyms `istr`bt`s f gdpftätdb`s. «Gdpftätdb`s³ qudzàs lf ms ul lfoirm `embu`ef pfrqum suadmrm qum j` edstdlbdòl mltrm jfs efs tdpfs em jmyms sm i`s` ml mj ar`ef ml mj bu`j j`s jmyms mstàl bflndro`e`s. [mrf ul` jmy mopïrdb`, sd ms ul` gdpòtmsds em mls`yf bflndro`e` sfj`omltm ml msb`s` omede`, smaudrï` sdmlef ul` jmy mopïrdb` `ulqum puedmr` embdrsm qum ms gdpftätdb`. ]l` jmy tmòrdb` lf sm edstdlaum em ul` jmy mopïrdb` pfr mj gmbgf em qum lf mstä idml mst`ijmbde`, sdlf pfr mj gmbgf em qum bfltdmlm tärodlfs em ul tdpf ednmrmltm. Jfs tärodlfs em ul` jmy tmòrdb` lf sm rmndmrml ` fismrv`ijms `ul bu`lef sm `efptm mj sdaldndb`ef `opjdf qum e` mj nïsdbf ` jf qum pumem smr fismrv`ef. Rfl jmyms `bmrb` em mltde`ems t`jms bfof ofjäbuj`s, àtfofs, mjmbtrflms, prftflms, b`opfs mjmbtrfo`alätdbfs, mtb., qum lf pumeml smr omede`s em o`lmr` sdopjm y edrmbt` ‟. (B`rl`p, Nule`omlt`bdòl jòadb` em j` nïsdb`, Rue`omrdb`l`, Iumlfs @drms 04>4)  Emspuäs em j` jmbtur` em B`rl`p lfs qume` bj`rf qum su mpdstmofjfaï` mpdstmofjfaï` ms oàs ul `làjdsds jòadbf emj jmlau`hm bdmltïndbf y qum tr`i`h` bfl mlulbd`efs em, pfr jf omlfs, efs tdpfs8 `qumjjfs qum prmedb`l `jaf emj oulef y qum pfsmml tärodlfs fismrv`ijm fismrv`ijmss y `qumj qum t`oidäl prmedb` emj oulef pmrf qum sus tärodlfs lf sfl fismrv`ijms. Mst` edstdlbdòl lfs rmodtm ` ftr` pfrqum sd lf sm `bj`r` idml em quä tdpf em mlulbd`ef sm g`ij` bu`lef embdofs qum tdmlml tärodlfs lf fismrv`ijms, bfrrmofs bfrrmofs mj rdmaf em bflsdemr`r ` j` omt`nïsdb` bfof bdmlbd`. B`rl`p edstdlaum trms tdpfs em fr`bdflms8 -  J`s fr`bdflms fr`bdflms em fihmtf qum rmndmrml ` fihmtfs emj oulef y sfl j`s qum tdmlml sdaldndb`ef. sdaldndb`ef. J`s smuef fr`bdflms qum pfsmml j` sdlt`xds em j`s fr`bdflms em fihmtf pmrf qum lf jf sfl -  y, bfof t`j b`rmbml em sdaldndb`ef. J`s fr`bdflms fr`bdflms sdltàbtdb`s qum g`bml rmnmrmlbd` `j jmlau`hm y lf ` fihmtfs emj oulef. -  Fr`bdflms em fihmtf, bfof mj bdmjf  bdmjf mstà bj`rf (prfpd`s (prfpd`s em j`s bdmlbd`s mopïrdb`s)3 fr`bdflms sdltàbtdb`s, bfof Mj prmedb`ef ms jf qum sm edbm emj suhmtf y smuef fr`bdflms (u fr`bdflms em smuef fihmtfs) qum p`rmbm qum tr`t`l em rm`jde`ems pmrf lf jf g`bml, bfof Jfs løomrfs sfl mltms dem`jms Rd sm prmtmlem lfoir`r fihmtfs «omt`nïsdbfs³, j` ndjfsfnï` bflstrudrï` smuefmlulbd`efs, lf tr`eubdijms ` fr`bdflms sdltàbtdb`s, bfof pfr mhmopjf bu`lef prmedbf `jaf emj `jo`, em j` vde` emspuäs em j` oumrtm,  oumrtm, em àlamjms f emofldfs.  Em mstm ofef mj `làjdsds sdltàbtdbf em j`s fr`bdflms pferà ednmrmlbd`r `qumjj`s qum tdmlml sdaldndb`ef em `qumjj`s qum lf jf tdmlm. B`rl`p sfstdmlm qum sd jfs ndjòsfnfs qudmrml qum sus `ndro`bdflms tmla`l sdaldndb`ef, lf emiml mlulbd`r omr`s fr`bdflms em smuefs fihmtfs  fihmtfs   sdlf `bmpt`r qum lf g`ij`l emj oulef sdlf emj jmlau`hm f ` jf suof emiml e`r rmbfomle`bdflms p`r` j` bflstrubbdòl bfrrmbt` em ul jmlau`hm. [fr mhmopjf8  mhmopjf8  j` fr`bdòl8 bdlbf lf ms ul` bfs` sdlf ul løomrf, løomrf, lf ms mqudv`jmltm ` j` fr`bdòl qum g`ij` emj oulef t`j bfof Mj `au` lf ms ul àbdef sdlf ul `jb`jdlf . @bmpt`lef qum ml j` prdomr` fr`bdòl sm mstà g`ij`lef sfirm mj jmlau`hm, emimrï` tr`eubdrsm tr`eubdrsm emj  emj sdaudmltm ofef8 j` p`j`ir` bdlbf lf ms ul` p`j`ir` bfs` sdlf ul` mxprmsdòl luoärdb`. (Mhmopjf em B`rl`p, bdt`ef pfr [`ssofrm, 044>). F bu`lef embdofs8 mj àrifj ms ul` bfs`, bfs`, sòjf tdmlm smltdef sd j` tr`eubdofs ` ul` fr`bdòl sdltàbtdb` em j` sdaudmltm nfro`8 àrifj ms mj lfoirm em `jaf ml mj oulef. oulef. [frqum  [frqum ml j` prdomr nfro`, lf tmlmofs bòof prfi`r mopïrdb`omltm qum ms ul` bfs`. @sï, sm mvdt`rï`l pj`ltm`r prfijmo`s ndjfsòndbfs qum lf tdmlml smltdef bfof pfr mhmopjf prmault`r pfr j` l`tur`jmz` emj løomrf f j` bfsmde`e bfsmde`e em  em j` bfs`. [mrf mstm oätfef em tr`eubbdòl rmsujt` ouy mlafrrfsf pfr msf jf b`oid` pfr mj em rmeubbdòl. Ms embdr, prfpflm ul` t`rm` em rmeubbdòl, rmeubbdòl,   qum ms ul` t`rm` em sdopjdndb`bdòl, 27

 

bflsdstmltm ml j` sustdtubdòl em ul` lfbdòl pfr ftr` oàs sdopjm f iàsdb` audàlefsm pfr rmaj`s em bfrrmspflemlbd`0>.  J`s lfbdflms oàs iàsdb`s sfl j`s emj jmlau`hm ndsdb`jdst` ndsdb`jdst`   rmprmsmlt`ef pfr j`s fr`bdflms prftfbfj`rms em j` nïsdb`.  @sï, emim rmeubdrsm8 nmlòomlfs vdt`jms ` nmlòomlfs ndsdbfquïodbfs3 ndsdbfquïodbfs3 nmlòomlfs psïqudbfs f omlt`jms ` mst`efs emj bmrmirf3 psdqudsof guo`lf

` bfleubt` fismrv`ijm3

tärodlfs tmòrdbfs

` fismrv`bdfl fismrv`bdfl`jms. `jms.

i - J` ulde`e em oätfef8 (prfpusf t`oidäl ulde`e em jmyms, `ulqum mstf øjtdof lf jf jjmaò ` ems`rrfjj`r).  Mst` ulde`e emj oätfef em bflndro`bdòl em gdpòtmsds jf fijdaò ` g`bmr bfrrmbbdflms ` sus tmsds pfrqum j` dleubbdòl, y` s`imofs, lf e` smaurde`ems y B`rl`p lf mst`i` edspumstf ` `i`lefl`rj`. Iusb` ul øldbf oätfef vàjdef p`r` tfe`s j`s bdmlbd`s. Mj odsof mstà b`r`btmrdz`ef pfr j` sdstmo`tdz`bdòl emeubtdv` em jfs mlulbd`efs em tfe` tmfrï` y pfr mj usf em j` dleubbdòl ml mj bfltmxtf em hustdndb`bdòl p`r` mst`ijmbmr j` `bmpt`idjde`e em jfs mlulbd`efs ml nulbdòl em j` mvdemlbd` mopïrdb` edspfldij edspfldijm m (Aòomz, 044=). @quï v`l ` bmltr`rsm nule`omlt`jomltm oubg`s em j`s edsbusdfl edsbusdflms ms pfstmrdfrms. pfstmrdfrms.  B`rl`p `i`lefl` j` mstrdbt` tmfrï` vmrdndb`bdfldst` emj sdaldndb`ef y j` rmmopj`z` pfr mj sdaudmltm rmqumrdodmltf. ]l` prfpfsdbdòl pfsmm smltdef sdmoprm qum tmla` `jaul`s bflsmbumlbd`s bflsmbumlbd `s bfoprfi`ijms, em `jaul` nfro`, mopïrdb`omltm. B`rl`p edstdlaum efs tdpfs em bflndro`bdòl8 0  ‒  edrmbt` edrmbt`.. Jfs mlulbd`efs prftfbfj`rms (f mlulbd`efs sdlauj`rms) sfl jfs øldbfs qum `bmpt`l ul` bflndro`bdòl edrmbt` pums sfl mjjfs jfs øldbfs qum sm jdodt`l ` rmadstr`r mxpmrdmlbd`s.  9 - dledrmbt` dledrmbt`.. J`s emoàs prfpfsdbdflms sòjf pumeml smr vmrdndb`e`s dledrmbt`omltm. Em mstm ofef t`ltf j`s jmyms bfof bu`jqudmr ftrf mlulbd`ef bdmltïndbf, qum lf sm` rmadstrf em mxpmrdmlbd`s, tdmlml mj b`ràbtmr em gdpòtmsds (sfl bfrrmadijms) pfrqum su vmrdndb`bdòl ms dledrmbt`. Mst` vmrdndb`bdòl bflsdstm ml tfo`r j` prfpfsdbdòl qum g`y qum vmrdndb`r hultf bfl ftr`s y` vmrdndb`e`s p`r` emofstr`r qum pumeml emeubdrsm em j`s prfpfsdbdflms edrmbt`omltm vmrdndb`ijms. [mrf bfl j` vmrdndb`bdòl dledrmbt` lf sm emoumstr` j` vmre`e em j`s prfpfsdbdflms sdlf sfj`omltm su prfi`idjde`e. [fr mstf B`rl`p, `i`lefl` mj tärodlf vmrdndb`ijm pfr mj em bfoprfi`ijm (jf qum smrï` ul` vmrdndb`bdòl edrmbt`) y bflndro`ijm (jf qum smrï` ul` vmrdndb`bdòl dledrmbt` pmrf qum bfodmlz` ` jj`o`r bflndro`bdòl).  Jumaf ul` fr`bdòl pumem tmlmr sdaldndb`ef `ul bu`lef lf sm` vmrdndb`ijm ml mj smltdef pfsdtdvdst` frdadl`j emj tärodlf (ms embdr bu`lef lf sm` mqudv`jmltm ` ul bflhultf ndldtf em prfpfsdbdflms em mxpmrdmlbd` vmre`emr`s) sdlf ml j` omede` ml qum sus prmedb`efs sm`l bfoprfi`ijmss f bflndro`ijm bfoprfi`ijm b flndro`ijms. s. 0>

 Mst`s rmaj`s pflml ml bfrrmspflemlbd` tärodlfs8 ul tärodlf tmòrdbf bfl ulf mopïrdbf (fismrv`ijm).

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Jf dopfrt`ltm ms qum B`rl`p tmrodl` rmbflfbdmlef j` dopfsdidjde`e em vmrdndb`r bflbjuymltmomltm bflbjuymltmomlt m bu`jqudmr prfpfsdbdòl bdmltïndb`. Mj oätfef bdmltïndbf ms oàs idml ul oätfef em bflndro`bdòl ar`eu`jomltm brmbdmltm (prfi`idjde`e) y j`s gdpòtmsds sfl `bmpt`e`s, ml øjtdo` dlst`lbd`, pfr mjmbbdòl pmrsfl`j3 bfl jf bu`j `pmj` ` v`jfrms mxtr`-bdmltïndbfs. Mstm tmo` em jfs v`jfrms dltmrlfs ` j` bdmlbd` (v`jfrms mpdstäodbfs bfof sdopjdbde`e em j`s gdpòtmsds, bfgmrmlbd`, mtb.) y em jfs v`jfrms mxtmrlfs bfof vfjdbdflms, idfar`nï` emj bdmltïndbf f v`jfrms bfltmxtu`jms, jf v`ofs ` tr`t`r oàs `emj`ltm. [fr `gfr`, rmtmla`ofs qum, ` pms`r em qum sm g` bflsdemr`ef qum B`rl`p, bfof nfro`jdst`, emh` em j`ef jfs v`jfrms mxtmrlfs (lf mpdstäodbfs), j`s p`r` lumv`s em B`rl`p jf g`l lma`ef. e`i` dopfrt`lbd` em jfs v`jfrms dltmrlfs j` rmjmbtur`s bflndro`bdòl pmrf, bfof äst` lf msB`rl`p emndldtdv` lulb`, (ms embdr, ms prfi`ijm), sm rmburrm ` jfs v`jfrms mxtmrlfs p`r` tmrodl`r em `bmpt`r ul` gdpòtmsds (bflndro`e` dleubtdv`omltm). Ms embdr, mj bdmltïndbf embdem, ml øjtdo` dlst`lbd`, aud`ef pfr edvmrsfs v`jfrms pmrsfl`jms, sd j` gdpòtmsds j` `bmpt`rà f lf p`r` nutur`s dlvmstda`bdflms (vm`ofs qum mj pàrr`nf g`ij` em bflndro`bdòl dleubtdv` bfof `jaf edstdltf em `bmpt`bdòl) y mstf dopjdb` v`jfrms mxtmrlfs. Ml mj oòeujf sdaudmltm, vmrmofs ul mhmopjf em `làjdsds jòadbf emj jmlau`hm, em j` o`lf em Gmopmj qum pmrtmlmbdò Bïrbujf em Imrjïl pmrf buy`s tmsds sfl ouy bmrb`l`s ` mst`s. 2 - Mj Bïrbujf em Imrjïl8 B`rj Aust`v Gmopmj. [`r` smaudr bfl mst` jïlm` em pmls`odmltf v`ofs ` fbup`rlfs em ulf oàs em jfs pmls`efrms emj Bïrbujf em Imrjïl8 B`rj A. Gmopmj. Ymbfremofs qum mst`ofs `l`jdz`lef j` bdmlbd` lf bfof pràbtdb` sfbd`j sdlf bfof mj bflhultf em bflfbdodmltfs bflsdemr`efs bdmltïndbfs y qum jf qum sm dltmlt` ms pfemr emtmrodl`r, emtmrodl`r, pfr mstm omedf, quä ms bdmlbd` y quä lf ms. Gmofs vdstf qum mj prfijmo` qum sm jm prmsmlt` ` j` bdmlbd` ofemrl` ms bflamld`r jf tmòrdbf (j`s gdpòtmsds y tmfrï`s) bfl jf mopïrdbf (`qumjjf qum emim bfoprfi`rj`s). [fr mst` r`zòl sm pmlsò qum mj oätfef em j` bdmlbd` mr` j` dleubbdòl omed`ltm j` bu`j sm dltmlt`i` emsem j` fismrv`bdòl em jfs gmbgfs y, ` tr`väs em amlmr`jdz`bdflms bdmltïndb`s, nfrouj`r gdpòtmsds (Rtu`re Odjj). Ms pfr msf qum Odjj iusb` ul` nule`omlt`bdòl nule`omlt`bdòl jòadb` p`r` j` dleubbdòl.  Jumaf, bfl B`rl`p, sm `i`lefl` j` dem` em qum j` nfro` em emsbuirdr gdpòtmsds gdpòtmsds sm` tmo` em j` mpdstmofjfaï` pfrqum t`j emsbuirdodmltf lf pfsmm jòadb`. J` mpdstmofjfaï` emim fbup`rsm emj bfltmxtf em hustdndb`bdòl y `jjï, omed`ltm j` dleubbdòl, j`s gdpòtmsds qume`ràl bflndro`e`s bfof prfi`ijms pfrqum prfi`ijms  pfrqum j` dleubbdòl lf e` smaurde`ems. Rd s`bf j` bflbjusdòl, Ufefs jfs bumrvfs sfl lmarfs, mst` `ndro`bdòl qume`rï` n`js`e` bfl mj sfjf gmbgf em vmr ul bumrvf lf lmarf pfr jf t`ltf emim sfstmlmrsm sfj`omltm j` prfi`idjde`e prfi`idjde`e (pfsdbdòl t`oidäl em Gmopmj).  ^m`ofs, `emoàs qum ul` gdpòtmsds tmòrdb` lf pumem bfltr`st`rsm bfl jf mopïrdbf edrmbt`omltm pfrqum nrmltm ` j` mxpmrdmlbd` sdmoprm tmlmofs b`sfs p`rtdbuj`rms y j`s gdpòtmsds bdmltïndb`s sfl uldvmrs`jms. Em ofef qum emimofs iusb`r ul` gdpòtmsds mopïrdb` dopjdb`e` ml od gdpòtmsds nule`omlt`j qum lfs pmrodt` vmrdndb`rj` bfl j` mxpmrdmlbd`. Mhmopjf. Rd sfstmlaf qum G`y ul `uomltf em j` pfirmz` emimrä, pfirmz`  emimrä, prdomrf emndldr quä mltdmlef pfr `uomltf em j` pfirmz`. [fr mhmopjf8 mj `uomltf em j` pfirmz` ms ul `uomltf ml j` b`ltde`e em pfirms. ¶T pfirms6 [firm ms `qumjj` pmrsfl` qum lf pfsmm jf sundbdmltm p`r` s`tdsn`bmr sus lmbmsde`ems iàsdb`s. [mrf, bu`lef vfy ` tr`t`r em emtmbt`r qudäl ms pfirm, om mlbumltrf bfl j` edndbujt`e qum ms` gdpòtmsds pfsmm tärodlfs qum lf pumef vmrdndb`r mopïrdb`omltm (‚ (‚jf jf sundbdmltm‟   y y ‚lmbmsde`em lmbmsde`ems s iàsdb`s‟ ) Umlerä mltflbms qum nfrouj`r ftr` gdpòtmsds qum om pmrodt` j` vmrdndb`bdòl mopïrdb`, emtmrodl`lef ml mjj` ` qum jj`o`rä lmbmsde`ems iàsdb`s y quä bflsdemrf qum ms jf oïldof qum ms` pmrsfl` emimrà tmlmr p`r` s`tdsn`bmrj`s.  Jumaf g`af j` dlvmstda`bdòl bfrrmspfledmltm y, bfop`r`lef ods rmsujt`efs bfl jfs em `ðfs `ltmrdfrms, s`irä sd od gdpòtmsds g` sdef s def f lf bflndro`e`. [`r` mstf nfroujf ftr` gdpòtmsds mopïrdb mopïrdb`` qum eda`, pfr mhmopjf 5;

 

Rd bfop`rf j` b`ltde`e em pfirms em od mlbumst` bfl j` emj `ðf `ltmrdfr mltflbms emimrà smr ul løomrf o`yfr `j emj `ðf `ltmrdfr `ltmrdfr.. Rupfla`ofs qum j` bfrrfifrf. Emimrä, jumaf, bfltdlu`r j` dlvmstda`bdòl bfl ftr`s fismrv`bdflms p`r` e`rjm ul ar`ef o`yfr em prfi`idjde prfi`idjde`e `e (rmbfre`r qum mstf ms lmbms`rdf pfrqum j` bflndro`bdòl ms ul r`zfl`odml r`zfl`odmltf tf emeubtdv`omltm dlvàjdef qum lf e` smaurde`ems). smaurde`ems). Mst`s emrdv`bdflms emeubtdv`s om `bmrb`l emsem ul` gdpòtmsds nule`omlt`j ` ul` mopïrdb` qum pumef bfltr`st`r. [`rtf em j` i`sm em qum, jf qum jm p`sm ` j` mopïrdb` jm p`s`rà ` j` nule`omlt`j pfrqum mstà dopjdb`e` ml mjj`, `ulqum mxdstml ednmrmlbd`s jòadb`s mltrm rmbg`z`rj` f bfrrfifr`rj` (qum vmrmofs oàs `emj`ltm). Bflsdemr`ofs qum Gmopmj mhmopjdndb` ouy edeàbtdb`omltm mstfs prfbmedodmltfs. Nfrouj` efs tmsds8 0. 9.

ul` tmfrï` em j` bflndro`bdò bflndro`bdòl. l. ul `làjdsds em j` mxpjdb`bdòl bdmltïndb`.

D  ‒ Umfrï`  Umfrï` em j` bflndro`bdò l8   Bu`lef pj`ltm` mj prfijmo` em j` bflndro`bdòl, Gmopmj sm `pfy` ml jf qum emlfodl` dleubbdòl smltdef `opjdf, (emul` `bumref bflrmeubbdfldst` j`s øjtdo`s B`rl`p mlbj`sm tfrlf`ltmrdfr). ` j` nfro` em vmrdndb`bdòlmlmopïrdb`) sdl `suodr pfsdbdòl rmeubbdfld st`tmsds (vmr em B`rl`p ml j` Brdtdb` ` j` dleubbdòl bfof nfro` em emsbuirdodmltf em gdpòtmsds   (bfltmxtf em emsbuirdodmltf) pfrqum sfstdmlm j` dopfsdidjde`e em rmbfamr f bj`sdndb`r e`tfs rmjmv`ltms sdl ul` gdpòtmsds prmvd`. Jfs e`tfs rmjmv`ltms jf sfl p`r` ul` gdpòtmsds y sdl mjj` lf s`imofs t`opfbf buàj bj`sdndb`bdòl em mjjfs smrà sdaldndb`tdv`. Gmopmj sfstdmlm qum lf g`y fismrv`bdòl pfsdijm sdl ul` gdpòtmsds f ul` bflhmtur` `prfxdo`e` qum auïm j` fismrv`bdòl.  Bu`lef embdofs qum emsbuirdofs gmbgfs pfr dleubbdòl jf qum g`bmofs ms p`rtdr em ul` bflhmtur` `prfxdo`e`. J` numltm em j` gdpòtmsds pumem smr edvmrs`. [fla`ofs bfof mhmopjf mhmopjf   ul b`sf ouy bdt`ef8 Cmcujä emhò bflsdal`ef ml sus lft`s qum j` mstrubtur` emj àtf of em imlbmlf sm j` suadrdò ul sumðf qum tuvf emspuäs em g`imr tr`i`h`ef dløtdjomltm eur`ltm mj eï` p`r` mst`ijmbmrj`.  Jumaf fpmr`ofs emeubtdv`omltm g`st` jjma`r ` j` prumi` mopïrdb`. @jjï sm lfs `irml efs b`odlfs8 sd od gdpòtmsds ms n`js`e`, j` `i`lefl`rä pfrqum gm r`zfl`ef emeubtdv`omltm (ofeus tfjjmls) pmrf sd qume` bfrrfifr`e` emif rmburrdr ` prfbmedodmltfs dleubtdvfs pfrqum j` nfro` jòadb` qum gm utdjdz`ef ms ul` n`j`bd` (r`zfl`odmltf emeubtdv`omltm dlvàjdef) Bu`lef embdofs qum bflndro`ofs gdpòtmsds jf qum g`bmofs ms vfjvmr ` pflmr ` prumi` ul` gdpòtmsds y` bfrrfifr`e` bfl mj ndl em `uomlt`r su ar`ef em prfi`idjde`e y mstfs prfbmedodmltfs sfl dleubtdvfs.  [fr jf t`ltf, ml pfsmsdòl em ul` gdpòtmsds emndlde`, j` t`rm` bflsdstm ml iusb`r bflndro`rj` f n`js`rj`. Mj dlvmstda`efr bfodmlz` ul` t`rm` emeubtdv` p`r` mxtr`mr bflsmbumlbd`s fismrv`ijms em j` gdpòtmsds qum g` brm`ef y mstf jf g`bm sdaudmlef j` dlnmrmlbd` emeubtdv`. Mst`s bflsmbumlbd`s mstàl dopjdb`e`s ml j`s gdpòtmsds y t`jms dopjdb`bdflms sm rm`jdz`l bfl `yue` em gdpòtmsds `uxdjd`rms. Rm jj`o` `sï ` tfefs msfs bflfbdodmltfs qum ms lmbms`rdf tmlmr p`r` qum sm o`ldndmstms mj mvmltf mspmr`ef. [fr mhmopjf. Mj usf em emtmrodl`ef dlstruomlt`j, j` nfro` em jmbtur` em jfs e`tfs qum `pfrt` mj odsof, mtb. 50

 

Mj prfbmsf smrï` mltflbms mj sdaudmltm. Brm`ofs ul` gdpòtmsds (G) y bfof ms `jaf uldvmrs`j lf pfemofs bfoprfi`r edrmbt`omltm. Mxtr`mofs, mltflbms, em G ul` gdpòtmsds mopïrdb` qum mstä dopjdb`e` ml G (qum emlfodl`ofs dopjdb`bdòl bfltr`st`efr` bfltr`st`efr` DB), bfl j` nfro` jòadb`8 Rd G mltflbms DB. DB .  G DB  Bfl mjj` v`ofs ` tr`i`h`r emj sdaudmltm ofef. Rupflmofs qum G ms vmre`emr` y qum jf smrà DB. J` bfltr`st`bdòl emimrà emofstr`r qum DB ms vmre`emr` (f n`js`) p`r` pfemr bflbjudr `jaf em G. [mrf j` dopjdb`bdòl bfltr`st`efr` ms ml sï odso` ul` dopjdb`bdòl em j` nfro` sd…. mltflbms…..Bfl msf lfs qume`rï` qum8  G dopjdb` p q G ?p q Ml eflem p smð`j` mj `ltmbmemltm emj bfledbdfl`j y q mj bflsmbumltm. p  dledb` j`s bdrbulst`lbd`s mspmbïndb`s ml qum sm supflm, f bfl j`s qum sm supflm, sm o`ldnmst`rà mj mvmltf mopïrdbf dopjdb`ef ml j` gdpòtmsds nule`omlt`j y q smð`j` mj mvmltf qum mspmr`ofs subme`.  Ml ftr`s p`j`ir`s, j`s bflsmbumlbd`s fismrv`ijms em j` gdpòtmsds sfl mjj`s odso`s dopjdb`bdflms qum tdmlml pfr ndl pfemr bfltr`st`r 01   j` gdpòtmsds, pfr msf j` jj`o`8 dopjdb`bdòl bfltr`st`efr`.  G`y pfr jf omlfs efs nfro`s edstdlt`s em dopjdb`bdflms bfltr`st`efr bfltr`st`efr`s8 `s8 0J`s qum pmrodtml mxpmrdomlt`bd mxpmrdomlt`bdòl òl (f sm` dltmrvmldr p`r` ofedndb`r) jjmv`r`l ml mj `ltmbmemltm j`s bdrbulst`lbd`s mspmbïndb`s mxpmrdomlt`jms, ms embdr jf qum sm g` ofedndb`ef p`r` qum sm prfeuzb` mj nmlòomlf. Gmopmj lf sm jdodt` ` jfs mhmopjf tfo`efs em j` nïsdb`, pflm ml mstm b`sf ulf tfo`ef em j` omedbdl` 9J`s qum lf supflml ul bfltrfj mxpmrdomlt`j jjmv`ràl ml mj `ltmbmemltm j`s bdrbulst`lbd`s bdrbulst`lbd`s qum fismrv`ofs eflem sm e` mj nmlòoml nmlòomlf. f. ^m`ofs ul b`sf em b`e` ul` em mst`s nfro`s em bfltr`st`bdòl8 B`sf 08 08 bfled bdflms mxpmrdomlt`jm mxpmrdomlt`jmss   Nmlòomlf ‚Dal`z Rmoomjwmds, ul oäedbf em frdaml gøla`rf, rm`jdzò tr`i`hfs mltrm 0755 y 0757 ml mj

Gfspdt`j Amlmr`j em ^dml`. Bfof odmoirf emj mqudpf oäedbf em j` [rdomr` Edvdsdòl em O`tmrlde`e emj gfspdt`j, Rmoomjwmds sm smltï` `laustd`ef `j vmr qum ul` ar`l prfpfrbdòl em j`s ouhmrms qum g`iï`l e`ef ` juz ml ms` edvdsdòl bfltr`ï`l ndmirm pumrpmr`j f ndmirm em pfst p`rtf. Ml j` `ey`bmltm Rmaule` Edvdsdòl em O`tmrlde`e emj odsof gfspdt`j, ml j` bu`j sm g`jj`i`l dltmrl`e`s b`sd t`lt`s ouhmrms bfof ml j` prdomr`, mj pfrbmlt`hm em oumrtms pfr ndmirm pumrpmr`j mr` oubgf oàs i`hf‟. (Gmopmj, 0479)  Rmoomjwmds rm`jdzò edvmrs`s bflhmtur`s bflhmtur`s sdl äxd äxdtf tf g`st` qum ul dlbdemltm b`su`j (ul oäedbf emj mqudpf, g`bdmlef ul` `utfpsd` sm bfrt` y oumrm bfl jfs odsofs sïltfo`s) jf jjmvò ` mj`ifr`r j` sdaudmltm gdpòtmsds8

01

 [flmr ml bflbfre`lbd` j`s gdpòtmsds bfl jfs gmbgfs. Ms embdr sfl mj bflhultf em fpmr`bdflms, tmòrdb`s y mxpmrdomlt`jms, pfr omedf em j`s bu`jms sm pflm ` prumi` ul` gdpòtmsds bdmltïndb`.

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Gdpòtmsds 8 j` ndmirm pumrpmr`j sm emim ` j` o`tmrd` b`e`värdb` qum jjmv`i`l jfs oäedbfs ml j`s Gdpòtmsds8 o`lfs y qum dltrfeubï`l ml mj fra`ldsof em j`s p`bdmltms bu`lef j`s rmvds`i`l. Em `quï emsprmledò ul` dopjdb`bdòl bfltr`st`efr` bfltr`st`efr`88  Dopjdb`bdòl bfltr`st`efr` Rd  Rd   jfs oäedbfs sm j`v`l j`s o`lfs bfl ul` sfjubdòl em b`j bjfrur`e` (bdrbulst`lbd`s (bdrbulst`lbd`s mspmbïndb`s mxpmrdomlt`jms B) B) mltflbms mltflbms   j`s oumrtms edsodludràl (`bfltmbdodmltf (`bfltmbdodml tf mspmr`ef M).  ]l` em j`s gdpòtmsds `uxdjd`rms qum g` pmrodtdef j` bflstrubbdòl em j` sdtu`bdòl mxpmrdomlt`j ms8 mj `au` bjfrur`e` emsdlnmbt` omhfr qum mj `au` y mj h`iòl  Ufe` j` bflstrubbdòl emeubtdv` empmlem em j` fismrv`bdòl mopïrdb` em j` edsodlubdòl em oumrtms. B`sf B` sf 9 bfled bdflms lf mxpm mxpmrdomlt`jm rdomlt`jmss   Ymbfremofs qum j` mxtr`bbdòl em dopjdb`bdflms ms ednmrmltm sd sm tr`t` em ul` sdtu`bdòl qum lf pmrodtm j` brm`bdòl em sdtu`bdflms mxpmrdomlt`jms e`ef qum lf pumem v`rd`rsm mj nmlòomlf ` vfjult`e. ‚Bu`lef mj bfltrfj mxpmrdomlt`j ms dopfsdijm, bu`lef j`s bfledbdflms B omlbdfl`e`s ml j` dopjdb`bdòl bfltr`st`efr` lf pumeml smr prfvfb`e`s f v`rd`e`s pfr omedfs tmblfjòadbfs edspfldijms, mltflbms g`irà qum bfltr`st`r j` gdpòtmsds em ul ofef lf mxpmrdomlt`j, iusb`lef f mspmr`lef qum sm prfeuzb`l b`sfs ml qum ms`s bfledbdflms mspmbdndb`e`s sm eml mspfltàlm`omltm‟ (Gmopmj, 0479). Mj sdaudmltm g` sdef mxtr`ïef em R`a`l Bfsofs. Mj `làjdsds num rm`jdz`ef pfr lfsftrfs bfl oftdvfs edeàbtdbfs.  Nmlòomlf ‚Ml j`s prdomr`s gfr`s em j` o`ð`l` emj 2; em huldf em 04;7, ml Rdimrd` Bmltr`j, sm fismrvò

ul` ada`ltmsb` ifj` em numaf ofvdälefsm ràpde`omltm ` tr`väs emj bdmjf. Bu`lef tfbò mj gfrdzfltm sm prfeuhf ul` mlfrom mxpjfsdòl qum `rr`sò efs odj cdjòomtrfs bu`er`efs emj ifsqum m dlbmledò bfl ul` ràn`a` em numaf odjms em àrifjms bmrb`lfs `j jua`r emj dop`btf. J` bflsdaudmlt bflsdaudmltm m fle` em bgfqum `tofsnärdb` edf efs vmbms j` vumjt` ` j` Udmrr`. Ml jfs efs eï`s sdaudmltms mj pfjvdjjf prmsmltm ml j` `toòsnmr` mr` t`l `iule`ltm qum sm pfeï` jmmr mj pmrdòedbf em lfbgm ml j`s b`jjms em Jflerms ` 0;.;;; cdjòomtrfs em edst`lbd`, pfr j` juz qum msm pfjvdjjf edspmrs`i`. Ròjf 9; `ðfs emspuäs sm mlvdò ul` mxpmedbdòl p`r` mx`odl`r mj tmrrmlf y mltrmvdst`s ` jfs tmstdafs. @ p`rtdr em mstf sm dltmltò ul` mxpjdb`bd mxpjdb`bdòl òl emj nmlòomlf. [rdomr` Gdpòtmsds J` b`us` emj nmlòomlf num j` b`ïe` em ul trfzf em `ltdo`tmrd` qum sm `ldqudjò `j mltr`r ml bflt`btf bfl j` Udmrr` ems`p`rmbdmlef ml ul emstmjjf em r`yfs a`o` (gdpòtmsds)   Dopjdb`bdòl bfltr`st`efr`8 Rd sm rmvds` bfl jfs `p`r`tfs `embu`efs j` zfl`  (gdpòtmsds) (bdrbulst`lbd`s mspmbïndb`s lf mxpmrdomlt`jms ) mltflbms sm g`jj`rà r`ed`btdvde`e.(`bfltmbdodm r`ed`btdvde`e. (`bfltmbdodmltf ltf mspmr`ef M)  M)  ]l` em j` gdpòtmsds `uxdjd`rms `uxdjd`rms qum dltmrvdmlml ml ms mst` t` fismrv`bdòl ms mj bflfbdodmltf em jfs dlstruomltfs qum om pmrodtms emtmrodl`r sd num f lf ul trfzf em `ltdo`tmrd`. Rmaule` Gdpòtmsds Jf b`usò ul odld `auhmrf lmarf qum `tr`vmsò j` Udmrr` mltr`lef ml Rdimrd` Rmaule` y s`jdmlef pfr ftrf j`ef (gdpòtmsds) Dopjdb`bdòl bfltr`st`efr` Rd sm iusb`l j`s `lft`bdflms em msm eï` em j`s fle`s em bgfqum `tofsnärdb`s (bdrbulst`lbd`s mspmbïndb`s lf mxpmrdomlt`jms)  mxpmrdomlt`jms)   mltflbms   sm g`jj`ràl mltflbms g`jj`ràl e`tfs qum qum dledqum dledquml l qum ul ffihmtf ihmtf s`jdò prfymbt`ef pfr pfr mj @tjàlt @tjàltdbf dbf Lfrtm.(@bfltmbdodmltf Lfrtm.(@bfltmbdodm ltf mspmr`ef M)  Umrbmr` Gdpòtmsds Jf b`usò ul nr`aomltf bfomt`rdf qum bgfbò bfl j` Udmrr` (gdpòtmsds) Dopjdb`bdòl bfltr`st`efr`8 Rd   sm rm`jdz` ul `làjdsds omtdbujfsf em j` zfl` (bdrbulst`lbd`s

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mspmbïndb`s lf mxpmrdomlt`jms) mxpmrdomlt`jms) mltflbms emimrï`l mlbfltr`rsm `jaulfs nr`aomltfs em j`s p`rtms gmj`e`s emj bfomt`.(`bfltmbdodmltf mspmr`ef M).  Ms mvdemltm qum sfl oubg`s j`s gdpòtmsds `uxdjd`rms qum `yue`rfl ` mxtr`mr j` dopjdb`bdòl bfltr`st`efr` (mj bflfbdodmltf em j` zfl` ml qum fburrdò mj submsf, j` nfro` em rmbflfbdodmltf emj tmrrmlf, mj usf em jfs o`tmrd`jms f dlstruomlt`j, mtb.) [mrf j` gdpòtmsds pumem smr rmnut`e` f bfrrfifr`e bfrrfifr`e`` y g`y ednmrmlbd`s jòadb`s mltrm jòadb`s  mltrm `oifs b`sfs. Ymsuodmlef8 Ml mj b`sf em j` rmnut`bdòl rmnut`bdòl   smaudofs emltrf em j` jòadb` emeubtdv`. J` bfltr`st`bdòl emj b`sf 9.0 emofstrò qum lf g`y r`ed`btdvde`e, y emj b`sf 9.9 qum lf g`y e`tfs ml j`s gfle`s em bgfqum em msm eï`. Mj r`zfl`odmltf rm`jdz`ef ms ul r`zfl` r`zfl`odmltf odmltf emeubtdvf vàjdef8 ofeus tfjjmlef tfjjmls. tfjjmls . Ms embdr sd j`s prmods`s sfl vmre`emr`s jf smrà j` bflbjusdòl. Mst` `smaur` qum lumstr` gdpòtmsds lf sm e`. Em tfe`s nfro`s lf emimofs fjvde`r qum jf qum sm pflm ` prumi` lf ms sfj`omltm j` gdpòtmsds qum qudmrf prfi`r sdlf, bflhult`omltm bfl mjj`, tfefs jfs supumstfs `uxdjd`rms qum t`oidäl mstàl dopjdb`efs. Mstf bfopjdb` lumstr` tfo` em embdsdflms embdsdflms ml tfe` rmnut`bdòl em gdpòtmsds.  Rd sm bflndro` bflndro`,, g`y qum `pmj`r ` j` jòadb` dleubtdv` pfrqum j` bflndro`bdòl ms, ml prdomr tärodlf, ul` n`j`bd` qum lf e` smaurde`ems. [fr mhmopjf ml mj b`sf 0 j` bflbjusdòl ms qum edsodluymrfl j`s oumrtms y ml mj b`sf 9.2 qum sm mlbfltr`rfl nr`aomltfs em bfomt`. @j jjma`r ` t`j `ndro`bdòl, gmofs r`zfl`ef n`j`zomltm, emsem mj pultf em vdst` emeubtdvf ms embdr sd j`s prmods`s sfl vmre`emr`s lf g`y a`r`ltï`s em j` vmre`e em j` bflbjusdòl y bfof t`j ms ul r`zfl`odmltf emeubtdv`omltm dlvàjdef8 n`j`bd` em `ndro`bdòl emj bflsmbumltm. bflsmbumltm . Mltflbms, lmbmsdt`ofs j` dleubbdòl (pmrf prfi`idjïstdb` f bfof j` jj`o` Gmopmj dleubbdòl ml smltdef `opjdf) ` j` qum rmburrm Gmopmj p`r` mj`ifr`r su tmfrï` em j` bflndro`bdòl. Mj dlvmstda`efr iusb` e`tfs rmjmv`ltms, v`rd`efs, prmbdsfs y bfl `pfyf tmòrdbf ml edstdlt`s fpfrtulde`ems p`r` e`rjm ` su gdpòtmsds ul` o`yfr prfi`idjde`e (t`rm` dleubtdv`). Ms embdr, j` jòadb` em j` dleubbdòl ms `gfr` j` jòadb` em j` prfi`idjde`e. @ omede` ml qum ul` gdpòtmsds sm sfstdmlm bfl jfs edvmrsfs e`tfs rmjmv`ltms, j` gdpòtmsds g` `uomlt`ef su ar`ef em prfi`idjde`e.  DD - Mj Mj `làjdsds em j` mxpjdb`bdòl bdmltïndb`.  G`st` `quï lfs gmofs rmnmrdef ` bòof sm emim r`zfl`r p`r` prfi`r `jaf qum bflsdemrmofs bdmltïndbf. [mrf ¶Buàj ms mj fihmtdvf em tfef msm tr`i`hf bdmltïndbf6 Mst` prmault` sm rmspflem em j` sdaudmltm o`lmr`. Mj fihmtdvf ms mj`ifr`r mxpjdb`bdflms y prmedbbdflms em prmedbbdflms  em jfs nmlòomlfs ` p`rtdr em sus bfoprfi`bdflms. Rdl moi`raf pfr mxpjdb`bdòl y pfr prmedbbdòl sm g` mltmledef bfs`s edvmrs`s.vmr Rd sm dltmrprmt` p`j`ir` mxpjdb`bdòl f j` p`j`ir` ml subdmltïndb`. usf bftded`lf lf pferï`ofs bfl bj`rde`ej`j`s b`r`btmrïstdb`s mspmbd`jms em prmedbbdòl j` mxpjdb`bdòl ]l` bflbmpbdòl ouy ednulede` ml j` mpdstmofjfaï`, gfy bflsdemr`e` bflbmpbdòl gmrme`e` (emltrf em j` bu`j uidb`rmofs ` B`rl`p y Gmopmj) ms bflsdemr`r qum j` bdmlbd` tdmlm sfj`omltm ul ofemjf em mxpjdb`bdòl8 mj lfofjòadbf, mj bu`j pumem prmsmlt`rsm ml efs ofemjfs8 mj emeubtdvf y mj prfi`idjïstdbf  [`rt`ofs em j` sdaudmltm b`r`btmrdz`bdòl qum e` Iulam «J` bdmlbd` S…_ dltmlt` mxpjdb`r jfs gmbgfs ml tärodlfs em jmyms, y j`s jmyms ml tärodlfs em prdlbdpdfs. Jfs bdmltïndbfs lf sm bflnfro`l bfl emsbrdpbdflms emt`jj`e`s3 `emoàs em dlqudrdr bòof sfl j`s bfs`s, prfbur`l rmspflemr ` pfr quä fburrml jfs gmbgfs, bòof fburrml y lf em ftr` o`lmr`. J` bdmlbd` emeubm prfpfsdbdflms, rmj`tdv`s ` gmbgfs sdlauj`rms, ` p`rtdr em jmyms amlmr`jms, y emeubm j`s jmyms ` p`rtdr em mlulbd`efs lfofjòadbfs `øl oàs amlmr`jms (prdlbdpdf (prdlbdpdfs) s)³³ (Iulam 04728 2;).   0  ‒ Ofem  Ofemjf jf emeubtdvf Gmopmj `l`jdz` j` mxpjdb`bdòl p`rtdr em jmyms (mxpjdb`bdòl lfofjòadbf-emeubtdv`) bfof j` nfro` b`r`btmrïstdb` em mxpjdb`bdòl bdmltïndb`, ms embdr j` suisulbdòl emj nmlòomlf ml j` jmy 55

 

bdmltïndb` qum pmrodtm mxpjdb`rjf. Mst` nfro` em mxpjdb`bdòl sm `pjdb` pfr dau`j ` j`s trms àrm`s prdlbdp`jms em j` mxpjdb`bdòl bdmltïndb`8 mxpjdb`bdòl mxpjdb`bdòl em jfs mvmltfs pfr omedf em jmyms, em j`s jmyms pfr omedf em tmfrï`s y em tmfrï`s pfr omedf em tmfrï`s oàs `opjd`s f prdlbdpdfs. Jfs mstuedfs sfirm j` jòadb` em j` mxpjdb`bdòl em Gmopmj y Fppmlgmdo sfl jfs qum oàs g`l bfltrdiudef `j ems`rrfjjf em mst` nfro` em mxpjdb`bdò mxpjdb`bdòl l emlfodl`e` lfofjòadbf-emeubtdv`. Jfs `utfrms prfpflml bu`trf bfledbdflms em `embu`bdòl qum g` em s`tdsn`bmr ul` mxpjdb`bdòl bdmltïndb`8  0 ‒ Mj mxpj`l`leuo mxpj`l`leuo (mj  (mj nmlòomlf qum sm mxpjdb`) g` em mst`r jòadb`omltm dopjdb`ef pfr mj mxpj`l`s (`qumjjf qum mxpjdb`).  9  ‒  Mj mxpj`l`ls mxpj`l`ls   (jf qum mxpjdb`) g` em bfltmlmr jmyms qum sm`l lmbms`rd`s p`r` j` emeubbdòl emj mxpj`l`leuo (y ml mj b`sf em j` mxpjdb`bdòl em mvmltfs, mj mxpj`l`ls g` em bfltmlmr, `sdodsof, mlulbd`efs em bfledbdflms dldbd`jms, ms embdr mlulbd`efs qum rmndmr`l fihmtfs f mvmltfs mopïrdbfs mspmbïndbfs)  2 - Mj mxpj`l`ls g` em tmlmr bfltmldef mopïrdbf. 5 - J` bu`rt` bfledbdòl, b`t`jfa`e` bfof bfledbdòl mopïrdb`, ms qum mj mxpj`l`ls g` em smr vmre`emrf, y lf sòjf smr bflndro`ef. Gmopmj ofedndbò oàs t`rem su pfsdbdòl utdjdz`lef, ml vmz em mxpjdb`bdflms mxpjdb`bdflms vmre`emr`s, vmre`emr`s, mxpjd mxpjdb`bdflms b`bdflms oà oàss f omlf omlfss bflndro`e` bflndro`e`ss f bfl ul` o o`yfr `yfr pfsdidjde`e em smr vmre`emr`s, ms embdr, p`rtdmlef em jmyms prfi`ijms jjma`rmofs ` ul` mxpjdb`bdòl prfi`idjïstdb`. Mj ofemjf emeubtdvf sm rmsuom ml mj sdaudmltm ed`ar ed`ar`o` `o` B0, B9, ......Bl8 bfledbdflms dldbd`jms Mxpj`l`ls  J0 J9....

.Jl8 jmyms amlmr`jms

M Emsbrdpbdòl emj nmlòomlf mopïrdbf ` mxpjdb`r Mxpj`l`leuo  Bfof bflsmbumlbd` em mst` nfro` em mxpjdb`bdòl Gmopmj `l`jdz` mj bflbmptf em jmy. ]l` jmy bdmltïndb`8 0 - Emim smr ul` prfpfsdbdòl uldvmrs`j. uldvmrs`j. 9 ‒ [mrf, p`r` smr bflsdemr`e` jmy bdmltïndb` (y lf ul` omr` amlmr`jdz`bdòl mopïrdb`) emim g`imr r`zflms p`r` bflsdemr`rj` vmre`emr`. Mstf lf ms ul` bfledbdòl lmbms`rd` sdlf sundbdmltm qum empmlem em j`s tmfrï`s bdmltïndb`s `bmpt`e`s ml ul` äpfb` emtmrodl`e`. emtmrodl`e`. 2 ‒ Emim pfemr suisuodr mj nmlòomlf ml ul` mxpjdb`bdò mxpjdb`bdòl l lfofjòadbf-emeubtdv`. 5  ‒  Emim pfemr hustdndb`r ul mlulbd`ef bfltr`nàbtdbf emj tdpf8 Rd @ guidmr` sdef mj b`sf mltflbms I g`irï` sdef mj b`sf. Mhmopjf8 Rd guidär`ofs pumstf mst` vmj` em p`r`ndl` ml ul` b`jemr` gdrvdmlef pfr mlbdo` em jfs >; ar`efs sm g`irï` nuledef. Mstm bfledbdfl`j sm `pfy` ml j` jmy8 J` p`r`ndl` ms jïqude` pfr mlbdo` em jfs >; ar`efs. Ml b`oidf ul` amlmr`jdz`bdòl mopïrdb` bfof8 Ufefs jfs odlmr`jms qum g`y ml mst` b`h` sfl em gdmrrf, lf sdrvm p`r` hustdndb`r mj bfltr`nàbtdbf rmj`tdvf ` mjj` qum edrï`8 Rd guidär`ofs pumstf mst` pdmer` ml mst` b`h` bfltmlerï` gdmrrf. ‚]s`rmofs, pfr t`ltf, ‒  lfs edbm  ‒  j` p`j`ir` jmy bfl bdmrt`s jdimrt`ems, `pjdb`lef mj

tärodlf ` bdmrtfs mlulbd`efs emj tdpf ` qum `quï lfs rmnmrdofs, mlulbd`efs em jfs qum sm s`im, sfirm ul` i`sm tmòrdb`, qum sòjf sm buopjml em ul` o`lmr` `prfxdo`e` y bfl bdmrt`s

5=

 

bu`jdndb`bdflms‟ (Gmopmj 0479). Oubg`s vmbms j`s jmyms sm e`l pfr supums t`s. @sï, ml mj b`sf

Rmomjwmds j` mxpjdb`bdòl em j` oumrtm pfr ndmirm pumrpmr`j smrï` j` sdaudmltm8 

Mxpj`l`ls8 Jmy dopjïbdt`8 Ufe` bflt`odl`bdòl em j` s`larm ms ul mlvmlml`odmltf qum prfeubm ndmirm y oumrtm. Bfledbdflms dldbd`jms f e`tfs8 Jfs oäedbfs, rmvds`i`l ` j`s p`bdmltms emspuäs em g`bmr `utfpsd`s bfl j`s o`lfs lf gdadmldz`e`s.  Mxpj`l`leuo Ml j` Edvdsdòl [rdomr` g`y oàs oumrtms pfr ndmirm pumrpmr`j qum ml j` E Edvdsdòl dvdsdòl Rmaul Rmaule` e` Bfof j` mxpjdb`bdò mxpjdb`bdòl l ms ul r`zfl`odmltf emeubtdvf bfopumstf pfr prmods`s y bfl bflbjusdòl, bjusdòl, ml mj jmlau`hm bftded`lf qume`rï` qume`rï` emj sdaudmltm ofef (rmbfremofs qum pfrqum dltrfeubm ` j`s prmods`s y pfr jf t`ltf ` t`ltf ` j` bflbjusdòl)  Mxpjdb`bdòl (p`rtdmlef (p`rtdmlef emj Mxpj`l` Mxpj`l`leuo) leuo) (Mxpj`l`leuo) Ml j` Edvdsdòl [rdomr` g`y oàs oumrtms pfr ndmirm pumrpmr`j qum ml j` Edvdsdòl Rmaule` pfrqum (mxpj`l`ls) (mxpj`l`ls)   tfe` bflt`odl`bdòl em j` s`larm ms ul mlvmlml`odmltf qum prfeubm ndmirm y oumrtm (jmy supumst`) y jfs oäedbfs rmvds`i`l, `jjï, ` j`s p`bdmltms emspuäs em g`bmr `utfpsd`s bfl j`s o`lfs lf gdadmldz`e`s (e`tfs).  Mxpjdb`bdòl p`rtdmlef emj mxpj`l`s mxpj`l`s Mxpj`l`ls8 Ufe` bflt`odl`bdòl em j` s`larm ms ul mlvmlml`odmltf qum prfeubm ndmirm y oumrtm (jmy dopjïbdt`) dopjïbdt`) y ml j` edvdsdòl smaule` jfs oäedbfs, rmvds`i`l ` j`s p`bdmltms emspuäs em g`bmr `utfpsd`s bfl j`s o`lfs lf gdadmldz`e`s (e`tfs) [fr jf t`ltf, (mxpj`l`leuo) (mxpj`l`leuo)   ml j` Edvdsdòl [rdomr` guif oàs oumrtms pfr ndmirm pumrpmr`j qum ml j` Edvdsdòl Rmaule`.  Gmopmj, `l`jdz` t`oidäl j`s mxpjdb`bdflms prfi`idjïstdb`s qum bfltdmlml ml su mxpj`l`ls ul` jmy prfi`idjïstdb`. Mst`s mxpjdb`bdflms tdmlml j` odso` mstrubtur` jòadb` pmrf su smltdef ms ednmrmltm e`ef qum, ` p`rtdr em ul` jmy em msm tdpf, sòjf pumem e`rlfs ul` mxpjdb`bdòl prfi`ijm. Lfs i`st` sfj`omltm s fj`omltm bfl omlbdfl`rj`s.  Ml rmsuoml, ul bflbmptf nule`omlt`j em j` mxpjdb`bdòl ml j`s bdmlbd`s em j` l`tur`jmz` ms, pfr t`ltf, j` lfbdòl em jmy. Rd idml sm jm g` `sdal`ef ednmrmltms sdaldndb`efs `j tmrodlf jmy, emltrf em j`s qum mlbfltr`ofs j` em Gmopmj, rmtmla`ofs sfj`omltm qum pumem dltmrprmt`rsm pfr jmy tfe` rmj`bdòl bflst`ltm y fihmtdv` ml j` l`tur`jmz`, ml j` omltm f ml j` sfbdme`e (Iulam 04128 >4 y s.). Ms dopfrt`ltm smð`j`r, `emoàs, qum ms`s jmyms rmsujt`l sdaldndb`tdv`s ml mj bfltmxtf oàs amlmr`j em ul` tmfrï`.  9. Ofemjf Ofemjf prfi `idjïstdbf Mxpjdb`bdòl prfpd` em `qumjj`s bdmlbd`s qum rmburrml ` gdpòtmsds prfi`idjïstdb`s f mst`eïstdb`s3 pfr mhmopjf, j`s jmyms em j` gmrmlbd`. Ml mstm b`sf, j`s jmyms ` j`s qum pfemofs rmburrdr p`r` mxpjdb`r mj prfijmo`, `j smr em l`tur`jmz` prfi`idjïstdb` prfi`idjïstdb` f mst`eïstdb`, lf pmrodtml mj usf em ul msqumo` lfofjòadbf-emeubtdvf. lfofjòadbf-em eubtdvf. Ml `qumjjfs b`sfs ml qum j` prmods` qum tdmlm nfro` em jmy ms em b`ràbtmr mst`eïstdbf, j` bflbjusdòl, mj mxpj`l`leuo, lf sm emeubm lmbms`rd`omltm lmbms`rd`omltm y tdmlm sòjf ul v`jfr em prfi`idjde`e (mst`eïstdb`)3 (mst`eïstdb`)3 f jf qum ms jf odsof, mj mxpj`l`l mxpj`l`lss dopjdb` `j mxpj`l`leuo sòjf bfl ul bdmrtf ar`ef mjmv`ef qum sm`) emqum prfi`idjde prfi`idjde`e. tr`t`, pfr bflsdaudmltm, em ul r`zfl`odm r`zfl`odmltf ltf dleubtdvf y j`(pfr bj`sm em mxpjdb`bdflms sdauml `e. mstmRm ofemjf sm emlfodl`l mxpjdb`bdflms prfi`idjïstdb`s f dleubtdvf-mst`eïstdb`s (D-M), qum afz`l em prfi`idj prfi`idjde`e de`e dleubtdv` f jòadb`, pfr jf qum sòjf bflndmrml vmrfsdodjdtue. vmrfsdodjdtue. 5>

 

Bfof mstm ofemjf dleubtdvf-lfofjòadbf `eodtm j` pfsdidjde`e em bflstrudr efs mxpjdb`bdflms bfl mxpj`l`ls jòadb`omltm bfop`tdijms, buyfs mxpj`l`leuo rmsujt`l jòadb`omltm dlbfop`tdijms mltrm sï, Gmopmj prmbdsò pfstmrdfromltm qum ul` mxpjdb`bdòl em mstm tdpf ms iuml` sòjf sd oumstr` qum su mxpj`l`leuo tdmlm ul` `jt` prfi`idjde`e em fburrdr fburrdr.. Emspuäs em mstm `làjdsds Gmopmj prmtmlem qum tfe`s j`s bdmlbd`s ems`rrfjj`l mst`s nfro`s em mxpjdb`bdòl. Rupflm qum, bu`lef sm mxpjdb` ul submsf pfr su frdaml f su nulbdòl, g`y sdmoprm ul` jmy dopjïbdt`. Mstf g` sdef ouy brdtdb`ef. Dlbjusf [fppmr `arma`, p`r` j`s bfleubt`s sfbd`jms, j` mxpjdb`bdòl pfr ndlms emndldefs pfr j` sdtu`bdòl (qum vmrmofs v mrmofs oàs `emj`ltm) Ml j` `btu`jde`e sm sfstdmlm qum lf mxdstml sfj`omltm mst`s nfro`s em mxpjdb`bdòl pfrqum j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms y guo`l`s prfeubml prfeubml mxpjdb`bdflms ednmrmltms ` j`s omlbdfl`e`s omlbdfl`e`s pfr Gmopmj y pfsmml dau`j v`jfr bdmltïndbf. Mstm tmo` jf vmrmofs bu`lef `ifremofs mj prfijmo` em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms. Ml bu`ltf ` j` prmedbbdòl  sfj`omltm edrmofs qum Gmopmj bflsdemr` qum tdmlm j` odso` mstrubtur` jòadb` qum j` mxpjdb`bdòl. Rfstdmlm qum mltrm mxpjdb`bdòl y prmedbbdòl rdam mj prdlbdpdf em sdomtrï`.. Ms embdr, ul` prmedbbdòl buopjde` ms mltflbms ul` iuml` mxpjdb`bdòl y ul` mxpjdb`bdòl sdomtrï` bfrrmbt` lfs pmrodtm rm`jdz`r prmedbbdflms bfl jfs odsofs e`tfs y jmyms. ‚ J` ednmrmlbd` mltrm mxpjdb`bdòl y prmedbbdòl lf r`edb`, pfr t`ltf, ml su mstrubtur` jòadb` sdlf ml qum ml mj prdomr b`sf s`imofs qum j` bflbjusdòl ms vmre`emr`, odmltr`s qum ml mj smaulef lf jf s`imofs, y `j prmembdr a`l`ofs ul prmsultf bflfbdodmltf nule`ef ml e`tfs y jmyms, prmtmlsdòl qum sòjf sm  hustdndb` sd j` prmedbbdòl prmedbbdòl sm buopj buopjm. m. (Cjdofvscy, (Cjdofvscy, 044=)  @sï bfof, p`r` Gmopmj y tfe` mst` bflbmpbdòl em j` bdmlbd`, j` nfro` em j` mxpjdb`bdòl pmrodtm ednmrmlbd`r ul` bdmlbd` em ul` lf bdmlbd`, j` prmedbbdòl tdmlm mj odsof v`jfr. [fr msf, emltrf em mstm o`rbf, sm g` emsbflnd`ef em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms pfrqum su b`ràbtmr prmedbtfr ms ouy jdodt`ef (b`sd dopfsdijm). Mstf lfs pmrodtm `ndro`r qum lf pumem rmeubdrsm J` Bdmlbd`  Bdmlbd`  `j ofemjf em j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms. 

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Oòeujf 5

Rupmr`lef mrrfrms8 A`stfl A`stfl I`bgmj`re y C`rj [fppmr Ymsujt` mxtr`ðf qum lfs rmndr`ofs ml ul odsof oòeujf ` efs pmls`efrms qum bfrrmspfleml ` tr`edbdflms mpdstmofjòadb`s t`l ednmrmltms y qum, pfr ftrf j`ef lf tuvdmrfl emo`sd`efs bflt`btfs. sd `efpt`ofs j` mpdstmofjfaï` bfop`r`tdv` em Efodldqum Jmbfurt),[mrf, j` rmnmrmlbd` lf bfof p`rmbmprfymbtf t`l mxtr`ð`8 `oifs `utfrms, emsem(prfymbtf òptdb`s ednmrmltms sm rmndmrml ` j` dopfrt`lbd` em supmr`r mrrfrms ml j` t`rm` bdmltïndb`. J` dlnjumlbd` qum mhmrbdmrfl ms edvmramltm ` t`j pultf qum ` I`bgmj`re sm jf tr`t` mspmbd`jomltm ml mj àoidtf em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms y guo`l`s (mspmbd`jomltm j` psdbfjfaï`), ml t`ltf ` [fppmr sm jf bflsdemr` ul brïtdbf qum dlnjuym ml mj àoidtf em j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms. Bfomlbmofs o`rb`lef j`s tr`edbdflms mpdstmofjòadb`s mpdstmofjòad b`s qum jfs ednmrmlbd`l. I`bgmj`re sm dlsbrdim emltrf em j` mpdstmofjfaï` nr`lbms`. Ml Nr`lbd`, mj ems`rrfjjf em j` mpdstmofjfaï` mstuvf sdal`e` pfr j` fpfsdbdòl `j mspdrdtu`jdsof prdlbdp`jomltm em Omymrsfl 07 y j`s pfstuj`bdflms o`rxdst`s em @jtgussmr. J` mpdstmofjfaï` nr`lbms` bumlt` bfof rmprmsmlt`ltms prdlbdp`jms ` @jtgussmr, @jtgussmr, I`bgmj`re, B`laudjgmo, Nfub`ujt, Jmbfurt, Y`yofle, I`jdi`r y Emss`ltd. Mst` jïlm` em pmls`odmltf pmls`odmltf sm mlbumltr` `jmh`e `jmh`e`` em jfs pj`ltmfs em j` ndjfsfnï` `lajfs`hfl`, y ems`rrfjj` ul` prmfbup`bdòl gdstòrdb` pfr mj s`imr. [mrf oàs `øl, j` jïlm` `lajfs`hfl` y j` nr`lbms` sm emsbflfbdmrfl outu`omltm, `øl bu`lef em nr`lbms` sus bflbmptfs pume`lmlsmr bfop`r`ijms. I`bgmj`re edsbutm bfl mj mspdrdtu`jdsof emoubgfs j` bfrrdmltm y sm dlsbrdim mj `làjdsds gdstòrdbf em j` bdmlbd`, bfltdlu`ef, mltrm ftrfs, pfr B`laudjgmo ml mj àoidtf nr`lbäs. [fppmr, qum ems`rrfjj` su pmls`odmltf ml mj o`rbf em j` ndjfsfnï` `l`jïtdb`, bmltr` su brïtdb` ml mj lmfpfsdtdvdsof pmrf rmtfo`lef oubgfs em sus pj`ltmfs -ml t`ltf `bmpt` mj `làjdsds smltmlbd`j em j`s tmfrï`s bdmltïndb`s-. Rm edst`lbd` mspmbd`jomltm pfr su brïtdb` r`edb`j ` j` dleubbdòl y mj `i`leflf emj ofldsof omtfefjòadbf mstrdbtf. Mstf øjtdof jf jjmvò ` rm`jdz`r ul` prfpumst` p`r` mj bflhultf em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms ml pfjäodb` bfl jfs tmòrdbfs em j` msbumj` em Nr`lbnfrt (vmr oàs `emj`ltm). Oubgfs em sus pj`ltmfs mhmrbdmrfl ul` dlnjumlbd` embdsdv` ml mj ems`rrfjjf ujtmrdfr em j` mpdstmofjfaï` mpdstmofjfaï` mspmbd`j. Mj tr`t`odmltf nrmltm ` jfs mrrfrms ms ml `oifs `utfrms edvmramltm. Odmltr`s [fppmr bflsdemr` jfs mrrfrms nfro`l p`rtm emj b`odlf em j` bdmlbd`, sm v`l supmr`lef omed`ltm mj usf emj oätfef bdmltïndbf y ul` `btdtue brïtdb` nrmltm ` jfs rmsujt`efs fitmldefs (e`ef qum tfe`s j`s gdpòtmsds bdmltïndb`s sfl prfvdsfrd`s y rmvds`ijms)3 rmvds`ijms)3 I`bgmj`re bflsdemr` qum jfs mrrfrms sfl prfpdfs emj pmls`odmltf, edndbujt`l mj b`odlf em j` bdmlbd` y sfl supmr`ijms omed`ltm ul psdbf`làjdsds em mrrfrms. [ferï`ofs embdr qum [fppmr `bmpt`rï` j` pfsdbdòl em I`bgmj`re pmrf j` bflsdemr`rï` numr` em jfs prfijmo`s qum emim mlb`r`r j` mpdstmofjfaï`. mpdstmofjfaï`. [fppmr sfstdmlm qum mj pmls`odmltf bdmltïndbf ms ul b`odlf emsem mj smltdef bfoøl ml j` omede` ml qum sm v` `sbmledmlef ` ul` r`bdfl`jde`e supmrdfr. I`bgmj`re, sfstdmlm qum mltrm mj smltdef bfoøl y mj pmls`odmltf bdmltïndbf g`y ul` ruptur` lf ul omrf tràlsdtf. [msm ` j`s fivd`s ednmrmlbd`s mltrm `oifs, bfdlbdeml ml mj rmbflfbdodmltf em j` dopfrt`lbd` emj p`pmj qum emsmopmð` j` supmr`bdòl em mrrfrms ml j` t`rm` bdmltïndb`. ]lf emsem j` rmnut`bdòl jòadb`, ftrf emsem j` supmr`bdòl psdbfjòadb`. @oifs, pfr ftr` p`rtm, sfl mxpflmltms emj r`bdfl`jdsof, qum bflbdiml em edstdlt` o`lmr`. 07  

[`r` Omymrs Omymrsfl, fl, mj mspïrdtu guo`lf prfbmem smaøl rmaj`s qum sfl sfl bflsust`lbd`jms bflsust`lbd`jms omed`ltm j`s bu`jms rmeubm jf ednmrmltm ` jf deältdbf. J` dlvmstda`bdòl bdmltïndb` lf dltmrms` pfr jfs rmsujt`efs qum g` bflsmaudef, sdlf pfr jfs r`zfl`odmltfs qum g` utdjdz`ef p`r` bflsmaudrjfs. [`r` Omymrsfl j` bdmlbd` lf ms oàs qum ul bflhultf em fpmr`bdflms emj dltmjmbtf, fpmr`bdflms oàs nàbdjms em b`pt`r `jjï qum ml ftr` p`rtm.

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A`stòl A` stòl I`bgmj` I`bgmj`re re (0775 ‒ 04>9)  04>9)   A`stòl I`bgmj`re, (qum tuvf bfof edsbïpujf ` B`laudjgmo y ästm dlnjuyò ml Nfub`ujt) l`bdò ml 0775 ml ul` pmqumð` bdue`e emj sur em Nr`lbd`, eflem sm ar`euò ml o`tmoàtdb`s. Eur`ltm j` prdomr` aumrr` ouled`j, pmrtmlmbdò `j mhärbdtf eur`ltm 2 `ðfs y mstuvf ml mj nrmltm em i`t`jj`. Bu`lef tmrodlò j` aumrr` num prfnmsfr em nïsdb` y quïodb` ml j` msbumj` smbule`rd` em su bdue`e l`t`j. J`s prmfbup`bdflms ndjfsòndb`s jf jjmv`rfl ` bfltdlu`r mstued`lef ndjfsfnï`, efbtfràlefsm ml 0491. [fstmrdfromltm, sm emsmopmðò bfof efbmltm uldvmrsdt`rdf ml Edhfl, pmrf lulb` emhò em `ðfr`r ` su bdue`e l`t`j. Ru fir` ms ouy edvmrs`. @i`rb` prfijmo`s bdmltïndbfs, mpdstmofjòadbfs y pfätdbfs8 Mj lumvf mspïrdtu bdmltïndbf (0425), J` nfro`bdòl emj mspïrdtu bdmltïndbf. (0427), J` ndjfsfnï` emj lf (045;), mltrm ftrfs. Rdl moi`raf j` ednusdòl em su fir` sm bmltrò ml jfs p`ïsms nr`lbfp`rj`ltms y em g`ij` gdspàldb` pmrf lf numrfl tr`eubde`s `j dlajäs, pfr jf omlfs g`st` 0412.  Rus tr`i`hfs mpdstmofjòadbfs ‚adr`l `jrmemefr em jfs prfijmo`s em j` lumv` nïsdb` qum sm

ems`rrfjj` bfl jfs emsbuirdodmltfs em Mdlstmdl, [j`lbc y Gmdsmlimra y jfs lumvfs bflbmptfs ml quïodb` y o`tmoàtdb`s‟ (Amjto`l 044>). I`bgmj`re sfstdmlm qum tfef mjjf dledb` j` `p`rdbdòl em ul lumvf mspïrdtu bdmltïndbf, ul` lumv` mt`p` ml mj pmls`odmltf. J` prdomr` t`rm` qum sm prfpflm ms mj `làjdsds em ‚jfs prmsupumstfs dopjïbdtfs qum gfy

utdjdz`l jfs bdmltïndbfs em ofef mspfltàlmf, sdl prmfbup`rsm pfr j`s bfltr`edbbdflms qum suraml ml rmj`bdòl bfl mj smltdef bfoøl y bfl msqumo`s em pmls`odmltf j`ra`omltm `buð`efs‟

(Amjto`l 044>). [`r`04mstf rm`jdz` odlubdfsfs `làjdsds em jfs bflbmptfs bdmltïndbfs rmburrdmlef ` j` gdstfrd` em j` bdmlbd`.   J` mxpmrdmlbd` iàsdb` [`r` bfoprmlemr quä ms j` bdmlbd` emim prdomrf rmbflfbmrsm jf qum lf ms  ‒y lf pferà smr- bdmlbd`. Jfs gfoirms ml bflt`btf bfl mj oulef pfsmml mxpmrdmlbd`s, qum pfemofs jj`o`r iàsdb`s, u ‚fismrv`bdflms iàsdb`s‟. ‚J` fismrv`bdòl iàsdb` sm prmsmlt` bfl ul emrrfbgm em doàamlms3 ms

pdltfrmsb`, bflbrmt`, l`tur`j, nàbdj. Lf g`y l`e` oàs qum emsbrdidrj` y o`r`vdjj`rsm. Rm brmm mltflbms bfoprmlemrj`.‟ bfoprmlemrj`.‟  [mrf jf qum sm fitdmlm em j` mxpmrdmlbd` iàsdb` lf pumem tr`sp`s`r jfs jïodtms em jf prmbdmltïndbf, y ms mj prdomr fistàbujf qum j` bdmlbd` emim supmr`r supmr`r.. ‚Mj pmls`odmltf prmbdmltïndbf lf `gïlb` ml mj mstuedf em ul nmlòomlf idml bdrbulsbrdtf. Lf

iusb` j` v`rd`bdòl, sdlf j` v`rdme`e. T ästm ms ul r`saf p`rtdbuj`romltm b`r`btmrïstdbf3 j` dlvmstda`bdòl em j` v`rdme`e `rr`str` `j mspïrdtu em ul fihmtf ` ftrf, sdl oätfef3 mj mspïrdtu lf `pult` mltflbms sdlf ` j` mxtmlsdòl em jfs bflbmptfs‟. Ml j` bdmlbd`, pfr mj bfltr`rdf, ‚j`

dlvmstda`bdòl em j` v`rd`bdòl sm jda` ` ul nmlòomlf p`rtdbuj`r, p`rtdbuj`r, tr`t` em fihmtdv`r tfe`s j`s v`rd`ijms, em prfi`r j` smlsdidjde`e em j`s v`rd`ijms. Mst` dlvmstda`bdòl mlrdqumbm j` bfoprmlsdòl emj bflbmptf y prmp`r` j` o`tmo`tdz`bdòl em j` mxpmrdmlbd`.‟ E`rmofs `jaulfs mhmopjfs em

pmls`odmltf prm-bdmltïndbf8

04

  ‚Bfof ml emndldtdv` lfs prfpflmofs emjdlm`r j` jubg` bfl tr` `jaulfs prmhudbdfs, jfs `rauomltfs pfjäodbfs p`s`l nrmbumltmomltm `j prdomr pj`lf. Ms, pfr ftr` p`rtm, oàs ednïbdj em jf qum sm supflm, smp`r`r j` r`zòl `rqudtmbtòldb` em j` r`zòl pfjäodb`, pums j` brïtdb` r`bdfl`j em j` mxpmrdmlbd` ms sfjde`rd` bfl j` fra`ldz`bdòl tmòrdb` em j` mxpmrdmlbd`8 tfe`s j`s fihmbdflms em j` r`zòl sfl prmtmxtfs p`r` mxpmrdmlbd`s. Rm g` edbgf nrmbumltmomltm qum ul` gdpòtmsds bdmltïndb` qum lf jmv`lt` ldlaul` bfltr`edbbdòl lf mstà jmhfs em smr ul` gdpòtmsds dløtdj. Jf odsof, ul` mxpmrdmlbd` qum lf rmbtdndb` ldlaøl mrrfr, qum ms omr`omltm vmre`emr`, qum lf prfvfb` emi`tms, ¶` quä sdrvm6 ]l` mxpmrdmlbd` bdmltïndb` ms, pums, ul` mxpmrdmlbd` qum bfltr`edbm ` j` mxpmrdmlbd` bfoøl.‟ (I`bgmj`re 0427)  

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 @ - ‚...vm`ofs mj mspïrdtu prmbdmltïndbf ml emo`le` em v`rdme`e. I`st` rmbfrrmr jfs prdomrfs jdirfs sfirm j` mjmbtrdbde`e p`r` qum jj`om j` `tmlbdòl mj b`ràbtmr gmtmròbjdtf em jfs fihmtfs ml jfs qum sm dlvmstda`l j`s prfpdme`ems mjäbtrdb`s. Lf ms qum sm bflvdmrt` ` j` mjmbtrdbde`e ml ul` prfpdme`e amlmr`j8 p`r`eòhdb`omltm p`r`eòhdb`omltm sm j` bflsdemr` ul` prfpdme`e mxbmpbdfl`j pmrf jda`e` `j odsof tdmopf ` j`s sust`lbd`s oàs edvmrs`s. Ml prdomr` jïlm`  ‒l`tur`jomltm- j`s pdmer`s prmbdfs`s3 jumaf mj `zunrm, jfs rmsdeufs em j` b`jbdl`bdòl y em j` emstdj`bdòl, jfs imjmoldtms, jfs guofs, j` jj`o`. (...) Emspuäs em g`imr gmbgf mj b`tàjfaf b`tàjfaf em  em j`s sust`lbd`s susbmptdijms em smr mjmbtrdz`e`s, Ifuj`lamr emeubm j` bflbjusdòl qum µj`s sust`lbd`s oàs qumir`edz`s y oàs tr`lsp`rmltms sfl sdmoprm j`s oàs mjäbtrdb`sµ. Rm prmst` sdmoprm ul` ar`l `tmlbdòl ` jf qum ms l`tur`j. [fr smr j` mjmbtrdbde`e ul prdlbdpdf l`tur`j, l`tur`j , sm brmyòMjpfr ul ofomltf edspflmr emsdmoprm ul omedf edstdlaudrl`tur`j jfs ed`o`ltms vmre`emrfs em jfs n`jsfs. mspïrdtu prmbdmltïndbf qudmrm qump`r` mj prfeubtf sm` oàs rdbf qum mj prfeubtf `rtdndbd`j.‟ (I`bgmj`re 0427) 

I - ‚]l `utfr `lòldof, vmrfsïodjomltm mj `i`tm em O`ladl, prmsmlt` su Gdstfrd` p`rtdbuj`r y amlmr`j em j` mjmbtrdbde`e  mjmbtrdbde`e  bfl mstm suitïtujf ouy sdltfoàtdbf8 µF em jf qum `jaulfs nïsdbfs em Murfp` g`l edbgf em øtdj m dltmrms`ltm, em burdfsf y edvmrtdef, em ar`bdfsf y nmstdvfµ.‟ (I`bgmj`re

0427)  ^mofs qum mj pmls`odmltf prmbdmltïndbf, `j jda`rsm ` j`s fismrv`bdflms ^mofs fismrv`bdflms iàsdb`s, ‚jmhfs em dr ` jf msmlbd`j (...) `uomlt` jf pdltfrmsbf‟. ‚Ml j` nfro`bdòl em ul mspïrdtu bdmltïndbf, mj prdomr

fistàbujf ms j` mxpmrdmlbd` iàsdb`, ms j` mxpmrdmlbd` bfjfb`e` pfr mlbdo` em j` brïtdb`, qum äst` sï, ms lmbms`rd`omltm ul mjmomltf dltmar`ltm emj mspïrdtu bdmltïndbf. [umstf qum j` brïtdb` lf g` fir`ef mxpjïbdt`omltm, ml ldlaøl b`sf j` mxpmrdmlbd` pumem smr ul `pfyf smaurf. Fnrmbmrmofs luomrfs`s prumi`s em j` nr`adjde`e em jfs bflfbdodmltfs iàsdbfs, pmrf emsem y` lfs dltmrms` fpflmrlfs ` ms` ndjfsfnï` nàbdj qum sm `pfy` sfirm ul smlsu`jdsof oàs f omlfs nr`lbf, oàs f omlfs lfvmjmsbf, y qum prmtmlem rmbdidr edrmbt`omltm sus jmbbdflms em ul e`tf e`tf   bj`rf, jdopdf, smaurf, bflst`ltm, sdmoprm fnrmbdälefsm ` ul mspïrdtu sdmoprm `idmrtf.‟ 

J` bdmlbd`, ml b`oidf, v` ml mj smltdef bf ltr`rdf8 g`bd` j` `istr`bbdòl. ‚Gm `quï j` tmsds ndjfsòndb` qum sfstmlermofs8 mj mspïrdtu bdmltïndbf emim nfro`rsm ml bfltr` em j` L`tur`jmz`, ml bfltr` em jf qum ms, emltrf y numr` em lfsftrfs, dopujsf y mlsmð`lz` em j` L`tur`jmz`, ml bfltr` emj mltusd`sof l`tur`j, ml bfltr` emj gmbgf bfjfrm`ef y v`rdf. Mj mspïrdtu bdmltïndbf emim nfro`rsm rmnfroàlefsm. Nrmltm ` j` L`tur`jmz` sòjf pumem dlstrudrsm purdndb`lef j`s sust`lbd`s l`tur`jms y freml`lef jfs nmlòomlfs rmvumjtfs.‟ (I`bgmj`r`e 0427)   R`imr R` imr sfb d`jdz`ltm d`jdz`ltm bf of rm`jdz rm`jdz`ltm `ltm em jf o`tmoàtdbf o`tmoàtdbf . B`r`btmrdz` `j pmls`odmltf bdmltïndbf bfof ul pmls`odmltf rm`jdz`ltm ml mj smltdef em j` rm`jdz`bdòl em jf r`bdfl`j, ml j` omede` ml qum bflstruym bflbmptfs v`jdälefsm em dlstruomltfs, omedbdflms y mxpmrdomltfs. Jfs bflbmptfs fra`ldz`l r`bdfl`jomltm jf qum jumaf sm dltmlt`rà vmrdndb`r ml su bflbrmbdòl mxpmrdomlt`j. [fr mhmopjf mhmopjf88 ul` smrdm bfopjmh` em fismrv`bdflms, omedbdflms y bàjbujfs pmrodtml ` Mdlstmdl prfeubdr ul bflbmptf lumvf bfof mj em burv`tur` emj msp`bdf, bflbmptf qum jumaf mlbumltr` `pjdb`bdòl ml emtmrodl`efs nmlòomlfs `strflòodbfs. Rdmlef `sï, I`bgmj`re ‚lf edrï` qum Mdsltmdl emsbuirdò j` burv`tur` emj msp`bdf, pumstf qum j`

bdmlbd` lf sm fbup` em rmnjmh`r j` rm`jde`e ml sï odso`3 edrï` oàs idml qum j` bdmlbd` prfeuhf ul bflbmptf qum pmrodtm fitmlmr, bfl bdmrtfs bàjbujfs y omedbdflms, ul nmlòomlf em burv`tur` msp`bd`j‟ (Amjto`l 044>). Mstf jf jjmv` ` sfstmlmr qum ‚ J` quïodb` em gfy g` jjma`ef ` smr j` bdmlbd` em jfs bumrpfs qum lf mxdstml‟ (I`bgmj`re, Mj o`tmrd`jdsof r`bdfl`j,04=2).  [mrf ml rm`jde`e ‚p`r` I`bgmj`re jf rm`j lf tdmlm ul smltdef oflftòldbf. J` rm`jde`e ms ul` nulbdòl oøjtdpjm qum sm fnrmbm ml edstdltfs mstr`tfs y ldvmjms‟ (Amjto`l 044>). ]l` em j`s nfro`s em jf rm`j ms jf rm`j bftded`lf, ` j` qum jf rm`j bdmltïndbf sm fpflm. ‚Nrmltm `j rm`jdsof

dlamluf (bflsdemr`ef bfof mj mlmodaf oàs pfemrfsf p`r` mj `v`lbm bdmltïndbf) `bmltø` jfs o`tdbms, j`s ednmrmlbd`s, mvdt`lef amlmr`jdz`bdflms y `l`jfaï`s qum tr`lspfrt`l ` tfef ldvmj j`s

=;

 

dltudbdflms oàs sdopjms em j` mxpmrdmlbd` vuja`r bftded`l`‟ (Amjto`l 044>) 9;. Mltdmlem qum mltrm mst` rm`jde`e y j` rm`jde`e bdmltïndb` omed` ul` ruptur`.90  Bflsdemr` ` su vmz, sdaudmlef mst` jïlm` em pmls`odmltf, qum jfs fihmtfs sfl mj prfeubtf em jfs oätfefs bfl qum lfs `pr fxdo`ofs fxdo`ofs ` mjjfs. ‚Edstdltfs oätfefs mlamler`l fihmtfs edstdltfs y lf mxdstml, p`r` ul` `prmbd`bdòl ndl` y o`tdz`e`, fihmtfs smp`r`efs em sus oätfefs‟ (Amjto`l 044>). ‚... j` bdmlbd` rm`jdz` rm`jdz` sus  sus bflbmptfs, sdl mlbfltr`rjfs h`oàs y` gmbgfs. J` nmlfomlftäbld`

`opjï`   j` nmlfomlfjfaï`. ]l bflbmptf sm g` tfrl`ef bdmltïndbf ml j` prfpfrbdòl ml qum sm g` `opjï` tfrl`ef täbldbf, ml j` omede` ml qum ms `bfop`ð`ef em ul` täbldb` em rm`jdz`bdòl.‟ [fr mhmopjf8 mhmopjf8   ‚Jfs mjmomltfs n`irdb`efs ml j`ifr`tfrdf (...) sm djuodl`l `j l`b mr, p`rp`em`l `jmarmomltm

eur`ltm odbrfsmaulefs y oumrml. Bfl j` mxbmpbdòl emj [jutfldf (løomrf 45 em j` U`ij` [mrdòedb`), jfs mjmomltfs oàs pms`efs qum mj ]r`ldf (løomrf 49) sfl t`l dlmst`ijms qum sòjf sm nfro`l ml rm`btfrms lubjm`rms f `bmjmr`efrms em p`rtïbuj`s. Ml huldf p`s`ef, bdmltïndbfs emj Dlstdtutf Bflhultf p`r` j` Dlvmstda`bdòl Lubjm`r, ml Euil`, Yusd`, brm`rfl mj mjmomltf 005, qum eurò 2; smaulefs, tfe` ul` vde` ml mj oulef sui`tòodbf. Ml huldf l`bdmrfl mj 00> y mj 007, bfrtmsï` emj J`ifr`tfrdf L`bdfl`j J`wrmlbm Jdvmrofrm, ml B`jdnfrld`. J`s vde`s em 00> y 007 numrfl, rmspmbtdv`omltm, ul` odjäsdo` em smaulef y trms edmzodjäsdo`s em smaulef, jf i`st`ltm j`ra`s p`r` pmls`r qum gmofs `jb`lz`ef j` zfl` em mst`idjde` mst`idjde`e, e, prmvdst` emsem jfs `ðfs 1;, p`r` jfs mjmomltfs em pmsf `tòodbf `jrmemefr em 005, buy` eur`bdòl smrï` o`yfr qum nr`bbdflms em l`lfsmaulef 99.‟ (Ufo`ef em j` rmvdst` Edsbfvmry, nmirmrf emj 9;;;3 fisärvmsm qum mj jmlau`hm em

edvuja`bdòl mopjm` omtànfr`s qum lf pferï`l `bmpt`rsm ml nïsdb`8 ‚l`bml‟, ‚p`rp`em`l `jmarmomltm‟, ‚oumrml‟. J` edvuja`bdòl dltrfeubm ul` edstfrsdòl.) 

Mstm s`imr rm`jdz`ltm em jf r`bdfl`j, qum sm smp`r` em j` rm`jde`e bftded`l` ms `emoàs ul s`imr rm`jdz`ltm em jf o`tmoàtdbf.  o`tmoàtdbf.  ‚ @  @ ome de de` ` qu qum m `v`lz` `v`l z` j` bd mlb mlbd`, d`, mj oät oätfe fef f mxp mxpmr mrdo domlt mlt`j `j sm `bmrb` b`e` vmz oàs `j oätfef o`tmoàtdbf y o`tmoàtdbf  y ml bflsmbumlbd` mj bdmltïndbf rm`jdz` jf qum fitdmlm ml su j`ifr`tfrdf j`ifr`tfrdf em ul ofef smomh`ltm ` jf qum rm`jdz` mj o`tmoàtdbf ml mj ems`rrfjjf em sus tr`i`hfs‟ (Amjto`l 044>)92.  9;

  ‚T mltr`lef ml mj emt`jjm odsof em j` dlvmstda`bdòl bdmltïndb`, nrmltm ` ul` mxpmrdmlbd` idml emtmrodll`e` qum pume` smr rmadstr`e` bfof t`j, vmre`emr`omltm bfof ul` y bfopjmt`, mj mspïrdtu h`oàs sm sdmltm dopmedef em v`rd`r j`s bfledbdflms, ml ul` p`j`ir` em s`jdr em jf odsof y iusb`r jf ftrf, em ed`jmbtdz`r j` mxpmrdmlbd`. @sï ms bfof j` Puïodb` oujtdpjdb` y bfopjmt` sus smrdms gfoòjfa`s, g`st` s`jdr em j` L`tur`jmz`  o`tmrd`jdz`lef bumrpfs oàs f omlfs gdpftätdbfs suamrdefs pfr mj pmls`odmltf dlvmltdvf. Ms `sï bfof ml tfe`s j`s bdmlbd`s rdaurfs`s, ul pmls`odmltf `lsdfsf emsbflnï` em j`s demltde`ems oàs f omlfs `p`rmltms, p`r` rmbj`o`r dlbms`ltmomltm o`yfr prmbdsdòl, dpsf n`btf o`yfrms fb`sdflms em edstdlaudr. [rmbds`r, rmbtdndb`r, edvmrsdndb`r, gm `quï jfs tdpfs emj pmls`odmltf edlàodbf qum sm `jmh`l em j` bmrtdeuoirm y em j` ulde`e, y qum ml jfs sdstmo`s gfofaälmfs mlbumltr`l oàs fistàbujfs qum dopujsfs. Ml rmsuoml, mj gfoirm `ldo`ef pfr mj mspïrdtu bdmltïndbf, sdl eue` emsm` s`imr, pmrf ms pfr jf prfltf pr fltf p`r` dltmrrfa`r omhfr.‟ (I`bgmj`re (I`bgmj`re   0427) 90   ‚J` bdmlbd`, t`ltf ml su prdlbdpdf bfof ml su lmbmsde`e em bfrfl`odmltf, sm fpflm ml `isfjutf ` j` fpdldòl. Rd ml `jaul` bumstdòl p`rtdbuj`r emim jmadtdo`r j` fpdldòl, jf g`bm pfr r`zflms edstdlt`s em j`s qum nule`omlt`l j` fpdldòl3 em o`lmr` qum j` fpdldòl, em emrmbgf, h`oàs tdmlm r`zòl. J` fpdldòl  pdmls`  o`j3 lf  pdmls`3 tr`eubm lmbmsde`ems ml bflfbdodmltfs. @j emsdal`r ` jfs fihmtfs pfr su utdjde`e, mjj` sm prfgïim mj bflfbmrjfs. L`e` pumem nule`rsm sfirm j` fpdldòl8 `ltm tfef ms lmbms`rdf emstrudrj`. Mjj` ms mj prdomr prdo mr fistàbujf ` supmr`r.‟ (I`b (I`bgmj`re gmj`re 0427)  99 4   Mj prmndhf l`lf dledb` 0;  vmbms omlfr (ml mstm b`sf, qum ul smaulef). 92   ‚Ufrl`r amfoätrdb` j` rmprmsmlt`bdòl, v`jm embdr ediuh`r jfs nmlòomlfs y freml`r ml smrdm jfs `bfltmbdodmltfs embdsdvfs em j` mxpmrdmlbd`, gm `gï j` prdomr` t`rm` ml j` qum sm nule` mj mspïrdtu bdmltïndbf. Ml mnmbtf, ms em mstm ofef bfof sm jjma` ` j` b`ltde`e rmprmsmlt`e`, ` odt`e b`odlf mltrm jf bflbrmtf y jf `istr`btf, ml ul` zfl` dltmromed` ml j` qum mj mspïrdtu prmtmlem bflbdjd`r j`s o`tmoàtdb`s y j` mxpmrdmlbd`, j`s jmyms y jfs gmbgfs. Mst` t`rm` em amfomtrdz`bdòl qum ` omluef p`rmbdò jfar`rsm  ‒ y` y` emspuäs emj äxdtf emj b`rtmsd`ldsof, y` emspuäs emj äxdtf em j` ombàldb` lmwtfld`l`, y` t`oidäl bfl j` òptdb` em Nrmslmj- tmrodl` sdmoprm pfr rmvmj`rsm dlsundbdmltm. U U`rem `rem f tmopr`lf, ml j` o`yfr p`rtm em jfs smbtfrms, mst`ofs fijda`efs ` bfoprfi`r qum mst` prdomr` rmprmsmlt`bdòl amfoätrdb`, nule`e` sfirm ul rm`jds rm`jdsof of dlamluf em j`s prfpdme`ems prfpdme`ems msp`bd`jms, dopjdb` bflvmldmlbd`s oàs fbujt`s, jmyms tfpfjòadb`s omlfs ndromomltm sfjde`rd`s bfl j`s rmj`bdflms oätrdb`s dlomed`t`omltm `p`rmltms, ml ul` p`j`ir`8 vïlbujfs msmlbd`jms oàs prfnulefs qum jfs vïlbujfs em j`s rmprmsmlt`bdflms amfoätrdb`s n`odjd`rms. [fbf ` pfbf sm   emi`hf emj msp`bdf, pfr `sï embdr, ml mj ldvmj em j`s rmj`bdflms msmlbd`jms qum sfstdmlml `evdmrtm j` lmbmsde`e em tr`i`h`r  emi`hf jfs nmlòomlfs y mj msp`bdf. Mj pmls`odmltf bdmltïndbf ms mltflbms `rr`str`ef g`bd` µbflstrubbdflmsµ oàs omt`nòrdb`s qum rm`jms, g`bd` µmsp`bdfs em bflndaur`bdòlµ em jfs qum mj msp`bdf smlsdijm, ml emndldtdv`, lf ms sdlf ul oïsmrf mhmopjf. Mj p`pmj em j`s o`tmoàtdb`s ml j` nïsdb` bfltmopfràlm` sfirmp`s` pums lft`ijmomltm j` sdopjm emsbrdpbdòl amfoätrdb`.

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‚Mj p`r`jmjf sm `bj`r` sd s m tfo` ml bumlt` mj b`ràbtmr bflstrubtdvf em `oifs

prfbmedodmltfs. Mj o`tmoàtdbf rm`jdz` fpmr`bdflms nfro`jms qum `ltdbdp`l fpmr`bd prfbmedodmltfs. fpmr`bdflms flms bflbrmt`s3 mj bdmltïndbf rm`jdz` mxpmrdomltfs qum prm`lulbd`l fpmr`bdflms täbldb`s. (...) @sï bfof mj o`tmoàtdbf amlmr`jdz` bdmrtfs prfbmedodmltfs y fpmr`bdflms (...) `sï t`oidäl mj nïsdbf amlmr`jdz` em ofef gdpftätdbf bdmrtfs bdmrtfs rmsujt`efs p`r` ftr`s sdtu`bdflms sdtu`bdflms smomh`ltms smomh`ltms f `làjfa`s.‟ (Amjto`l

044>) ‚Ml sïltmsds, j`s jmyms bdmltïndb`s sfl, emsem mstm pultf em vdst`, rmaj`s em bflstrubbdòl. Rd

sm g`bm t`j bfs`, bfl t`jms `p`r`tfs y ml t`jms bfledbdflms, sm fitmleràl t`jms rmsujt`efs qum pferàl smr .‟omedefs em044>3 t`j fj`bu`j J`  ` bdmlbd` ofemrl` r`bdfl`j) ms µul`   bdmlbd` pfr bfopjmtf `rtdndbd`jdst`µ (Amjto`l bdt` o`lmr`. bfrrmspflem Mj o`tmrd`jdsof [mrf p`r` bflvmrtdrsm ml s`imr rm`jdz`ltm em jf o`tmoàtdbf j` bdmlbd` ofemrl` g` emh`ef em smr ul s`imr dledvdeu`j ‚p`r` tr`lsnfro`rsm ml ul gmbgf sfbdf-bujtur`j ml sfbdf-bujtur`j ml qum sm dlsmrt` b`e` dlvmstda`efr‟ (Amjto`l 044>). Mstf pfrqum   j` prdomr` doprmsdòl nrmltm ` ul mxpmrdomltf ms mla`ðfs` y p`r` s`jdr emj mrrfr sm lmbmsdt` mj bfltrfj em j` bfoulde`e bdmltïndb`. ‚J` bdmlbd` emj sfjdt`rdf  ‒ edbm I`bgmj`re  ‒  ms bu`jdt`tdv`. J` bdmlbd` sfbd`jdz`e` ms bu`ltdt`tdv`‟  (I`bgmj`re, J`

nfro`bdòl emj mspïrdtu bdmltïndbf, bdmltïndbf , 04>1)  ‚Bfl tfef, mstm b`ràbtmr sfbd`j em j` bdmlbd` ofemrl` lf dopjdb` ul fistàbujf p`r` j`

brm`tdvde`e. Ufef jf bfltr`rdf. [`r` I`bgmj`re, ul` em j`s lft`s nule`omlt`jms emj lumvf mspïrdtu bdmltïndbf ms mj gmbgf em g`imrsm jdimr`ef emj rm`jdsof dlamluf y em jfs prmhudbdfs bjàsdbfs em ul s`imr bfltmopj`ltm, pfr jf bu`j g` pfedef j`lz`rsm ` j` bflstrubbdòl em gdpòtmsds `rrdmsa`e`s, sdl bude`rsm em j`s prdomr`s doprmsdflms em j` mxpmrdmlbd` bfoøl. J` bdmlbd` g` p`s`ef em j` ï` emj µbfof sdµ ` j` emj µpfr quä lfµ.‟  (Amjto`l 044>)  ndjfsfn ï` J` bdmlbd` ed`jmbtdz`. J` ed`jmbtdz`bdòl bflemls`, p`r` I`bgmj`re, j`s nulbdflms oàs mjmv`e`s emj pmls`odmltf. Mltdmlem pfr ed`jäbtdb` t`ltf j`s rmj`bdflms mltrm jfs prdlbdpdfs bdmltïndbfs y sus `pjdb`bdflms p`rtdbuj`rms bfof j` bfopjmomlt`bdòl em fpumstfs. Jfs prdlbdpdfs sm ofedndb`l ml vdrtue em sus `pjdb`bdflms y j`s rmj`bdflms em fpfsdbdòl bflstdtuyml pfj`rde`ems mpdstmofjòadb`s. J` lma`bdòl lf ms emndldtdv` pmrf g`bm `v`lz`r mj s`imr. Ml mstm øjtdof smltdef j` ed`jäbtdb` ms tfo`e` ml smltdef gmamjd`lf pmrf ml I`bgmj`re ms, bfof vdofs, ul bflbmptf oàs `opjdf. ‚J` bdmlbd` ed`jmbtdz` bu`lef dltmar` pultfs em vdst` fpumstfs sdl prmfbup`rsm efaoàtdb`omltm pfr nfrz`r j` bfgmrmlbd` y j` ulde`e.‟ Mst` b` r`btmrïstdb` em j` bdmlbd` bfof

dltmar`efr` em pultfs em vdst` bfltr`rdfs jf jjmv` ` emsbflnd`r em j`s ednmrmlbd`bdflms qum rm`jdz` j` ndjfsfnï`. [fr mstf sfstdmlm qum jfs ndjòsfnfs lf emiml dltmrvmldr ml j` bdmlbd` sdlf oàs idml `prmlemr em mjj`. [mrf jfs fpumstfs sòjf pumeml smr vmre`emr`omltm bfopjmomlt`rdfs, bu`lef mstàl idml smp`r`efs o`ltmldmlef b`e` ulf su demltde`e sdl bflnuledrsm. [fr msf prftmst` bfltr` tfe` sïltmsds   `prmsur`e`, bfltr` j` tmlemlbd` nàbdj ` uldr ml ul` vdsdòl em bflhultf v`a` m sïltmsds dlemtmrodl`e`.  Ml j` bfopjmomlt`bdòl bfopjmomlt`bdòl em jfs bfltr`rdfs bfltr`rdfs mlbfltr`ofs j` ed`jmbtdz`bdòl ed`jmbtdz`bdòl pmrf t`oidäl j` mlbfltr`ofs ml j` dltmrrmj`bdòl suhmtf fihmtf qum sm prfeubm ml mj `btf em bflfbmr. Mj pfjf suihmtdvf lf sm pumem mjdodl`r ml ldlaul` fismrv`bdòl pfr jf qum lf jjma`ofs lulb` `j fihmtf ml mst`ef purf. Rdl moi`raf, j`s ofedndb`bdflms qum dltrfeubm ml mj fihmtf pumeml smr omede`s, bfltrfj`e`s f mv`ju`e`s. Em ofef qum lf `bmpt` ld mj fihmtdvdsof mstrdbtf ld mj sfbdfjfadsof f Mj o`tmo`tdsof lf ms y` emsbrdptdvf, sdlf nfro`tdvf. J` bdmlbd` em j` rm`jde`e lf sm bflnfro` y` bfl mj bòof  nmlfomlfjòadbf8 mjj` iusb` mj  pfrquä  o`tmoàtdbf.  o`tmoàtdbf. T mltflbms, pumstf qum jf bflbrmtf `bmpt` y` j` dlnfro`bdòl amfoätrdb`, pumstf qum jf bflbrmtf ms `l`jdz`ef bfrrmbt`omltm pfr jf `istr`btf, ¶pfr quä lf pferï`ofs ndh`r j` `istr`bbdòl  bfof mj emrrftmrf lfro`j y nmbulef emj mspïrdtu bdmltïndbf6 Ml mnmbtf, sd sm rmnjmxdfl` sfirm j` mvfjubdòl emj mspïrdtu bdmltïndbf, sm edsbdmrlm em dlomed`tf ul dopujsf qum v` em jf amfoätrdbf, oàs f omlfs vdsu`j, ` j` bfopjmt` `istr`bbdòl.‟ 

=9

 

psdbfjfadsof qum prmtmleml b`pt`r j` rm`jde`e em j` bdmlbd` sfj`omltm bfof prfeubtf em jfs bfledbdfl`odmltfs bfledbdfl`odm ltfs bujtur`jms. J` øjtdo` em j`s nfro`s em ed`jmbtdz`bdòl ` qum sm rmndmrm ms `qumjj` qum suram bu`lef mj bdmltïndbf bflstruym sus bflbmptfs ml j` omede` ml qum mst` ed`jmbtdz`bdòl v` brm`lef mj oulef em j` nmlfomlftmbld`, nmlfomlftmbld`, oulef  oulef dltmromedf mltrm mj suhmtf y mj fihmtf. [`r` jjma`r ` mstfs rmsujt`efs j` bdmlbd` g` bfltr`edbgf mj oulef em j` vde` bftded`l`, bfjfbàlefsm `jjï ul` ruptur` qum sfj`omltm jfs mrrfrms rmsdstmltms tdmleml ` mlbuirdr. mlbuirdr.  Jfs fistàbujfs mpdstm mpdstmofjòadbfs ofjòadbfs Jfs fistàbujfs mpdstmofjòadbfs dopdeml mj `v`lbm em j` bdmlbd`.95 y sfl nfro`s em t`p`r j`s ruptur`s bfl mj ndl em ofstr`r ul` bfltdlude`e qum mj pmls`odmltf lf pfsmm.  0 Rfl pfjdofrnfs (prmsmlt`l edstdlt`s nfro`s) y 9 pfsmml rmj`bdflms ed`jäbtdb`s (pfr s`jdr em ulf pumem b`mrsm ml su fpumstf)9=.  2 Rfl prfeubtfs emj do`adl`rdf omed`ltm mj bu`j mj bdmltïndbf sm rmprmsmlt` su t`rm`. J` øldb` nfro` em emsmoi`r`z`rsm em mst`s n`js`s doàamlms ms omed`ltm jf qum äj emlfodl` psdbf`làjdsds em jfs mrrfrms 9>. @ulqum rmbflfbmr qum jfs fistàbujfs mpdstmofjòadbfs lf pferà mvdt`r qum vumjv`l ` `p`rmbmr3 pmrodtm sdl moi`raf ul` o`yfr pfsdidjde`e em supmr`rjfs.  Rupmr`r jfs fistàbujfs mpdstmofjòadbfs emspmh` mj b`odlf g`bd` j` `istr`bbdòl, lmbms`rd` p`r` mj ems`rrfjjf emj pmls`odmltf bdmltïndbf (t`ltf ml jf sfbd`j bfof ml jf dledvdeu`j). Omlbdfl` bfof fistàbujfs amlmr`jms8 j` fpdldòl, mj mspïrdtu bflsmrv`tdvf, pmro`lmbmr ml jf bflbrmtf. [mrf jumaf sm fbup` em fistàbujfs oàs p`rtdbuj`rdz`efs qum g`l suradef ml mj ems`rrfjjf em j` nïsdb`. @sï, tfe` j` gdstfrd` em j` bdmlbd` ms ul` smrdm em rmbtdndb`bdflms em j` vmre`e ` tr`väs em submsdvfs mrrfrms. Jfs fistàbujfs mpdstmofjòadbfs sm o`ldndmst`l t`ltf ml j` t`rm` emj gdstfrd`efr bfof ml j` t`rm` efbmltm.‚Ml j` meub`bdòl, - sfstdmlm I`bgmj`re - j` lfbdòl em fistàbujf pme`aòadbf ms dau`jomltm emsbflfbde`. Nrmbumltmomltm om g` bgfb`ef mj gmbgf em qum jfs prfnmsfrms em bdmlbd`s, `øl oàs qum jfs ftrfs sd b`im, lf bfoprmle`l qum lf sm bfoprmle`. Rfl pfbf luomrfsfs jfs qum g`l sflem`ef j` psdbfjfaï` emj mrrfr, em j` dalfr`lbd` y em j` drrmnjmxdòl. (...) Jfs prfnmsfrms em bdmlbd`s sm do`adl`l qum mj mspïrdtu bfodmlz` bfof ul` jmbbdòl, qum sdmoprm 95

  ‚Bu`lef sm iusb`l bfledbdflms psdbfjòadb`s emj prfarmsf em j` bdmlbd`, sm jjma` prfltf ` j` bflvdbbdòl em qum g`y qum pj`ltm`r mj prfijmo` emj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf ml tärodlfs em fistàbujfs. T lf sm tr`t` em fistàbujfs mxtmrlfs, bfof j` bfopjmhde`e y j` nua`bde`e em jfs nmlòomlfs, ld em dlbrdodl`r j` emidjde`e em jfs smltdefs y emj mspïrdtu guo`lf8 ml mj odsof `btf em bflfbmr, ïltdo`omltm, `p`rmbml, pfr ul` mspmbdm em lmbmsde`e nulbdfl`j, p`us`s m dlqudmtuems. @quï ofstr`rmofs b`us`s em mst`lb`odmltfs m dlbjusf em rmarmsdòl, emsbuirdrmofs b`us`s em dlmrbd` ` j`s qum jj`o`rmofs fistàbujfs mpdstmofjòadbfs. Mj bflfbdodmltf em jf rm`j ms ul` juz qum prfymbt` sdmoprm sfoir`s ml `jaul` p`rtm. Lulb` ms dlomed`tf y pjmlf. J`s rmvmj`bdflms em jf rm`j sfl sdmoprm rmburrmltms. Jf rm`j lf ms lulb` «jf qum pferï`ofs pmls`r³, sdlf jf qum guidär`ofs emidef pmls`r. Mj pmls`odmltf mopïrdbf ms bj`rf emspuäs, bu`lef mj `p`r`tf em j`s r`zflms y` mstà ` pultf. ^fjvdmlef sfirm ul p`s`ef em mrrfrms, mlbfltr`ofs j` vmre`e ml ul vmre`emrf `rrmpmltdrsm dltmjmbtu`j. Em gmbgf, sm bflfbm bfltr` ul bflfbdodmltf `ltmrdfr, emstruymlef bflfbdodmltfs o`j gmbgfs, rmoflt`lef jf qum, ml mj prfpdf mspïrdtu, dopdem j` mspdrdtu`jdz`bdòl.‟ (I`bgmj`re 0 427) 9=   ‚Ms pfr ftr` p`rtm ouy lft`ijm qum, em ul` o`lmr` amlmr`j, jfs fistàbujfs ` j` bujtur` bdmltïndb` sm prmsmlt`l sdmoprm  pfr p`rms. @ t`j pultf qum pferï` g`ij`rsm em ul` jmy psdbfjòadb` em j` idpfj`rde`e em mrrfrms. Ml bu`ltf ul` edndbujt`e edn dbujt`e sm rmvmj` dopfrt`ltm, sm trfpmz`rà bfl ul fistàbujf fpumstf. Rmomh`ltm rmauj`rde`e ml j` ed`jäbtdb` em jfs mrrfrms lf  pumem prfvmldr l`tur`jomltm emj oulef fihmtdvf.‟ (I`bgmj`re 0427)  9>   ‚]l sfjf mhmopjf8 mj mqudjdirdf em jfs bumrpfs njft`ltms ms fihmtf em ul` dlt udbdòl n`odjd`r qum ms ul` o`r`ð` em mrrfrms. Em ul` o`lmr` oàs f omlfs bj`r` sm `trdiuym ul` `btdvde`e `j bumrpf qum njft`, f omhfr, `j bumrpf qum l`e`. Rd sm tr`t` bfl j` o`lf em guledr ml mj `au` ul trfzf em o`emr`, mst` rmsdstm. Lf sm `trdiuym nàbdjomltm ms` rmsdstmlbd` `j `au`. Ms, mltflbms, i`st`ltm ednïbdj g`bmr bfoprmlemr mj prdlbdpdf em @rquïomems, ml su `sfoirfs` smlbdjjmz o`tmoàtdb`, sd em `ltmo`lf lf sm g` brdtdb`ef y emsfra`ldz`ef mj bflhultf dopurf em j`s dltudbdflms iàsdb`s. Ml p`rtdbuj`r, sdl mstm  psdbf`làjdsds em jfs mrrfrms dldbd`jms, h`oàs sm g`rà bfoprmlemr qum mj bumrpf qum momram y mj bumrpf tft`jomltm suomradef fimembml ` j` odso` jmy. Em `gï qum tfe` bujtur` bdmltïndb` emi` bfomlz`r, bfof jf mxpjdb`rmofs `opjd`omltm, pfr ul` b`t`rsds dltmjmbtu`j y `nmbtdv`. Pume` jumaf j` t`rm` oàs ednïbdj8 pflmr j` bujtur` bdmltïndb` ml mst`ef em ofvdjdz`bdòl pmro`lmltm, rmmopj`z`r mj s`imr bmrr`ef y mstàtdbf pfr ul bflfbdodmltf `idmrtf y edlàodbf, ed`jmbtdz`r tfe`s j`s v`rd`ijms mxpmrdomlt`jms, e`r ndl`jomltm ` j` r`zòl r `zòl oftdvfs p`r` mvfjubdfl`r.‟ (I`bgm (I`bgmj`re j`re 0427)  

=2

 

pumem rmg`bmrsm ul` bujtur` pmrmzfs` rmpdtdmlef ul` bj`sm, qum pumem g`bmrsm bfoprmlemr ul` emofstr`bdòl rmpdtdälefj` pultf pfr pultf. Lf g`l rmnjmxdfl`ef sfirm mj gmbgf em qum mj `efjmsbmltm jjma` `j bursf em Nïsdb` bfl bflfbdodmltfs mopïrdbfs y` bflstdtudefs3 lf sm tr`t`, pums em `equdrdr  ul`   ul` bujtur` mxpmrdomlt`j sdlf em b`oid`r  ul`   ul` bujtur` mxpmrdomlt`j, em emrrdi`r jfs fistàbujfs `ofltfl`efs.‟ (I`bgmj`re 0427) 

C`rj Y`doule [fppmr (04;9-0445)  [fppmr mstuedò ml j` ]ldvmrsde`e y ml mj Dlstdtutf [me`aòadbf em ^dml`, su bdue`e l`t`j. Mst`ijmbdò bflt`btfs bfl jfs pfsdtdvdst`s jòadbfs emj Bïrbujf em ^dml`, qum mltrm sus puijdb`bdfl puijdb`bdflms ms dlbjuyò su prdomr jdirf y fir` oàs emst`b`e`8 J` jòadb` em j` dlvmstda`bdòl bdmltïndb`. bdmltïndb`.  Mst` bmrb`lï` bfl mj Bïrbujf em ^dml` gdzf qum oubgfs jf bflsdemr`r`l bfof ul pfsdtdvdst` gmtmrfefxf, pmrf [fppmr y` ml su prdomr jdirf edsbutm bfltdlu`omltm bfl j` tr`edbdòl mopdrdst` y oumstr` qum lf bfop`rtm `jaul`s em sus dem`s iàsdb`s. Em tfefs ofefs, ul` bflsdemr`bdòl pfstmrdfr pferï` ofstr`r bdmrtfs pultfs em bflt`btf bfl j` tr`edbdòl bfltr` j` qum sm emndlm. Modar`ef em ^dml` ml mj `ðf 2=, sm dlst`j` efs `ðfs ml Dlaj`tmrr` y jumaf fbgf `ðfs ml Lumv` Xmj`le`, tr`sj`eàlefsm emndldtdv`omltm ` Dlaj`tmrr` ml 0451 eflem mlsmðò ml j` Jflefl Rbgffj fn Mbflfodbs. J` fir` em [fppmr sm bflvdrtdò ml dlmjuedijm p`r` tfe`s j`s edsbusdflms mpdstmofjòadb`s mpdstmofjòad b`s pfstmrdfrms. Dlbjusf oubgfs em jfs qum rmlfv`ràl mj p`lfr`o` mpdstmofjòadbf mpdstmofjòadbf ml j` øjtdo` odt`e emj sdajf WW rmoflt`l su fir` ` ul` rmbflsdemr`bdòl em jfs tmo`s f prfijmo`s qum äj emh` pj`ltm`efs (ms mj b`sf em Cugl, J`c`tfs y J`ue`l, qum vmrmofs oàs `emj`ltm). Brdtmrdf em emo`rb`bdòl emo`rb`bdòl y prfi jmo` em jfs mlulb d`efs em i`sm @ [fppmr sm jf bflsdemr` bfof ul r`bdfl`jdst`. [`r` edstdlaudrjf em ftrfs r`bdfl`jdst`s (efaoàtdbfs), sm jf emlfodl` ‚r`bdfl`jdst` brïtdbf‟. [ `r` [fppmr mst` øjtdo` emlfodl`bdòl smrï` rmeule`ltm8 ‚g`af mqudv`jmltm j` `btdtue r`bdfl`j y j` `btdtue brïtdb`‟. ([rmn`bdf ` j` medbdòl dlajms`

em J` jòadb` em j` dlvmstda`bdòl bdmltïndb`, 04=7). U`oidäl sm jf g` emlfodl`ef n`js`bdfldst` pfr su o`lmr` em mltmlemr j` t`rm` bdmltïndb` b`r`btmrdz`e` prdlbdp`jomltm prdlbdp`jomltm pfr su fpfsdbdòl ` j`s tmsds dleubtdvdst`s. [fr mst` r`zòl [fppmr sm vm fijda`ef ` rmnfrouj`r oubgfs em jfs supumstfs em mst`s bfrrdmltms. Mltrmmo` mjjfsemj`j`nfro` mlrb`bdòl, qum v`ofs ` edstdlaudr em lf bdmlbd`.- sfstdmlm @ mstf sm- jm g` emlfodl`ef emlfodl`e f prfij emo`rb`bdòl, emo` ‚Jj`of prfijmo`bdmlbd` em j` emo`rb`bdòl `j em mlbfltr`r ul brdtmrdf qum lfs pmrodt` edstdlaudr mltrm j`s bdmlbd`s mopïrdb`s, pfr ul j`ef, y jfs sdstmo`s omt`nïsdbfs, pfr ftrf.‟ ([fppmr 0425).  Jfs dleubtdvdst`s rmsfjvdmrfl mj prfijmo` rmburrdmlef ` j` mxpmrdmlbd` smlsdijm. Rd j`s gdpòtmsds emrdv`i`l em j` mxpmrdmlbd`, mr`l bdmltïndb`s3 b`sf bfltr`rdf mr`l omt`nïsdb`s, f sm`, b`rmbml em smltdef. Mj brdtmrdf em emo`rb`bdòl dleubtdvdst` num, mltflbms, j` vmrdndb`idjde`e f brdtmrdf em vmrdndb`bdòl8 sòjf smràl `bmpt`efs bfof bdmltïndbfs (ml mj smltdef em mopïrdbfs) jfs mlulbd`efs qum sfl vmrdndb`efs omed`ltm j` mxpmrdmlbd`.  [mrf, `bmpt`r, bfof prfpusdmrfl jfs dleubtdvdst`s, qum j` bdmlbd` prfvdmlm em j` mxpmrdmlbd` sdaldndb` `bmpt`r j` dleubbdòl8 ‚... qudml edbm qum s`imofs pfr mxpmrdmlbd` j` vmre`e em ul mlulbd`ef uldvmrs`j sumjm qumrmr embdr qum j` vmre`e em edbgf mlulbd`ef pumem rmeubdrsm, em bdmrt` nfro`, ` j` vmre`e em ftrfs mlulbd`efs  ‒mstfs sdlauj`rms- qum sfl vmre`emrfs smaøl =5

 

s`imofs pfr mxpmrdmlbd mxpmrdmlbd` `913 jf qum mqudv`jm ` embdr qum jfs mlulbd`efs uldvmrs`jms mstàl i`s`efs  ([fppmr, 0425)  ml dlnmrmlbd`s dleubtdv`s‟  ([fppmr, [mrf [fppmr rmbg`z` mj usf em j` dleubbdòl ml bdmlbd`. J`s dlnmrmlbd`s dleubtdv`s lmbmsdt`l i`s`rsm ml ul prdlbdpdf em dleubbdòl, pmrf ‚ ms supmrnjuf tfef prdlbdpdf em dleubbdòl, y (...) jjmv` nfrzfs`omltm ` dlbfgmrmlbd`s dlbfgmrmlbd`s (dlbfop`tdidjde`ems) (dlbfop`tdidjde`ems) jòadb`s ‟. Rfstdmlm `emoàs qum ‚lf sm a`l` l`e` sd mj odsof prdlbdpdf em dleubbdòl lf sm tfo` bfof ‚vmre`emrf‟ sdlf bfof omr`omltm prfi`ijm‟ (...) ‚Od prdlbdp`j r`zòl  r`zòl  ‒ ‒smð`j`- p`r` rmbg`z`r j` jòadb` dleubtdv` ms prmbds`omltm qum  qum   lf prfpfrbdfl` ul r`saf edsbrdodl`efr `prfpd`ef emj b`ràbtmr mopïrdbf , lf omt`nïsdbf, em ul sdstmo` tmòrdbf3 f, ml ftr`s p`j`ir`s, qum lf prfpfrbdfl` ul brdtmrdf em emo`rb`bdòl `prfpd`ef.‟  @jaul`s pfsdbdflms mpdstmofjòadb`s (bfof j` smaule` pfstuj`bdòl em B`rl`p f j` em Gmopmj) `j rmbflfbmr j` edndbujt`e em emofstr`r j` vmre`e em jfs mlulbd`efs uldvmrs`jms qum bfopflml j`s tmfrï`s, rmstrdladmrfl mj brdtmrdf em vmrdndb`bdòl prfpfldmlef mj em bflndro`bdòl (j`s mxpmrdmlbd`s n`vfr`ijms `uomlt`rï`l mj ar`ef em bflndro`bdòl, y ml bflsmbumlbd` j` prfi`idjde`e em qum mj mlulbd`ef ml bumstdòl sm` vmre`emrf). [mrf [fppmr bflsdemr` dl`bmpt`ijm mj `uomltf em prfi`idjde`e em qum ul` gdpòtmsds sm` vmre`emr`, pfrqum mstf supflm ul bfoprfodsf bfl j` jòadb` dleubtdv` qum rmbg`z`. 

Mj brdtmrdf  brdtmrdf qumbfop`tdijm prfpflm [fppmr p`r`jfembdedr sd ul` ml tmfrï` ms bdmltïndb` ms mj em  n`js`idjde`e8  n`js`idjde`e qum j` tmfrï` lf  sm` bfl tfef qum subme` mj oulef, qum pume` `ltdbdp`rsm quä8 b`sfs, em e`rsm, ofstr`rï`l su n`jsme`e.  Emndlm mj brdtmrdf em emo`rb`bdòl em j` sdaudmltm o`lmr`8 Ròjf `eodtdrä ul sdstmo` mltrm jfs bdmltïndbfs f mopïrdbfs, sd ms susbmptdijm em smr bfltr`st`ef pfr j` mxpmrdmlbd` ((pmrf) pmrf) lf mxdadrä qum ul sdstmo` bdmltïndbf pume` smr smjmbbdfl`ef em ul` vmz p`r` sdmoprm ml ul smltdef pfsdtdvf8 pmrf sï qum sm` susbmptdijm em smjmbbdòl ml ul smltdef lma`tdvf, pfr omedf em bfltr`stms f prumi`s g` em smr pfsdijm rmnut`r pfr j` mxpmrdmlbd` ul sdstmo` bdmltïndbf mopïrdbf‟ ([fppmr, 041>)  J` t`rm` bdmltïndb` bdmltïndb` bflsdstm, mltflbms mltflbms ml tr`t`r em n`js`r gdpòtmsd gdpòtmsdss (lf em bfrrfifr`rj bfrrfifr`rj`s) `s) pfrqum j` n`js`bdòl tdmlm ul` mstrubtur` jòadb` vàjde` ml t`ltf bu`jqudmr nfro` em bflndro`bdòl rmqudmrm emj oätfef dleubtdvf (qum g` rmbg`z`ef [fppmr). @sï, ml bdmlbd` tfef ms prfvdsfrdf, ms embdr gdpftätdbf, y bfof t`j rmvds`ijm. ]l` tmfrï` ms bdmltïndb` bu`lef ms n`js`ijm, ms embdr, bumltf bfl jfs mjmomltfs y j`s nfro`s p`r` embj`r`rj` n`js`. Em mst` o`lmr` bu`ltf oàs n`js`ijm ms, ms oàs bdmltïndb`. [fr mhmopjf, sd edaf qum8 Jfs dlvdmrlfs sfl nrïfs,  nrïfs,  mstf smrï` pfbf bdmltïndbf. Ml t`ltf embdr8 Mj dlvdmrlf, ml j` Ympøijdb` @ramltdl`, ms ul` mst`bdòl buy`s tmopmr`tur`s sfl omlfrms em 0;¸, 0;¸, ms bdmltïndbf pfrqum sfl oàs j`s pfsdidjde`ems em n`js`rjf mopïrdb`omltm qum tdmlm.  Rdl moi`raf [fppmr g` edbgf qum ml bdmlbd` tfef ms prfvdsfrdf, em ofef qum lf pumem prfpflmr ul brdtmrdf em emo`rb`bdòl ndhf p`r` j` bdmlbd`. Ms ouy bude`efsf ml b`mr ml bfltr`edbbdflms y mstf jf jjmv` ` sfstmlmr8 ‚od brdtmrdf em emo`rb`bdòl, pfr jf t`ltf, g` em bflsdemr`rsm bfof ul` prfpumst` p`r` ul `bumref f bflvmlbdòl (...) pfr supumstf j` mjmbbdòl (...)tdmlm qum smr, ml øjtdo` dlst`lbd` fihmtf em ul` embdsdòl qum v`y` oàs `jjà em j` omr` 91

 [fppmr sm fpflm bfl j` odso` numrz` `j psdbfjfadsof em ofef qum pfr mxpmrdmlbd` lf emimofs mltmlemr j` mxpmrdmlbd` dledvdeu`j, prfpd` em b`e` ulf, suihmtdv` sdlf ms` bflstrubbdòl emj e`tf smlsdijm qum rm`jdz` j` bdmlbd` y  pflm ml ul mlulbd`ef sdlauj`r. sdlauj`r.

==

 

`rauomlt`bdòl‟ ([fppmr, 041>). Ymbfremofs mstf8 mj `bumref, lf mstà i`s`ef ml sdopjms

`rauomlt`bdflms. `rauomlt`bdfl ms. ^mrmofs, oàs `emj`ltm, qum g`y `quï ul dltmltf em ednmrmlbd`rsm em Cugl.  Mltrmofs `gfr` ` pj`ltm`r mj prfijmo` em jfs mlulbd`efs em i`sm (qum gmofs vdstf ml mj tmo` emj Bïrbujf em ^dml`). Ufe` bdmlbd` edvdem sus mlulbd`efs ml uldvmrs`jms f jmyms y p`rtdbuj`rms f mlulbd`efs em i`sm qum sdrvml p`r` bfltr`st`r j`s tmfrï`s. [`r` [fppmr ul` bdmlbd` emim bflt`r, bfl mlulbd`efs em i`sm97 lf bfl mlulbd`efs vmrdndb`efrms sdlf bfl mlulbd`efs n`js`efrms (qum sdrv`l p`r` n`js`r j` tmfrï`)   Ml mnmbtf, p`r` sfstmlmr j` prfpumst` pfppmrd`l` ms dlmjuedijm rmburrdr ` jfs ‚mlulbd`efs iàsdbfs‟. ‚Jfs lmbmsdt`ofs p`r` embdedr sd ` ul` tmfrï` g` em jj`oàrsmjm n`js`ijm, mstf ms, mopïrdb`, `sï bfof p`r` bfrrfifr`r j`s gdpòtmsds n`js`efr`s y, pfr t`ltf, p`r` n`js`r tmfrï`s. ‟ [fsmml j` nfro` jòadb` em mlulbd`efs mxdstmlbd`jms sdlauj`rms (f sdlauj`rms (f mlulbd`efs em g`y g`y   sdlauj`r) emj tdpf ‚g`y t`j f bu`j bfs` ml j` rmadòl c ‟ f ‚t`j y bu`j mvmltf `bfltmbm ml j` rmadòl c ‟. ‚Jfs mlulbd`efs

iàsdbfs sfl, pfr t`ltf, ml mj ofef o`tmrd`j em g`ij`r, mlulbd`efs qum `ndro`l qum ul mvmltf fismrv`ijm `bfltmbm ml ul` rmadòl dledvdeu`j emj msp`bdf y mj tdmopf .‟ ([fppmr 0425) 

`) i)

]l mlulbd`ef iàsdbf emim s`tdsn`bmr efs rmqudsdtfs nfro`jms8 sòjf sm pferà emeubdr ` p`rtdr em ul mlulbd`ef uldvmrs`j `ð`edmlef `ð`edmlef bfledbdflms bfledbdflms dldbd`jms bfltr`edbm ul mlulbd`ef uldvmrs`j.

b)

@emoàs em mstfs rmqudsdtfs nfro`jms, emiml smr fismrv`ijm.

[mrf mxdadr qum mj mlulbd`ef iàsdbf sm` fismrv`ijm `bmrb` ` [fppmr `j ‚ psdbfjfadsof‟ qum g` rmbg`z`ef. Lf sfjubdfl` l`e` `ndro`r qum bfl fismrv`ijm sm rmndmrm ` qum ‚sfl bfltr`st`ijms pfr fismrv`bdòl‟. Ur`s dltmlt`r ul` sfjubdòl `j prfijmo`94, [fppmr bdmrr` j` edsbusdòl8 Lf tmlaf dltmlbdòl em emndldr mj tärodlf fismrv`ijm, f mvmltf fismrv`ijm, `ulqum mstfy edspumstf ` mjubde`rjf pfr omedf em mhmopjfs psdbfjòadbfs f ombàldbfs3 brmf qum emimrï` dltrfeubdrsm bfof tärodlf lf emndldef qum `equdmrm sundbdmltm prmbdsdòl ml su usf8 ms embdr, bfof ul bflbmptf prdodtdvf buyf mopjmf g` em `prmlemr mj mpdstmoòjfaf, jf odsof qum tdmlm qum `prmlemr mj emj tärodlf sïoifjf, f qum mj nïsdbf g` em g`bmr jf odsof bfl mj tärodlf pultf-o`s`.  [mrf `quï emim mlnrmlt`r ftrf prfijmo`8 jfs mlulbd`efs n`js`efrms t`oidäl gdpftätdbfs f sm` emiml smr bfltr`st`efs m dltmlt`r rmnut`rjfs. ¶Bòof g`bmofs p`r` n`js`r ul` tmfrï` sdl b`mr ml ul rmarmsf `j dlndldtf6 @ ul mlulbd`ef n`js`efr emim dltmlt`r rmnutàrsmjf bfl ftrf oàs mjmomlt`j y `sï submsdv`omltm. Em mstm ofef, `sï bfof lf pumem bflndro`rsm j`s gdpòtmsds, t`opfbf pferï` rmnutàrsmj`s. Emimrà `bmpt`r `jaul` nfro` em vmrdndb`r mj mlulbd`ef em i`sm. Rdl moi`raf, 97

 Ymbfremofs qum jfs mlulbd`efs sm bfltr`st`l bfl ftrfs mlulbd`efs, lf bfl jfs e`tfs smlsdijms. J` i`sm mopïrdb` mstà bflstdtuï` pfr mlulbd`efs sdlauj`rms ` jfs qum Lmur`tg emlfodlò mlulbd`efs prftfbfj`rms y qum jumaf p`s`rfl ` jj`o`rsm mlulbd`efs em i`sm. 94   ‚Rdl eue`, p`rmbmrà qum `j mxdadr j` fismrv`idjde`e gm tmrodl`ef pfr pmrodtdr qum mj psdbfjfadsof sm emsjdbm su`vmomltm ml mj dltmrdfr em od tmfrï`. [mrf lf ms `sï. Emsem jumaf, b`im dltmrprmt`r mj bflbmptf em mvmltf fismrv`ijm ml smltdef psdbfjfadst`3 pmrf yf jf mstfy mopjm`lef ml ul smltdef t`j qum sm jm pferï` rmmopj`z`r pmrnmbt`omltm pfr µul mvmltf qum bflbdmrlm j` pfsdbdòl y mj ofvdodmltf em bumrpfs nïsdbfs o`brfsbòpdbfsµ3 f idml pfemofs  ‒ bfl bfl o`yfr  prmbdsdòl- mst`ijmbmr qum tfef mlulbd`ef iàsdbf, idml g` em smr ul mlulbd`ef `bmrb` em pfsdbdflms rmj`tdv`s r mj`tdv`s em bumrpfs nïsdbfs, idml smrà mqudv`jmltm ` bdmrtf mlulbd`ef iàsdbf em tdpf ombàldbf f o`tmrd`jdst`. (...) @sï pums, j` `bus`bdòl em qum `j `pmj`r ` j` fismrv`idjde`e gm vumjtf ` `eodtdr suirmptdbd`omltm mj psdbfjfadsof lf tmlerà o`yfr pmsf em j` em qum gm `eodtdef mj omb`ldbdsof f mj o`tmrd`jdsof3 jf bu`j g`bm vmr qum od tmfrï` ms, ml rm`jde`e, i`st`ltm lmutr`j, y qum lf emimrï` bfjaàrsmjm ldlaulf em mstfs ròtujfs. Edaf tfef mstf mxbjusdv`omltm p`r` s`jv`r `j tärodlf fismrv`ijm  ‒ t`j t`j y bfof yf jf mopjmf- emj mstdao` emj psdbfjfadsof. (J`s fismrv`bdflms y j`s pmrbmpbdflms pumeml smr psdbfjòadb`s, pmrf j` fismrv`idjde`e lf jf ms).‟  

=>

 

rmbfremofs qum [fppmr rmbg`z` mj brdtmrdf vmrdndb`bdfldst` pfrqum sm `pfy` ml j` dleubbdòl. [fr jf t`ltf, lf pumem `bmpt`r qum jfs mlulbd`efs mlulbd`efs iàsdbfs, qum qum pmrodtml j` bfltr`st`bdòl bfltr`st`bdòl em j` tmfrï`, sm`l vmre`emrfs J` s`jde` pfppmrd`l` ms `pmj`r ` j` bflvmlbdòl8 tfefs jfs mlulbd`efs iàsdbfs sm `bmpt`l pfr bflvmlbdòl, ms embdr sd idml ml bdmlbd` lf g`y l`e` bflndro`ef em ul` vmz p`r` sdmoprm y pferï`ofs dlbjusf lma`r mj v`jfr em jfs mlulbd`efs mlulbd`efs iàsdbf iàsdbfs, s, jfs bdmltïndbfs jfs `bmpt`l em emspuäs spuäs em ul` edsbusdòl r`bdfl`j y jfs us`l p`r` j` n`js`bdòl em sus gdpòtmsds. ‚ Rdmoprm sm pumem, bu`lef jf brm`l lmbms`rdf, rmvds`r mstfs mlulbd`efs mlulbd`efs iàsdbfs.‟  ^m`ofs  ^m`ofs qum ms j` smaule` vmz qum [fppmr `pmj` ` j` bflvmlbdòl , ms embdr ` ul `bumref mltrm pmrsfl`s r`bdfl`j r`bdfl`jms. ms.  [fr mhmopjf mhmopjf88 ‚ Mj mlul mlulbd`ef bd`ef iàsdbf ‚mst` r`t` mstà oumrt`‟ lf mxprms` ul` vmre`e dledsbutdijm, ml mj smltdef em qum `pjdbf tärodlfs uldvmrs`jms (r`t`, oumrtm) qum pferï`l g`imrsm mopjm`ef dlemide`omltm8 ul mx`oml emj gmbgf ml bumstdòl pferï` `rrfh`r qum lf ms ul` r`t`, f qum lf mst`i` oumrt`. Ms, pfr jf t`ltf, ul` gdpòtmsds `bmrb` em jf qum fburrm. Ml j` omede` qum nr`b`sml jfs dltmltfs em rmnut`rjf, mj mlulbd`ef iàsdbf smrà bflsdemr`ef bfof bfrrfifr`ef y `bmpt`ef pfr jfs bdmltïndbfs. [mrf `quï tdmlm jua`r ul` embdsdòl8 sm embdem `bmpt`rjf, em `bumref ` emtmrodl`efs brdtmrdfs omtfefjòadbfs‟  omtfefjòadbfs‟  

J` jòadb` em j` dlvmstda`bdòl bdmltïndb` [`r` [fppmr ms nule`omlt`j edstdla edstdlaudr udr quä ms jf qum bfrrmspflem `j `làjdsds omtfefjòad omtfefjòadbf. bf. @j rmspmbtf, edvdem mj tr`i`hf bdmltïndbf t`h`ltmomltm ml efs p`rtms `) j`s bumstdflms qum sm rmndmrml `j frdaml f dlvmlbdòl em ul` tmfrï` y i) j`s rmnmrde`s ` su `bmpt`bdòl. Rfirm j`s prdomr`s, bflsdemr` qum j` omtfefjfaï` lf tdmlm l`e` qum embdr, pfrqum sm tr`t` em ul `btf lf bfltrfj`ef pfr j` jòadb`. J` omtfefjfaï` tr`t` sfj`omltm j`s bumstdflms rmnmrde`s ` j` `bmpt`bdòl f rmbg`zf em j`s tmfrï`s, ms embdr, j`s bumstdflms em hustdndb`bdòl f v`jdemz.2;  ‚... lumstrf bflfbdodmltf (...) pumem mst`r uldef ` smltdodmltfs em brmmlbd` f bflvdbbdòl8

qudzà ml ul b`sf `j smltdodmltf em mst`r bfopmjdef ` pmls`r em ul` o`lmr` emtmrodl`e`, y ml mj ftrf `j em bmrtdeuoirm pmrbmptd pmrbmptdv`. v`. [mrf tfef mstf dltmrms` sfj`omltm sfj`omltm `j psdbòjfaf8 lf rfz` sdqudmr` jfs øldbfs prfijmo`s qum dltmrms`l `j mpdstmoòjfaf, bfof sfl j`s bflmxdflms jòadb`s mxdstmltms mltrm jfs mlulbd`efs mlulbd`efs bdmltïndbfs‟  ([fppmr  ([fppmr 0425). Em mstm ms tm ofef, [fppmr emsb`rt` bfof fihmtf em j`

2;

  ‚Gm edbgf oàs `rrdi` qum mj tr`i`hf emj bdmltïndbf bflsdstm ml prfpflmr tmfrï`s y ml bfltr`st`rj`s.   J` mt`p` dldbd`j, mj `btf em bflbmidr f dlvmlt`r ul` tmfrï`, lf om p`rmbm qum mxdh` ul `làjdsds jòadbf ld sm` susbmptdijm em äj. J` bumstdòl `bmrb` em bòof sm jm fburrm ul` dem` ` ul` pmrsfl`  ‒ y` y` sm` ul tmo` ousdb`j, ul bflnjdbtf er`oàtdbf f ul` tmfrï` bdmltïndb`- pumem smr em ar`l dltmräs p`r` j` psdbfjfaï` mopïrdb`, pmrf b`rmbm em dopfrt`lbd` p`r` mj `làjdsds jòadbf emj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf. Mstm lf sm dltmrms` d ltmrms` pfr bumstdflms em gmbgf (mj qude n`btd6 em C`lt), sdlf øldb`omltm  pfr bumstdflms em  hustdndb`bdòl f v`jdemz  (mj qude hurds6  c`ltd`lf)3 sus prmault`s sfl emj tdpf sdaudmltm8 ¶pumem  hustdndb`rsm ul mlulbd`ef63 ml b`sf `ndro`tdvf, ¶em quä ofef63 ¶ms bfltr`st`ijm63 ¶empmlem jòadb`omltm em ftrfs mlulbd`efs63 ¶f jfs bfltr`edbm qudzà6 [`r` qum ul mlulbd`ef pume` smr mx`odl`ef jòadb`omltm em mst` nfro` tdmlm qum g`iärsmlfs prfpumstf `ltms8 `jaudml emim g`imrjf nfrouj`ef y g`iärlfsjf mltrma`ef p`r` su mx`oml jòadbf. Ml bflsmbumlbd` edstdlaudrä lmt`omltm mltrm mj prfbmsf em bflbmidr ul` dem` y jfs oätfefs y rmsujt`efs em su mx`oml jòadbf. Ml bu`ltf ` j` t`rm` em j` jòadb` emj bflfbdodmltf  ‒ qum qum gm bfltr`pumstf ` j` psdbfjfaï` emj odsof-, om i`s`rä ml mj supumstf em qum bflsdstm pur` y mxbjusdv`omltm ml j` dlvmstda`bdòl em jfs oätfefs mopjm`efs ml j`s bfltr`st`bdflms sdstmoàtdb`s ` qum emim sfomtmrsm tfe` dem` lumv` `ltms em qum sm j` pume` sfstmlmr smrd`omltm.‟ ([fppmr 0425) 

=1

 

omtfefjfaï` tfefs jfs `spmbtfs rmj`tdvfs `j emsbuirdodmltf, bflsdemràlefjfs bfof b`rmltms em jòadb`.20  ]l` vmz smlt`ef mstf, [fppmr sm emedb` ` `l`jdz`r j` t`rm` bdmltïndb` prfpfldmlef mj oätfef em bflhmtur`s y rmnut`bdflms (em mstrubtur` gdpftätdb` emeubtdv`).  ‚J`s tmfrï`s sfl rmems qum j`lz`ofs p`r` `prms`r `qumjjf qum jj`o`ofs mj oulef8 p`r` r`bdfl`jdz`rjf, mxpjdb`rjf y efodl`rjf. T tr`t`ofs em qum j` o`jj` sm` b`e` vmz oàs ndl` .‟ ([fppmr

0425)  ¶Puä ms jf qum hustdndb` qum `bmptmofs bdmrt`s jmyms, sd lf g`y nfro` em emofstr`r su vmre`e6 Lf j`s hustdndb`ofs hustdndb`ofs ml `isfjutf. Rdopjmomlt Rdopjmomltmm g`l sfirmvdvdef ` jfs dltmltfs em rmnut`bdòl, y mstm prfbmsf sm `sfbd` ` j` smjmbbdòl l`tur`j. [mrf gmofs vdstf qum lf sòjf j`s tmfrï`s y j`s jmyms sfl gdpòtmsds, sdlf t`oidäl jfs mlulbd`efs iàsdbfs. Lumstr`s dem`s `bmrb` emj oulef sfl sdmoprm prmbdpdt`e`s, emo`sd`ef `ue`bms, prmo`tur`s, dlhustdndb`e`s m dlhustdndb`ijms. Jfs bdmltïndbfs lf dltmlt`l emnmlemrj`s, sdlf emsbuirdr qum sm g`l mqudvfb`ef  (‚jfs qum lf mstàl edspumstfs ` mxpflmr sus dem`s ` j` `vmltur` em j` rmnut`bdòl lf tfo`l p`rtm ml mj humaf em j` bdmlbd`‟).  ‚Mj `ltdauf dem`j bdmltïndbf em j` mpdstmom  ‒em ul bflfbdodmltf `isfjut`omltm smaurf y

emofstr`ijm- g` ofstr`ef smr ul ïefjf. J` pmtdbdòl em fihmtdvde`e bdmltïndb` g`bm dlmvdt`ijm qum tfef mlulbd`ef bdmltïndbf sm` prfvdsdfl`j p`r` sdmoprm8 sdl eue`, b`im bfrrfifr`rjf, pmrf tfe` bfrrfifr`bdòl bfrrfifr`bdò l ms rmj`tdv` ` ftrfs mlulbd`efs qum sfl, ` su vmz, prfvdsdfl`jms.‟  

Lfs p`rmbm qum ms gfr` em omlbdfl`r jfs p`sfs emeubtdvfs emj oätfef em bflhmtur`s y rmnut`bdflms. Ru mstrubtur`, y` s`imofs ms emeubtdv` em ofef qum sm p`rtm em j`s gdpòtmsds, f oàs idml em jfs prfijmo`s qum numrz`l ` j` dlvmlbdòl em gdpòtmsds. 0. Rmjmbbdfl`ofs ul prfijmo`, qudzà pfr g`imr trfpmz`ef bfl äj. 9. Ur`t`ofs em rmsfjvmrjf prfpfldmlef ul` gdpòtmsds bfof sfjubdòl tmlt`tdv`. 2 - @ tr`väs em j` edsbusdòl brïtdb` em lumstr`s gdpòtmsds, lumstrf bflfbdodmltf sm ems`rrfjj` pfr omedf em j` mjdodl`bdòl em `jaulfs mrrfrms ms ` tr`väs em bfltr`st`bdflms em ednmrmltm tdpf8 `  ‒ Bfop`r`bdòl jòadb` em j`s bflbjusdflms p`r` sfomtmr ` bfltr`stm j` bfgmrmlbd` jòadb` em lumstr`s gdpòtmsds.  ‒ Jumaf mj mstuedf em su nfro` jòadb` p`r` emtmrodl`r qum lf sm tr`t` em ul` t`utfjfaï`s. ib ‒  Jumaf bfop`r`ofs lumstr` gdpòtmsds bfl ftr`s emj sdstmo` p`r` `vmrdau`r sd sm tr`t` em ul `emj`ltf bdmltïndbf f lf. e  ‒  [fr øjtdof j` bfltr`st`bdòl mopïrdb`, qum iusb` rmnut`rj` ` tr`väs em mlulbd`efs n`js`efrms. Rd lf sm j` pumem rmnut`r, sm j` `bmpt` prfvdsfrd`omltm y sm j` us`. Rd sm j` rmnut`, rmbfodmlz` tfef, ftr` vmz. 5. J` edsbusdòl brïtdb` dlbjusf em lumstr`s omhfrms tmfrï`s sdmoprm s`b` ` j` juz lumvfs prfijmo`s‟ ([fppmr, 0412). 

[fppmr `bmpt` qum g`y nfro`s em dltmlt`r s`jv`r ul` gdpòtmsds rmnut`e` (j`s gdpòtmsds `e gfb)) pmrf sfstdmlm qum mst` `btdtue ms pfbf bdmltïndb` pfrqum, sd sm g`l gmbgf tfefs jfs bfltrfjms gfb r`bdfl`jms `ltms dledb`efs, pumstf oubgf bude`ef ml j` bfltr`st`bdòl mopïrdb`, j` gdpòtmsds rmnut`e` emim `i`lefl`rsm. `i`lefl`rsm.  20

  ‚... od fpdldòl emj `sultf ‒ v`ja` v`ja` jf qum v`jdmrm- ms qum lf mxdstm, ml `isfjutf, ul oätfef jòadbf em tmlmr lumv`s dem`s, ld ul` rmbflstrubbdòl jòadb` em mstm prfbmsf. [umem mxprms`rsm od p`rmbmr edbdmlef qum tfef emsbuirdodmltf bfltdmlm ul mjmomltf drr`bdfl`j f ul` dltudbdòl brm`efr` ml mj smltdef em Imrasfl.‟ ([fppmr 0425) 

=7

 

Ml rmsuoml, mj prfbmsf em bfltr`st`bdòl omed`ltm mxpmrdomltfs u fismrv`bdflms pferï` msqumo`tdz`rsm `sï8 ` p`rtdr em ul` tmfrï` (gdpòtmsds) sm emeubml mlulbd`efs sdlauj`rms qum pmrodtml pflmr ` prumi` (bfltr`st`r) j` tmfrï`. Rd mst`s mxpmbt`tdv`s sm buopjml, lf g`y oftdvfs p`r` emsb`rt`r j` tmfrï`. [mrf sd lf sm buopjml, sd mlulbd`efs sdlauj`rms dlbfop`tdijms bfl j` tmfrï` sfl rmsp`je`efs pfr j` rm`jde`e, emimofs bflsdemr`r rmnut`e` j` tmfrï`. Rd em ul sdstmo` tmòrdbf sm dlndmrm ul mlulbd`ef sdlauj`r, y ästm ms n`jsf, qume` emofstr`ef qum mj sdstmo` tmòrdbf ms n`jsf.29 [mrf, sd bflsdemr`ofs qum j` tmfrï` ms ul bflhultf em mlulbd`efs em edstdltf ldvmj em amlmr`jde`e, jf qum pfemofs s`imr ` p`rtdr em j` n`js`bdòl ms qum ml j` tmfrï` g`y `j omlfs ul mlulbd`ef n`jsf. Pum smp`ofs qum mj bflhultf ms n`jsf lf lfs dledb` ml p`rtdbuj`r quä gdpòtmsds g` sdef n`js`e`. Ml mstm pultf, [fppmr bflsdemr` qum mj dlvmstda`efr dltmlt` ‚`edvdl`r‟ pfldmlef ml `bbdòl mj ‚dlstdltf bdmltïndbf‟.  ‚ @sï  @sï pums, lf pfemofs s`imr s`imr,, ` prdomr` vdst`, mltrm jfs edvmrsfs mlulbd`ef mlulbd`efss emj

suisdstmo` rmst`ltm tµ (emj bu`j lf ms dlempmledmltm p), ` buàj gmofs em rmprfbg`r j` n`jsme`e em p8 buàjms em mjjfs tmlmofs qum `jtmr`r y buàjms g`irï`ofs em rmtmlmr. (...) Bfl nrmbumlbd`, jf øldbf qum g`bm `edvdl`r `j dlvmstda`efr quä mlulbd`efs em tµ emim bflsdemr`r dlfbufs y buàjms lmbmsdt`efs em ofedndb`bdòl ms su dlstdltf bdmltïndbf (dlnjudef, emsem jumaf, pfr jfs rmsujt`efs em jjmv`r ` b`if bfltr`st`bdflms ul` y ftr` vmz). Bfl tfef, omrmbm j` pml` rmbfre`r qum, ` omluef, jf qum pumem frdadl`r ul `v`lbm embdsdvf ms j` ofedndb`bdòl em jf qum lfs smltdofs dlbjdl`efs ` bflsdemr`r dlfbuf (emidef ` su bfopjmtf `bumref bfl lumstrfs gàidtfs dltmjmbtu`jms)8 tmlmofs ul mhmopjf lft`ijm em jf qum edaf ml j` ofedndb`bdòl mdlstm ld`l` emj bflbmptf em sdoujt`lmde`e.‟   ([fppmr, 0425) 

29

  ‚Mj ofef em dlnmrmlbd` n`js`efr ` qum lfs rmnmrdofs ‒  f sm`, j` o`lmr` ml qum j` nn`js`bdòl `js`bdòl em ul` bflbjusdòl mltr`ð` j` n`js`bdòl emj sdstmo` emj qum sm g` emeubdef- ms mj ofeus tfjjmls em j` jòadb` bjàsdb`. [femofs emsbrdidrjf bfof sdaum. Rm`  p ul` bflbjusdòl em ul sdstmo` t  em  em mlulbd`efs, qum pumem mst`r bfopumstf pfr tmfrï`s y bfledbdflms dldbd`jms (lf g`rä edstdlbdòl mltrm mjj`s, ml imlmndbdf em j` smlbdjjmz). [femofs sdoifjdz`r `gfr` j` rmj`bdòl em emeubdtdidjde`e (dopjdb`bdòl `l`jïtdb`) em p ` p`rtdr em t pfr omedf em µt ↙ p µ, qum pumem jmmrsm8 µ p sm sdaum em t µ. µ. Rupfla`ofs qum  p sm` n`js`, jf bu`j pumem msbrdidrsm µ∙ pµ y jmmrsm µlf  pµ. E`e` j` rmj`bdòl em emeubdidjde`e, t  ↙  p p, y mj supumstf ∙ p, pfemofs dlnmrdr ∙t  (jä`sm  (jä`sm µlf t µ)8 µ)8 mstf ms, bflsdemr`ofs qum t   g` qume`ef n`js`ef. Rd emlft`ofs j` bflhulbdòl (`smrbdòl sdoujtàlm`) em efs mlulbd`efs bfjfb`lef ul pultf mltrm jfs sïoifjfs qum jfs rmprmsmlt`l, pfemofs msbrdidr t`oidäl j` dlnmrmlbd` n`js`efr` emj ofef sdaudmltm8  3 f, mxprmsàlefjf bfl p`j`ir`s8 µRd  p ms emeubdijm em t , y p ms n`js`, mltflbms t  ms  ms t`oidäl n`js`. ( t  ↙  p p) . ∙ p  ↙ ∙t  3 Ar`bd`s ` mstm ofef em dlnmrmlbd` n`js`ofs mj sdstmo` bfopjmtf (j` tmfrï` bfl j`s bfledbdflms dldbd`jms) qum g`iï` sdef lmbms`rdf p`r` j` emeubbdòl emj mlulbd`ef  p, ms embdr, emj mlulbd`ef n`js`ef. [fr t`ltf, lf pumem `ndro`rsm em ul mlulbd`ef bu`jqudmr` e`ef emj sdstmo` qum äj ml p`rtdbuj`r g` rmsujt`ef vujlmr`ef  ‒ f lf vujlmr`ef- pfr j` n`js`bdòl8 sfj`omltm ml mj b`sf em qum  p sm` dlempmledmltm em ul` p`rtm emj sdstmo` pfemofs embdr qum mst` p`rtm lf g` qume`ef `rr`str`e` pfr j` n`js`bdòl. Ml rmj`bdòl bfl mst` bdrbulst`lbd` lfs mlbfltr`ofs bfl j` sdaudmltm pfsdidjde`e8 ml bdmrtfs b`sfs  ‒ qudzà qudzà tmldmlef ml bumlt` jfs ldvmjms em uldvmrs`jde`e - pfemofs `trdiudr j` n`js`bdòl ` ul` gdpòtmsds emtmrodl`e` ...‟ ([fppmr 0425) 

=4

 

Oòeujf =

Mpdstmofjfaï`s `jtmrl`tdv`s Bfomlbmofs bfl ul rmsuoml em j`s b`r`btmrïstdb`s em j` bdmlbd` p`r` j`s mpdstmofjfaï`s `lajfs`hfl`ss qum y` gmofs mstued`ef (jj`o`e`s t`oidäl bflbmpbdòl gmrme`e` em j` bdmlbd`). Em `lajfs`hfl` `bumref ms`s mpdstmofj mpdstmofjfaï`s, faï`s, j` bbdmlbd` dmlbd` pfsmm j`s ssdaudmltm daudmltmss b`r`btmrïstdb`s (ml amlmr`j, oàs f omlfs bfl `bmpt`e`s pfr tfe`s mjj`s)8 0 ‒ Udmlml ul bfopflmltm em rm`jdsof (prmtmlem emsbrdidr mj oulef rm`j). 9 - Mxdstm ul brdtmrdf emndldef p`r` ednmrmlbd`rj` em jf qum lf jf ms (emo`rb`bdòl). 2 - Ms `buouj`tdv`, em ofef qum, `ul mxdstdmlef mrrfrms, jfs bflfbdodmltfs `v`lz`l g`bd` j` vmre`e y sm medndb`l ulfs sfirm ftrfs. 5 - Ms ul` (lf g`y oàs qum ul` sfj` bdmlbd` bdmlbd` qum g`ij` emsem emsem edvmrsfs `spmbtfs emj oulef rm`j). rm`j). =  ‒ Ml jïlm`s amlmr`jms y bfl `jaul`s ednmrmlbd`s y `btdtuems brïtdb`s sm `bmpt` qum tfefs jfs tärodlfs utdjdz`efs emiml emndldrsm bude`efs`omltm y sm emim edstdlaudr jfs tärodlfs fismrv`bdfl`jms em jfs tärodlfs tmòrdbfs. Mstfs øjtdofs omed`ltm rmaj`s em bfrrmspflemlbd` f emndldbdflmss fpmr`bdfl`jms emiml emndldrsm em `bumref ` jf fismrv`bdfl`j. emndldbdflm > - J`s tmfrï`s pfsmml ul` mstrubtur` emeubtdv` (sm bflbdiml bfof sdstmo`s `xdfoàtdbfs) y sm `bmpt`l, rmbg`z`l f bfrrdaml em `bumref bfl prfbmedodmltfs em vmrdndb`bdòl f bflndro`bdòl, qum iàsdb`omltm bflsdstml ml j` bfltr`st`bdòl bfltr`st`bdòl em `ndro`bdflms `ndro`bdflms sfirm gmbgfs f bflsmbumlbd`s qum sm emeubml em j`s gdpòtmsds. 1 - Rm rm`jdz` ul` edstdlbdòl t`h`ltm mltrm ul bfltmxtf em hustdndb`bdòl (`spmbtf sdlbròldbf qum `tdmlem ` j` nule`omlt`bdòl jòadb` emj rmsujt`ef bdmltïndbf) y ul bfltmxtf em emsbuirdodmltf, (`spmbtf ed`bròldbf, `tmledmlef ` jfs `spmbtfs psdbfjòadbfs m gdstòrdbfs qum g`l jjmv`ef `j rmsujt`ef bdmltïndbf f ` j` tmfrï`). 7  ‒  Mst` bflbmpbdòl pumem jj`o`rsm bflbmpbdòl smltmlbd`j em j`s tmfrï`s (ul` tmfrï` ms ul bflhultf em mlulbd`efs b`r`btmrdz`ijms `xdfoàtdb`omltm) y su tr`t`odmltf `embu`ef ms mj tr`t`odmltf odbrfjòadbf (mstued`lef j` rmj`bdòl em jfs mlulbd`efs ulf ` ulf sm pumem sfjubdfl`r jfs prfijmo`s em bflsdstmlbd`, bflsdstmlbd`, dlempmlemlbd`, bfopjmtue y emeubdidjde emeubdidjde`e). `e).  [mrf j` dopfrt`lbd` brmbdmltm ftfra`e` `j `spmbtf gdstòrdbf, hultf bfl ul brmbdmltm dltmräs y ul lft`ijm `v`lbm ml jfsbdmlbd` mstuedfs gdstfrd`mj em j` bdmlbd`, edf frdaml ` ul` o`lmr` em mltmlemr j` ndjfsfnï` em j` qumsfirm rmdltmrprmt` p`pmj emj bfltmxtf sfbd`j, bujtur`j m gdstòrdbf ml mj ems`rrfjjf em j` bdmlbd` (bfltmxtf em emsbuirdodm emsbuirdodmltf). ltf). Ml mst` lumv` ndjfsfnï` em j` bdmlbd`, emst`b`l j`s `pfrt`bdflms tmòrdb`s em Ugfo`s Cugl, L. Y. G`lsfl, [. @bgdlstmdl, Rtmpgml Ufujodl m Dorm J`c`tfs. Ufefs mjjfs i`s`l sus rmnjmxdflms ml j` gdstfrd` em j` bdmlbd`. Em mjjfs suram ul` lumv` do`aml em j` bdmlbd`. Mst` rmlfv`bdòl mpdstmofjòadb`, qum pferï` bflsdemr`rsm dldbd`e` pfr Cugl, g` sdef ul` rmimjdòl bfltr` mj lmfpfsdtdvdsof, `j mltmlemr j` bdmlbd` oàs idml bfof ul prfbmsf edlàodbf rm`j qum tdmlm `spmbtfs gdstòrdbfs gdstòrdbfs y sfbdfjòadb sfbdfjòadbfs, fs, buyf suhmtf ms j` bfoulde`e em dlvmstda`efrms, dlvmstda`efrms, y lf bfof ul` omr` bflstrubbdòl jòadb` em nule`omlt`bdòl y hustdndb`bdòl emj pmls`odmltf bdmltïndbf (bmltr`e` ml mj bfltmxtf b fltmxtf em hustdndb`bdòl). Rdl moi`raf emimofs rmbflfbmr qum, ml t`ltf brïtdb` `j lmfpfsdtdvdsof, j` mpdstmofjfaï` em [fppmr ms ul `ltmbmemltm dopfrt` dopfrt`ltm. ltm. Ugfo`s Cugl (0499 - 044>)  >;

 

Cugl num prfnmsfr em j` ]ldvmrsde`e em [rdlbmtfl y emj ODU. Ms ulf em jfs dldbd`efrms em jf qum sm emlfodlò j` lumv` ndjfsfnï` em j` bdmlbd`. bdmlbd`. Ftfra` ul jua`r rmjmv`ltm ` j` gdstfrd` y `j bfopfrt`odmltf sfbd`j em jfs bdmltïndbfs, y rmvds`  ‒y bumstdfl`- dem`s bj`vms `ltmrdfromltm vdamltms ml mpdstmofjfaï`. mpdstmofjfaï`.  @ltms em j` fir` dllfv`efr` em Cugl, ml mj p`lfr`o` mpdstmofjòadbf sm mlnrmlt`i`l efs bfrrdmltms gmamoòldb`s8 mj dleubtdvdsof y mj gdpftätdbf-emeubtdvdsof. @oi`s rmbdidràl rmbdidràl j` odso` odso` brïtdb`8 bflsdemr`l mj tr`i`hf bdmltïndbf bfof ul` `btdvde`e `btdvde`e dledvdeu`j, ml qum mj bdmltïndbf mv`jø` e`tfs m gdpòtmsds v`jdälefsm emj oätfef bdmltïndbf. J`s efs bfrrdmltms mxpflml mj oätfef qum bu`jqudmr bdmltïndbf emim jjmv`r `emj`ltm p`r` prfeubdr bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf3 edndmrml ml j` prfpumst`, pmrf `bumre`l ml qum g`y ul oätfef. [`r` djustr`r su prfpumst`, iusb`l mhmopjfs ml j` gdstfrd` qum oumstrml qudäl `btuò bfof ul iuml bdmltïndbf (ml b`e` b`sf, mj qum g`y` us`ef mj oätfef prfpumstf). Mst`s mpdstmofjfaï`s, p`r` Cugl, lf sm `hust`l ` jf qum mnmbtdv`omltm fburrm ml j` gdstfrd` em j` bdmlbd`3 sfl prmsbrdptdv`s (smð`j`l bòof emim prfbmemrsm). Mj dleubtdvdsof sfstdmlm qum j` bdmlbd` p`rtm em ul` i`sm smaur`8 j` mxpmrdmlbd` `buouj`e` pfr submsdv`s amlmr`bdflms. [umstf qum j` i`sm mopïrdb` sdmoprm mstà ml `uomltf, mstf fnrmbm sdmoprm s dmoprm o`yfrms fpfrtulde` fpfrtulde`ems ems p`r` qum ssm`l m`l bfrrmade`s j`s jmyms dl`embu`e`s. [fr embdrjf `sï, j` bdmlbd` lf tdmlm oàs rmomedf qum prfarms`r. Ms j` vmrsdòl oàs fptdodst` sfirm mj prfarmsf bdmltïndbf. [mrf, smaøl fismrv` Cugl, jfs e`tfs lf sfl dau`jms p`r` tfefs, y jf qum p`r` bdmrt` bfoprmlsdòl emj oulef ms ul e`tf, p`r` ftr` pumem smr ul prfijmo` 22.  Mj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf lf pfeï` `sdodj`rsm `j prfarmsf `buouj`tdvf qum suadmrml jfs dleubtdvdst`s.  Ymspmbtf ` jfs gdpftätdbf-emeubtdvdst`s, smaøl Cugl mstfs lf `evmrtï`l qum8 `) ml oubg`s fpfrtulde`ems jfs bdmltïndbfs pfsmml e`tfs ml bfltr` y sdl moi`raf lf bflsdemr`l ` sus gdpòtmsds bfof rmnut`e`s (pfr mhmopjf, j` b`ïe` vmrtdb`j em ul` pdmer` mr` tfo`e` bfof e`tf bfltr`rdf ` j`s gdpòtmsds em Bfpärldbf sfirm mj ofvdodmltf em j` tdmrr`, pmrf ästm sm lma`i` ` `i`lefl`r sus dem`s y mj tdmopf ofstrò su `bdmrtf) i) ftr`s vmbms, jfs bdmltïndbfs emsbflnï`l em j`s bflndro`bdflms em gdpòtmsds qum lf `bmpt`l, y j`s rmbg`z`l (jf qum g`bï` Bfpärldbf bfl ms` odso` fismrv`bdòl) fismrv`bdòl).. Jf qum g`bml t`ltf ulfs bfof ftrfs ms `bmpt`r e`tfs f rmbg`z`rjfs, pmrf mstf ms ul` `btdvde`e qum oumstr` j` dopfrt`lbd` em j` tmfrï` p`r` embdedr buàjms sfl jfs e`tfs. T` ms b`p`z em mxpjdb`rjfs (y, pfr t`ltf, jfs `bmpt`), y` jfs mlbumltr` sdl mxpjdb`bdòl (y, (y, pfr t`ltf, jfs bflsdemr` ul prfijmo` ` mxpjdb`r). Pum sm `bmptm f lf ul e`tf empmlem em j` tmfrï` qum sm pfsmm, y mstf lf ms sdopjmomltm e`rjm mltr`e` f lf3 ms emsem j` tmfrï` qum sm bflndaur` mj e`tf8 tmfrï` y e`tf lf sfl dlempmledmltms. [femofs bflsdemr`r qum `jaulfs gdpftätdbf-emeubtdvdst`s gdpftätdbf-emeubtdvdst`s `emj`lt`rfl bdmrtfs tmo`s ml jfs qum g`rà gdlb`pdä Cugl. Ml p`rtdbuj`r, `qumjjfs qum `l`jdz`l j`s bfopjdb`bdflms qum suraml ml mj tr`i`hf bdmltïndbf, `evdrtdmlef qum jfs bdmltïndbfs bumlt`l bfl ul` smrdm em rmbursfs p`r` mvdt`r qum su gdpòtmsds nule`omlt`j emi` smr `i`lefl`e`25.  Ftr`s dllfv`bdflms pferï`ofs iusb`rj`s ml mj bfrrdodmltf qum g`bm Cugl em j`s bumstdflms jòadb`s emj oätfef bdmltïndbf, qum g`iï`l sdef prmfbup`bdflms bmltr`jms t`ltf p`r` jfs 22

0 Rmð`j`r j` pfsdidjde`e em pflmr ml eue` jfs e`tfs lf ms ul` dllfv`bdòl em Cugl. [fppmr g`iï` smð`j`ef qum jj`oài`ofs e`tfs ` gdpòtmsds em ldvmj ïlndof qum bflsdemr`ofs sundbdmltmomltm bfrrfifr`e`s. 25  [umem vmrsm ul mhmopjf em mstf ml Gmopmj, Ndjfsfnï` em j` bdmlbd` l`tur`j, @jd`lz`, O`erde, 0414 Bfof j` bfltr`st`bdòl p`rtm em ul bflhultf em gdpòtmsds, `ltm ul` `p`rmltm rmnut`bdòl ms pfsdijm emspj`z`r j` eue`. Jfs bdmltïndbfs pumeml dltrfeubdr dlbjusf gdpòtmsds ‚`e gfb‟, bfl mj fihmtf em mvdt`r j` rmnut`bdòl. [fppmr bflfbï` mstfs rmbursfs, pmrf mr` rm`bdf ` `bmpt`rjfs pfrqum bfleubï`l `j bflvmlbdfl`jdsof (ldlaul` tmfrï` pferï` rmnut`rsm, pfr lf mxdstdr jfs mxpmrdomltfs brubd`jms)3 y [fppmr rmbflfbï` ml jfs bflvmlbdfl`jdst`s ulfs `evmrs`rdfs ouy ednïbdjms em `i`tdr. `i`tdr.

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mopdrdst`s jòadbfs bfof p`r` jfs gdpftätdbf-emeubtdvd gdpftätdbf-emeubtdvdst`s. st`s. Mst`s smràl mbjdps`e`s em ul ofef b`sd tft`j pfr j`s bflsdemr`bdflms bflsdemr`bdflms gdstòrdb`s y ssfbdfjòadb`s. fbdfjòadb`s. Cugl p`rtm em bflsdemr`r mj ems`rrfjjf gdstòrdbf em j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms3 tr`s g`imr emedb`ef ul` dltmls` bflsdemr`bdòl ` j` `strflfoï` (Cugl 04=4) msbrdidò jf qum sm bflsdemr` su fir` nule`omlt`j8 J` mstrubtur` em j`s rmvfjubdflms bdmltïndb`s (04>9). bdmltïndb`s  (04>9). Dltmltmofs e`r ul` irmvm rmsmð` em sus `ndro`bdflms sfirm mj b`oidf ml j` bdmlbd`.   @b mrb mrb` ` em J J` ` mst mstru ru bt btur ur` ` em j`s j `s rmvf r mvfju jubd bdfl flms ms b dmltïn dml tïndb db`s `s J` prdlbdp`j emndbdmlbd` qum mlbumltr` Cugl ml j`s mpdstmofjfaï`s vdamltms ms su dl`embu`bdòl ` jfs gmbgfs gdstòrdbfs. J`s bflsdemr` prfpumst`s ` prdfrd, prdfrd, qum dltmlt`l v`jde`rsm iusb`lef ml j` gdstfrd` mhmopjfs qum pume`l `v`j`rj`s. Mj sm prfpflm, ml b`oidf, mxpflmr jf qum g`l gmbgf rm`jomltm jfs bdmltïndbfs ml j` gdstfrd`2=.  [`r` embdedr sd ul submsf gdstòrdbf num bdmltïndbf f lf, lf emim huza`rsm ml rmnmrmlbd` ` su `pfrtm ` jf qum j` bdmlbd` sfstdmlm gfy (mstm ms mj mrrfr em qudmlms prfpflml ul `v`lbm `buouj`tdvf em j` bdmlbd`), ld bfl rmnmrmlbd` `j oätfef qum gfy bflsdemr`ofs bdmltïndbf. Num bdmltïndbf ml j` omede` qum mr` `bfrem bfl j` bdmlbd` em su äpfb`. B`e` äpfb` tdmlm ul` o`lmr` em bfoprmlemr j` bdmlbd`.  bdmlbd`.  J` bdmlbd` lf j` g`bml dledvdeufs `dsj`efs i`hf j` auï` em ul` omtfefjfaï` dlv`rd`ijm y mtmrl`, bfof p`rmbml suamrdr dleubtdvdst`s m gdpftätdbf-emeubtdvdst`s. J` rm`jdz`l bfoulde`ems bdmltïndb`s aud`e`s pfr p`r`edao p`r`edao`s. `s. Mj em p`r`edao` ms ulf em jfs bflbmptfs bj`vms em Cugl. Ms ul tärodlf msburrdedz msburrdedzf, f, `j qum edf edvmrsfs usfs y v`rd`s emndldbdflms. Mj p`r`edao` ms mj bflhultf em dem`s y nfro`s em `btu`r qum jfs bdmltïndbfs em ul` edsbdpjdl` emiml bflfbmr, bflfbmr, y `bmpt`r, ml ul pmrïfef gdstòrdbf emtmrodl`ef.  emtmrodl`ef.  J` tmfrï` tmfrï`   ms p`rtm emj p`r`edao`, pmrf ästm bfltdmlm oubgfs oàs mjmomltfs. Mj p`r`edao` edbm quä bfs`s g`y ml oulef p`r` ms` edsbdpjdl` (y, pfr mxtmlsdòl, j`s qum lf g`y), em quä ofef emtmbt`rj`s, quä tdpfs em gdpòtmsds sfl `bmpt`ijms, quä prfijmo`s prfijmo`s   sfl bdmltïndbfs y buàjms lf (edbgf em ftrf ofef, quä prfijmo`s sfl närtdjms y buàjms lf pumeml smr sfjubdfl`efs). Bòof emiml mv`ju`rsm jfs bfopflmltms em j` tmfrï`3 dlbjuym t`oidäl bfopflmltms ofr`jms ofr`jms.. [fr mhmopjf ul bdmltïndbf lf emim omltdr, lf emim fbujt`r dlnfro`bdòl, mtb. y omt`nïsdbfs omt`nïsdbfs   (bflvdbbdflms dlemofstr`ijms mopïrdb`omltm). F sm`, ml j` l`tur`jmz` mxdstm mj `z`r, ml j` l`tur`jmz` tfef jf qum fburrm tdmlm ul` b`us`, mtb..   2> , sm `tr`vdms` ul` mt`p` ml j` qum edstdlt`s msbumj`s em jfar`rsm bflsmlsf edndmrml[mrf, ml su`ltms mv`ju`bdòl em j`mjrm`jde`e. J` bdmlbd` rmqudmrm j` `efpbdòl em ul bflsmlsf qum sm

2=

 Mstf jf mxpflerà ` j` sdaudmltm brïtdb`8 su fir` lf mxpjdb` l`e`, ms omr`omltm ‚emsbrdptdv`‟. Cugl lf `bmptò mst` jdodt`bdòl. 2>  Nr`aomltf em Mstrubtur` em j`s rmvfjubdflms bdmltïndb`s ‚J` gdstfrd` oumstr` qum mj b`odlf g`bd` ul bflsmlsf ndrom em dlvmstda`bdòl ms ouy `reuf.  Rdl moi`raf, j` gdstfrd` suadmrm t`oidäl bdmrt`s r`zflms qum mxpjdb`l mj pfrquä em j`s edndbujt`ems mlbfltr`e`s. @ n`jt` em ul p`r`edao` f em `jaøl b`lede`tf ` p`r`edao`, tfefs jfs gmbgfs qum puedmr`l smr pmrtdlmltms p`r` mj ems`rrfjjf em ul` bdmlbd` e`e` tdmlml prfi`idjde`ems em p`rmbmr dau`jomltm dopfrt`ltms. Bfof rmsujt`ef em mjjf, j` prdomr` rmuldòl em gmbgfs ms ul` `btdvde`e oubgf oàs nfrtudt` qum j` qum rmsujt` n`odjd`r emspuäs emj ems`rrfjjf bdmltïndbf suisdaudmltm. @emoàs, j` n`jt` em ul` r`zòl p`r` iusb`r `jaul` nfro` p`rtdbuj`r em dlnfro`bdòl oàs rmbòledt`, j` prdomr` rmuldòl em gmbgfs y e`tfs qume` jdodt`e` g`idtu`jomltm `j b` b`ue`j ue`j em e`tfs em qum sm edspflm. (...) [mrf, `ulqum mstm tdpf em rmuldòl em e`tfs g` sdef msmlbd`j p`r` mj frdaml em oubg`s bdmlbd`s dopfrt`ltms, bu`jqudmr` qum mx`odlm, pfr mhmopjf, jfs msbrdtfs mlbdbjfpäedbfs em [jdldf f j`s gdstfrd`s l`tur`jms i`bfld`l`s emj sdajf W^DD, emsbuirdrà qum mj prfeubtf ms ul o`r`sof. (...) Mst` ms j` sdtu`bdòl qum brm` j`s msbumj`s b`r`btmrïstdb`s em j`s prdomr`s mt`p`s em ems`rrfjjf em ul` bdmlbd`. Lf pumem dltmrprmt`rsm ldlaul` gdstfrd` l`tur`j sdl, `j omlfs, bdmrtf b`ue`j dopjïbdtf em brmmlbd`s omtfefjòadb`s y tmòrdb`s mltrmj`z`e`s, qum pmrodtml j` smjmbbdòl, j` mv`ju`bdòl y j` brïtdb`. Rd mstm b`ue`j em brmmlbd`s lf sm mlbumltr` y`

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mxprms` ml j` `efpbdòl em ul p`r`edao`. ‚[`r` smr `bmpt`e` bfof p`r`edao`, ul` tmfrï` emim

p`rmbmr omhfr qum sus bfopmtdefr`s3 pmrf lf lmbmsdt` mxpjdb`r y, ml mnmbtf, lulb` jf g`bm, tfefs jfs gmbgfs qum sm sm pume`l bf bflnrflt`r lnrflt`r bfl mjj`.‟ (Cugl, 04>9) 

Mj p`r`edao` emim smr mlsmð`ef mlsmð`ef `  ` jfs nuturfs bdmltïndbfs, y ästm ms mj p`pmj qum buopjml jfs o`lu`jms o`lu`jms em  em ul` edsbdpjdl`. Mj bdmltïndbf p`r` Cugl lf ms `ltm tfef ul` dledvdeuf brm`tdvf y tr`sarmsfr, sdlf `jaudml qum g` dlbfrpfr`ef mj s`imr em su äpfb` m dltmlt` jjmv`rjf `emj`ltm sdl edsbutdrjf.  ‚Mj mstuedf em jfs p`r`edao` p`r`edao`s s (...) ms jf qum prmp`r` prdlbdp`jomltm prdlbdp`jomltm `j mstued`ltm mstued`ltm p `r` mltr`r ` nfro`r p`rtm bfof odmoirf em j` bfoulde`e bdmltïndb` p`rtdbuj`r bfl j` qum tr`i`h`rà oàs t`rem. Emidef ` qum sm rmølm bfl gfoirms qum `prmleml j`s i`sms em su b`opf bdmltïndbf ` p`rtdr em jfs odsofs ofemjfs bflbrmtfs, su pràbtdb` suisdaudmltm r`r`omltm emspmrt`rà ems`bumrefs sfirm jfs nule`omltfs bj`r`omltm mxprms`efs. Jfs gfoirms buy` dlvmstda`bdòl sm i`s` ml ul p`r`edao`s bfop`rtdefs mstàl suhmtfs ` j`s odso`s rmaj`s y lfro`s p`r` j` pràbtdb` bdmltïndb`. Mstm bfoprfodsf y mj bflsmltdodmltf `p`rmltm qum prfvfb` sfl rmqudsdtfs prmvdfs p`r` j` bdmlbd` lfro`j, ms embdr, p`r` j` aälmsds y j` bfltdlu`bdòl em ul` tr`edbdòl p`rtdbuj`r em j` dlvmstda`bdòl  (Cugl 04>9)  bdmltïndb`.‟  (Cugl

Mj p`r`edao` e` frdmlt`bdòl frdmlt`bdòl   `j tr`i`hf bfjmbtdvf em jfs bdmltïndbfs . ‚Ml  mj ems`rrfjjf em bu`jqudmr bdmlbd`, g`idtu`jomltm sm brmm qum mj prdomr p`r`edao` `bmpt`ef mxpjdb` ouy idml j` o`yfr p`rtm em j`s fismrv`bdflms y mxpmrdomltfs ` qum pumeml bfl n`bdjde`e tmlmr `bbmsf tfefs jfs qum pr`btdb`l edbg` bdmlbd`. [fr bflsdaudmltm, ul ems`rrfjjf ujtmrdfr mxdam, lfro`jomltm, j` bflstrubbdòl em ul mqudpf bfopjmhf, mj ems`rrfjjf em ul vfb`iuj`rdf msftärdbf y em g`idjde`ems, ul rmndl`odmltf em jfs bflbmptfs qum sm p`rmbml b`e` vmz omlfs ` sus prftftdpfs usu`jms emtmrodl`efs pfr mj smltdef bfoøl. [fr ul` p`rtm, mst` prfnmsdfl`jdz`bdòl bfleubm ` ul` dlomls` jdodt`bdòl em j` vdsdòl em jfs bdmltïndbfs y ` ul` rmsdstmlbd` bflsdemr`ijm `j b`oidf em p`r`edao`. J` bdmlbd` sm g`bm `sï b`e` vmz oàs rïade`. [fr ftr` p`rtm, ml jfs b`opfs g`bd` jfs qum mj p`r`edao` edrdam j` `tmlbdòl emj arupf, j` bdmlbd` lfro`j bfleubm ` ul` dlnfro`bdòl t`l emt`jj`e` y ` ul` prmbdsdòl t`j ml j` bfdlbdemlbd` em j` tmfrï` y em j` fismrv`bdòl bfof lf pferï`l jfar`rsm em ldlaul` ftr` o`lmr`.‟ (Cugl 04>9) 04>9) Ml mj pmrïfef em bdmlbd` lfro`j jfs bdmltïndbfs dltmlt`l mxpjdb`r mxpjdb`r,, us`lef mj p`r`edao`, tfef jf qum fburrm ml mj àoidtf em su edsbdpjdl`. [mrf h`oàs ul p`r`edao` jfarò mxpjdb`r tfef, sdmoprm sm mlnrmlt` bfl prfijmo`s prfijmo`s pfr  pfr rmsfjvmr. 21  Ms ul prfijmo` `qumjjf qum sm rmsdstm ` smr mxpjdb`ef ` p`rtdr emj p`r`edao`. ]l gmbgf bfltr`rdf ` j`s mxpmbt`tdv`s emj p`r`edao` ms ul prfijmo` ` rmsfjvmr (lf sm jf tfo` bfof rmnut`tfrdf, `p`rmltmomltm rmnut`tfrdf)8  rmnut`tfrdf)8 bdmlbd` lf `btø` 27 . bfof T, ml`p`rmltmomltm mnmbtf, j` bdmlbd` lfro`jj` (bflbmide` bfofnule`omlt`jomltm ms` `btdvde`e emomed`ltm rmsfjvmr rmnut`bdflmssdlf prfijmo`s) jfar` mxpjdb`r m dlbjudr gmbgfs frdadl`jomltm prfijmoàtdbfs, `uomlt`lef su pfemr mxpjdb`tdvf (mst` mt`p` pferï` bflsdemr`rsm, dlbjusf, bfof em prfarmsf `buouj`td `buouj`tdvf). vf).  Omrmbm ul pàrr`nf `p`rtm mj oätfef oätfef   qum emim smr `prmledef pmrf lfro`jomltm lf sm mxpjdbdt`. Jfs bdmltïndbfs tfo`l bflt`btf bfl mj oätfef em ul` o`lmr` dopjïbdt`, vdmlef bòof dopjïbdtf ml j` bfjmbbdòl em gmbgfs  ‒ml buyf b`sf tmlermofs ` o`lf `jaf oàs qum ‚gmbgfs sdopjms‟ -  emimrà smr  prfpfrbdfl`ef emj mxtmrdfr, mxtmrdfr, qudzàs pfr ul` omt`nïsdb` bfrrdmltm, pfr ftr` bdmlbd` f pfr dlbdemltms pmrsfl`jms f gdstòrdbfs. [fr bflsdaudmltm, lf ms mxtr`ðf qum, ml j`s prdomr`s mt`p`s emj  ems`rrfjjf em bu`jqudmr bdmlbd`, ednmrmltms gfoirms, `ltm j` odso` a`o` em nmlòomlfs  ‒   pmrf,, g`idtu`jomltm, lf jfs odsofs nmlòomlfs p`rtdbuj`rms pmrf p`rtdbuj`rms- jfs emsbrdi`l y jfs dltmrprmtml em ofefs ednmrmltms. Jf qum ms sfrprmlemltm, y qudzà t`oidäl øldbf ml mstm ar`ef ml jfs b`opfs qum jj`o`ofs bdmlbd`, ms qum ms`s edvmramlbd`s dldbd`jms pume`l jjma`r ` ems`p`rmbmr ml ar`l p`rtm `jaul` vmz.‟ (Cugl, 04>9)  21

  ]l prfijmo` ms ul` bumstdòl qum mj p`r`edao` lf pumem rmsfjvmr. rmsfjvmr. Rd mj p`r`edao` puedmsm em emofstr`r ofstr`r qum ms b`p`z em mxpjdb`r jf qum fburrm, emh`rï` em smr ul prfijmo`. 27 Mst`s tdmlml ul p`pmj, pmrf lf o`rb`l j` tòldb` amlmr`j.

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rm`jdz`l mj tr`i`hf jfs qum sfl bdmltïndbfs f jmymlef j` gdstfrd` em jfs bdmltïndbfs y jfs b`sfs mhmopj`rms. Ms ul `prmledz`hm dlbflsbdmltm, y ms r`rf qum jfs bdmltïndbfs pume`l vmri`jdz`r `qumjj `qumjjff qum mnmbtdv`omltm g`bml24.  ¶[mrf quä fburrm sd ul prfijmo` sm rmsdstm ` j` `btdvde`e dltmar`efr` em jfs bdmltïndbfs lfro`jms6 Rd ul mqudpf em dlvmstda`efrms dltmlt` rmsfjvmr ul prfijmo` y lf jf jfar`, sm pmls`rà ml prdlbdpdf qum g` nr`b`s`ef mj mqudpf y qum `jaudml ml mj nuturf jf pferà rmsfjvmr. Lf sm pdmls` qum mj nr`b`sf bfrrmspflem `j p`r`edao`. Jfs bdmltïndbfs tdmlml bflnd`lz` ml su p`r`edao` y lf sm mspmr` qum jf pfla`l ml eue`. Ufefs jfs p`r`edao`s bfmxdstml bfl ms`s `lfo`jï`s `lfo`jï`s,, msfs gmbgfs qum lf p`rmbml fburrdr smaøl j`s mxpmbt`tdv`s emj p`r`edao`.  ‚J` bdmlbd` lfro`j, j` `btdvde`e ml qum, dlmvdt`ijmomltm, j` o`yfrï` em jfs bdmltïndbfs

bflsuoml b`sd tfef su tdmopf, sm prmedb` supfldmlef qum j` bfouldb`e bdmltïndb` s`im bòof ms mj oulef. Ar`l p`rtm emj äxdtf em j` moprms` sm emim ` qum j` bfoulde`e sm mlbumltr` edspumst` ` emnmlemr ms` supfsdbdòl, sd ms lmbms`rdf ` ul bfstf mjmv`ef. [fr mhmopjf, j` bdmlbd` lfro`j suprdom nrmbumltmomltm dllfv`bdflms nule`omlt`jms, emidef ` qum rmsujt`l lmbms`rd`omltm suivmrsdv`s p`r` sus bfoprfodsfs iàsdbfs.‟  5; (Cugl 04>9)  [mrf bfof ldlaøl p`r`edao` jfarò lulb` mxpjdb`rjf tfef, mj p`r`edao` sm mlnrmlt`rà prfarmsdv`omltm bfl edstdltfs prfijmo`s qum dltmlt`rà rmsfjvmr emltrf emj o`rbf qum dopflm j` bdmlbd` lfro`j. Rd mj prfijmo` ms rmsumjtf, mj p`r`edao` oumstr` su mnmbtdvde`e mxpjdb`tdv`. [mrf pumem submemr qum lf jf rmsumjv`. ‚@ vmbms, ul prfijmo` lfro`j, qum emimr ï` ï` rmsfjvmrsm pfr omedf em rmaj`s y prfbmedodmltfs bflfbdefs, fpflm rmsdstmlbd` ` jfs msnumrzfs rmdtmr`efs em jfs odmoirfs oàs b`p`bms emj arupf emltrf em buy` bfopmtmlbd` mltr`. Ftr`s vmbms, ul` pdmz` em mqudpf, edsmð`e` y bflstrude` p`r` ndlms em dlvmstda`bdòl lfro`j, lf e` jfs rmsujt`efs mspmr`efs, rmvmj`lef ul` `lfo`jï` qum, ` pms`r em jfs msnumrzfs rmpmtdefs, lf rmspflem ` j`s mspmr`lz`s prfnmsdfl`jms. Ml ms`s y ml ftr`s nfro`s, j` bdmlbd` lfro`j sm mxtr`vï` rmpmtde`omltm. T bu`lef jf g`bm  ‒f sm`, bu`lef j` prfnmsdòl lf pumem p`s`r pfr `jtf y` j`s `lfo`jï`s qum suivdmrtml j` tr`edbdòl mxdstmltm em pràbtdb`s bdmltïndb`s- sm dldbd`l j`s dlvmstda`bdflms mxtr`fredl`rd`s qum bfleubml pfr ndl ` j` prfnmsdòl ` ul lumvf bflhultf em bfoprfodsfs, ul` i`sm lumv` p`r` j` pràbtdb` em j` bdmlbd`. Jfs mpdsfedfs mxtr`fredl`rdfs ml qum tdmlml jua`r msfs b`oidfs em bfoprfodsfs prfnmsdfl`jms sfl jfs qum sm emlfodl`l ml mstm mls`yf rmvfjubdflms bdmltïndb`s. Rfl jfs bfopflmltms qum rfopml j` tr`edbdòl ` j` qum mstà jda`e` j` `btdvde`e em j` bdmlbd` lfro`j.‟  50 (Cugl 04>9)  Pum g`y` `lfo`jï`s, prfijmo`s pfr rmsfjvmr, ms lfro`j. [mrf sd sm `buouj`l eur`ltm oubgf tdmopf `lfo`jï`s ouy ar`vms y l`edm j`s pumem rmsfjvmr, mstf pumem jjmv`r ` ul` sdtu`bdòl s dtu`bdòl em brdsds brdsds   ml qum `jaulfs bdmltïndbfs (em o`lmr` `lfro`j) sm sdmltml dls`tdsnmbgfs bfl mj 24

 Ms dltmrms`ltm smð`j`r, p`r` `v`j`r mst` fismrv`bdòl em Cugl, qum bu`ltf oàs rmbflfbde` ms j` `btdvde`e bdmltïndb` omlfs sm g`ij` emj oätfef. Ml mj burrdbujuo em nïsdbfs y quïodbfs lf sm mlbumltr` j` o`tmrd` Omtfefjfaï`, y sï ml b`oidf j` mlbfltr`ofs, y ml v`rdfs ldvmjms, ml `qumjj`s buy` bdmltdndbde`e mstà edsbutde` (bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms). 5;   Mhmopjf8 ` ndlms emj sdajf WDW guif smrdfs smrdfs dltmltfs, qum mopjm`i`l dls dlstruomlt`j truomlt`j ouy sfndstdb`ef, p`r` prfeubdr mj mj `uomltf em j` vmjfbde`e em j` juz. [umstf qum jfs mxpmrdomltfs lf e`i`l rmsujt`ef y mj `uomltf em vmjfbde`e lf pfeï` smr rmadstr`ef, pmls`rfl qum mj dlstruomlt`j lf smrï` jf sundbdmltmomltm prmbdsf. [mrf lf sm brmymrfl ml j` fijda`bdòl em `ndro`r qum j` vmjfbde`e em j` juz lf pfeï` `uomlt`rsm, pfrqum mstf mst`i` bfltr` tfe`s j`s mxpmbt`tdv`s em j` nïsdb`. Mdlstmdl, pfr mj bfltr`rdf, tfoò mj rmsujt`ef em msfs mxpmrdomltfs bfof bfrrmbtf y rmbflfbdò j` dopfsdidjde`e em `uomlt`r j` vmjfbde`e em j` juz, ` p`rtdr em jf bu`j emiï` moprmlemrsm j` rmnfro` em tfe` j` nïsdb`. 50   Mhmopjf8 j` `strflfoï` ptfjfomdb` sm mlbfltr`i` bfl prfijmo`s bu buy`s y`s vï`s em sfjubdòl pfsdijm mr`l p`rtm em j`  prfpumst` p`r`edaoàtdb`. Rm `ndro`i` qum jfs pj`lmt`s emsbrdiï`l òridt`s bdrbuj`rms y o`ltmlï`l ul ofvdodmltf uldnfrom (`ndro`bdflms qum ld sdqudmr` sm prfpusf `jtmr`r j` lumv` `strflfoï` gmjdfbältrdb` em Bfpärldbf), pmrf lf mr` mstf jf qum pfeï` fismrv`rsm ml luomrfsfs b`sfs. J` øldb` o`lmr` `bmpt`e` em mxpjdb`r j`s tr`ymbtfrd`s `lòo`j`s mr` rmburrdr ` jfs emnmrmltms, jfs mpdbdbjfs y j`s mxbältrdb`s, ` jf qum sm `armaò mj usf emj pultf mbu`ltm (ml tärodlfs em Cugl, tfe`s äst`s sfl täbldb`s edsmð`e`s emltrf emj p`r`edao` p`r` jf rmsfjubdòl em prfijmo`s). Rdl moi`raf, j` bfoidl`bdòl em tfefs mstfs rmbursfs lf irdle`i` rmsujt`efs tft`jomltm s`tdsn`btfrdfs. Mj mstuedf em j` tr`ymbtfrd` `lòo`j` em O`rtm jjmvò ` Cmpjmr, tr`s emsb`rt`r j` ndaur` bdrbuj`r, ` bflsdemr`bdflms mxtr`fredl`rd`s `bmrb` em mst` tr`ymbtfrd` qum jf jjmv`rfl ndl`jomltm ` sfstmlmr su nfro` mjïptdb`. Mst` `ndro`bdòl sm uldò ` ul lumvf tdpf em bfoprfodsfs qum nfro`rfl p`rtm emj lumvf p`r`edao` `strflòodbf.

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p`r`edao`, emsbflnï`l em äj m dldbd`l `j rmspmbtf edsbusdflms ndjfsòndb`s sfirm jfs nule`omltfs em su edsbdpjdl`. edsbdpjdl`.59  Mstf øjtdof smð`j` ul pmrïfef mxtr`fredl`rdf  mxtr`fredl`rdf  (f `lfro`j). Ml mstfs ofomltfs pumem prfpflmrsm ul lumvf p`r`edao`  p`r`edao`  (ml tdmopf em bdmlbd` lfro`j, l`edm mst`rï` edspumstf ` msbubg`rjf), qum pumem b`pt`r p`uj`tdl`omltm j` `tmlbdòl em jfs bdmltïndbfs edsbflnfroms. J` bfoulde`e bdmltïndb` dldbd` ml msm b`sf ul j`raf mlnrmlt`odmltf ` mnmbtfs em rmbflstrudr mj bflsmlsf3 sd mj lumvf p`r`edao` sm dopflm (mstf ms, sd jfar` `tr`mr prfarmsdv`omltm ` tfefs jfs bfopflmltms em j` bfoulde`e), mj b`oidf em p`r`edao` sm emlfodl` rmvfjubdòl bdmltïndb`52. Mstf bflstdtuym ul `v`lbm lf `buouj`tdvf55 em j` bdmlbd`.  Rd g`y efs p`r`edao`s, mstfs sfl dlbfop`tdijms dlbfop`tdijms (lf  (lf ms pfsdijm qum `oifs tmla`l r`zòl, 5= lf pumeml `rofldz`rsm)  m dlbflomlsur`ijms dlbflomlsur`ijms   (emsem ulf lf pumem mv`ju`rsm `j ftrf, pumstf qum b`e` ulf pfsmm su prfpdf sdstmo` em mv`ju`bdòl y, smaøl mstm sdstmo`, ms äj qudml tdmlm r`zòl).5>  Mj lumvf p`r`edao` ms `tr`btdvf ml j` omede` qum p`rmbm sfjubdfl`r em mltr`e` jfs prfijmo`s qum mj `ltmrdfr lf puef (ml mstm smltdef ouy rmstrdladef, pferï`ofs pmls`r qum ms omhfr). [mrf ms ml prdlbdpdf ul` prfpumst` pfbf mx`odl`e` qum `b`rrm` prfijmo`s oubgf oàs ar`vms qum mj `ltmrdfr 51. Ldlaøl gmbgf lfs pmrodtm embdedr, pfrqum jf qum p`r` ulf ms ul e`tf 59

  Mhmopjf8 ‚...mj Yml`bdodmltf num ul pmrïfef em vd`hms y mxpjfr`bdflms. (...) J`s lmbmsde`ems em j` mxpjfr`bdòl bfltrdiuymrfl ` brm`r ul` emo`le` em `stròlfofs murfpmfs bfopmtmltms, bfl jf qum, g`st` bdmrtf pultf, b`oidò j` `btdtue em mstfs g`bd` su prfpd` bdmlbd`. B`e` lumvf vd`hm rmvmj`i` lumvfs tmrrdtfrdfs, lumvfs prfeubtfs y lumvfs  pumijfs. gfoirms t`re`rflem mlbuàl bfoprmlemr g`st`pfeï` quä pultf pfeï`l smrpums, mrròlm`s j`s emj `ltdau`s emsbrdpbdflms em jj` tdmrr`. MlJfs p`rtdbuj`r, smlf pmrb`t`rfl mqudvfb`ef mst`r [tfjfomf, `emoàs oàs ar`lem `stròlfof y` `stròjfaf em j` `ltdaúme`e, t`oidäl g`iï` sdef mj amòar`nf em o`yfr mlvmra`eur`. Mj bflfbdodmltf pfr p`rtm emj `stròlfof  ‒ bflfbdodmltf bflfbdodmltf qum prfltf emsbuirdrmofs ml mj prfpdf Bfpärldbf- em qum mj gfoirm rml`bmltdst` pfeï` bfrrmadr j` amfar`nï` em [tfjfomf, jm prmp`rò p`r` mj `evmldodmltf em jfs b`oidfs ml su pr fpdf fpdf efodldf.‟  J`s edsbusdflms ml tfrlf ` j`s rmnfro`s em jfs b`jmle`rdfs tuvdmrfl ul mnmbtf `øl oàs edrmbtf y er`oàtdbf ml j`  pràbtdb` em j` `strflfoï` rml`bmltdst`, pums mj mstuedf em `qumjjfs mlnrmltò ` jfs `stròlfofs bfl j` dl`embu`bdòl m dlsundbdmlbd` em j`s täbldb`s em bfoput`bdòl qum vmlï`l mopjm`lef. Jfs mrrfrms `buouj`tdvfs emj b`jmle`rdf hujd`lf g`iï`l sdef rmbflfbdefs oubgf tdmopf `ltms, y j`s prfpumst`s p`r` rmnfro`rjf sm rmoflt`i`l ` `ltms emj sdajf WDDD. Lf fist`ltm, t`jms prfymbtfs lf sm pusdmrfl ml o`rbg` em nfro` mndb`z g`st` mj sdajf W^D, bu`lef j`s brmbdmltms edomlsdflms em j`s mltde`ems pfjïtdb`s, mbflòodb`s y `eodldstr`tdv`s edmrfl ul` rmlfv`e` dopfrt`lbd` ` j` lmbmsde`e em mlbfltr`r ul omedf mndb`z y uldnfrom em bfoput`r j`s nmbg`s. Edbg` rmnfro` sm bflvdrtdò mltflbms ml ul prfymbtf fndbd`j em j` Dajmsd`, bfl rmsujt`efs p`r` j` `strflfoï` ouy idml djustr`efs pfr j` prfpd` idfar`nï` em Bfpärldbf. @  prdlbdpdfs emj sdajf W^D sm pdedò ` Bfpärldbf qum `bflsmh`r` `j p`p`ef sfirm j` rmnfro` emj b`jmle`rdf. Bfpärldbf embjdlò j` fnmrt` y prfpusf qum numr` pfspumst` j` rmnfro`, pums fpdl`i` qum j`s tmfrï`s y fismrv`bdflms mxdstmltms `øl lf pmrodtï`l mst`ijmbmr ul b`jmle`rdf vmre`emr`omltm `embu`ef. Bu`lef Bfpärldbf mxpflm jfs `spmbtfs em j` `strflfoï` em su tdmopf qum jm g`iï`l jjmv`ef ` rmnjmxdfl`r sfirm su tmfrï` nule`omlt`j, msbrdim8 Ml prdomr jua`r, ms t`j su dlsmaurde`e (j` em jfs o`tmoàtdbfs) `bmrb` em jfs ofvdodmltfs emj sfj y em j` jul` qum lf pumeml emeubdr ld fismrv`r j` eur`bdòl mx`bt` emj `ðf mst`bdfl`jµ‟ (Cugl 04=4)  52   Cugl `sfbd` mstm submsf ` ul` rmvfjubdòl pfjïtdb`, ml mj smltdef em qum mj p`r`edao` `ltmrdfr lf tdmlm prmvdst`s dlst`lbd`s pfr j`s bu`jms pume` ssmr mr rmmopj`z`ef. Mj lumvf p`r`edao` sm dopflm vdfjmlt` vdfjmlt`lef lef j`s rmaj`s em humaf vdamltms. 55   [frqum emim `i`lefl`rsm jf `ltmrdfr, f smr rmdltmrprmt`ef omed`ltm mj lumvf p`r`edao`. 5=   Mhmopjf em dlbfop`tdidjde`e8 Lmwtfl g`bm `ndro`bdflms `bmrb` `bmrb` emj tdmopf y emj msp`bdf qum sfl dlbfop`tdijms bfl j` prfpumst` em Mdlstmdl. Lmwtfl sfstdmlm qum g`y ul tdmopf `isfjutf y ul msp`bdf `isfjutf, y qum ml mj msp`bdf mxdstml j`s jïlm`s rmbt`s. Mdlstmdl bflsdemr` qum msp`bdf y tdmopf lf sfl smp`r`ijms sdlf qum nfro`l ul` ulde`e (mj msp`bdftdmopf), `bmpt` j` dem` em rmj`tdvde`e, y sfstdmlm qum ml mj msp`bdf tfe`s j`s jïlm`s sfl burv`s. Ufomofs mj b`sf em j`s jïlm`s8 bfof jfs r`edfs em j`s bdrbulnmrmlbd`s sfl mlfroms, j`s jïlm`s pumeml p`rmbmrlfs rmbt`s ` jfs mnmbtfs pràbtdbfs,  pmrf lf jf sfl. Mst`ofs nrmltm ` dem`s dem`s qum lf pumeml bfop`tdidjdz`rsm. 5>   Dltmltmofs `bmrb`rlfs ` mst` dem dem`` bfl ul` omtànfr`. Rd tuvdäsmofs ` ul bfomrbd`ltm y ` ul p pfmt` fmt` nrmltm ` ul` odso` rm`jde`e (pfr mhmopjf, nrmltm ` ul ifsqum), sus dltmrprmt`bdflms sfirm jf qum tdmlml emj`ltm lf smràl bfdlbdemltms. Mj bfomrbd`ltm y mj pfmt` mxpflml efs vdsdflms emj oulef (jfs p`r`edao`s sfl o`lmr`s em bflbmidr mj oulef). ¶Buàj ms j` vdsdòl `embu`e`6 Em `bumref ` jfs brdtmrdfs em mv`ju`bdòl emj pfmt`, ms äj qudml tdmlm r`zòl, y em `bumref ` jfs brdtmrdfs emj bfomrbd`ltm ms äj qudml tdmlm r`zòl. 51   Ml mj b`sf em Bfpärldbf, sm prfpflï` mxpjdb`r `jaul`s `lfo`jï`s `lfo`jï `s bfof j` ednmrmlbd` em irdjjf em ^mlus y j` mxtr`ð` òridt` em O`rtm, pmrf prmsmlt`i` prfijmo`s oubgf oàs ar`vms8 lf mr` b`p`z em mxpjdb`r j` b`ïe` em jfs bumrpfs, j` dlmxdstmlbd` em vdmltfs ml smltdef bfltr`rdf `j ofvdodmltf em j` tdmrr`, mtb.

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p`r` mj ftrf ms ul prfijmo` ` rmsfjvmr, y vdbmvmrs`. Mstf lfs jjmv` ` ul` bumstdòl ednïbdj8 ¶pfrquä jfs bdmltïndbfs embdeml `efpt`r mj lumvf p`r`edao`6  @j rmspmbtf Cugl ms tmrodl`ltm ml v`rdfs `spmbtfs8 ‚lf pumem rmsfjvmrsm lulb` em o`lmr` dlmquïvfb` sòjf omed`ltm j` jòadb` y j` mxpmrdomlt`bdòl‟   (Cugl 04>9, B`p. DW). T` edhdofs qum t`opfbf emsem ulf pumem mv`ju`rsm `j ftrf. T t`opfbf mxdstm ul` dlst`lbd` em `ridtr`hm, ul tmrbmrf qum puedmr` embdedr bfof humz emsem `numr` em `oifs p`r`edao`s buàj em mjjfs ms omhfr (y lf mxdstm pfrqum lf pumem g`bmrsm bdmlbd` emsem numr` em ul p`r`edao`). Lf g`y ul` prumi` qum pmrodt` emtmrodl`r quä p`r`edao` p`r`edao` ms omhfr omhfr,, y t`opfbf ul p`r`edao` pumem smr rmnut`ef.  @quï Cugl rmburrm ` `jaf ml bdmrtf ofef dlmspmr`ef8 jfs bdmltïndbfs g`l pmredef j` bflnd`lz` ml mj p`r`edao` `ltmrdfr, y jf qum fburrm ms qum `gfr` empfsdt`l su nm  nm  ml mj lumvf. @sfbd` mj b`oidf em p`r`edao` ` ul` bflvmrsdòl rmjdadfs`. rmjdadfs`.  J` bflvmrsdòl bfof prfbmsf ïltdof, suihmtdvf, qudzàs lf, pmrf mj emspj`z`odmltf em ul p`r`edao` vdamltm pfr ftrf lumvf pumem eur`r eäb`e`s. Oubgfs dltmar`ltms em j` bfoulde`e emnmlemràl `j p`r`edao` vdmhf g`st` mj ndl`j. Mj p`r`edao` lumvf emim jfar`r su `bmpt`bdòl, y p`r` msf emim pmrsu`edr. ‚[`r` `raúdr ml j` emnmls` em msm p`r`edao` b`e` arupf utdjdz` su prfpdf  p`r`edao`‟. Bfof `j lumvf p`r`edao` sm jm prmsmlt`l prfijmo`s, j` lumv` bfoulde`e bdmltïndb` qum jf `efpt` dldbd` ul` lumv` bdmlbd` lfro`j. Bfl mj tdmopf, j`s `lfo`jï`s ar`vms pumeml emsmoifb`r ml ftr` brdsds, mtb.  mtb.  ¶Ufef mstf dledb` qum lf g`y prf armsf ml j` bdmlbd` bdmlbd`66 Mstf ms ednïbdj em rmspflemr p`r` Cugl. [femofs `bmpt`r qum g`y ul prfarmsf `buouj`tdvf sd lfs rmstrdladofs `j prfbmsf qum fburrm emltrf em ul` bdmlbd` lfro`j, ml qum j` b`p`bde`e mxpjdb`tdv` sm pmrnmbbdfl` bfl mj p`sf emj tdmopf. Ml ul smltdef oàs `opjdf mj prfarmsf sm e` pfr ruptur`s, s`jtfs irusbfs ml mj freml em j`s dem`s ml qum sm `rrfh` jf `buouj`ef eur`ltm mj pmrïfef lfro`j y sm mopdmz` em lumvf sfirm lumv`s i`sms (j` rmvfjubdòl bdmltïndb`). [mrf, ¶ms ul `bmrb`odmltf ` j` vmre`e6 Cugl `sfbd` tfef mj prfbmsf ` ul` mvfjubdòl em tdpf e`rwdld`l`. 57, em ofef qum mltdmlem mj prfarmsf lf bfof ul `bmrb`odmltf ` ul` vmre`e mxtr`-p`r`edaoàtdb`, sdlf bfof ul` mstrubtur`bdòl b`e` vmz oàs bfopjmh` em jfs p`r`edao p`r`edao`s. `s.   ]l p`r`edao` mvfjubdfl` ` p`rtdr em ftrf, pmrf mstf lf dledb` qum sm `prfxdom oàs ` j` vmre`e (`sï bfof lf pfemofs embdr qum ul` mspmbdm sm` oàs vmre`emr` qum ftr`). L`e` lfs pumem dledb`r eòlem sm mlbumltr` j` vmre`e, `sï bfof lf g`y ul` ndl`jde`e øjtdo` g`bd` j` bu`j sm edrdaml j`s mspmbdms. Mj lumvf p`r`edao` g` supmr`ef prfijmo`s qum mj `ltmrdfr lf puef, y pumem sfstmlmrsm qum gdstòrdb`omltm ms prmnmrdijm, pmrf l`e` lfs `smaur` qum sm` vmre`emrf. Em gmbgf, `jaul`s dem`s tmlerï` em p`r`edao`s sm brmymrfl supmr`efs bflzòmjmr` tdmopf vfjvdmrfl ` dlbfrpfr`rsm (¶quä smltdef mltflbmsqum sfstmlmr qum mj qum jf rmmopj`zò rmmopj` vmre`emrf6). J` bumstdòl em j` dlbflomlsur`idjde`e dlbflo mlsur`idjde`e 57

  ‚... mj ems`rrfjjf bdmltïndbf, bfof mj idfjòadbf, bflstdtuym ul prfbmsf uldedrmbbdfl`j m drrmvmrsdijm. J`s tmfrï`s bdmltïndb`s pfstmrdfrms sfl omhfrms qum j`s `ltmrdfrms p`r` rmsfjvmr mldao`s ml jfs omedfs ` omluef tft`jomltm t ft`jomltm edstdltfs ` jfs qum sm `pjdb`l. U`j lf ms ul` pfsdbdòl rmj`tdvdst`, y oumstr` mj smltdef ml mj bu`j sï sfy ul bflvmlbdef brmymltm ml mj prfarmsf bdmltïndbf.‟ (Cugl 04>9)  ‚Mj prfbmsf emsbrdtf ml mstm mls`yf g` s def ul prfbmsf em mvfjubdòl emsem jfs bfodmlzfs prdodtdvfs, ul prfbmsf buy`s mt`p`s submsdv`s sm b`r`btmrdz`l pfr ul` bfoprmlsdòl b`e` vmz oàs emt`jj`e` y rmndl`e` em j` l`tur`jmz`. [mrf l`e` em jf qum gmofs edbgf f em jf qum eda`ofs g`rà qum sm` ul prfbmsf em mvfjubdòl g`bd` `jaf. Dlmvdt`ijmomltm, ms` j`aul` g` ofjmst`ef ` oubgfs jmbtfrms. Ufefs mst`ofs prfnule`omltm `bfstuoir`efs ` bflsdemr`r ` j` bdmlbd` bfof j` moprms` qum sm `bmrb` b`e` vmz oàs ` `jaul` omt` mst`ijmbde` em `ltmo`lf pfr j` l`tur`jmz`. (...) Mj prfbmsf emsbrdtf bfof j` rmsfjubdòl em j`s rmvfjubdflms (...) bflstdtuym, emltrf em j` bfoulde`e bdmltïndb`, j` smjmbbdòl, ` tr`väs em j` pual`, emj omhfr b`odlf p`r` j` pràbtdb` em j` bdmlbd` nutur`. (...) T tfef mj prfbmsf puef tmlmr jua`r, bfof supflmofs `btu`jomltm qum fburrdò j` mvfjubdòl idfjòadb`, sdl mj imlmndbdf em ul` omt` mst`ijmbde`, em ul` vmre`e bdmltïndb` ndh` y pmro`lmltm, em j` qum b`e` mt`p` emj ems`rrfjjf em jfs bflfbdodmltfs bdmltïndbfs numr` ul omhfr mhmopjf.‟ (Culg 04>9) 

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@j bflsdemr`r qum j`s fismrv`bdflms mr`l p`rtm em j` prfpumst` emj p`r`edao`, ml mj smltdef em qum mj odsof vfb`iuj`rd v fb`iuj`rdff fismrv`bdfl`j qum bflstdtuym j` mxpmrdmlbd` ms p`r`edaoàtdbf, j` prfpumst` em Cugl pusf ml brdsds mj brdtmrdf em bflndro`bdòl em j`s tmfrï`s i`s`ef ml j` bfouldb`idjde`e emj jmlau`hm em jfs mlulbd`efs fismrv`bdfl`jms.  fismrv`bdfl`jms.  J` b`ra` tmòrdb` em jfs mlulbd`efs fismrv`bdfl`jms g`bï` dopfsdijm j` bfop`r`bdòl mltrm tmfrï`s rdv`jms, y j` dlbfouldb`idjde`e mltrm p`r`edao`s `irï` mj b`odlf ` j` drr`bdfl`jde`e em j` mjmbbdòl.. mjmbbdòl J` prfpumst` em Cugl num brdtdb`e` prflt`omltm bfof drr`bdfl`jdst` y rmj`tdvdst`, ml t`ltf lf fnrmbï` brdtmrdfs r`bdfl`jms qum gdbdmr`l pfsdijm embdedr pfr ul p`r`edao` u ftrf (lf g`irï` nfro` bflbjuymltm em emofstr`r quä tmfrï` ms j` qum emiï` `bmpt`rsm), y b`e` p`r`edao` pfsmï` oftdvfs p`r` bflsdemr`rsm bfof j` vdsdòl `embu`e` emj oulef. Ml j` [fse`t` (04>4) rm`jdz`e` p`r` J` mstrubtur` em j`s rmvfjubdflms bdmltïndb`s bdmltïndb`s,, Cugl sm emndmlem nrmltm ` mst` brïtdb` (y t`oidäl rmspmbtf ` ftr`s). Ednmrmlbd` j` pfsdidjde`e em emofstr`bdòl nàbtdb` em j` nfro`j8 ml j` mopïrdb` lf pumem e`rsm ul` emofstr`bdòl pfrqum, ` ednmrmlbd` em jf qum fburrm ml o`tmoàtdb`s, j` bumstdòl lf ms sòjf emrdv`r j`s bflbjusdflms omed`ltm rmaj`s `bmpt`e`s, sdlf qum jf qum mstà ml edsbusdòl sfl jfs odsofs prdlbdpdfs em jfs qum emim p`rtdr j` emofstr`bdòl. Pudml lf mstä pmrsu`edef em j`s prmods`s lf pferà `bmpt`r j` bflbjusdòl3 pfr jf t`ltf, j` pmrsu`sdò pmrsu`sdòll emim prmbmemr ` j` emofstr`bdòl.  emofstr`bdòl.  J`s edndbujt`ems qum amlmr`rfl j`s prfpumst` prfpumst`ss em Cugl jf jjmv`rfl ` rm`jdz`r ofedndb`bd ofedndb`bdflms. flms. 54 ^dst`s j`s edndbujt`ems ` j`s qum g`iï` jjmv`ef mj tärodlf p`r`edao` , prfpusf efs sdaldndb`efs nule`omlt`jms8 j` o`trdz edsbdpjdl`rd`  edsbdpjdl`rd`  y jfs mhmopj`rms. mhmopj`rms . [fr ul j`ef, ul sdaldndb`ef ajfi`j qum emlfodlò o`trdz edsbdpjdl`rd`. edsbdpjdl`rd`. Mst` mst`rï` bfopumst` pfr bu`trf bfopflmltms8 amlmr`jdz`bdflms sdoiòjdb`s (jfs mjmomltfs nfro`jdz`ijms), bfopflmltms omt`nïsdbfs, v`jfrms y mhmopj`rms (p`r`edao`s (p`r`edao`s ml smltdef mstrdbtf).  mstrdbtf).  Rfirm jfs mhmopj`rms mhmopj`rms bflsdemr`  bflsdemr` qum emim bmltr`rsm j` o`yfr `tmlbdòl3 sfl jfs mhmopjfs bfop`rtdefs, jfs ofefs bflbrmtfs ml qum sm rmsumjvml prfijmo`s3 bfl mjjfs qudmlms v`l ` dlbfrpfr`rsm ` j` bfoulde`e bdmltïndb` `prmleml `  ` ‚pmrbdidr tfe` ul` v`rdme`e em sd tu`bdflms bfof sdodj`rms‟ em ul` o`lmr` bfop`rtde` bfl mj arupf em mspmbd`jdst`s, `sdodj`lef ‚ul` o`lmr` em vmr j`s bfs`s, bfoprfi`e b foprfi`e` ` pfr mj tdmopf y s`lbdfl`e` pfr su arupf‟ (Cugl, pfse`t`)   @b us us`bd `bdòl òl em ddrr rr`bd `bdfl fl`jd `jdso sof. f. @jaulfs brïtdbfs em Cugl g`l sfstmldef qum su pfsdbdòl jdle` bfl mj drr`bdfl`jdsof e`ef qum ldma` tfe` pfsdidjde`e em smjmbbdòl r`bdfl`j mltrm edvmrs`s fpbdflms. Ml mst` jïlm` mstàl j`s brïtdb`s em [fppmr y em J`c`tfs. [mrf t`j dltmrprmt`bdòl g` sdef fihmt`e` pfr Rtmaoújjmr y Rlmme p`r` qudmlms Cugl lf sfstdmlm ul` bfopjmt` drr`bdfl`jde`e ml j` mjmbbdòl em p`r`edao`s. Rmaøl j` dltmrprmt`bdòl qum e` Rlmme lf g`irï` ml äj ldlaul` efsds em drr`bdfl`jdsof e`ef qum ul` tmfrï` mopïrdb` ms ul` ed`e` nfro`e` pfr ul` mstrubtur` o`tmoàtdb` y ul bflhultf `idmrtf em `pjdb`bdflms b`r`btmrdz`e`s pfr ul bflhultf p`r`edaoàtdbf (mhmopj`r). Rd mj p`r`edao` lf sm n`js` sdlf qum sm `i`lefl` ms pfrqum lf g`y nfro` em rmnut`r mst`s amlmr`jdz`bdflms nfro`jdz`e`s. Mj tr`i`hf emj bdmltïndbf sm o`ltdmlm ` ldvmj em jfs mhmopj`rms y em j`s jmyms mspmbd`jms. mspmbd`jms.

54

Rfirm mstm bflbmptf, smð`j`8 ‚ Od tmxtf frdadl`j lf emh` ldlaul` bumstdòl oàs fsbur` f oàs dopfrt`ltm. ]l jmbtfr  p`rtde`rdf em ods dem`s, qudml bfop`rtm od bflvdbbdòl em qum ‚p`r`edao`‟ dledb` jfs bflbmptfs ndjfsòndbfs bmltr`jms emj jdirf, (...) g` bflbjudef qum mj tärodlf g` sdef `pjdb`ef `j omlfs em vmdltdeòs ofefs edstdltfs ‟ (Cugl, [fse`t`)

>1

 

@emoàs, j` tmfrï` ms ul` rme bflbmptu`j qum mxbjuym j` pfsdidjde`e em tärodlfs fismrv`bdfl`jms lmutrfs. B`e` tmfrï` brm` su prfpd` i`sm mxpmrdomlt`j. Mj gmbgf em qum lf mxdst`l tärodlfs fismrv`bdfl`jms lmutr`jms g`bm qum sm` dopfsdijm mjmadr mltrm ul p`r`edao` u ftrf pfr n`js`bdòl mopïrdb`, pmrf sï pumem mjmaïrsmjf pfr j` b`p`bde`e pftmlbd`j em rmsfjvmr prfijmo`s, bfl jf bu`j j` mjmbbdòl r`bdfl`j ms pfsdijm pmrf ednmrmltm em `qumjj` qum pj`ltm` j` bflbmpbdòl smltmlbd`j em j`s tmfrï`s. ]l ar`l `pfrtm em Cugl smrï` g`imr smð`j`ef luomrfsfs oftdvfs pfr jfs bu`jms ul` tmfrï` mopïrdb` ms `jaf oubgf oàs bfopjmhf qum ul` tmfrï` nfro`j. [rdlbdp`jomltm ` tr`väs em j` lfbdòl em p`r`edao`  ‒  mltmledef bfof mhmopj`r  ‒ pflm äln`sds ml jfs `spmbtfs lf jdlaúïstdbfs em j`s tmfrï`s mopïrdb`s y `btu`jdz` ul `làjdsds em j` bdmlbd` emsem mj pultf em vdst` em su tft`jde`e mstrubtur`j. Emspuäs Em spuäs e m Cugl. @ omed`efs em jfs `ðfs smsmlt`, j` edsbusdòl mltrm p`rtde`rdfs em [fppmr y smaudefrms em Cugl, y j`s v`rd`bdflms qum sm dltrfeubml ml j`s pfstur`s dldbd`jms em mstfs `utfrms jjmv` ` ul emi`tm ouy nrubtïnmrf. Dorm J`c`tfs dltrfeubm mj tärodlf em «prfar`o` em dlvmstda`bdòl³ -ul` rmmj`ifr`bdòl em j` lfbdòl em p`r`edao` em Cugl- m dltmlt` ul` supmr`bdòl mltrm j` pfsdbdòl em `oifs `utfrms. [`uj C. Nmymr`imle, qum dldbd`jomltm g`iï` bfj`ifr`ef bfl [fppmr, `efpt` ul pultf em vdst` `làrqudbf y prfvfb`efr ml su o`lmr` em mltmlemr j` bdmlbd`, brdtdb`lef sfirm tfef j` `sulbdòl em ul emtmrodl`ef oätfef bdmltïndbf. J`rrry J`ue`l bflsdemr` `øl rïadefs jfs brdtmrdfs em Cugl y J`c`tfs y lf ouyl³. `embu`efs jfs em [fppmr, m dltrfeubm, bfof rmomedf, rmomedf, j` tmfrï` em j`s «tr`edbdflms em dlvmstda`bdòl³. dlvmstda`bdò Em tfefs mstfs `utfrms smaudrmofs jfs pj`ltmfs em J`c`tfs y J`ue`l pmrf lf emh`rmofs em omlbdfl`r `jaul`s bfrrdmltms qum g`l bfltrdiudef bfl mst` rmlfv`bdòl em j` mpdstmofjfaï` bfof sfl j`s sdaudmltms8 0 - Emsem j` sfbdfjfaï` emj bflfbdodmltf y j`s bdmlbd`s bfaldtdv`s sm emst`b` j` dopfrt`lbd` emj bfltmxtf sfbd`j y em j` bfoprmlsdòl em j` bdmlbd` mltmlede` bfof bflstrubtf=;.  9 - [fr ftrf j`ef, emltrf em j` odso` tr`edbdòl `l`jïtdb` em j` ndjfsfnï`, j` bflbmpbdòl mstrubtur`j em j` bdmlbd` em [`trdbc Ruppms, H. Rlmme, Q. Rtmaoújjmr, ]. Ofujdlms y ftrfs, rmprmsmlt` t`oidäl ul` pfstur` dltmar`efr` jfs bfltmxtfs em emsbuirdodmltf y em hustdndb`bdòl sfstdmlml iàsdb`omltm qum j`s tmfrï`s bdmltïndb`s sfl mstrubtur`s bfopjmh`s (dem` y` o`ltmlde` pfr Cugl) y, `ltm j`s edndbujt`ems em bflsdemr`r j`s tmfrï`s bfof bàjbujfs nfro`jms, dltmlt` ul` `xdfo`tdz`bdòl dlnfro`j em j`s odso`s. 2 - Mop`rmlt`e` bfl mst` øjtdo` frdmlt`bdòl, sm g`jj` j` bflbmpbdòl smoàltdb` em j` bdmlbd` (prfpumst` sfirm tfef pfr Nrmemrdbc Ruppm, ^`l Nr``ssml y Yfl`je Admrm, sdaudmlef jfs mstuedfs dldbd`jms em M. I. Imtg) qum, `emoàs em bflsdemr`r ` j`s tmfrï`s bdmltïndb`s bfof mstrubtur`s, j`s bflsdemr` `sdodsof bfof bflhultfs em ofemjfs, qum `j omlfs ml p`rtm rmprmsmlt`l nmlòomlfs fismrv`ijms. fismrv`ijms.

Dorm J`c`tfs J`c`tfs (0499 -0415)  -0415)  L`bdef ml Gularï`, num fpfsdtfr `j l`zdsof. Dltmar`ltm emj p`rtdef bfouldst` gøla`rf, num `bus`ef em rmvdsdfldst` rmvdsdfldst` ml 04=; y mlb`rbmj`ef pfr trms `ðfs. Modarò tr`s jfs submsfs em Gularï Gularï`` em 04=>. Ur`s ul irmvm p`sf pfr ^dml`, sm efbtfr` ml B`oirdeam y mhmrbm bfof prfnmsfr ml j` Jflefl Rbgffj fn Mbflfodbs ` p`rtdr em 04>;. =;

 J` bdmlbd` ms mltmlede` bfof ul` bflstrubbdòl sfbd`j m gdstòrdb` ml eflem j` pr`xds bdmltïndb` ms bflsdemr`e` nule`omlt`j p`r` j` bfoprmlsdòl em sus tmfrï`s.

>7

 

Rd idml su tmfrï` rmoflt` ` j`s dem`s em [fppmr, jjma` ` ul` rmnfrouj`bdòl t`l r`edb`j qum ms edndbdj `ndro`r qum bfltdlø` sdmlef pfppmrd`lf. Rus `ndro`bdflms dltmlt`l mlnrmlt`r mj rmj`tdvdsof m drr`bdfl`jdsof `trdiudefs ` Cugl, pmrf sus `ndro`bdflms sm `bmrb`l ` j`s pfsdbdflms em Cugl ` t`j pultf qum mj odsof Cugl sfstuvf qum lf jf bflsdemr`i` mlnrmlt`ef ` sus prfpd`s dem`s.

[fppmr bfof`ndro` rmnmrm rmnmrmltm ltm [fppmr mlnrmlt`r `j bflvmlbdfl`jdsof (`j qum rmbflfbm ul` ar`l bfgmrmlbd` ml sus pfstuj`bdflms y bfof ouy ednïbdj em brdtdb`r), `ulqum äj odsof dltrfeubm bfopflmltms bflvmlbdfl`jdst`s `bmrb` em jfs mlulbd`efs iàsdbfs y j`s rmaj`s omtfefjòadb`s ` smaudr. Ymbfremofs qum mj bflvmlbdfl`jdsof bflsdemr`i` (mltrm ftr`s bfs`s) qum mxdstml oubgfs rmbursfs edspfldijms y mnmbtdv`omltm us`efs pfr jfs bdmltïndbfs p`r` mvdt`r qum ul` tmfrï` sm` n`js`e`=0.  @gfr` idml8 J`c`tfs bflsdemr` qum mj n`js`bdfldsof omtfefjòadbf em [fppmr ms ul` vmrtdmltm em jf qum emlfodl` ‚mj bflvmlbdfl`jdsof rmvfjubd rmvfjubdfl`r  fl`r ddf f‟=9.  Rmaøl J`c`tfs, [fppmr num jjmv`ef pfr sus prfpd`s jdodt`bdflms ` huza`r bfof drr`bdfl`jms `jaul`s `bbdflms jjmv`e`s `emj`ltm pfr jfs bdmltïndbfs, qum emsem ftrf pultf em vdst` pumeml smr bflsdemr`e`ss bfof r`bdfl`jms. Ml mstm smltdef, J`c`tfs dltmlt` ofstr`r qum j` bdmlbd` ms r`bdfl`j, bflsdemr`e` `ul ml `qumjj`s emtmrodl`bdflms emtmrodl`bdflms qum [fppmr (y t`oidäl Cugl) bflsdemr`rfl drr`bdfl`jm drr`bdfl`jms. s. Brïtdb`s Brï tdb`s j`c`tfsd`l`s j`c`tfsd`l`s ` [fppmr [fppmr sfstdmlm qum ul` tmfrï` bdmltïndb` b dmltïndb` emim mst`ijmbmr ml quä bfledbdfl bfledbdflms ms sm ofstr`rï` qum sus `ndro`bdflms sfl n`js`s, pmrf J`c`tfs lf mlbumltr` qum mstf g`y` sdef pumstf ml pràbtdb` pfr, pfr mhmopjf, jfs lmwtfld`lfs. [fr jf t`ltf, f jfs lmwtfld`lfs numrfl bdmltïndbfs emsgflmstfs f j`s dem`s em [fppmr nr`b`s`l p`r` emndldr ` j` bdmlbd`. Jfs oàs ar`lems bdmltïndbfs, sd lfs `tmlmofs ` jfs brdtmrdfs em [fppmr, ‚mopjm`rfl (...) tàbtdb`s djïbdt`s, mstr`t`amo`s `e gfb‟. J` `btdtue omtfefjòadb` qum sm rmadstr` ml j` gdstfrd` em j`

bdmlbd` ms tr`t`r bfof sdopjms `lfo`jï`s jf qum p`r` [fppmr smrï`l bfltr`mhmopjfs rmnut`tfrdfs. ‚@jaulf em jfs prfar`o`s em dlvmstda`bdòl, tmldefs `btu`jomltm ml j` o`yfr mstdo` pfr j` bfoulde`e bdmltïndb`, prfarms`rfl mltrm ul fbä`lf em `lfo`jï`s‟, pmrf [fppmr lf pumem

rmbflfbmr mst`s `btdtuems bfof r`bdfl`jms. [fppmr mxdam qum j`s tmfrï`s sm`l bflsdstmltms. ‚Rdl moi`raf, `jaulfs em jfs oàs ar`lems prfar`o`s em dlvmstda`bdòl dlvmstda`bdòl bdmltïndb` prfarms`rfl sfirm nule`omltfs nule`omltfs dlbflsdstmltms‟.  U`oidäl emim fismrv`rsm, smð`j` J`c`tfs, qum8 ‚ml j` o`yfrï` em jfs b`sfs, sdlf ml tfefs,

eflem fburrml efs tmfrï`s rdv`jms, ms em sfir` bflfbdef qum `oi`s mstàl dlnmbt`e`s sdoujtàlm`omltm pfr `lfo`jï`s. Ml t`jms b`sfs [fppmr subuoim ` j` tmlt`bdòl em sdopjdndb`r j` sdtu`bdòl em ofef qum su omtfefjfaï` bfltdløm sdmlef `pjdb`ijm.‟  

J`c`tfs dltmlt` ofstr`r bfl tfefs mstfs mhmopjfs qum v`rdfs ‚hudbdfs iàsdbfs‟ prfvdstfs pfr jfs bdmltïndbfs n`js`l j` emndldbdòl em bdmlbd` y j` ätdb` pfppmrd`l`s. [fppmr lf pumem e`r bumlt` em j` gdstfrd` em j` bdmlbd`, em j` qum e` ul` o`j` jmbtur`, mopfirmbdälefj` f emsvdrtuàlefj`. Bflvdmrtm j`s `lfo`jï`s ml ‚mxpmrdomltfs brubd`jms‟ (qum l`edm rmbflfbï` ml mj ofomltf ml qum

sm ems`rrfjj`i`l), mx`amr` j` dopfrt`lbd` em jf qum bflsdemr` rmnut`tfrdf (bu`lef jfs bdmltïndbfs, `j omlfs jfs bfltmopfràlmfs, lf jm `trdiuyml ul p`pmj embdsdvf) y fbujt` tfe`s j`s `lfo`jï`s qum pfsmï`l j`s tmfrï`s. ‚Mstà bfleml`ef ` dalfr`r mj gmbgf gdstòrdbf em qum j`s tmfrï`s oàs

=0  ‚Mj

bflvmlbdfl`jdsof emsb`ls` sfirm mj rmbflfbdodmltf em qum supumstfs n`jsfs pumeml tmlmr bflsmbumlbd`s vmre`emr`s y, pfr t`ltf, n`js`s tmfrï`s pumeml tmlmr ul ar`l v`jfr prmedbtdvf.‟ (J`c`tfs 041;)  =9   ‚Mj bflvmlbdfl`jdsof rmvfjubdfl`rdf suradò bfof j` ndjfsfn ï` ï` em j` bdmlbd` em jfs imrasfld`lfs8 jdirm `ridtrdf y brm`tdvde`e numrfl sus sjfa`ls.‟ (J`c`tfs 041;) 

>4

 

dopfrt`ltms l`bml rmnut`e`s y qum `jaul`s jmyms sm mxpjdb`l oàs t`rem, ml vmz em smr rmbg`z`e`s, ` pms`r em jfs bfltr`m hmopjfs bflfbdefs‟. bflfbdefs‟. Rus prfpumst`s prfpumst`s sfl `istr`bt`s `istr`bt`s y `gdstòrdb`s. `gdstòrdb`s.  Mj pultf em p`rtde` bdmltïndbf bdmltïndbf Rmaøl J`c`tfs, jfs bdmltïndbfs jjmv`l `emj`ltm prfar`o`s em dlvmstda`bdòl, dlvmstda`bdòl , y mstfs sfl jfs qum pmrodtml rm`jdz`r ul` rmbflstrubbdòl r`bdfl`j emj b`oidf ml j` bdmlbd`.=2 ‚J` ulde`e iàsdb` em mstdo`bdòl lf emim smr ul` tmfrï` `dsj`e` ld ul` bflhulbdòl em tmfrï`s, sdlf oàs idml ul µprfar`o` em dlvmstda`bdòlµ  dlvmstda`bdòlµ  bfl ul µbmltrf ndromµ ndromµ bflvmlbdfl`jomltm `bmpt`ef (y pfr ul` embdsdòl prfvdsdfl`j µdrrmnut`ijmµ) y bfl ul` µgmurïstdb` pfsdtdv`µ qum emndl` prfijmo`s, msifbm j` bflstrubbdòl em ul bdlturòl em gdpòtmsds `uxdjd`rms, prmvm` `lfo`jï`s y j`s tr`lsnfrom ml mhmopjfs vdbtfrdfsfs3 tfef msf smaøl ul pj`l prmbflbmidef.‟ 

Mj bmltrf ndrom ms ndrom ms mj bflhultf em dem`s qum (pfr embds embdsdòl dòl omtfefjòad omtfefjòadb`) b`) jfs bdmltïndbfs qum sdauml msm prfar`o` g`l pumstf numr` em tfe` eue`. @ p`rtdr em j`s `ndro`bdflms emj løbjmf sm dltmlt`rà mxpjdb`r tfef jf qum p`s` ml j` rm`jde`e. [`r` msf bumlt` bfl mj `uxdjdf emj bflhultf em gdpòtmsds qum nfro`l mj bdlturòl prftmbtfr. Mstm bdlturòl smrà rm`hust`ef tfef jf lmbms`rdf p`r` jfar`r qum mj løbjmf emj prfar`o` jfarm su bfomtdef8 j`s dem`s qum bfopflml mj bdlturòl prftmbtfr   pumeml pumeml smr `jtmr`e`s, `arma`e`s f rmtdr`e`s3 mj fihmtf em mst`s ofedndb`bdflms ofedndb`bdflms ms jfar`r jfa r`r j` mndb`bd` mxpjdb`tdv` emj løbjmf.  J` omtfefjfaï` ` smaudr ms mxpumst` pfr mj prfar`o` em dlvmstda`bdòl omed`ltm j` gmurïstdb` pfsdtdv` y j` gmurïstdb` lma`tdv`. J` gmurïstdb` pfsdtdv` smð`j` jf qum emim g`bmrsm, jf qum mj prfar`o` pmrodtm g`bmr y mspmr` qum sm g`a`. Ml b`oidf, j` gmurïstdb` lma`tdv` pumem bflsdemr`rsm bfof mj bflhultf em prfgdidbdflms, jf qum mj bdmltïndbf qum tr`i`h` emltrf emj prfar`o` lf emim g`bmr3 j` prdomr` dledb`bdòl em j` gmurïstdb` lma`tdv` ms qum mj dlvmstda`efr lf pumem dltmlt`r n`js`r mj løbjmf ndrom. ndrom . [fr ftr` p`rtm, ms dopfrt`ltm smð`j`r qum jfs prfar`o`s em dlvmstda`bdòl lf sfl mstrubtur`s bflsdstmltms, sdlf qum prmsmlt`l dlbfgmrmlbd`s, jf qum lf dopdem su `pjdb`bdòl. Jfs prfa r`o` r`o`ss em dlvmstda`bdòl ml ` `bbdòl bbdòl Mj bdmltïndbf emim mlb`r`r y tr`t`r em sfjubdfl`r `qumjjfs prfijmo`s qum j` gmurïstdb` pfsdtdv` smð`j` bfof dopfrt`ltms. Mj prfar`o` rmadstr` j`s `lfo`jï`s, pmrf j`s emh` em j`ef ml j` omede` qum j` omtfefjfaï` lf jm smð`jm qum ms dopfrt`ltm rmsfjvmrj`s. Lf sfl j`s `lfo`jï`s j`s qum oumstr`l jf qum g`y qum rmsfjvmr. Ml mstf J`c`tfs sm `jmh` em j`s rmbfomle`bdflms pfppmrd`l`s, y brdtdb` j` sfjubdòl qum ästm prfpusf .=5 [mrf sd j` rmnut`bdòl lf fpmr` p`r` emsb`rt`r j`s bflstrubbdflms tmòrdb`s, ¶quä ms jf qum g`bm qum ul` tmfrï` sm` prmnmrdijm ` ftr`, f g`bm qum bflsdemrmofss ` ul` prfpumst` supmrdfr ` ftr`6   bflsdemrmof J`c`tfs qum e` ul r`bdfl`j embdedr bumstdòl, e`lefqum brdtmrdfs em prfarmsf. Ymbflfbmofs ul brdtmrdf prfar`o` supmr`p`r` ` ftrf smaølmst` mj tdpf em emnmls` sm rm`jdz` em ästm. Ufef prfar`o` fra`ldz` su emnmls`, mstf ms, dltmlt` emofstr`r qum mj løbjmf ndrom ms närtdj p`r` mxpjdb`r mj oulef. [mrf pumem submemr qum mst` mt`p` sm` prfarmsdv` f emamlmr`tdv`. emamlmr`tdv`. ]l` emnmls` ms prfarmsdv` sd ` p`rtdr emj løbjmf ndrom y mj bdlturòl prftmbtfr jfar` `ltdbdp`r bdmrtfs nmlòomlfs, f g`bmr prmedbbdflms qum sm buopjml, f dltrfeubm gdpòtmsds qum emspuäs sm =2

  Ufe` omtfefjfaï` (J` (J`c`tfs c`tfs `l`jdz` ml mspmbd`j j` dleubtdvdst`, j` bflvmlbdfl`jdst` y j` rmnut`bdfldst`) pfsmm ul`  prfpumst` p`r` rmbflstrudr r`bdfl`jomltm j` gdstfrd` em j` bdmlbd`. B`e` ul` ednmrdrà sfirm jf qum bflsdemrm drr`bdfl`j, em `bumref ` jf qum prfpfla` bfof r`bdfl`j. =5   ‚J` omtfefjfaï` em jfs prfar`o`s em dlvmstda`bdòl fnrmbm ul p`lfr`o` emj humaf em j` bdmlbd` ouy ednmrmltm `j  p`lfr`o` emj n`js`bdfldsof omtfefjòadbf. J` omhfr hua`e` em s`jde` lf ms ul` gdpòtmsds n`js`ijm (y pfr t`ltf, bflsdstmltm) sdlf ul prfar`o` em dlvmstda`bdòl. J` omr` µn`js`bdòlµ(ml smltdef pfppmrd`lf) lf pumem dopjdb`r ul rmbg`zf. J`s omr`s µn`js`bdflmsµ (ms embdr, `lfo`jï`s) g`l em smr rmadstr`e`s, pmrf lf ms lmbms`rdf qum tmla`l ul` dlnjumlbd` prdofred`j. (...) ldlaøl mlulbd`ef iàsdbf `bmpt`ef `utfrdz` pfr sï sfjf `j bdmltïndbf ` rmbg`z`r ul` tmfrï`. ]l t`j `lt`afldsof pumem rmprmsmlt`r ul prfijmo` (o`yfr f omlfr), pmrf ml ldlaul` bdrbulst`lbd` ul` µvdbtfrd`µ. J` l`tur`jmz` pumem embdr lf, pmrf j` dlvmltdv` guo`l`  ‒ bfltr`rd`omltm bfltr`rd`omltm ` Qmyj y [fppmr- sdmoprm pumem ardt`r oàs numrtm.‟ (J`c`tfs 041;) 

1;

 

bfrrfifr`l. Ms embdr, mj prfar`o` em dlvmstda`bdòl ‚ms prfarmsdvf odmltr`s su ems`rrfjjf tmòrdbf `ltdbdp` su ems`rrfjjf mopïrdbf‟.  ]l prfar`o` sm g`irà mst`lb`ef, ml b`oidf, bu`lef ‚ sòjf `eubm mxpjdb`bdf mxpjdb`bdflms lms pfst pfst-gfb, -gfb,

f idml sòjf prfpfrbdfl` emsbuirdodmltfs pfr b`su`jde`e, f prmedbm gmbgfs `ltdbdp`efs y emsbuidmrtfs pfr ul prfar`o` rdv`j‟. Ms embdr, su emnmls` ms rmarmsdv`, j`  tmfrï` v` pfr emtràs em jfs bflfbdodmltfs mopïrdbfs.  Edbgf em ftrf ofef, mj prfarmsf lf sm emim ` j`s rmnut`bdflms sdlf `j mxbmsf em bfltmldef mopïrdbf qum oumstr` ul prfar`o` rmspmbtf ` ftrfs, `j äxdtf qum fitdmlm ml su `pjdb`bdòl . ‚Rmaøl od omtfefjfaï` jfs oàs ar`lems emsbuirdodmltfs bdmltïndbfs sfl prfar`o`s em dlvmstda`bdòl qum  pumeml mv`ju`rsm mv`ju`rsm ml tärodlfs em prfijmoàtdb`s prfijmoàtdb`s prfarmsdv`s prfarmsdv`s f mst`lb`e`s‟ Ms r`bdfl`j mjmadr ul prfar`o` em dlvmstda`bdòl prfarmsdvf nrmltm ` ulf rmarmsdvf, `ulqum lf ms `jaf t`l smlbdjjf embdedr ml quä mt`p` sm mt`p` sm mlbumltr` mj prfar`o`, y mstf amlmr`jomltm sm `evdmrtm sòjf bfl mj p`sf emj tdmopf. Emim `bj`r`rsm `emoàs qum ul prfar`o` pumem sfstmlmrsm `ulqum su emnmls` sm` rmarmsdv`, y ms pfsdijm t`oidäl qum ul` rmnfrouj`bdòl em su bdlturòl prftmbtfr bflvdmrt` `j prfar`o` lumv`omltm ml prfarmsdvf. J`rry J`ue`l J`ue`l pmrnmbbdflò `jaul`s em j`s tmsds em Cugl. Rm fpusf `j lmfpfsdtdvdsof y brdtdbò mj mlnfqum pfppmrd`lf.mpdstmofjfaï` Y. Aòomz smð`j` j` v`jdfs` `pfrt`bdòl emj ofemjf   em J`ue`l ml mj qum j` omtfefjfaï`, y `xdfjfaï` dltmr`btø`l. U`oidäl, qum rmtdbuj`r  J`ue`l, em ` p`rtdr em 047> sm emsjdz` g`bd` ul l`tur`jdsof lfro`tdvf, ml mj qum pdmrem dopfrt`lbd` j` ednmrmlbd`bdòl mltrm bdmlbd` y lf-bdmlbd`.  J` iøsqume` em bflsmlsf8 ofemjf rmtdbu j`r ¶Bòof ms qum ul` prfpfrbdòl ouy `jt` em bdmltïndbfs, qum prmvd`omltm tmlï`l fpdldflms ednmrmltms (y ` omluef outu`omltm dlbfop`tdijms) sfirm ul` emtmrodl`e` o`tmrd`, pumeml mvmltu`jomltm jjma`r ` tmlmr fpdldflms suist`lbd`jomltm deältdb`s deältdb`s sfirm j` odso`6". (...) J` sfjubdòl oàs bflfbde` emj prfijmo` em j` ednmrmlbd` em pultfs em vdst` ml bdmlbd` pfstuj` ul ofemjf hmràrqudbf em hustdndb`bdòl bfl ldvmjms edstdltfs dltmrrmj`bdfl`efs mltrm sï. Gmofs vdstf, pfr mhmopjf, bòof [fppmr dltrfeubm j`s bflvmlbdflms f rmaj`s omtfefjòad omtfefjòadb`s b`s bfof prdlbdpdfs efodl`ltms em su sdstmo` mpdstmofjòadbf3 y bòof msfs prdlbdpdfs mstàl sfomtdefs ` ul` rmaj` em ldvmj supmrdfr, ` s`imr, j` qum edbm qum lf emimofs emnmlemr ldlaøl mlulbd`ef em su pfsdijm n`js`bdòl. (ldvmj omtfefjòadb omtfefjòadbf) f)  Ml mj ldvmj oàs i`hf fburrml edsput`s sfirm bumstdflms em gmbgf, (ldvmj mopïrdbf) ms embdr, emsbrdpbdflmss em mvmltfs fismrv`ijms edrmbt`omltm, pmrf t`oidäl ftr`s emsbrdpbdflms em bòof ms emsbrdpbdflm mj oulef qum g`bml rmnmrmlbd` ` mltms tmòrdbfs f dlfismrv`ijms (bfof mj mjmbtròl f j` mjmbtrdbde`e) qum sdl moi`raf sfl fismrv`ijms dledrmbt`omltm, pfr sus bflsmbumlbd`s. Mstfs emi`tms f ems`bumrefs em gmbgf sfl rmsumjtfs mvmltu`jomltm pfr jfs bdmltïndbfs, y ml mst` nfro` jfar`l bflsmlsf mopïrdbf, ofvdälefsm g`bd` `rrdi` ml j` msb`j`, g`st` mj ldvmj em j`s rmaj`s omtfefjòadb`s bfop`rtde`s pfr tfefs jfs qum edsbutml. U`jms rmaj`s sm rmndmrml ` `trdiutfs qum g`y qum iusb`r (pfr mhmopjf, i`sm em mvdemlbd` mopïrdb` dlempmledmltm f sdopjdbde`e) f mvdt`r (pfr mhmopjf, sfjubdflms mpdbdbj`rms ml j`s tmfrï`s bdmltïndb`s).  Jfs ems`bumrefs pumeml pmro`lmbmr, sdl moi`raf, ml jfs b`sfs lf pfbf nrmbumltms ml qum jfs bdmltïndbfs rmaj`s em emmjprfbmedodmltf, f sfirm j` `pjdb`bdòl `prfpd`eedsbrmp`l `prfpd`e` ` em mst`s m st`ssfirm rmaj`sj`s`jprfpd`s b`sf bflbrmtf. Emmvdemlbd` `bumref fbfl ofemjf hmràrqudbf, t`jms bfltrfvmrsd`s, qum pfemofs jj`o`r ems`bumrefs omtfefjòadbfs, sfjf pumeml rmsfjvmrsm `sbmledmlef tfe`vï` ftr` ar`e` oàs ml j` msb`j`, p`r` `pmj`r ` j`s omt`s bfop`rtde`s pfr tfefs 10

 

jfs pr`btdb`ltms em j` bdmlbd`. Mstf pumem submemr pfrqum j`s rmaj`s omtfefjòadb`s emrdv`l su numrz` emj gmbgf em qum jfs bdmltïndbfs j`s bflsdemr`l omedfs p`r` fitmlmr j`s omt`s em j` bdmlbd`.  @sï pums, bu`lef efs bdmltïndbfs emndmleml rmaj`s omtfefjòad omtfefjòadb`s b`s ednmrmltms pumeml ml prdlbdpdf supmr`r mstm ems`bumref emtmrodl`lef buàj em j`s rmaj`s ml bflnjdbtf bfleubm em o`lmr` oàs mndb`z ` `jb`lz`r jfs ndlms bfjmbtdvfs em j` bdmlbd`. @ mstm tmrbmr ldvmj em j`s omt`s bfalfsbdtdv`s jf emlfodl` J`ue`l mj ldvmj `xdfjòadbf  [femofs mltflbms rmsuodr j` vdsdòl ndjfsòndb` prmefodl`ltm sfirm jfs ems`bumrefs bdmltïndbfs edbdmlef qum jfs ems`bumrefs sfirm gmbgfs sm rmsumjvml ml mj ldvmj omtfefjòadbf3 jfs ems`bumrefs omtfefjòadbfs sm supmr`l ml mj ldvmj `xdfjòadbf3 pmrf ml bu`ltf ` j`s ednmrmlbd`s `xdfjòadb`s, f idml lf mxdstml (sd supflmofs qum jfs bdmltïndbfs bfop`rtml j`s odso`s omt`s) f lf pumeml rmsfjvmrsm. Mst` bflbmpbdòl, dau`jomltm bfop`tdijm bfl j` ndjfsfnï` em [fppmr y em Cugl, tdmlm mj emnmbtf em qum, ml emndldtdv`, medndb` j` bdmlbd` sfirm i`sms lf r`bdfl`jms. @emoàs, p`rmbm bj`r`omltm rmnut`e` pfr j` mxpmrdmlbd` gdstòrdb`, eflem jfs ems`bumrefs oàs nmrfbms mltrm bdmltïndbfs jjma`l ndl`jomltm ` supmr`rsm, sfirm ul` i`sm qum tfe`s j`s p`rtms dlvfjubr`e`s mst`rï`l edspumst`s ` b`jdndb`r em modlmltmomltm r`bdfl`j. Mj prfijmo` em j` nfro`bdòl emj bflsmlsf, lfs edbm J`ue`l, "bflsdstm bflbrmt`omltm ml iusb`r rmspumst` ` prmault`s bfof mst`s8 ¶pfr quä jfs amòjfafs, qum ul` vmz emsprmbd`i`l j` tmfrï` em j` emrdv` em jfs bfltdlmltms, jjma`rfl ` `bmpt`r j` tmbtòldb` em pj`b`s6 ¶[fr quä jfs nïsdbfs, qum ul` vmz `ifa`rfl pfr j` tmfrï` bfrpusbuj`r em j` juz, jjma`rfl mvmltu`jomltm ` `eodtdr qum j` tmfrï` fleuj`tfrd` mr` ul` omhfr `pumst`6". Emimofs `pumst`6".  Emimofs pums mlbfltr`r ul` omhfr tmfrï` sfirm j` nfro`bdòl emj bflsmlsf qum j` qum lfs fnrmbm mj msqumo` hmràrqudbf prmv`jmbdmltm, buy` emidjde`e prdlbdp`j bflsdstm ml qum lf prmedbm mj bflsmlsf qum em gmbgf sumjm jfar`rsm ml j`s ar`lems bfltrfvmrsd`s sfirm j` `bmpt`bdòl em p`r`edao`s bdmltïndbfs.  [`r` J`ue`l rmsujt` bj`rf qum j`s rmaj`s omtfefjòadb`s sui-emtmrodl`l ` j`s tmfrï`s bdmltïndb`s3 ms embdr, oubg`s vmbms lf i`st`l p`r` embdedr mltrm mjj`s. Dau`jomltm, j`s omt`s bfalfsbdtdv`s øjtdo`s sui-emtmrodl`l ` ms`s rmaj`s. Ufef mstf rmsujt` ml j` pfsdidjde`e em qum pfr sï odso` j` hmr`rquï` lf pume` prfeubdr ul bflsmlsf ml tfe`s j`s o`tmrd`s bdmltïndb`s. Mj gmbgf em qum mj bflsmlsf sm eä ` pms`r em tfef, `juem ` j` mxdstmlbd` em ftrfs n`btfrms qum dlnjuyml ml j`s embdsdflms. Ml p`rtdbuj`r, J`ue`l suadmrm qum `brmedt`r f ems`brmedt`r ul` rmaj` omtfefjòadb` rmqudmrm qum lfs prmaultmofs sd mj uldvmrsf ms t`j qum lumstrfs ndlms bfalfsbdtdvfs pume`l n`vfrmbmrsm sdaudmlef ul` rmaj` ml vmz em ftr`3 pmrf mst` ms ul` prmault` sfirm mj oulef, qum sfjf pumem bfltmst`rsm omed`ltm ul` dlvmstda`bdòl mopïrdb` (qum supflm smjmbbdòl mltrm tmfrï`s `jtmrl`tdv`s, us`lef rmaj`s omtfefjòadb`s, mtb.). [femofs vmr `quï `jaf `sï bfof ul` rmbursdvde`e em jfs prfijmo`s bdmltïndbfs, qum lf ms sdopjm sdlf oujtdedomlsdfl`j. J` bflbjusdòl fijda`e` ms qum j` omtfefjfaï` bdmltïndb` ms mjj` odso` ul` edsbdpjdl` mopïrdb` qum lf pumem prmsbdledr em jfs odsofs oätfefs buy` v`jdemz dlvmstda`, ul` vdsdòl qum y` mxprms`r` ml mj sdajf p`s`ef Hfgl Rtu`rt Odjj bu`lef, `j emnmlemr mj prdlbdpdf em`3dleubbdòl, `ndro`i` qum su hustdndb`bdòl ms bfmxtmlsdv` bfl tfef mj bflhultf em lumstr` mxpmrdmlbd`3 mxpmrdmlbd f mj odsof pfsdtdvdsof jòadbf bu`lef vmï` j` moprms` em j` ndjfsfnï` em j` bdmlbd` bfof bfop`r`ijm ` j`s rmp`r`bdflms emj b`sbf em ul i`rbf ml pjmlf vd`hm tr`s`tjàltdbf. J`ue`l bflbjuym qum j` supfsdbdòl em qum j` msbfamlbd` r`bdfl`j mltrm bflhultfs `jtmrl`tdvfs em ndlms bfalfsbdtd bfalfsbdtdvfs vfs dltmrl`omltm dltmrl`omltm bfgmrmltms ms sdmoprm s dmoprm dopfsdijm, ms n`js`. Mxdstm ul` `opjd` a`o` em gmrr`odmlt`s brïtdb`s qum pfemofs utdjdz`r p`r` mv`ju`r ul arupf em omt`s bfalfsbdtdv`s. Ms` a`o` em gmrr`odmlt`s lf ms ftr` bfs` qum j` utdjdz`bdòl `prfpd`e` y rmndl`e` emj odsof oätfef bdmltïndbf8 Mj ofemjf bjàsdbf hmràrqudbf pfstuj` ul` msb`j` hustdndb`tfrd` uldedrmbbdfl`j, qum prfbmem em j`s omt`s ` jfs oätfefs ` jfs rmbj`ofs nàbtdbfs.... Emimofs b`oid`r mstm ofemjf hmràrqudbf p`r` dlsdstdr ml qum lumstr`s brmmlbd`s nàbtdb`s jm e`l eràstdb`omltm nfro` ` lumstr`s dem`s sfirm quä sumrtm em oätfefs prfoumvml ml mnmbtf quä bj`sm em omt`s.... Lmbmsdt`ofs rmopj`z`r msm bu`erf hmràrqudbf bfl jf qum pferï`ofs jj`o`r ul ofemjf rmtdbuj`r em j` hustdndb`bdòl. Mj mlnfqum rmtdbuj`r oumstr` qum pfemofs us`r lumstrf bflfbdodmltf em jfs oätfefs edspfldijms em dlvmstda`bdòl bfof ul` gmrr`odmlt` p`r` mv`ju`r j` vd`idjde`e v d`idjde`e em omt`s bfalfsbdtdv`s prfpumst`s prfpumst`s 19

 

(pfr mhmopjf, pferï`ofs jjma`r ` ofstr`r qum lf g`y ldlaøl oätfef bflfbdef p`r` `jb`lz`r ul` omt` emtmrodl`e`, y qum ml bflsmbumlbd` j` omt` ms drrm`jdz`ijm). Dau`jomltm, mj bu`erf rmtdbuj`r dlsdstm ml qum lumstrfs hudbdfs sfirm buàjms tmfrï`s sfl s`l`s, pumeml hua`rsm bfltr` lumstr`s `xdfjfaï`s mxpjïbdt`s ` ndl em rmvmj`r tmlsdflms mltrm lumstr`s mstrubtur`s em v`jfrms dopjïbdt`s y mxpjïbdt`s.  Ml rmsuoml, mj ofemjf rmtdbuj`r prfpual` ul prfbmsf bfopjmhf em `hustms y em hustdndb`bdòl outufs mltrm jfs trms ldvmjms em j` msb`j` bdmltïndb`8 J` hustdndb`bdòl njuym g`bd` `rrdi` t`ltf bfof g`bd` `i`hf em j` hmr`rquï`, mlj`z`lef mlj`z`lef omt`s, oätfefs y `smvmr`bdflms em gmbgf. Lf emim bflsdemr`rsm ldlaulf em mstfs trms ldvmjms bfof prdvdjmad`ef, prdo`rdf prdo`rdf f oàs nule`omlt`j qum jfs ftrfs. J` fir` em J`ue`l ms ul dltmltf em sïltmsds em pfsdbdflms bfltr`edbtfrd bfltr`edbtfrd`s `s y ml bdmrt` nfro` fnrmbm ul mls`yf i`st`ltm s`tdsn`btfrdf em bflbdjd`bdòl y em supmr`bdòl em j`s tmsds frdadl`jms em [fppmr y em Cugl. Ml tfef b`sf, rmprmsmlt` ul` mpdstmofjfaï` oàs o`tdz`e`, ml j` qum sm tr`t` em e`r pmsf ` ouy edstdltfs n`btfrms, dlbjuymlef jfs jòadbfs, jfs mopïrdbfs, y jfs gdstòrdbfs (...)‟.

(Autdmrrmz, B.) 

J`s tr`edbdflms em dlvmstda`bdòl ==  Dldbd`jomltm J`ue`l num ulf em jfs oàs ndmjms smaudefrms em J`c`tfs. Rdl moi`raf, emspuäs em ul tdmopf äj odsof prfpusf ul ofemjf em brmbdodmltf bdmltïndbf. Mstm lumvf ofemjf bflsmrv` `øl mj g` o`tdz y `jaul`s b`r`btmrïstdb`s prfpumst`s pfr moi`raf, J`c`tfs, r`zòl pfr`jaul`s j` bu`j su frdadl`jde`e sdef pumst` em mlj`seue` v`rd`s vmbms, pmrf, sdl fnrmbm ofedndb`bdflms ofedndb`bdfl ms dltmrms`ltms. Ml prdomr jua`r, J`ue`l (0411) g`ij` em "tr`edbdflms em dlvmstda`bdòl", ml jua`r em "prfar`o`s em dlvmstda`bdòl". ]l` tr`edbdòl em dlvmstda`bdòl ms ul bflhultf em prmsupfsdbdflms amlmr`jms `bmrb` em j`s mltde`ems y prfbmsfs ml ul àrm` em mstuedf y `bmrb` em jfs oätfefs f täbldb`s `prfpd`e`s p`r` rm`jdz`r dlvmstda`bdflms y bflstrudr tmfrï`s ml ms` odso` àrm`. J`ue`l bflbdim j`s tr`edbdflms em dlvmstda`bdòl, `j dau`j qum J`c`tfs, bfof ul bflhultf em tmfrï`s ml mvfjubdòl qum lf pumeml smr mv`ju`e`s numr` em su bfltmxtf gdstòrdbf. [`r` fra`ldz`r j`s tr`edbdflms em dlvmstda`bdòl J`ue`l prfpflm tmlmr ml bumlt` emtmrodl`e`s edrmbtrdbms8 Fltfjòadb`s8 J`s qum dledb`l `j bdmltïndbf j`s mltde`ems qum bflnfro`l j` rm`jde`e qum v`l ` dlvmstda`r Omt`nïsdb`s8 J`s qum dledb`l jfs prfbmsfs lf fismrv`ijms qum fra`ldz`l j` rm`jde`e qum prmtmleml dlvmstda`r. Omtfefjòadb`s8 J`s qum dledb`l `j bdmltïndbf j` nfro` bfof emim `prfxdo`rsm ` j` rm`jde`e qum prmtmlem dlvmstda`r.  Em `bumref bfl J`ue`l, j`s tr`edbdflms em dlvmstda`bdòl sfl jdlm`odmltfs amlmr`jms em dlvmstda`bdòl y mstuedf qum lf emiml smr, lmbms`rd`omltm, mxpjdb`tdvfs, prmedbtdvfs f vmrdndb`ijms, ` ednmrmlbd` em j`s tmfrï`s qum jfs bflstdtuyml, qum sï jf sfl. Ml mstm smltdef, j`s tr`edbdflms em dlvmstda`bdòl sfl sòjf v`a`omltm lfro`tdv`s, ` ednmrmlbd` em jfs prfar`o`s em dlvmstda`bdòl j`c`tfsd`lfs ml jfs qum mj løbjmf mhmrbm ul` emndldtdv` nulbdòl lfro`tdv`. Ml p`j`ir`s em J`ue`l "]l` tr`edbdòl em dlvmstda`bdòl, jf oàs qum g`bm ms mspmbdndb`r ul` fltfjfaï` amlmr`j y ul oätfef

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  Mxtr`ïef em dltmrlmt.

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amlmr`j em rmsfjvmr jfs prfijmo`s emltrf em ul efodldf emtmrodl`ef" (J`ue`l 0411, pp. 75). Rfl j`s tmfrï`s j`s qum, ` su hudbdf, bflstdtuyml j` p`rtm mxpjdb`tdv`, vmrdndb`ij vmrdndb`ijm m y prmedbtdv` em j` bdmlbd`. J`s trms nulbdflms dopfrt`ltms em ul` tr`edbdòl em dlvmstda`bdòl dlvmstda`bdòl sfl, smaøl J`ue`l8  `) j` em emtmrodl`r jfs jïodtms em `pjdb`bdòl em j`s tmfrï`s qum bflstdtuyml ul` edsbdpjdl`3 i) j` em prfvmmr gmurïstdb`s lma`tdv`s y pfsdtdv`s (jf qum lfs rmbumre` ` J`c`tfs), mstf ms, prfpfrbdfl`r dem`s dldbd`jms qum pmrodt`l j` nfrouj`bdòl em tmfrï`s mxpjdb`tdv`s, prmedbtdv`s y vmrdndb`ijms, tfef mstf bfl mj fihmtf em dlbrmomlt`r j` b`p`bde`e em j` tr`edbdòl em dlvmstda`bdòl p`r` rmsfjvmr prfijmo`s3 y, ndl`jomltm, b) j` em hustdndb`r r`bdfl`jomltm r`bdfl`jomltm j` mxdstmlbd` em tmfrï`s bdmltïndb`s. ]l` em j`s b`r`btmrïstdb`s qum J`ue`l bflsmrv` em j` omtfefjfaï` em J`c`tfs, ms mj b`ràbtmr mvfjutdvf m gdstòrdbf em j`s tr`edbdflms em dlvmstda`bdòl. Mst`s sfl nfrouj`e`s ml ul `oidmltm dltmjmbtu`j emtmrodl`ef, emtmrodl`ef, brmbml m dlbrmomlt`l su r`laf em `pjdb`idjde` `pjdb`idjde`e, e, y sm emsa`st`l y `b`i`l pfr ems`p`rmbmr p`r` smr sustdtude`s pfr lumv`s tr`edbdflms. Rdl moi`raf, jfs b`oidfs f tr`lsnfro`bdflms qum j` gdstfrd` fpmr` ml j`s tr`edbdflms em dlvmstda`bdòl sfl pmrbdidefs em o`lmr` edstdlt` qum ml jfs prfar`o`s em dlvmstda`bdòl. [`r` J`ue`l mj løbjmf msmlbd`j ms t`oidäl ofedndb`ijm, ` tr`väs emj tdmopf, pfr j` mxpmrdmlbd` lf lmbms`rd`omltm mopïrdb`. @ t`j pultf, qum j` tr`edbdòl pumem tmrodl`r sus eï`s bfl b`r`btmrïstdb`s r`edb`jomltm ednmrmltms ` j`s qum tmlï` buàlef b uàlef sm dldbdò, bdrbulst`lbd` dopmls`ijm emsem j` pmrspmbtdv` em J`c`tfs. Ndl`jomltm, J`ue`l su`vdz` pmrf o`ltdmlm j`s lfbdflms em prfarmsdvde`e y emamlmr`bdòl em J`c`tfs bfof brdtmrdfs em mv`ju`bdòl bdmltïndb`. Ml mstm pultf j`s ednmrmlbd`s mltrm J`ue`l y J`c`tfs, sfstmlde`s pfr mj odsof J`ue`l, lf `p`rmbml emj tfef bj`r`s. J`ue`l sfstdmlm qum J`c`tfs sm jdodt` ` rmbflfbmr prfarmsïvde`e ml ul prfar`o`, bu`lef ästm g` jfar`ef ul dlbrmomltf ml su bfltmldef mopïrdbf, pmrf sòjf mopïrdbf. Rmaøl J`ue`l, J`c`tfs dalfr` y lf bflsdemr` bfof dopfrt`ltm mj dlbrmomltf em bfltmldef bflbmptu`j, Ml p`j`ir`s em J`ue`l8 "j` " j` bflbmpbdòl em J`c`tfs em prfarmsf ms mxbjusdv`omltm mopïrdb`3 j`s øldb`s ofedndb`bdflms prfarmsdv`s ml ul` tmfrï` sfl `qumjj`s qum dlbrmomlt`l mj mlnfqum em su bfltmldef mopïrdbf". mopïrdbf". J`s bflsmbumlbd`s em mst` b`r`btmrïstdb` em j` omtfefjfaï` em prfar`o`s bdmltïndbfs em dlvmstda`bdòl, em `bumref bfl J`ue`l, sfl8 j` rmstrdbbdòl y j` dalfr`lbd` mx`amr`e` emj dlbrmomltf em j` b`p`bde`e em iøsqume` em j`s tmfrï`s, sdl tmlmr qum rmburrdr lmbms`rd`omltm `j bfltmldef mopïrdbf bfrrfifr`ef sdlf `j dlbrmomltf bflbmptu`j. 

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]lde`e 2 Oòeujf > Umlemlbd`s m mpds pdstmofjò tmofjòadb`s adb`s ml bdmlbd`s sfbd sfbd`jms `jms @ltms em omlbdfl`r j`s lumv`s tmlemlbd`s mpdstmofjòadb`s, bflvdmlm dltmlt`r rmspflemr ` j` prmault` ¶Em quä g`ij`l jfs mpdstmoòjfafs bu`lef jf g`bml `bmrb` em j` bdmlbd`6 Jf prdomrf qum g`y qum pmrbdidr ms qum lf g`ij`l `bmrb` em jf odsof. Pum ml j`s jj`o`e`s vmrsdflms mstàle`r f bflbmpbdòl gmrme`e` em j` bdmlbd`, bfof ms mj b`sf em lmfpfsdtdvdst`s y pfppmrd`lfs, sm g`ij` `bmrb` em ul jmlau`hm jmlau`hm p`rtdbuj`r8 mj prfpdf em j`s tmfrï`s bdmltïndb`s. Ml mj b`sf em Cugl, em ul` bfoulde`e bdmltïndb` ml su ems`rrfjjf gdstòrdbf. Ml mj em J`c`tfs, em prfar`o`s em Dlvmstda`bdòl3 ml mj b`sf em J`ue`l, em tr`edbdflms em dlvmstda`bdòl y lf tfef ms jf odsof. Em ofef qum j`s lumv`s rmnjmxdflms sfirm j` bdmlbd` t`oidäl g`ij`ràl em bfs`s ednmrmltms.  @btu`jomltm g`ij`ofs em tmlemlbd`s mpdstmofjòadb`s  mpdstmofjòadb`s  ml j` omede` ml qum j` mpdstmofjfaï` pumem smr mltmlede` em ednmrmltm o`lmr` y j`s mspmbuj`bdflms ml tfrlf `j bflfbdodmltf sm oumvml bflst`ltmomltm ml tfrlf ` mst`s tmlemlbd`s. ^`ofs ` omlbdfl`r pfr jf omlfs trms em mjj`s qum lfs pmrodtml fra`ldz`r j`s rmnjmxdflms qum gmofs rm`jdz`efs y qum rm`jdz`rmofs ` bfltdlu`bdòl. [`erfl omlbdfl` trms em mjj`s8  0 - J` qum pumem bflsdemr`rsm qum sdaum j` gmrmlbd` emj Bïrbujf em ^dml` y qum sm j` g` emlfodl`ef bflbmpbdòl gmrme`e` qum, gmrme`e` qum, smaøl gmofs vdstf, sm b`r`btmrdz` pfr sus `làjdsds jòadbfs y mopïrdbfs em jfs rmsujt`efs emj prfbmsf em bflfbdodmltf. Dlbjuym t`oidäl tfe`s `qumjj`s rmmj`ifr`bdflms qum g`l suradef p`r` mlnrmlt`r j`s brïtdb`s emj n`js`bdfldsof pfppmrd`lf y j`s brïtdb`s em Cugl  9  ‒  J` qum bflbdim j` rmnjmxdòl mpdstmofjòadb` ml ul pj`lf lf `l`jïtdbf sdlf sfbdf-gdstòrdbf, bujtur`j, psdbfjòadbf y `ltrfpfjòadbf sdl `bmpt`r j` ednmrmlbd`bdòl mltrm v`jfrms dltmrlfs y mxtmrlfs. U`j bfof j`s pfsdbdflms gfjdst`s, j`s pfstur`s qum sm bmltr`l mj j` rmnjmxdvde`e, qum `suoml j` bfopjmhde`e emj pmls`odmltf pmls`odmltf f mj rmbursf ` j` gdstfrd`. 2  ‒ @qumjj` qum bflbdim ` j` mpdstmofjfaï` bfof ul` omt` tmfrï` y bfof bdmlbd` nàbtdb`, ms embdr qum dltmlt` mxpjdb`r omed`ltm tmfrï`s bfltr`st`ijms jfs prfbmsfs emj bflfbdodmltf. Mst` o`lmr` em `suodr mst`s rmnjmxdflms sm supmrpflml bfl j` emlfodl`e` sfbdfjfaï` em j` bdmlbd`. Ml j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms prmefodl`l `btu`jomltm oàs j` smaule` y j` tmrbmr` em j`s tmlemlbd`s qum j` prdomr` (oàs prfpd` em j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms). Mstf pfrqum, gfy, sm `suom qum j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms tdmlml ul` mspmbdndbde`e qum g`bm dopfsdijm `bmpt`r sdl rmvdsdòl j`s rmnjmxdflms mpdstmofjòadb`s rm`jdz`e`s ml tfrlf ` j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms. Rd idml ms` mspmbdndbde`e tdmlm qum vmr prdlbdp`jomltm bfl mj fihmtf em mstuedf, t`oidäl mstàl o`rb`e`s pfr mj ofomltf em su l`bdodmltf. [fr msf mopmz`rmofs bfl mstm rmbfrrdef gdstòrdbf, `ltms em mltr`r edrmbt`omltm ml tmo`.

L`bdodmltf L` bdodmltf em j`s bdmlbd`s s fbd`jms fbd`jms..  Mltrm jfs W^DDD, WDW y bfodmlzfs emj WW (smaøl j` bdmlbd` em qum sm tr`tm) sm sdtø` j` tr`lsnfro`bdòl em jfs mstuedfs emlfodl`efs guo`lde`ems, ml bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms y guo`l`s . Ms embdr, j`s guo`lde`ems  v`l ` smr s mr rmvfjubdfl`ef rmvfjubdfl`efss pfr j` bdmlbd` pfsdtdv`.  guo`lde`ems v`l 1=

 

G`st` omed`efs emj sdajf WDW j` edvmrsde`e em bdmlbd`s (b`e` ul` bfl su s u prfpd` tr`ymbtfrd`) gdzf qum sm dopusdmr` j` lmbmsde`e, `bfrem bfl mj ems`rrfjjf em ul` r`bdfl`jde`e uldvmrs`j, em mspmbuj`r `bmrb` em jfs nule`omltfs qum ulml y rmj`bdfl`l mj b`opf bdmltïndbf. ^dstf `s ï, ‚sfl emuefr`s emj ofvdodmltf emlfodl`ef Djustr`bdòl  Djustr`bdòl  qum iusb` mj mst`ijmbdodmltf em ul` sfbdme`e omhfr i`s`ef ml j` dem` emj ems`rrfjjf em j` r`zòl uldvmrs`j   (Afujelmr, 041>). Ml mst`s bdrbulst`lbd`s, edrà ^fl Qrdagt ‚ rmsujtò l`tur`j qum ul` em j`s pr dlbdp`jms dlbdp`jms bumstdflms em j` omtfefjfaï` y ndjfsfnï` em j`s bdmlbd`s emj sdajf WDW, numr` j` bflbmrldmltm b flbmrldmltm ` j` rmj`bdòl mltrm mst`s efs dopfrt`ltms r`o`s em j` dlvmstda`bdòl dlvmstda` mspïrdtu)‟‟ bfl mj ndl   bdòl mopïrdb` (j` em j` l`tur`jmz` y j` emj mspïrdtu) em iusb`r ul` ulde`e ml j` bdmlbd`.

J` mxprmsdòl em mst` iøsqume` sm bflsfjde`, ml mstfs bfodmlzfs, bfl j` dem` pfsdtdvdst` em uldndb`bdòl em j` bdmlbd`. @sï j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms sm bflstdtuyml bfof t`jms emltrf emj pmls`odmltf pfsdtdvdst`  embdoflòldbf. Em mstm ofef, ml mj p`s`ef em tfe` bdmlbd` sfbd`j, pfemofs mlbfltr`r j` tmsds pfsdtdvdst` em uldndb`bdòl em j` bdmlbd` bfl bmltrf ml j`s bdmlbd`s em j` l`tur`jmz`.  Em j` odso` o`lmr`, j` tmsds pfsdtdvdst`, emtmrodlò mj prfar`o` em jfs bfodmlzfs em tfe`s j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms y guo`l`s. gu o`l`s. Jjmvò ` iusb`r emndldr sus mstuedfs ml tärodlfs em jf fismrv`ijm, mjdodl`lef t`ltf jfs efao`tdsofs em bu`jqudmr sdalf bfof jfs prmhudbdfs y supmrstdbdflms qum dopmeï`l j` iøsqume` em jmyms uldvmrs`jms m gdpòtmsds bfltr`st`ijms mopïrdb`omltm. [fr msf sm sfstuvf qum, sd j` sfbdme`e ms ul tfef qum sm dopflm `j suhmtf - em j` odso` o`lmr` qum j`s bdmlbd`s em j` l`tur`jmz` e`ef qum tfe`s sfl ‚bdmlbd` - mj bflfbdodmltf em jf sfbd`j sm jmadtdo`rï` em j` odso` o`lmr`. o`lmr` .  Rdl moi`raf, mst` tmsds prfeuhf, t`oidäl emsem sus bfodmlzfs, edvmrsfs mlnrmlt`odmltfs tmòrdbf / mpdstmofjòadbfs qum numrfl fijda`lef ` ul` rmnjmxdòl b`e` vmz oàs `hust`e` ` j`s mspmbdndbde`ems em b`e` b`opf pmrf t`oidäl numrfl `bmrbàlefsm g`bd` ` jfs mstuedfs oujtdedsbdpjdl`rdfs. Emsem mj pultf em vdst` gdstòrdbf, j` bflnfro`bdòl em jf sfbd`j y guo`lf, bfof bdmlbd` pfsdtdv`, mstuvf jda`e`, `j dau`j qum jfs em j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms, ` bfledbdflms gdstòrdb`s mspmbïndb`s. J`s bdmlbd`s em j` l`tur`jmz`, smaøl vdofs l`bml jda`e`s ` j` `pmrtur` emj bfomrbdf y `j l`bdodmltf em j` iuraumsï`. J`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms y guo`l`s, ` j` Ymvfjubdòl Nr`lbms` y j` Ymvfjubdòl Dleustrd`j qum bfleubml ` j` dlst`j`bdòl em j` sfbdme`e b`pdt`jdst` iuraums` ml mj oulef. @bj`rmofs, sdl moi`raf, qum - bfof j` bflsfjde`bdòl em j`s bdmlbd`s qum dltmar`l mj b`opf em jf sfbd`j y guo`lf lf sm rm`jdzò ml mj odsof ofomltf sdlf qum fburrdò pfr jf omlfs ` jf j`raf em efs sdajfs - j`s sdtu`bdflms gdstòrdb`s edndmrml ul t`ltf em bdmlbd` ml bdmlbd`. @sï, ` j` mbflfoï` y j` sfbdfjfaï` jm bfrrmspflem mj dldbdf em j` rmvfjubdòl dleustrd`j. J` psdbfjfaï`, y` `v`lz`e` j` odso`- J` `ltrfpfjfaï` `j lmfbfjfld`jdsof.  ]l b`sf edstdltf jf bflstdtuym j` Gdstfrd` qum, pfr su `ltdaúme`e, sm vm fijda`e` ` rmpmls`r j` l`rr`tdv`. @øl `sï, tfe`s sfl emuefr`s em mst`s efs rmvfjubdflms8 rmvfjubdflms8 j` Ymvfjubdòl Nr`lbms` Nr`lbms` y j` Ymvfjubdòl Dleustrd`j.  ‚Bfl j` Ymvfjubdòl Dleustrd`j, `p`rmbdò ul` lumv` smbbdòl em j` bj`sm iuraums`8 ul` bj`sm

b`pdt`jdst` dleustrd`j buyfs dltmrmsms mst`i`l ml bfltr` emj sdstmo` vdamltm mst`ijmbdef pfr jfs dltmrmsms `ar`rdfs y bfomrbd`jms em j` `rdstfbr`bd` bflsmrv`efr` emj sdajf W^DDD‟8 (Efii, O., 0412).

Mj b`pdt`jdsof dleustrd`j, qum sm o`ldnmstò dldbd`jomltm ml Dlaj`tmrr` y tr`stfbò mj freml mbflòodbf / sfbd`j. Jfs b`oidfs ml j` nfro` em prfeubbdòl prfvfb`rfl j` `p`rdbdòl em lumv`s bj`sms sfbd`jms 1>

 

bfof mj prfjmt`rd`ef y j` iuraumsï` dleustrd`j, ems`rrfjj`lef ml nfro` brmbdmltm mj pfemr em j` bj`sm omed` (bfl j` bfls`ide` bflbmpbdòl utdjdt`rd` em j` vde`). @sï, ul prfbmsf em ràpde` uri`ldz`bdòl gdzf b`oid`r j` ndsflfoï` ` j`s bdue`ems y b`opfs. Rm lmbmsdt`i`l lumv`s sfjubdflms p`r` lumvfs prfijmo`s t`ltf ml mj ldvmj em j` pràbtdb` (ofef em fra`ldz`bdòl) bfof ml mj emj `làjdsds tmòrdbf (ofef em bfoprmlsdòl). Jfs bflbmptfs em sfbdme`e, bujtur`, freml mbflòodbf, bfleubt` mtb. rmbdidmrfl ul dopujsf qum jfs bfjfbò ml mj bmltrf em tfe` rmnjmxdòl tmòrdb`3 rmnjmxdòl surade` em j` lmbmsde`e em mlbfltr`r ul` lumv` nfro` em freml sfbd`j `bfrem bfl j`s mxpmbt`tdv`s em j` bj`sm iuraums`. iuraums`.  J` Ymvfjubdòl Nr`lbms` ofstrò bòof j` `bbdòl guo`l` pfeï` ofedndb`r ul freml pfjïtdbf qum jjmv`i` sdajfs pmrf, `j odsof tdmopf, bfomlzò ` smltdrsm qum j` sfbdme`e, msb`p`i` `j bfltrfj guo`lf. Jfs bflbmptfs em bujtur` y sfbdme`e embj`r`l tàbdt`omltm qum jfs gfoirms g`l brm`ef ul oulef sfbd`j emj bu`j g`l sdef `jdml`efs =>8  @sï, jfs bflbmptfs amrodl`jms em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms mstàl jda`efs pfr mj tr`uo` em l`bdodmltf em ul oulef sfbd`j emj bu`j jfs gfoirms sdmltml, `j odsof tdmopf, ul` lumv` pftmlbd` y ul` tràadb` dopftmlbd` (Afujelmr, 0414).  Mj ofvdodmltf qum bfleubm emsem mltmlemr j` sfbdme`e, j` bujtur` y j` mbflfoï` bfof emtmrodl`ltms emj dledvdeuf m dopfldälefsm bfl numrz` bf`btdv`, g`bd` mltmlemr `j suhmtf bfof emtmrodl`ltm em j` sfbdme`e, oumstr` su jda`zòl ` su tr`uo` em l`bdodmltf  ‒  y jf pferï`ofs smaudr, prdlbdp`jomltm, ml j` sfbdfjfaï`. Emltrf em mstm o`rbf amlmr`j ¶Buàj ms j` rmspumst` qum sm jm e` ` j` prmault` mpdstmofjòadb` mpdstmofjòad b` nule`omlt`j sfirm bòof prfeubml y v`jde`l mj bflfbdodmlt bflfbdodmltf, f, j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms y guo`l`s6 y t`oidäl ¶bòof emndlml su fihmtf em mstuedf6 J` rmspumst` lf ms øldb` y p`r` rmspflemrj` emimofs g`bmrlfs b`raf em j` mspmbdndbde`e em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms. 

Mspmbdndbde`e em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms. sfb d`jms.  Rd idml eur`ltm oubgf tdmopf jfs mstuedfs sfbd`jms y guo`l`s rmburrdmrfl ` jfs ofemjfs em j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms p`r` a`l`r bdmltdndbde`e, bfl mj bfrrmr emj tdmopf y j`s rmnjmxdflms mpdstmofjòadb`s, sm g` jjma`ef ` bfoprmlemr qum us`r msfs ofemjfs (t`ltf  (t`ltf   em mxpjdb`bdòl bfof em rmj`bdòl mltrm mj suhmtf y mj fihmtf em mstuedf f j` mxpmrdomlt`bdòl y j` omede`), sfl nfro`s dlbfopjmt`s em `làjdsds p`r` mst`s bdmlbd`s.  Mst` mspmbdndbde`e sm vmrà omhfr sd bfop`r`ofs su fihmtf em mstuedf bfl mj em j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms, qum y` gmofs `l`jdz`ef.  Bdmlbd`s em j` l`tur`jms (nïsdb`, l`tur`jms  (nïsdb`, amfjfaï`, quïodb`, idfjfaï`, mtb.) su fihmtf lf b`oid` emo`sd`ef y, sd jf g`bm ms j`raf emj tdmopf, tdmlml b`p`bde`e p`r` mxpmrdomlt`r bfl sus fihmtfs em =>

 Emsem mj pultf em vdst` ndjfsòndbf pfr `jdml`bdòl sm mltdmlem mxtr`ð`odmltf f edst`lbd`odmltf y mxprms` ul` mxtr`ðmz` emj suhmtf rmspmbtf em sï odsof. Mst` lfbdòl num mj`ifr`e` mspmbd`jomltm pfr Gmamj, Nmumri`bg y O`rx,. Ml jfs O`lusbrdtfs mbflòodbf-ndjfsòndbfs em 0755, O`rx sfstdmlm qum mj gfoirm ms prfeubtf em su tr`i`hf y mj tr`i`hf, ml j` sfbdme`e b`pdt`jdst` ms tr`i`hf `jdml`ef. Mj gfoirm sm bflvdmrtm ml sdmrvf (y lf eumðf) emj fihmtf qum äj odsof g`  prfeubdef. J` `jdlm`bdòl lf tmrodl` `jjï sdlf qum g`st` mj qum prfeubm mj fihmtf qume` bflvmrtdef ml bfs`, ms embdr ml ul` omrb`lbï`, vmlem su jdimrt`e pfr ul s`j`rdf y j` vde` emj firmrf sm bflvdmrtm ml ul omedf p`r` vdvdr. @sï, jf `jdml`ef lf ms sfj`omltm mj prfeubtf, sdlf t`oidäl mj firmrf, pums `j smr emspfsmïef em su omrb`lbï`, ms emspfs emspfsmïef mïef em sï o odsof8 dsof8 mj tr`i`h`efr emvdmlm ul` ‚bfs`‟ oàs, ul` omrb`lbï`, ms embdr sm rmdndb`. @ p`rtdr em `quï mj bflbmptf em `jdlm`bdòl g` tfo`ef prmmodlmlbd` p`r` b`r`btmrdz`r tfef prfbmsf omed`ltm mj bu`j jf prfpdf sm vumjvm mxtr`ðf.

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bflfbdodmltf (`ulqum mst` lf ms uldnfrom ml tfe`s mjj`s) y ems`rrfjj`l tmblfjfaï`s qum pmrodtml mj bfltrfj em j` l`tur`jmz`.  Bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms y guo`l`s  guo`l`s   (psdbfjfaï`, pme`afaï`, sfbdfjfaï`, mbflfoï`, gdstfrd`, `ltrfpfjfaï`, mtb.)8 su fihmtf b`oid` ml bdbjfs tmopfr`jms bfrtfs, y` qum tr`t`l em suhmtfs y sfbdme`ems guo`l`s3 tdmlml o`yfrms edndbujt`ems p`r` g`bmr mxpmrdomlt`bdòl, y ml `jaul`s edsbdpjdl`s ld sdqudmr` g`y pfsdidjde`e pfsdidjde`e (pfr mhmopjf8 gdstfrd`, sfbdfjfaï`, mtlfjfaï`), `emoàs emiml g`bmrsm b`raf, ml sus oätfefs, em j` pfsdidjde`e em edstfrsdflms pfr mj gmbgf qum mj fihmtf em mstuedf ms mj suhmtf qum `btø` ml sfbdme`e8 suhmtf y fihmtf tdmlml ul` rmj`bdòl rmbïprfb`. Rus tmblfjfaï`s sfl em mndb`bd` jdodt`e`.  Ms pfr mstf qum, sd qumrmofs `pjdb`r jfs ofemjfs em j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms ` j`s sfbd`jms, lfs mlbfltr`rmofs bfl prfijmo`s qum suraml emj b`ràbtmr mspmbïndbf em su fihmtf em mstuedf.  Ml bflsmbumlbd`, lfs g`rmofs b`raf em trms bumstdflms nule`omlt`jms qum ednmrmlbd`l ` j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms em j`s sfbd`jms. 0  ‒ J`s mspmbdndbde`ems mpdstmofjòadb`s y omtfefjòadb`s qum pj`ltm`l mj mst`tus emj suhmtf qum dlvmstda` y em su fihmtf. 9 ‒ J` mxpjdb`bdòl mxpjdb`bdòl ml bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms. 2 - Efs nfro`s ednmrmltms em mxpjdb`bdòl omtfefjòadb` smaøl j` o`lmr` em bflbmidr mj fihmtf em mstuedf (bfl jf bu`j dltmrrmj`bdfl`ofs dltmrrmj`bdfl`ofs jfs efs pultfs `ltmrdfrms).  0  ‒ Mspmbdndbde`ems mpdstmofjòadb`s y omtfefjòadb`s [d`amt rmbflfbm efs tdpfs em prfijmo`s (suradefs em su mspmbdndbde`e) p`r` `pjdb`r jfs ofemjfs em j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms8 jfs mpdstmofjòadbfs y jfs omtfefjòadbfs. Bflsdemr` mpdstmofjòadbfs mpdstmofjòad bfs ` `qumjjfs prfijmo`s qum suram emj prmsupumstf sfirm bòof ms j` rmj`bdòl mltrm mj suhmtf qum bflfbm y mj fihmtf bflfbdef p`r` prfeubdr bflfbdodmltf y jj`o` prfijmo`s omtfefjòadbfs ` `qumjjfs qum tdmlml qum vmr bfl j` nfro` ml qum sm `equdmrm mj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf.  @ - Ml bu`ltf ` j`s mspmbdndbde`ems mpdstmofjòadb`s pfemofs mpdstmofjòadb`s  pfemofs [d`amt sfstdmlm qum mj suhmtf, bu`lef vdvm y `btø` ms bmltrf em sus lmbmsde`ems. Mstm suhmtf bmltr`ef ml jfs òra`lfs em jfs smltdefs y vfjb`ef ` s`tdsn`bmr sus lmbmsde`ems [d`amt jf emlfodl` suhmtf mafbältrdbf. Ms mj suhmtf qum tdmlm ul` rmj`bdòl dlomed`t` bfl jfs fihmtfs qum s`bd`l sus lmbmsde`ems.  [mrf ml j` rmj`bdòl em bflfbdodmltf sm rmqudmrm dr oàs `jjà em ms`s emtmrodl`bdflms emtmrodl`bdflms suihmtdv`s, oàs `jjà emj suhmtf bmltr`ef. Ms embdr, mj bflfbdodmltf ms ul` rmj`bdòl mltrm ul suhmtf qum bflfbm `j qum emlfodl`ofs suhmtf mpdstäodbf y ul fihmtf em bflfbdodmltf. [mrf, ¶quä ms suhmtf mpdstäodbf6   ‚Mj suhmtf qum bffredl` sus `bbdflms mltrm sï y bfl j`s em ftrfs, odem, b`jbuj` y mpdstäodbf6 emeubm em o`lmr` vmrdndb`ijm pfr ftrfs, y buy`s `btdvde`ems mpdstäod mpdstäodb`s b`s sfl bfoulms ` tfefs jfs suhmtfs‟, y `j prfbmsf qum jf g`bm pfsdijm eur`ltm tfe` su vde` [d`amt jf emlfodl` ‚ prfbmsf em emsbmltr`bdòl‟ ([d`amt, 0412). [fr mstf pfemofs embdr qum j` rmj`bdòl em bflfbdodmltf supflm ul suhmtf emsbmltr`ef, ul suhmtf qum tfom edst`lbd` em sus prfpd`s lmbmsde`ems suihmtdv`s. Mj bdmltïndbf qum dlvmstda` ms ul suhmtf mpdstäodbf qum g` jjma`ef `j oàs `jtf ar`ef em emsbmltr`bdòl.  Ufo`lef mj tmo` em j` bdmlbd`, [d`amt smð`j` qum j` rmj`bdòl em bflfbdodmltf y mj prfbmsf em emsbmltr`bdòl qum sm mxprms` ml mj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf rmsujt` smr ednmrmltm smaøl mj tdpf em fihmtf qum b`e` bdmlbd` bflstdtuy`. Em mstm ofef jfs fihmtfs em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms (buyf fihmtf sfl j`s pràbtdb`s sfbd`jms) amlmr`l `j suhmtf mpdstäodbf ul` edndbujt`e o`yfr p`r` j` emsbmltr`bdòl. ¶[fr quä t`j edndbujt`e6 [d`amt bfltmst` qum mj fihmtf em mstuedf mstà nfro`ef pfr suhmtfs3 ms embdr8 ‚mj suhmtf qum fismrv` f mxpmrdomlt` ml sï odsof f ml ftrf, pumem, pfr ul` p`rtm, smr ofedndb`ef

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pfr jfs nmlòomlfs fismrv`efs (ftrfs ( ftrfs suhmtfs), suhmtfs), y pfr ftr`, e`r jua`r ` ofedndb`bdflms ml bu`ltf `j ems`rrfjjf y j` l`tur`jmz` odso` em msfs nmlòomlfs‟ ([d`amt, 0412). J`s r`zflms em j` edndbujt`e sfl efs8  J` prdomr` ms qum, j` nrfltmr` mltrm mj suhmtf mpdstäodbf y mj mafbältrdbf lf ms bj`r` e`ef qum mj yf emj fismrv`efr ms p`rtm dltmar`ltm em jfs nmlòomlfs qum emimrï` pfemr mstued`r mstued`r emsem numr`. J` smaule`, mstà ml rmj`bdòl bfl j`s v`jfr`bdflms. Ufef bdmltïndbf lmbmsdt` v`jfrdz`r, ml rmj`bdòl bflsdaf odsof, `qumjjf qum sm edspflm ` dlvmstda`r pmrf ml mj b`opf sfbd`j, sfstdmlm [d`amt, bu`ltf oàs sm v`jfrdz` mj fihmtf oàs prfijmoàtdbf sm vumjvm mj prfbmsf em emsbmltr`bdòl. emsbmltr`bdòl. Ml mnmbtf, sm g`bm oàs ednïbdj smp`r`rsm em sus dltmrmsms y lmbmsde`ems suihmtdv`s jf qum lf sdaldndb` qum sm` dopfsdijm. U`j edndbujt`e amlmr` prfijmo`s qum rmqudmrm em ul dlvmstda`efr b`p`z em `utf-rmnjmxdòl, qum g`a` em su jua`r ml mj prfbmsf em bflfbdodmltf mj prfijmo` prdomrf em su dlvmstda`bdòl.  [mrf t`oidäl, emimrà pj`ltm`rsm j`s pràbtdb`s sfbd`jms (fihmtf em mstuedf, su fihmtf em bflfbdodmltf) bfof prfijmoàtdb`s, e`ef qum lumstr` mxpmrdmlbd` em j` rm`jde`e sm lfs e` y` smodftdz`e`,, ms embdr, dlsmrt` ml jfs prfbmsfs em bflstrubbdòl em sdaldndb`efs. Jf qum bflfbm (m smodftdz`e` dltmlt` dltmrprmt`r bdmltïndb`omltm) sfl sdmoprm rmems em sdaldndb`bdflms qum y` mstàl dltmrprmt`e`s pfr jfs edstdltfs `btfrms sfbd`jms. J` dltmrprmt`bdòl qum rm`jdz` mj dlvmstda`efr bdmltïndbf ms mltflbms sfirm ftr`s dltmrprmt`bdflms. @ mstf Adeemls jf jj`o` efijm gmromläutdb`, gmromläutdb`, qum amlmr` lumvfs prfijmo`s. [fr mhmopjf ¶Puä ¶ Puä rmj`bdòl emiml tmlmr j`s dltmrprmt`bdflms dltmrprmt`bdflms em jfs `btfrms sfbd`jms bfl j`s dltmrprmt`bdflms emj bdmltïndbf sfbd`j6 ¶Puä p`s` bu`lef mj `btfr sfbd`j bflfbm j`s dltmrprmt`bdflms jfs bdmltïndbfs sfbd`jms6 Ms pfsdijm pfs dijm bu`lefÄst` sm g`bml mxpjdbdt`s j`s amlmr`jdz`bdflms qum mjemfihmtf em mstuedf lf bflfbï`, ästmqum b`oid`. ms ftr` em j`s ednmrmlbd`s bfl j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms.  I - @gfr`, prmsm prmsmlt`rmofs lt`rmofs j`s mspmbdndbde `ems `ems  omtfefjòadb`s.   J`s bfrrdmltms pfsdtdvdst`s g`l sfstmldef qum j`s bdmlbd`s odeml, mxpmrdomlt`l y bfltr`st`l sus tmfrï`s bfl j` rm`jde`e y mstf ms, t`j bfof gmofs vdstf, j` a`r`ltï` em jfs hudbdfs em rm`jde`e. Ml mj freml em jf sfbd`j y guo`lf sm g` smð`j`ef bfof ul` brïtdb` qum j` mxpmrdomlt`bdòl y j` omede` lf sfl dau`jomltm pfsdijms jf qum sdaldndb` ul lumvf tmo` em pfjäodb`s y rmnjmxdflms. [d`amt sfstdmlm qum ml b`e` b`sf mj fihmtf em mstuedf jms pj`ltm` ` b`e` bdmlbd` sfbd`j edstdltfs prfijmo`s. [mrf `bj`rmofs ul pfbf mstf. Ms bdmrtf qum j` mxpmrdomlt`bdòl ml bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms ` vmbms ms ednïbdj y ftr`s dopfsdijm pmrf, sfstdmlm [d`amt, emimofs pultu`jdz`r qum t`oidäl ml mj freml em jf l`tur`j g`y bdmlbd`s qum g`l tmldef edndbujt`ems em mxpmrdomlt`bdòl. Lfs rmnmrdofs mspmbd`jomltm ` j` `strflfoï`. Ml mst` bdmlbd`, bfof `jaul`s em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms y guo`l`s, jfs fihmtfs em mstuedf mstàl sdtu`efs ml msb`j`s o`yfrms qum j` `bbdòl dledvdeu`j. Ml `strflfoï` j`s edst`lbd`s y jfs fihmtfs pmrtmlmbml ` ul` msb`j`s o`brf y ml sfbdfjfaï` f emofar`nï` sm tr`t` em nmlòomlfs bfjmbtdvfs. Ml ldlaulf em jfs b`sfs bdt`efs pumeml ofedndb`rsm jfs nmlòomlfs v`rd`lef jfs n`btfrms (qum ms jf qum rmqudmrm ul oätfef mxpmrdomlt`j). [mrf j` pfsdidjde`e em j` bfrrmj`bdòl em j`s msqumo`s tmòrdbfs bfl mj bàjbujf y j` omede` jjmv` `j mqudv`jmltm em ul` mxpmrdomlt`bdòl ml t`ltf qum pmrodtml ul` bflnrflt`bdòl mltrm j`s omede`s y j`s lumv`s bflsmbumlbd` s`b`e`s em j` tmfrï`. [fr ftrf j`ef, rmsujt` ` vmbms pfsdijm ul` mxpmrdomlt`bdòl dledrmbt` brm`lef bfledbdflms ‚odbrf‟ sdodj`rms ` j`s ‚o`brf‟ qum pmrodt` mxtr`mr bflsmbumlbd`s. Ms mj b`sf em j`s mxpmrdmlbd`s em j`ifr`tfrdf p`r` prfi`r pfr mhmopjf j` ar`vme`e. Ml j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms f guo`l`s p`rmbm, mltflbms, qum lf ms j` edndbujt`e ml j` mxpmrdomlt`bdòl mxpmrdomlt`bd òl su prfijmo` prdlbdp`j e`ef qum, mstf pumem smr bfopmls`ef bfl j` prmbdsdòl ml j` omede`. T prmbds`omltm, su prdlbdp`j edndbujt`e r`edb` ml bflsmaudr ul ar`ef em prmbdsdòl

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`bmpt`ijm bfl rmspmbtf `j bàjbujf y j` omede`. Mstf g` jjmv`ef ` j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms y guo`lfs ` iusb`r ftrfs b`odlfs em `làjdsds em sus fihmtf m mstuedf. [d`amt `l`jdz`, ml rmj`bdòl bfl j`s edndbujt`ems omtfefjòadb`s, j` sdtu`bdòl em v`rd`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms y guo`l`s8 mbflfoï`, sfbdfjfaï`, psdbfjfaï`, mtlfar`nï`, emofar`nï` y jdlaúïstdb`. B`e` ul` em mjj`s, g`l rmsumjtf jfs prfijmo`s qum jms pj`ltm`i` su fihmtf em mstuedf em o`lmr` ednmrmltm. J` emofar`nï` ms b`sd j` øldb` em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms y guo`l`s qum lf trfpdmz` bfl mst` edndbujt`e p`r` omedr. Mst` pfsdidjde`e suram emj gmbgf em qum j` ulde`e em omede` sfl jfs dledvdeufs. Em t`j ofef pumem `pjdb`r oätfefs mst`eïstdbfs rmj`tdv`omltm smlbdjjfs. @quï `p`rmbm ul b`sf sdodj`r `j em j` `strflfoï` ml t`ltf bfopmls` su edndbujt`e p`r` mxpmrdomlt`r ml smltdef mstrdbtf bfl j` ar`l prmbdsdòl luoärdb`. luoärdb`.  Ml b`oidf ms ednmrmltm j` pfsdbdòl em j` psdbfjfaï`, psdbfjfaï`, Rd prmsmlt` `jaul` edndbujt`e p`r` rm`jdz`r bdmrtf tdpf em mxpmrdomltfs lf sm emi` ` j` msb`j` em su fihmtf em mstuedf e`ef qum mstm ms mj bfopfrt`odmltf dledvdeu`j. J` jdodt`bdòl ms pfr bumstdflms ätdb`s qum g`bml qum bdmrtfs mxpmrdomltfs lf sm pj`ldndquml emltrf em su b`opf pfr bflsdemr`rjfs bfltr`rdfs `j rmspmtf em j` edalde`e guo`l` emj dledvdeuf. Rdl moi`raf, emsem mj pultf em vdst` mpdstmofjòadbf, jfs mxpmrdomltfs sfl pfsdijms y prmsmlt`l ouy pfb`s edndbujt`ems. [umeml prfar`o`rsm sdtu`bdflms mxpmrdomlt`jms mxpmrdomlt`j ms p`r`, pfr mhmopjf, `l`jdz`r j` b`p`bde`e p`r` rmsfjvmr prfijmo`s.  J` ar`l edndbujt`e em j` psdbfjfaï` ms j` n`jt` em ulde`ems em omede`. Ms bdmrtf qum jfs psdbòjfafs g`bml rmnmrmlbd` `j rmsujt`ef em jfs tmst bfof ul` nfro` em omede` pmrf lf pumem bflsdemràrsmj` omede` ml smltdef mstrdbtf pfrqum lf pfsmmofs ul` ulde`e em omede` qum pfr rmpmtdbdòl pume` e`r bu`lt` em ms` b`p`bde`e omede`. [fr mhmopjf ‚]l suhmtf rmbumre` fbgf p`j`ir`s em qudlbm ml ul` prumi` em omofrd` f bu`trf smbtfrms em jfs smds qum tdmlm ul rmbfrrdef msp`bd`j, lf s`imofs ld sd ms`s p`j`ir`s f msfs smbtfrms sfl mqudv`jmltms mltrm sï, ld t`opfbf em quä o`lmr` bfop`r`r j` omofrd` em j`s p`j`ir`s bfl j` em jfs tr`ymbtfs ‟. ([d`amt, 0412)  [mrf `emoàs, `ul bu`lef tfomofs mstf bfof ul sdodj omede`, omede`, lf lfs `pfrt` bflfbdodmltf sfirm jfs omb`ldsofs ïltdofs qum jjmvò ` b`if mj suhmtf p`r` rmsfjvmr mj prfijmo` prmsmlt`ef.  Ms ar`bd`s ` ftrfs ofemjfs qum mst` bdmlbd` mstà ml pfsmsdòl em e`tfs mst`eïstdbfs y mstrubtur`s jòadbf-o`tmoàtdb`s, jf qum lfs pmrodtm embdr qum su edndbujt`e lf jm prfeuhf jdodt`bdflms sdlf qum j` fijdaò ` iusb`r ftrfs b`odlfs. Ml mbflfoï`  j` omede` ms oàs `bbmsdijm lf `sï j` mx mxpmrdomlt` pmrdomlt`bdòl bdòl ml smltdef mstrdbtf jf qum mbflfoï` j` lf fist` ` qum bdmrt`s nfro`s em pflmr ` prumi` ofemjfs mbflòodbfs pume`l bflsdemr`rsm bflsdemr`rsm bu`sd mxpmrdomltfs.  Mj fihmtf em mstuedf em j` mbflfoï` ms mj dltmrb`oidf em v`jfr em freml mbflòodbf. Mstfs dltmrb`oidfs edndmrml em jfs dltmrb`oidfs pfjïtdbfs, ofr`jms f `nmbtdvfs pfr bu`ltf jfs prdomrfs sfl bu`ltdndb`ijms y jfs smaulefs pfsmml ul b`ràbtmr bu`jdt`tdvf. [umeml bflsdemr`rsm dltmrb`oidfs em v`jfr em freml mbflòodbf ` dltmrb`oidfs qum sm rmauj`rdz`l, mst`ijmbdmlef qum  qum   pfr b`e` x emim g`imr ul y. [`r` y. [`r` mstf sm g`bm dledspmls`ijm bflt`r bfl ul` ulde`e em omede` qum ml mbflfoï` sfl jfs prmbdfs, j` oflme` mtb. ‚ [mrf tfe`vï` mst`ofs ouy jmhfs em  em   pfsmmr ul sdstmo` em ulde`ems em omede` mltrm j`s bu`jms sm pume`l mst`ijmbmr mqudv`jmlbd`s bfof ml j` nïsdb`‟ ([d`amt, 0412).  Ml t`ltf j` mxpmrdomlt`bdòl ml smltdef mstrdbtf lf ms pfsdijm. Ròjf pferï`ofs sfstmlmr qum g`y mxpmrdomlt`bdòl sd j` mltmlemofs oàs idml bfof ul` fismrv`bdòl aud`e` pfr ul sdstmo` em `istr`bbdflms dlspdr`ef ml ofemjfs tmòrdbfs. [mrf `quï mstà j` edndbujt`e o`yfr em j` mbflfoï`8

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pflmr ` pultf jfs ofemjfs tmòrdbfs bfl j` rm`jde`e mopïrdb`, ms embdr mj prfijmo` em j` bfltr`st`bdòl. Jfs ofemjfs tmòrdbfs utdjdz`efs pfr j` mbflfoï` sfl b`e` vmz oàs sutdjms (j` jòadb` o`tmoàtdb`, jfs ofemjfs ombàldbfs, mstfbàstdbfs, j` tmfrï` em jfs humafs, y oätfefs fpmr`bdfl`jms, jfs ofemjfs bdimrlätdbfs, mtb.) y sfl utdjdz`efs `jtmrl`tdv`omltm ml bfoidl`bdòl bfl `làjdsds gdstòrdbfs y `làjdsds dlstdtubdfl`jms. [mrf j` `pjdb`bdòl em tfefs mstfs oätfefs ` jfs e`tfs em j` mxpmrdmlbd` trfpdmz` bfl j` edndbujt`e em j` emjdodt`bdòl em jfs b`opfs em fismrv`bdòl ([d`amt, 0412)  J` jdlaúïstdb` jdlaúïstdb`,, ‚prmsmlt` ul `eodr`ijm mhmopjf em ul` bdmlbd` ml j` qum j` mxpmrdomlt`bdòl ms pràbtdb`omltm dopfsdijm (s`jvf ml nflätdb` mxpmrdomlt`j y ml p`sdbfjdlaúïstdb`), y ml j` qum mj `làjdsds sdstmoàtdbf em jfs e`tfs fismrv`ijms g` i`st`ef p`r` bflstrudr oätfefs buyf rdafr emim smrvdr em mhmopjf p`r` ftr`s bdmlbd`s emj gfoirm‟ ( [d`amt, [d`amt, 0412). @ul bu`lef t`opfbf jm g` sdef mj`ifr`r sdstmo`s em ulde`em ulde`emss em omede`.  J` iøsqume` em rmauj`rde`ems sm g` `pfy`ef ml j`s mstrubtur`s jòadb`s. @ p`rtdr em `quï j` jdlaúïstdb` g` smaudef efs b`odlfs ednmrmltms8 0 ‒ Omedr ml nfro` mst`eïstdb` j`s rmauj`rde`ems rmauj`rde`ems mxtmrdfrms em jfs prfbmsfs dltmrlfs 9 ‒ Ym`jdz`r `làjdsds mstrubtur`jms. @sï bflstruyò ul` omtfefjfaï` jf sundbdmltmomltm prmbds` bfof p`r` prfarms`r ml j` `equdsdbdòl em jfs bflfbdodmltfs. bflfbdodmltfs. J` pfsdbdòl oàs ednïbdj j` fbup`l j` mtlfar`nï` y j` sfbdfjfaï` pfrqum sfbdfjfaï`  pfrqum j`s edndbujt`ems sfl t`ltf p`r` mxpmrdomlt`r bfof p`r` omedr ml tfefs jfs tmrrmlfs. [d`amt `ndro` qum j`s edndbujt`ems qum mst` bdmlbd` tuvf p`r` utdjdz`r oätfefs em j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms j` bflvdrtdò ml ul` bdmlbd` brm`tdv` ml mstm tmrrmlf.  [d`amt bflsdemr` qum, ml amlmr`j, sfl bu`trf j`s täbldb`s omtfefj omtfefjòadb`s òadb`s oàs bfoulms ml mst`s àrm`s.  0 - Mj `làjdsds mst`eïstdbf oujtdv`rd`ef qum pmrodtm dr emsem j`s bfrrmj`bdflms ` j`s b`us`s em jfs nmlòomlfs. 9 -mstrubtur`jdst` Ml smaulef jua`r mj `làjdsds em j`s mstrubtur`s jf bu`j sm g``jjà dopjmomlt`ef mj oätfef (tfo`ef emj àjamir` bu`jdt`tdv`) qum p`r` tdmleml ` dr oàs em j`s b`us`s, g`bd` j`s dopjdb`bdflms qum eml bumlt` em mstfs e`tfs pfr omedf em bflhultfs suiy`bmltms.  2  ‒  J` tmrbmr` fpbdòl bflsdstm ml bffredl`r mj `làjdsds mstrubtur`j bfl mj `làjdsds gdstòrdbf f sm`, bffredl`r j` mstrubtur` y j` aälmsds (frdmlt`bdòl (frdmlt`bdòl o`rxdst`).  5 ‒ [fr øjtdof, jfs oätfefs em j` odbrfsfbdfjfaï` qum mstued`l ml ul` msb`j` dlnmrdfr jfs prfbmsfs o`brf. Rd idml mst`s mstr`tmad`s suradmrfl ml jfs bmltrfs em mstuedfs em sfbdfjfaï` sm g`l prfymbt`ef `j rmstf em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`j sfbd`jms. ms. 9 - J` mxpjdb`bdò mxpjdb`bdò l ml bdmlbd`s sfb d`jms J` mxpjdb`bdòl ml ul` bdmlbd` lf ms tft`jomltm `hml` ` j` bflbmpbdòl qum tmla`ofs em su fihmtf y` qum ästm empmlem em j` pmrspmbtdv` emsem j` qum jfs bdmltïndbfs «mltdmle`l³ j` rm`jde`e.

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Bfltr`rd`omltm ` jf qum sm brmm ` omluef, mj b`odlf em j` bdmlbd` lf bflsdstm sòjf ml fismrv`r, ml `buouj`r e`tfs mxpmrdomlt`jms p`r` emeubdr ul` tmfrï`. ‚Ms pmrnmbt`omltm pfsdijm fismrv`r ul fihmtf eur`ltm `ðfs sdl mxtr`mr h`oàs j` omlfr fismrv`bdòl em dltmräs bdmltïndbf S…_ Rd j` bdmlbd` mvfjubdfl` ms pfrqum ul `spmbtf tfe`vï`

emsbflfbdef em j`s bfs`s sm emsvmj` em rmpmltm3 lf sdmoprm bfof bflsmbumlbd` em j` `p`rdbdòl em dlstruomltfs lumvfs, sdlf ar`bd`s ` ul lumvf ofef em mx`odl`r jfs fihmtfs, em bflsdemr`rjfs i`hf ul àlaujf lumvf. Ms` odr`e` mstà lmbms`rd`omltm aud`e` pfr ul` bdmrt` dem` em jf qum pume` smr «j` rm`jde`e³. Dopjdb` sdmoprm ul` bdmrt` bflbmpbdòl em jf emsbflfbdef, em ms` zfl` sdtu`e` oàs `jjà em jf qum j` jòadb` y j` mxpmrdmlbd` `utfrdz`l ` brmmr‟ (H`bfi 04708 94-2;).  Ml bflsmbumlbd`, empmlem em j` tmfrï` y j` bdmlbd` sfbd`j em qum sm tr`tm, mj tdpf em mxpjdb`bdòl qum sm `suodrà bfof `prfpd`e`. Mstf lfs jjmv` ` rmbfre`r qum y` gmofs g`ij`ef em efs nfro`s em mxpjdb`bdòl (bu`l (bu`lef ef `l`jdz`ofs Gmopmj) qum sfl prfpd`s em j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms. [mrf, lf g`y qum fjvde`r j` edndbujt`e qum mst`s bdmlbd`s tdmlml p`r` mst`ijmbmr rmj`bdflms b`us`jms (mxpjdb`bdflms lfofjòadbf-emeubtdv` y prfi`idjïstdb`). ¶Mxdstml ofemjfs em mxpjdb`bdòl qum `bmptml omhfr j` mspmbdndbde`e emj suhmtf, em jfs prfbmsfs, em j`s rmj`bdflms, em j`s fra`ldz`bdflms, mtb., em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms6 Jfs dlvmstda`efrms ml bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms ` omluef `pfrt`l mxpjdb`bdflms r`bdfl`jms, rdaurfs`s y bfgmrmltms em bòof fburrm ul gmbgf sdl bflsmaudr mxpjdb`r pfr quä fburrm.  J`s pfsdbdflms rmeubbdfldst`s sòjf `bmpt`ràl bfof vàjde`s j`s efs prdomr`s nfro`s em mxpjdb`bdòl (lfofjòadbf-emeubtdv` y mst`eïstdb`), tfo`lef bfof bfltrfj em j` v`jdemz em j`s mxpjdb`bdflms j` pfsdidjde`e em mst`ijmbmr jmyms (b`us`jms f mst`eïstdb`s) emsem mj àoidtf emy jf sfbd`j g`l suradef efs tr`edbdflms ednmrmltms8 j` qum iusb` ednmrmltms pmrf nfro`s em mxpjdb`bdòl `qumjj` qum prfpflm j` bfoprmlsdòl (tr`edbdòl bfoprmlsdòl (tr`edbdòl gmromläutdb`). @oi`s tr`edbdfl tr`edbdflms ms tdmlm prfpumst`s em `bmrb`odmltf pmrf lfsftrfs tfo`rmofs sfj`omltm ul` em mjj`s8 j`s nfro`s em mxpjdb`bdòl pfsdijm.  @emoàs em j`s mxpjdb`bdflms qum y` `l`jdz`ofs ml j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms (y qum `øl g`y bdmltïndbfs qum sm msnumrz`l p`r` dltrfeubdr ml su efodldf em mstuedf) pfemofs omlbdfl`r j`s sdaudmltms8 0. Mxpjdb`bdòl pfr prfbmsfs. prfbmsfs. Rm i`s` ml j` rmbflstrubbdòl bfopjmt` em ul prfbmsf tdpdndb`ef, p`r` jf qum emiml demltdndb`rsm tfefs jfs mst`efs mvfjutdvfs f n`sms, smjmbbdfl`lef `qumjjfs qum, gdpftätdb`omltm, tdmlml rmjmv`lbd` p`r` mj ems`rrfjjf emj nmlòomlf. Rm mstued`l emsem mst` pmrspmbtdv` jfs prfbmsfs em sfbd`jdz`bdòl, sfbd`jdz`bdòl, dl`e`pt`bdòl, mtb.  9. Mxpjdb`bdòl nulbdfl`j, nulbdfl`j, sm rmndmrm ` ul tdpf p`rtdbuj`r em mxpjdb`bdòl em jfs `bfltmbdodmltfs em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms. Rm tr`t` em mxpjdbdt`r j`s nulbdflms qum ml ul sdstmo` buopjm ul mjmomltf, sd sm bfoprmlem mj sdstmo` sm pumeml mxpjdb`r j`s nulbdflms em sus mjmomltfs. [fr mhmopjf, sm pumem mxpjdb`r nulbdfl`jomltm j` nfro`bdòl em suiarupfs ml ul` bj`sm, ` p`rtdr em j`s nulbdflms em `pfyf, rmnumrzf, rmnmrmlbd`, mtb. qum buopjml jfs odsofs. [`r` j` mxpjdb`bdòl nulbdfl`j, sm emim emsbrdidr mj nmlòomlf ml su bfltmxtf, demltdndb`r jfs mjmomltfs rmjmv`ltms em edbgf bfltmxtf y j`s rmj`bdflms qum mst`ijmbml, j` mstrubtur` emj sdstmo` (bòof ms) y su edlàodb` (bòof nulbdfl``btø`).  2. Mxpjdb`bdòl brïtdbf-r`bdfl`j. brïtdbf-r`bdfl`j. Rm prmtmleml demltdndb`r jfs `spmbtfs dltmlbdfl`jms em j` `btdvde`e guo`l`, mst`ijmbmr jfs dltmrmsms, oftdv`bdflms, dltmlbdflms, mtb. qum e`l bumlt` em emtmrodl`ef emtmrodl`efss nmlòomlfs, mxpjdb`lef ` p`rtdr em j`s tmfrï`s qum g`l ofstr`ef su mndb`bd` bfaldtdv` g`st` mj ofomltf. J` mxpjdb`bdòl bfop`r`tdv` bfop`r`tdv` y j` psdbfjòadb` smrï`l em mstm tdpf.  5. Mxpjdb`bdòl tmjmfjòadb` . Rm mxpjdb` pfr b`us`s ndl`jms, femsubmsfs jf qum sm tr`t` mspfr emjj`s `làjdsds em j` `embu`bdòl em tmjmfjòadb`. omedfs ` ndlms. Rm mxpjdb`l j`s `bbdflms `btu`jms ndl`jde`ems pj`ltm`e`s, sdmlef j`s `bbdflms jfs omedfs qum sm ems`rrfjj`l p`r` jfar`rj`s. jfar`rj`s. Udmlm qum vmr bfl j`

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ndl`jde`e em j`s `bbdflms `btu`jms3 sd sm bfoprmlem j` ndl`jde`e sm pumeml mxpjdb`r j`s `bbdflms (pfr mhmopjf, sm mstued` p`r` bflsmaudr ul tïtujf).   J` tmfrï` em jfs humafs (y ml bdmrtf smltdef, j` jòadb` em j` sdtu`bdòl em [fppmr) - pfr mhmopjf, nule`omlt` sus mxpjdb`bdflms sfirm j` mxpjdb`bdòl tmjmfjòadb`, ems`rrfjj`lef ems`rrfjj`lef mj bflbmptf em mstr`tmad`  ‒  sm `pjdb` ml tfe`s j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms (pme`afaï`, psdbfjfaï`, sfbdfjfaï`, mbflfoï`). Rm p`rtm em j` demltdndb`bdòl demltdndb`bdòl em jfs fihmtdvfs emj suhmtf em j` `bbdòl (dledvdeufs, arupfs, fra`ldz`bdflms, mtb.), ms embdr, demltdndb` `jaul` bfs` prmtmlede` f omt` em j` `btu`bdòl. Rm `arma` `jaøl `btf f `btfs bfleubmltms ` su jfarf (mstr`tmad`), `jaf `sï bfof ul omedf edrdadef ` t`j ndl3 y pfr øjtdof, j`s dlstdtubdflms, fihmtfs dltmrvdldmltms y jfs mjmomltfs em bflfbdodmltf, p`r` `jb`lz`r mj ndl ml bumstdòl. 2 - Efs Efs nf ro`s ednmrmltms em mxpjdb`bdòl smaøl j` o`lmr` em bflbmidr mj fi hmtf em mstuedf. Mj tfef sfbd`j pumem smr `l`jdz`ef ` p`rtdr em emtmrodl`e` `sulbdflms tmòrdb`s bfl rmspmbtf ` bòof bflbmidr mj `làjdsds emj odsof. [femofs `suodr qum j` i`sm em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms sfl jfs `btfs em jfs suhmtfs, y` qum jfs øldbfs qum `btø`l y tdmlml dltmlbdflms sfl jfs suhmtfs. Emim mvdt`rsm j` prmtmlsdòl em `l`jdz`r j`s mltde`ems supr`-dledvdeu`jms bfof `amltms sfbd`jms. J` b`us`jde`e prfbmem em jf dledvdeu`j ` jf sfbd`j3 sm mhmrbm ` p`rtdr em jfs `amltms guo`lfs.  [mrf t`oidäl pfemofs `suodr qum mj tfef lf ms dau`j ` j` suo` em j`s p`rtms y qum jfs suhmtfs dledvdeu`jms, bfof `amltms sfbd`jms, p`rtdbdp`l em emtmrodl`e`s mstrubtur`s prm-mxdstmltms prm -mxdstmltms sdmlef jfs suhmtfs dledvdeu`jms mxprmsdflms em mst`s mstrubtur`s. Lfs g`jj`ofs nrmltm ` efs bflbmpbdflms ednmrmltms. J` prdomr` ms mj dledvdeu`jdsof omtfefjòadbf y j` smaule` sumjm emlfodl`rsm gfjdso gfjdsof. f. [`r` mj dledvdeu`jdsof omtfefjòadbf, sfstdmlm qum j` sfbdme`e sfb dme`e (f bu`jqudmr ftr` tft`jde`e sfbd`j qum sm emsmm mstued`r) lf ms oàs qum j` `arma`bdòl em p`rtms rmj`bdfl`e`s mltrm sï. Em `bumref bfl mstf, j`s jmyms f tmlemlbd`s sfbd`jms sfl tfe`s mjj`s rmeubdijms ` jmyms em j` bfleubt` dledvdeu`j. @sï, p`r` jfs ndjòsfnfs `l`jïtdbfs (rmj`bdfl`efs bfl j`s tmsds lmfpfsdtdvdst`s), j`s mxprmsdflms qum sm rmndmrml ` j` tft`jde`e sfbd`j, bfof b`pdt`jdsof, vfjult`e emj pumijf, sfbdme`e ajfi`j, mtb., sm bflsdemr`l demfjòadb`s. J` dem` em tft`jde`e qum o`lmh`l mstfs ndjòsfnfs ms j` em sdstmo` em j`s bflsmbumlbd`s bflsmbumlbd`s em j`s dltmr`bbdflms dledvdeu`jms dledvdeu`jms.. .Ifuefl mlulbd` mstm prdlbdpdf em j` sdaudmltm nfro`8 ‚Em o`lmr` amlmr`j, sm edrà qum sm mstà nrmltm ` ul` omtfefjfaï` dledvdeu`jdst` bu`lef j` mxdstmlbd` f mj `spmbtf em ul nmlòomlf [, f bu`lef j` rmj`bdòl mltrm ul nmlòomlf [ y ftrf nmlòomlf [—, sm `l`jdz`l mxpjïbdt`omltm bfof ul`

bflsmbumlbd` em j` jòadb` emj bfopfrt`odmltf em jfs dledvdeufs dopjdb`efs pfr msm nmlòomlf f msfs nmlòomlfs‟ (Ifuefl, 0444). Mj prfijmo` qum sm jm pj`ltm` `j dledvdeu`jdsof omtfefjòadbf ms mxpjdb`r bòof sm prfeubm mj tràlsdtf em j`s embdsdflms embdsdflms dledvdeu`jms (vfjult`rd`s f lf) ` jfs mnmbtfs bfjmbtdvfs (mltmledefs bfof nmlòomlfs em `arma`bdòl f mnmbtfs momramltms). momramltms). Mstm prfijmo` qume`rï` rmsumjtf sd sm puedmsm pfstuj`r ul` bfltdlude`e mltrm j` `bbdòl em jfs dledvdeufs (aud`e` pfr dltmrmsms dledvdeu`jms) y j` `bbdòl bfjmbtdv`, pmrf j` demltde`e em dltmrmsms dledvdeu`jms p`rmbm lf `jb`lz`r p`r` emsmlb`eml`r ul` `bbdòl bfjmbtdv`. Ml oubg`s sdtu`bdflms, jfs dledvdeufs tdmlml j` b`p`bde`e y mj emsmf em rm`jdz`r ul` `bbdòl bfjmbtdv` y, ` pms`r em mjjf, pmro`lmbml dl`btdvfs. Ml ftrfs b`sfs, mj dledvdeuf `btø` pmrf j` dltmr`bbdòl em tfefs jfs suhmtfs `btu`lef ml mj odsof smltdef emtmrodl` ul mnmbtf sfbd`j lf emsm`ef (mnmbtf pmrvmrsf). Ms embdr, mj dledvdeu`jdsof omtfefjòadbf omtfefjòadbf emim rmburrdr `j bflbmptf em mnmbtf mnmbtf  em `arma`bdòl, `arma`bdòl, p`r` e`r bumlt` em mst` edndbujt`e. 

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‚]l mnmbtf em `arma`bdòl f mnmbtf momramltm ms, pfr jf t`ltf, ul mnmbtf qum lf ms iusb`ef mxpjïbdt`omltm pfr jfs `amltms em ul sdstmo` y qum rmsujt` em su sdtu`bdòl em dltmrempmlemlbd`‟  

(Ifuefl, 0444).  Bu`lef mj mnmbtf momramltm amlmr` ul mst`ef em bfs`s qum dlbjusf ms bfltr`rdf ` jfs dltmrmsms em jfs `amltms dlvfjubr`efs3 ms embdr lf sfj`omltm ms lf iusb`ef sdlf t`oidäl dlemsm`ijm, Ifuefl jf emlfodl` ‚mnmbtf pmrvmrsf‟.  Mj mhmopjf bjàsdbf em ul nmlòoml nmlòomlf f em momramlbd` momramlbd` pmrvmrsf ms mj ruofr ml o`tmrd` ndl`lbdmr`.  ndl`lbdmr`.  J`s pfsdbdflms dledvdeu`jdst`s smð`j`l qum mstfs nmlòomlfs mxdstml y qum sfl j` bflsmbumlbd` bflsmbumlbd` em j` `arma`bdòl em j`s dltmr`bbdflms dledvdeu`jms8 sm ednulem ul ruofr sfirm j` pfsdijm dlsfjvmlbd` em emtmrodl`efs i`lbfs. Mltflbms b`e` ulf em jfs bjdmltms b jdmltms sm prmsmlt` p`r` rmtdr`r sus empòsdtfs, y j` `arma`bdòl em mstfs bfopfrt`odmltfs dledvdeu`jms tdmlm pfr bflsmbumlbd` jjmv`r mnmbtdv`omltm ` j` qudmir` ` jfs i`lbfs ml bumstdòl qum lf mr` j` dltmlbdòl em jfs `gfrrdst`s.  Mstfs nmlòomlfs em momramlbd` pmrvmrsfs pmrodtml nfrouj`r ul` mxpjdb`bdòl emj b`oidf sfbd`j ednmrmltm ` j` pj`ltm`e` pfr j`s bfrrdmltms o`rxdst`s. Ml vmz em mxpjdb`r jfs b`oidfs pfr bflnjdbtfs sfbd`jms jfs mxpjdb`l ` p`rtdr em j`s `bbdflms oàs mjmomlt`jms y sus mnmbtfs em `arma`bdòl. Rdl moi`raf j`s pfsdbdflms dledvdeu`jdst`s dledvdeu`jdst`s omtfefjòadb`s lf mxpjdb`l pfr quä sm e`l mnmbtfs momramltms, sm jdodt`l ` pfstuj`rjfs bfl mj ndl em supmr`r mj fistàbujf tmòrdbf qum sm jms prmsmlt` `j `suodr mst` pfsdbdòl. Ml bflsmbumlbd`, mj dledvdeu`jdsof omtfefjòadbf g`bm ul dopmr`tdvf mpdstmofjòadbf emj rmtfrlf `j suhmtf, mltmledef bfof `btfr, m dlsdstm ml j` lmbmsde`e em rm-pmls`r j`s mjmbbdfl mjmbbdflms ms y j`s mstr`tmad`s em jfs dledvdeufs. ]l mhmopjf em mxpjdb`bdòl emj tdpf dledvdeu`jdst` omtfefjòadbf, ms mj prfpumstf pfr [fppmr p`r` j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms. Ml t`ltf j`s pfsdbdflms gfjdst`s =1 rmburrml, ml amlmr`j, ` `làjdsds mstrubtur`jms f nulbdfl`jms em bflhultf p`r` mxpjdb`r mj jua`r qum jms b`im ` jfs suhmtfs ml j` `bbdòl sfbd`j bfjmbtdv` y mxpjdb`r j`s o`ldnmst`bd o`ldnmst`bdflms flms dledvdeu`jms. dledvdeu`jms.  Emltrf em mst` b`tmafrï` sumjm bfjfb`rsm ` ul bflhultf em j`s pfsdbdflms o`rxdst`s, mstrubtur`jdst` dlbjusf g`st` sdstäodb`s). Rm tr`t` em ul `arup`odmltf emsfl tmfrï`s edvmrs`s sòjf tdmlml ml (m bfoøl bflsdemr`r qum j`s p`rtms em ul` tft`jde`e sfl bfof smaøl mj tfefqum ml qum sm mlbumltrml. G`y ul gfjdsof r`edb`j, p`r` mj bu`j j`s rmj`bdflms bflbrmt`s mltrm jfs dledvdeufs sfl msmlbd`jomltm mpdnmlfoäldb`s bfl rmspmbtf ` j`s mxpjdb`bdflms sfbd`jms. J`s `btu`bdflms em jfs dledvdeufs sfl amlmr`e`s pfr j` `bbdòl emj tfef y, pfr sï sfj`s, lf mxpjdb`l l`e`. Mst`s pfsdbdflms r`edb`jms tdmlml edndbujt`e p`r` mxpjdb`r mj b`oidf sfbd`j pfrqum sd jfs dledvdeufs lf sfl oàs qum mxprmsdflms em j`s mstrubtur`s smrï` dopfsdijm bflbmidr ul suhmtf dllfv`efr. [mrf emltrf emj gfjdsof mstà bfjfb`ef mj o`rxdsof y, ml mstm b`sf, lf g`y ul` suifredl`bdòl em j`s p`rtms `j tfef sdlf ul` rmj`bdòl ed`jäbtdb` mltrm `oifs8 j`s p`rtms sfl mxprmsdòl em j` tft`jde`e y j`s p`rtms bflndaur`l y ofedndb`l `j tfef. Ms embdr, g`y mltrm tfef y p`rtm ul` rmj`bdòl ed`jäbtdb`. ]l` pfsdbdòl, bmrb`l` ` mst`, ms j` qum `suom G`imro`s.

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 Emsem mj pultf em vdst` mtdofjòadbf gfjdsof emrdv` emj ardmaf ml eflem gfjfs sdaldndb` tfef. Ml bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms, sdmoprm qum sm emst`qum mj sdstmo` sfbd`j bfl prmnmrmlbd` `j dledvdeuf, jf bfjmbtdvf pfr mlbdo` em jf dledvdeu`j g` sdef bflsdemr`e` ul` pfsdbdòl gfjdst`. ‚Mj gfjdsof sfbdfjòadbf supflm qum jfs gmbgfs sfbd`jms, y j` odso` sfbdme`e, sfl em ul` l`tur`jmz` tft`jomltm frdadl`j y prfpd`, drrmeubtdijm ` j` emj dledvdeuf, jf bu`j tdmlm bfof bflsmbumlbd` qum jfs oätfefs em j`s bdmlbd`s em j` l`tur`jmz` lf sm`l `pjdb`ijms, pfr dl`embu`efs, ` j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms.‟ 

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[fla`ofs ul mhmopjf ml mj qum sm vm`l j`s ednmrmlbd`s em pmrspmbtdv` mltrm pfsdbdflms dledvdeu`jdst`s omtfefjòadb`s y gfjdst`s. Rupfla`ofs qum qumrmofs mstued`r pfr quä g`y ul `uomltf ml j`s t`s`s em sudbdedfs. Emsem ul` pfsdbdòl gfjïstdb` sm tr`t`rï` em emofstr`r qum jfs sudbdedfs (`btfs modlmltmomltm dledvdeu`jms) mstàl emtmrodl`efs pfr b`us`s sfbd`jms, y mj fihmtdvf em j` sfbdfjfaï`  sfbdfjfaï`  smrï` mj em emofstr`r qum msfs bfopfrt`odmltfs sfl emtmrodl`efs pfr mj jua`r qum fbup`l jfs dledvdeufs ml j`s mstrubtur`s sfbd`jms qum emtmrodl`l sus mxpmbt`tdv`s nutur`s  Emsemmlulj`pultf em sudbdedf) vdst` dledvdeu`jdst` omtfefjòadbf sm bflvmrtdrï` `j em nmlòomlf fismrv`ef (mj `uomltf t`s` em ml j` bflsmbumlbd` emj bfopfrt`odmltf jfs dledvdeufs qum p`rtdbdp`l ml mstfs nmlòomlfs. Ms embdr, sm mx`odl`rï`l jfs bfopfrt`odmltfs dledvdeu`jms ml qum sm emtmrodlml jfs fihmtdvfs, jfs mjmomltfs em bflfbdodmltf, jfs fihmtfs nïsdbfs m dlstdtubdflms sfbd`jms, ml ms` sdtu`bdòl sfbd`j, qum jjmv`rfl `j suhmtf ` ul` bfleubt` lf aud`e` pfr j` r`bdfl`jde`e. J` sfbdf jfaï` em j` bdmlbd` Jfs sfbdòjfafs em j` bdmlbd` bflsdemr`l qum j` mpdstmofjfaï` g` sdef mspmbuj`tdv` y tr`tò em dledb`r quä emimrï` smr bdmlbd`. Mstm pultf em vdst`, ms `i`lefl`ef emspuäs em Cugl. Rmaøl jfs sfbdòjfafs em j` bdmlbd`, pfr mhmopjf, j` mpdstmofjfaï` emimrà smr rmmopj`z`e` pfr j` sfbdfjfaï` emj bflfbdodmltf qum mstued`rà mstued`rà j` bdmlbd` ml su s u bfltmxtf. [fr supumstf, sm g` amlmr`ef ul emi`tm ouy ednuledef qum mlnrmlt` jf qum sm bflsdemr` bdmlbd`s eur`s bfl j`s guo`lde`ems y, ml mspmbd`j, jfs mpdstmoòjfafs bfl jfs sfbdòjfafs emj bflfbdodmltf. @ mst` `jtur` pfemofs t`oidäl g`bmr ul` edstdlbdòl. Odmltr`s j` mpdstmofjfaï` pumem bflsdemr`rsm dltmrl`jdst`, ml j` omede` ml qum mlnrmlt` j`s bumstdflms bdmltïndb`s bfl j`s gmrr`odmlt`s r`bdfl`jms emj oulef em j` bdmlbd`, j` sfbdfjfaï` em j` bdmlbd`(f emj bflfbdodmltf) pumem bflsdemr`rsm mxtmrl`jdst` (`ulqum `jaul`s bfrrdmltms jjma`l ` lma`r mst` edstdlbdòl), ml j` omede` ml qum mxpjdb` mj oulef bdmltïndbf bfof ul` bflsmbumlbd` emj oulef sfbd`j ml qum sm mlbumltr` y em su ofomltf gdstòrdbf. Emsem g`bm ulfs 2; `ðfs j` sfbdfjfaï` em j` bdmlbd` g` vmldef v mldef tr`t`lef lf sòjf mj bfltmxtf em emsbuirdodmltf sdlf qum, bfl p`sf ndrom, g` mlb`r`ef mj dltmrdfr emj bfltmxtf em hustdndb`bdòl, bfltr`vdldmlef mj t`iø em qum j` sfbdfjfaï` lf emiï` tfb`r mj løbjmf mpdstmofjòadbf emj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf (bflsdemr`ef bfof ul` b`h` lmar` qum lf sm emiï` `irdr). Edvmrs`s msbumj`s g`l vmldef dlsdstdmlef, bfl v`rd`e`s omtfefjfaï`s y mlnfqums, ml j` dem` em qum mj odsofsm bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf, ml gmtmrfaälm` tfe`s sus n`sms em rm`jdz`bdòl, ms ul prfeubtf sfbd`j. Emsumjm mstm ofef g` dl`uaur`ef ul` jïlm` em dlvmstda`bdflms dltmredsbdpjdl`rms, qum sm bflfbmr bfl mj lfoirm amlärdbf em mstuedfs sfirm Bdmlbd`, Umblfjfaï` Umblfjfaï` y Rfbdme`e (BUR f RUR ml dlajäs). Ml amlmr`j, jfs sfbdòjfafs em j` bdmlbd` mstàl em `bumref ml j` `efpbdòl em ul rmj`tdvdsof mpdstäodbf, ms embdr, qum mj bflfbdodmltf mstà mlr`dz`ef ml ul emtmrodl`ef tdmopf y bujtur` y lf sm jdodt` ` smr rmprfeubbdòl em j` l`tur`jmz`. Bflsdemr`l pmrtdlmltm mj mstuedf em j` Bdmlbd` ml `bbdòl,, `ltms em qum j`s tmfrï`s sm`l ndh`e`s y sm bflvdmrt`l ml "b`h`s lmar`s", `sï bfof mj `bbdòl `làjdsds em `qumjjfs pmrïfefs ml jfs qum j`s bfltrfvmrsd`s fijda`l ` `irdr ms`s b`h`s lmar`s qum j` bfoulde`e bdmltïndb` e`i` pfr supumst`s.  Bfof lf pfeï` smr omlfs mj rmj`tdvdsof mpdstäodbf lf amlmrò oubgfs mlnrmlt`odmltfs. T` l`edm supflm qum j` bdmlbd` rmnjmh` j` rm`jde`e, sdlf qum j` bflstruym. [mrf lf p`sò jf odsof bfl j` tmsds rmj`tdvdst` r`edb`j qum prfvfbò mj rmbg`zf em j` ndjfsfnï` tr`edbdfl`j em j` bdmlbd`, p`r` j` qum mstf j` oumrtm em j`[`r` mpdstmofjfaï` y j` usurp`bdòl mxpjdb`tdv` emj`s j` bdmlbd` pfr supflerï` p`rtm em jfs sfbdòjfafs. mst` nfro`tr`edbdfl`j em rmj`tdvdsof, j` rmsfjubdòl em tfe`s bfltrfvmrsd`s bdmltïndb`s sm emim ` n`btfrms mxtr`-bdmltïndbfs, dlbjusf `qumjj`s rmnmrmltms ` jf qum mxdstm. 

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Ms embdr, g`y `quï ul rmj`tdvdsof fltfjòadbf qum vm ` jf mxdstmltm odsof bfof ul` bflstrubbdòl sfbd`j. Mvdemltmomltm, mst`s msbumj`s sfbdfjòadb`s sm g`l em mlnrmlt`r ` j` sfspmbg` em qum ftfra`l pfemrms `j v`af bflbmptf em bfltmxtf sfbd`j, `j tdmopf qum emiml `bj`r`r pfr quä j` sfbdfjfaï` lf g`irï` em `pjdb`rsm ` sï odso` sus prfpdfs pfstuj`efs bflstrubtdvdst`s, y` qum p`rmbm mvdemltm qum j` sfbdme`e sï ms ul bflstrubtf sfbd`j.  Ufe`s mst`s edsbusdflms g`bml qum lf pfe`ofs mlbmrr`r ` j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms ml ul sfjf p`r`edao` qum auïm j` dlvmstda`bdòl. [fr msf mlb`r`rmofs ml mj oòeujf sdaudmltm jfs p`r`edao`s oàs emst`b`efs em dlvmstda`bdòl ml bdmlbd`s b dmlbd`s sfbd`jms.

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Oòeujf 1 [`r`edao [` r`edao`s `s m ml l bd bdmlbd`s mlbd`s sfbd`jms Mj bflhultf em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms mstà `tr`vms`ef pfr edstdlt`s pfjäodb`s em `bumref bfl j` tr`edbdòl tmòrdb` ` j` qum pmrtmlmbml jfs `utfrms. ^`ofs ` emlfodl`r p`r`edao` p`r`edao`   ` mstm bflhultf em tr`edbdflms tmòrdb`s qum auï`l j` dlvmstda`bdòl, mltmledmle mltmledmleff qum mstm bflbmptf au`re` sdodjdtuems y ednmrmlbd`s bfl j` lfbdòl cugld`l`.  Bfdlbdedmlef bfl Cugl (041;), ul p`r`edao` rmprmsmlt` ul` o`trdz edsbdpjdl`rd` y ul mhmopj`r qum sdrvm bfof auï` p`r` jfs prfnmsdfl`jms em ul` edsbdpjdl` pfrqum dledb` dledb` buàjms sfl jfs prfijmo`s y j`s bumstdflms dopfrt`ltms bfl jfs qum äst` sm mlnrmlt`3 sm frdmlt` g`bd` mj ems`rrfjjf em ul msqumo` `bj`r`tfrdf (ms embdr, ofemjfs y tmfrï`s) qum pumem sdtu`r ` j`s bumstdflms y jfs prfijmo`s ml ul o`rbf qum jm pmrodtdrà ` jfs prfnmsdfl`jms tr`t`r em rmsfjvmrjfs3 mst`ijmbm jfs brdtmrdfs p`r` mj usf em j`s "gmrr`odmlt`s `prfpd`e`s (ms embdr, omtfefjfaï`s, dlstruomltfs y tdpfs y nfro`s em rmbfjmbbdò rmbfjmbbdòl l em e`tfs) ml j` rmsfjubdòl em jfs mldao`s edsbdpjdl edsbdpjdl`rdfs `rdfs y prfpfrbdfl` ul` mpdstmofjfaï` ml j` qum j`s t`rm`s prmbmemltms pumeml smr bflsdemr`e`s bfof prdlbdpdfs fra`ldz`efrms p`r` j` rm`jdz`bdòl emj ‗tr`i`hf lfro`j— em j` edsbdpjdl`‟  (Ndjstm`e, 9;;;).  J` ednmrmlbd` nule`omlt`j bfl j` bflbmpbdòl em Cugl ms qum, ml mj freml em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms, bfmxdstml sdoujtàlm`omltm v`rdfs p`r`edao`s, ms embdr, lf sfl dlbflomlsur`ijms. Ml bflsmbumlbd`, mj pmrïfef em o`eurmz em j` bdmlbd` lf bfdlbdem bfl j` vdamlbd` em ul øldbf p`r`edao`. Ml bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms mxdstml v`rdfs p`r`edao`s bfopmtdtdvfs qum fra`ldz`l j` dlvmstda`bdòl em `bumref ` supumstfs tmòrdbfs y pràbtdb`s edstdltdv`s. Rdl moi`raf, mstfs p`r`edao`s prmsmlt`l bfltr`edbbdflms y tmlsdflms ml su dltmrdfr, e`lef jua`r ` j` dlbfrpfr`bdòl em mjmomltfs, t`ltf tmòrdbfs bfof omtfefjòadbfs, em ftrfs p`r`edao`s. ]l` em j`s bumstdflms qum `utfrdz` j` edvdsdòl em p`r`edao`s ml mst`s bdmlbd`s ms bòof sm mltdmlem j` rmj`bdòl suhmtf / fihmtf3 jf qum g` sdef mlulbd`ef bfof mj prfijmo` em j`s edstdlt`s ‚jòadb`s-ml-usf‟ , em j` dlvmstda`bdòl sfbd`j (C`pj`l304>5). Mst`s jòadb`s mstàl ml rmj`bdòl bfl trms p`r`edao`s nule`omlt`jms ` jfs qum, pfr ul oftdvf fra`ldz`efr, jj`o`rmofs pfsdtdvdst`s, dltmrprmt`tdvdst`s y ed`jäbtdb`s, y qum p`s`rmofs ` `l`jdz`r.   0 - [`r`edao`s [`r`edao`s mpdstmofjòadbfs em j`s bdmlbd`s sfb d`jms 0.0 0.0

[`r`edao` [`r`edao` pfsdtd vdst vdst` `

J`s jòadb`s em j` dlvmstda`bdòl pfsdtdvdst` mlbumltr`l qum `j bflfbdodmltf emj nmlòomlf sfbd`j (bflbmidef bfof rm`j, nàbtdbf, mxtmrdfr `j dlvmstda`efr) sm `bbmem pfr j` fismrv`bdòl bfltrfj`e` pfr mj oätfef bdmltïndbf qum pmrodtm emtmbt`r j`s rmj`bdflms bflst`ltms f rmauj`rde`ems mltrm nmlòomlfs (jmyms).  Ml mnmbtf, mj dlvmstda`efr emimrà `btu`r em `bumref bfl bàlflms omtfefjòadbfs prmbdsfs bfof a`r`ltï` em fihmtdvde`e. @sdodsof, sm dltmlt` rmmopj`z`r mj smltdef bfoøl pfr ul bumrpf em bflfbdodmltfs bdmltïndbfs. Mst` edstdlbdòl mltrm bflfbdodmltf vuja`r y bdmltïndbf sdaldndb` qum mj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf ms ouy ednmrmltm ` ftr`s nfro`s em bflfbdodmltf prfeubdefs sfbd`jo sfbd`jomltm mltm y qum jfs bdmltïndbfs sfl i`st`ltm ednmrmltms ` j` amltm ml amlmr`j. ‚J` vde` sfbd`j emim smr mxpjdb`e` lf pfr j`s lfbdflms em `qumjjfs qum p`rtdbdp`l ml mjj`, sdlf pfr b`us`s oàs prfnule`s, qum lf sfl pmrbdide`s bflsbdmltmomltm‟  (Eurcgmdo,  (Eurcgmdo, 04>5).  @sï, j` rm`jde`e ms `prmgmlede` `prmgmlede` ml su s u tft`jde`e bfof `jaf mxtmrlf y e`ef3 t`j j` nfrouj`bdòl em Eurcgmdo8 "Jfs gmbgfs sfbd`jms sfl mxtmrlfs `j gfoirm y mhmrbml prmsdflms sfirm äj‟   (Eurgmdo, 04>7). 

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Mstm p`r`edao` tuvf su frdaml ml j` sfbdfjfaï` bfl j` ndaur` em Bfotm =7  (pfsdtdvdsof mvfjubdfldst`) y Eurgmdo=4 (qum bfltdlø` bfl mj pfsdtdvdsof pmrf supmr`lef j` dem` mvfjubdfldst` em Bfotm).  [mrf, ms ml `ltrfpfjfaï` ml eflem `p`rmbm ul` prdomr tmlsdòl `j dltmrdfr em j`s jòadb`s em j` dlvmstda`bdòl pfsdtdvdst` e`ef qum, sdl rfopmr emj tfef bfl j` edstdlbdòl mltrm suhmtf y fihmtf em bflfbdodmltf, `p`rmbm ul` lmbmsde`e8 j` em p`rtdbdp`r em `jaul` o`lmr` ml mj oulef qum sm mstued`. J` fismrv`bdòl p`rtdbdp`ltm, bfof oätfef nule`omlt`j ml j` rmbfjmbbdòl em e`tfs ml `ltrfpfjfaï`, sm bflvdrtdò ml ul fistàbujf p`r` jfs `ltrfpòjfafs em tr`edbdflms pfsdtdvdst`s, y` qum j` p`rtdbdp`bdòl ml mj oulef sfbd`j vdfj` j` smp`r`bdòl mltrm mj fismrv`efr y mj nmlòomlf fismrv`ef y ‚bflvdmrtm ml prfijmoàtdb` j` brmmlbd` iàsdb` em qum mj fihmtf em dl vmstda`bdòl mxdstm ml mj oulef mxtmrlf ml mj odsof smltdef qum mj fihmtf em bu`jqudmr bdmlbd`, y em qum bfof bu`jqudmr ftrf fihmtf em prmfbup`bdòl bdmltïndb`, tdmlm  tdmlm   b`r`btmrïstdb`s bflbmidijms qum lf emiml smr pmrturi`e`s eur`ltm mj prfbmsf em j` fismrv`bd òl‟ (Eurgmdo, 04>7).  Ms embdr, J` prmsmlbd` emj `ltrfpòjfaf ‚`nmbt`‟ j` sdtu`bdòl fismrv`e`, g`bdmlef qum j` fismrv`bdòl lf pume` vmrsm bfof tft`jomltm jdirm em edstfrsdflms y bflvdrtdmlef ml prfijmoàtdbf  (Gfjy, s/n).  mj dltmltf iàsdbf em dlnfro`r sfirm jf qum ‗rm`jomltm mstà p`s`lef `jjï—‟  (Gfjy, [`r` mjdodl`r j` pmrturi`bdòl fb`sdfl`e` pfr j` prmsmlbd` emj `ltrfpòjfaf, sm rmbfomle`i` mltflbms ul` j`ra` mst`lbd` ml mj tmrrmlf. Em mst` o`lmr`, bu`ltf oàs j`ra` ms j` mst`eï`, oàs pfsdidjde`ems mxdstï`l em qum mj `ltrfpòjfaf lf sm` pmrbdidef bfof ul mxtr`ðf, sdlf bfof p`rtm emj ‚p`ds`hm‟ .  0.9. 0.9. [`r`edao`s [`r`edao`s dltmrprmt`tdvfs Mstm p`r`edao` ms emuefr emj ems`rrfjjf em j` gmromläutdb` qum vmrmofs oàs `emj`ltm. J` `efpbdòl ml jfs `ðfs 04>; emj p`r`edao` dltmrprmt`tdvf (buy` jòadb` mstà jda`e` ` j` gmromläutdb`) pfr p`rtm em oubgfs bdmltïndbfs sfbd`jms dopjdbò ul` brïtdb` ` j` frtfefxd` qum qume` mxprms`e` nule`omlt`jomltm nule`omlt`joml tm ml ul b`oidf f emspj`z`o emspj`z`odmltf dmltf em j`s sdaudmltms trms msnmr`s em dem`s. 0. Em j` tmfrï` emj nmlòomlf sfbd`j bfof `jaf mxtmrlf, ` j` tmfrï` em jfs gmbgfs sfbd`jms bfof bflstrubbdflms qum mxdstml emltrf em ul o`rbf em rmnmrmlbd`. ]l gmbgf v` ` smr sdmoprm mj prfeubtf em dltmrprmt`bd dltmrprmt`bdflms. flms.  Bfotm,

bflsdemr`ef mj p`erm em j` sfbdfjfaï`, sfstmlï` qum j` sfbdme`e emiï` smr `l`jdz`e` bfof ul fra`ldsof y smr mstued`e` ml efs edomlsdflms8 sus bfledbdflms em mxdstmlbd`, su freml (Mstàtdb` Rfbd`j) y su ofvdodmltf y prfarmsf (j` Edlàodb` Rfbd`j). Freml y prfarmsf `p`rmbml bfof dem`s iàsdb`s em su pmls`odmltf y sm bflstdtuyml ml edvds`s em j` tmfrï` pfsdtdvdst`, qum `equdmrm ar`l dopfrt`lbd` ml Nr`lbd`, ml j` prdomr` eäb`e` emj sdajf WDW, ofomltf ml qum ms =7

s`buedef jubg`s sfbd`jms prfeubtf emj sdstmo` dleustrd`j, qum ml mstm p`ïs sm dopflm oàs t`reï`omltm qum ml Dlaj`tmrr`.pfr   Bfotm sm prfpflm "bfltrdiudr ` pflmr freml ml ul` sdtu`bdòl sfbd`j qum emndlï` bfof `làrqudb` y b`òtdb`, omed`ltm j` bflstrubbdòl em ul` bdmlbd` qum, ml o`lfs em jfs afimrl`ltms, puedmr` rmbflstrudr j` ulde`e emj bumrpf sfbd`j ‟. Em mst` o`lmr` sfstmlï` qum p`r` bfopjmt`r j` lumv` sfbdme`e lf mr` lmbms`rd` ul` rmvfjubdòl sdlf j` `pjdb`bdòl p`bïndb` em j` bdmlbd` y mj bflfbdodmltf (pfsdtdvdsof).  Rm mspmr`i` qum tfe`s j`s bfltr`edbbdflms sfbd`jms sm rmsfjvdmr`l bfl j` mvfjubdòl sfbd`j y` qum numrfl dltmrprmt`e`s pfr Bfotm y jfs sfbdòjfafs pfsdtdvdst`s bfof ul` bflsmbumlbd` em j` suisdstmlbd` em ul` bujtur` rmtr`s`e`. Mst` prfpumst`  pumem smr bflsdemr`e` ul` pfsdbdòl mvfjubdfldst` y l`tur`jdst` e`ef qum sfstmlï` qum mj gfoirm mvfjubdfl`i` emsem mst`edfs prdodtdvfs g`bd` ul` sfbdme`e rmade` pfr j` r`zòl y j` bdmlbd`.   =4  Ml 074=, Äodjm Eurcgmdo (07=7-0401) Eurcgmdo (07=7-0401) puijdb` su jdirf  J`s rmaj`s emj oätfef sfbdfjòadbf, ml mj qum emndlm ` j` sfbdfjfaï` y ` su fihmtf bfof mj mstuedf em jfs gmbgfs sfbd`jms bflsdemr`efs bfof bfs`s. Ml sus prfpd`s p`j`ir`s8 ]l gmbgf sfbd`j bflsdstm bflsdst m ml tfe` nfro` em fir`r, fir`r, em pmls`r y em smltdr qum mhmrbm sfirm mj dledvdeuf ul` prmsdòl mxtmrdfr mxtmrdf r.  Ms embdr jfs gmbgfs sfbd`jms sfbd`jms sfl `ltmrdfrms `ltmrdfrms y mxtmrdfrms mxtmrdfrms `j dledvdeuf, jf fijda`l ` `btu`r `btu`r,, jf bf`bbdfl`l ml emtmrodl`e` edrmbbdòl. Rm mxprms`l ml lfro`s, ml jmyms, ml dlstdtubdflms qum `smaur`l j` tmlemlbd` ` j` iuml` dltmar`bdòl emj dledvdeuf bfl j` sfbdme`e‟. Eurcgmdo mstà `bmltu`lef j` fihmtdvde`e y mxtmrdfrde`e emj oulef sfbd`j pfr mlbdo` em jfs dledvdeufs bflbrmtfs. @j `ndro`r qum jfs gmbgfs sfbd`jms sfl bfs`s  tdmlem ` prmsmlt`r `j freml mxdstmltm bfof ul "freml l`tur`j". Mstf pumem bflsdemr`rsm bfof ul` bfltdlu`bdòl em j` tr`edbdòl pfsdtdvdst` ` j` qum sm sm gdzf rmnmrmlbd` bfl Bfotm, (sd idml ml Eurcgmdo g`y ul rmbg`zf `j mvfjubdfldsof sfbd`j em ästm). Ms embdr mj pfsdtdvdsof em Eurgmdo lf ms mvfjubdfldst`. 

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9. Em j` uldbde`e emj oätfef ml bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms y sfbd`jms, ` j` dem` em qum j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms rmqudmrml oätfefs ednmrmltms em dlvmstda`bdòl qum j`s l`tur`jms, pfr j` bu`jde`e suihmtdv` emj fihmtf em mstuedf. 2. Em j` rmbfjmbbdòl em e`tfs omed`ltm j` fismrv`bdòl y j` oumstr`, ` j` dltmrprmt`bdò dltmrprmt`bdòl l em sdaldndb`efs omed`ltm prfbmedodmltfs bu`jdt`tdvfs. bu`jdt`tdvfs. Mstfs trms arupfs em dem`s mstàl rmj`bdfl`efs ml ul lumvf p`r`edao` dltmrprmt`tdvf, qum mstà mxprms`ef ml j` sfbdfjfaï` em j` dltmr`bbdòl sdoiòjdb`, ml j` mtlfjfaï` y j` sfbdfjfaï` nmlfomlfjòadb` (A`rndlcmj, Ndjomr). Mst`s msbumj`s mltdmleml qum j`s `bbdflms fismrv`e`s rmqudmrml ul` dle`a`bdòl `bmrb` emj brdtmrdf prmbflbmidef qum jfs `btfrms `pjdb`l ` sus `bbdflms. [`rtml emj supumstf em qum j` rm`jde`e mstà prmbflstrude` sdoiòjdb`omltm, y bfof t`j, lf ms pfsdijm ul `bbmsf dlomed`tf ` ms` rm`jde`e. Ms embdr, j` bfoprmlsdòl em j`s `bbdflms sfbd`jms lf ms `bbmsdijms ` jfs smltdefs, sdlf qum, `j mst`r omed`e`s pfr dltmrprmt`bdflm dltmrprmt`bdflmss (t`ltf em jfs `btfrms bfof em jfs dlvmstda`efrms), dlvmstda`efrms), sfl ofemj`e`s pfr j` nfro` em vmr  mj  mj oulef. [fr jf t`ltf, sm tr`t` em bfop`rtdr sdaldndb`efs mltrm suhmtfs qum sm dltmrpmj`l outu`omltm (dlvmstda`efr / dlvmstda`ef) smaøl jfs ednmrmltms uldvmrsfs em sdaldndb`efs em `oifs. Bflsdemr`l qum t`j b`r`btmrdz`bdòl fijda` `j dlvmstda`efr ` dlbfrpfr`r su prfpd` pràbtdb` bfof p`rtm emj fihmtf em mstuedf  mstuedf  dltrfeubdmlef dltrfeubdmle f j` lfbdòl em rmnjmxdvde`e.  Rdl moi`raf, j` rmnjmxdvde`e g` sdef mltmlede` em ednmrmltms o`lmr`s. Emsem mst` pmrspmbtdv`, (lfs rmnmrdofs ` j` sfbdfjfaï` em j` dltmr`bbdòl sdoiòjdb`, ` j` mtlfjfaï` y ` j` sfbdfjfaï` nmlfomlfjòadb`) sm emim dlbjudr ul` rmbflstrubbdòl suihmtdv`, f sm`, g`l tmledef ` bflbmltr`r j` `tmlbdòl ml su prfpd` suihmtdvde`e suihmtdvde`e y ml j` mxpmrdmlbd` vdvmlbd`j emj tr`i`hf em b`opf, frdadl`lef ul` dltdodst` f jf qum mj odsof Bjdnnfre Ammrtz emlfodlò j` mlnmrome`e emj ed`rdf ïltdof.   bflnmsdòl dltdodst` f ]l` emrdv`bdòl brïtdb` emj brïtdb` emj p`r`edao` dltmrprmt`tdvf mstà bflstdtude` pfr jf qum pferï`ofs emlfodl`r8 j` rmnjmxdvde`e bfof fra`ldz`efr` emj p`r`edao` ml j` omede` ml qum äst` emh` em buopjdr ul` nulbdòl bfopjmomlt`rd` em b`ràbtmr suihmtdvf p`r` uidb`rsm ml mj bmltrf em j` dlvmstda`bdòl sfbd`j.  [`r` Ifuredmu, j` rmnjmxdvde`e dopjdb` ul` mspmbïndb` o`lmr` em odr`r y `l`jdz`r jfs bfledbdfl`odmltfs sfbd`jms qum `nmbt`l j` pràbtdb` em dlvmstda`bdòl tfo`lef mspmbd`jomltm `j prfpdf dlvmstda`efr y sus rmj`bdflms, bfl mj ndl em fihmtdv`r `j prfpdf suhmtf fihmtdv`ltm. Ml mstm smltdef, j` rmnjmxdvde`e lf sm rmeubm ` qum j` suihmtdvde`e emj dlvmstda`efr sm vumjv` ml sï odso` fihmtf em mstuedf, p`r` vmr buàj ms mj dop`btf `nmbtdvf qum sm prfeubm ml äj sdlf oàs idml qum sm vm` ` sï odsof bfl ul suhmtf p`rtdbdp`ltm ml mj humaf em numrz`s emj b`opf qum mstued` y rmnjmxdflm sfirm j`s b`tmafrï`s em `làjdsds qum v` ` utdjdz`r. utdjdz`r. J` rmnjmxdvde`e mpdstäodb`, t`j bfof j` jj`o` Ifuredmu, supflm dr oàs `jjà em j` mxpmrdmlbd` vdvde` emj suhmtf p`r` bfoprmlemr j` mstrubtur` fra`ldz`bdfl`j y bfalfsbdtdv` em jf qum Ifuredmu emlfodl` b`opf ml mj bu`j mj dlvmstda`efr ms p`rtm. ^m jf sfbd`j bfl ul` efijm mxdstmlbd`8 sm mxprms` t`ltf ml j`s mstrubtur`s fihmtdv`s (mstrubtur`s dlempmledmltms em j` bflbdmlbd` y em j` vfjult`e em jfs `amltms dledvdeu`jms, arup`jms, bj`sms f smbtfrms) bfof ml j`s suihmtdvde`ems (msqumo`s em pmrbmpbdòl, em pmls`odmltf, em `bbdòl qum bflstdtuyml sfbd`jomltm lumstr` suihmtdvde`e). J`s mstrubtur`s fihmtdv`s tdmlml j` b`p`bde`e em frdmlt`r y bf`bbdfl`r j`s pràbtdb`s sfbd`jms y j`s rmprmsmlt`bdflms qum em j`s odso`s sm g`bml jfs dledvdeufs f `amltms sfbd`jms.  Em mstm ofef, bflstrudr ul fihmtf bdmltïndbf sdaldndb`, ml prdomr` dlst`lbd`, rmvds`r j`s rmprmsmlt`bdflms bfop`rtde`s pfr tfefs, jfs jua`rms bfoulms, j`s rmprmsmlt`bdflms fndbd`jms, dlstdtubdfl`jms, mtb. Jf prmbflstrudef sm mlbumltr` ml tfe`s p`rtms3 pfr jf t`ltf, j` t`rm` emj dlvmstda`efr ms bflfbmr mj fihmtf, mj oulef sfbd`j emj bu`j äj ms prfeubtf.  0.2 Mj p`r`edao` ed`jäbtdbf

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@ltms em mltr`r em jjmlf ml mj ems`rrfjjf emj p`r`edao` ed`jäbtdbf rmvdsmofs ul pfbf jf `l`jdz`ef g`st` `quï. Mj p`r`edao` pfsdtdvdst` sm `pfy` ml j` jòadb` bjàsdb` y supflm ul` rmj`bdòl em mxtmrdfrde`e mltrm mj suhmtf em bflfbdodmltf bflfbdodmltf y mj fihmtf bflfbdef. bflfbdef. Mj dltmrprmt`tdvf sm `pfy` ml ml j` bfoprmlsdòl, supflm ul` rmj`bdòl amlfsmfjòadb` omed`tdz`e` y ul` rm`jde`e sdoiòjdb`omltm prm-bflstrude`. Ml t`ltf mj p`r`edao` ed`jäbtdbf supflm ul` jòadb` ed`jäbtdb` y ul` fltfjfaï` em j` bfopjmhde`e. Mstm øjtdof p`r`edao` sm g` ednuledef ml b`sd tfe`s j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms, mspmbd`jomltm ml mbflfoï` y sfbdfjfaï`. @bj`rmofs ul pfbf jf edbgf `ltmrdfromltm bfl rmspmbtf `j nule`omltf fltfjòadbf emj p`r`edao` ed`jäbtdbf. J`s vdsdflms lmfpfsdtdvdst`s lmfpfsdtdvdst`s y lmfjdimr`jms sfl j` mxprmsdòl em jf qum pferï` emlfodl`rsm ul` fltfjfaï` lmwtfld`l lmwtfld`l` `  f `tfodst`8 j` rm`jde`e sm bflbdim bfof ul rmbdpdmltm em bfs`s p`rtdbuj`rms em edstdlt` l`tur`jmz` y mj suhmtf mstà mlnrmlt`ef ` mjj`. [fr su p`rtm, p`r` j` jòadb` ed`jäbtdb` (y t`j vmz pferï`ofs dlbjudr j`s bflbmpbdflms dltmrprmt`tdvdst`s) mj supumstf fltfjòadbf ml qum sm `pfy` ms ul` fltfjfaï` qum R`o`h` emlfodl` fltfjfaï` em j` bfopjmhde`e. bfopjmhde`e. ¶Puä sdaldndb` mstf6 ]l` fltfjfaï` em bfopjmhfs s`tdsn`bm jfs sdaudmltms prdlbdpdfs8 prdlbdpdfs8  ‚0. Umsds em bfopjmhde`e, qum `ndro` qum tfe` mltde`e ms bfopjmh`3 jf qum ms sdopjm lf tdmlm

mltdt`tdvde`e pfr sï odsof, sdlf sòjf ml t`ltf mstä rmj`bdfl`ef bfl `jaf edstdltf emj odsof. 9. Umsds em bfltr`edbbdòl, smaøl j` bu`j b u`j j`s bfltr`edbbdflms dltmrl`s qum bfof vmrmofs oàs `i`hf lf pumeml demltdndb`rsm bfl j`s bfltr`edbbdflms em j` jòadb` st`le`re sfl ul` numltm lmbms`rd` em tfef b`oidf, sfl rmsumjt`s ` tr`väs emj b`oidf. 2. Umsds em j`ymsmlbd`, ml j` qum sm prfpflm qum `j omlfs ul` bfltr`edbbdòl bflstdtuym j` msmlbd` em tfe` mltde`e prfpd`omltm edbg`3 f sm` qum lf tfe`s j`s bfltr`edbbdflms sfl `bbdemlt`jms‟  (Ndsc,  (Ndsc, 0470).  @sï, ml jf qum pferï`ofs jj`o`r bflbmpbdòl ed`jäbtdb` em j` rm`jde`e, ms dopfrt`ltm `bj`r`r mj bflbmptf em tft`jde`e bflbrmt`. bflbrmt`. Mst` ms j` ulde`e ml j` edvmrsde`e, hmràrqudb`omltm `rtdbuj`e` y ml bflst`ltm edl`odsof y mj suhmtf nfro` p`rtm em mjj` (lf ms mxtmrlf ` mjj`). Ru rmprfeubbdòl, bflsmrv`bdòl, supmr`bdòl y emar`e`bdòl sm prfeubm ` p`rtdr emj ofvdodmltf em sus ofomltfs p`rtdbuj`rms y j`s tft`jde`ems oàs ems`rrfjj`e`s g`l suifredl`ef (bfof sus p`rtms) ` j`s omlfs ems`rrfjj`e`s. J` tft`jde`e bflbrmt` mstà ml b`oidf bflst`ltm, y jf qum fpmr` dopujs`lef mstm b`oidf lf pumem smr mvdemltmomltm ul `amltm mxtmrlf  ‒y` qum sd numr` `sï lf sm tr`t`rï` em j` tft`jde`e ‒  sdlf ul` bfledbdòl em j` odso` tft`jde`e8 j` bfltr`edbbdòl f lma`bdòl em j` lma`bdòl qum pmrodtm dr supmr`lef y bflsmrv`lef ( @ungmim,  @ungmim, ml `jmoàl) jfs ofomltfs `ltmrdfrms.  Mst` bflbmpbdòl em j` rm`jde`e supflm ul oätfef ed`jäbtdbf em `làjdsds bfl jf bu`j sm prmtmlem eft`r `j mstuedf em j`s sfbdme`ems guo`l`s em ul` omtfefjfaï` lf dem`jdst`, qum lf b`da` ml mj suihmtdvdsof em j`s tr`edbdflms mopdrdst`, ld ml j`s djusdflms omt`nïsdb`s emj r`bdfl`jdsof3 supflm ul` rm`jde`e bfopjmh` y bfltr`edbtfrd`. ‚Ml ul` bfltr`edbbdòl ed`jäbtdb`, t`j bfof j` mltdmlem O`rx, jfs fpumstfs sm g`jj`l ml rm`j

fpfsdbdòl, ml ul` ulde`e ml tmlsdòl qum mstà prmð`e` em pfsdidjde`ems. [mrf ldlaul` em ms`s pfsdidjde`ems tdmlm pfr quä `b`mbmr dlmjuedijmomltm. J`s bfltr`edbbdflms qum j` gdstfrd` prmsmltm pumeml jjmv`r ` rm`jdz`rj`s f ` nrustr`rj`s. [fr ftr` p`rtm, e`e`s j`s bfledbdflms qum n`vfrmbml j` rm`jdz`bdòl em ul` emtmrodl`e` pfsdidjde`e, sm e`rà ul` jïlm` em ems`rrfjjf qum lf ms nfrtudt` f `bbdemlt`j. Bfof sm fismrv`, em ul` bfltr`edbbdòl ed`jäbtdb` lf sm sdaum, bfof em ul` bfltr`bbdòl jòadbf-nfro`j j` tft`jde`e em j`s pfsdidjde`ems, lf sm sdauml ld j` tft`jde`e em jfs mlulbd`efs ld j` tft`jde`e em sus lma`bdflms. Ufef jf bfltr`rdf, e`e`s emtmrodl`e`s bfledbdflms o`tmrd`jms, sm mnmbtdvdz`ràl sòjf emtmrodl`efs  emtmrodl`efs   prfbmsfs em ems`rrfjjfs em j`s pftmlbd`jde`ems emltrf em ul` emtmrodl`e` emtmrodl`e` tft`jde`e‟  (Aòomz,  (Aòomz, 047;).  Mj oätfef ed`jäbtdbf o`rxdst` supflm qum tfef nmlòomlf pumem smr `ifre`ef emsem efs ofvdodmltfs edstdltfs8 emsem j`s p`rtms `istr`ïe`s emj tfef `j bu`j prmsupflml (y qum sfl ` su

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vmz tft`jde`ems bflbrmt`s omlfs ems`rrfjj`e`s) f p`rtdmlef emj tfef qum g` suifredl`ef ` j`s p`rtms ml ul` ulde`e supmrdfr. Bfl mj prdomr ofvdodmltf sm bflbmptu`jdz`l jfs nmlòomlfs rmburrdmlef `j prfbmsf em `istr`bbdòl y bfl mj smaulef sm p`rtm em j`s o`ldnmst`bdflms bflbrmt`s. ‚[`r` bflmbt`r mst`s efs dlst`lbd`s em `làjdsds sm rmburrm ` iusb`r j`s omed`bdflms‟ (C`tz, 9;;0) qum g`l pmrodtdef qum mj tfef suifredlm ` j`s p`rtms. ‚Mst` pfsdidjde`e em mxpflmr mj odsof nmlòomlf ml dlst`lbd`s ednmrmltms emj `làjdsds ms ul `trdiutf emj oätfef ed`jäbtdbf, qum rmbg`z` j`s b`tmafrï`s dlout`ijms y `l`jdz` jfs prfbmsfs ml su b`oidf y ofvdodmltf bflst`ltm. [`r` `pjdb`r mstm prfbmedodmltf g`y qum sustdtudr jfs r`zfl`odmltfs rmbtdjïlmfs pfr ul ‗dr y vmldr— em ‗`v`lbms ml mspdr`j— (C`tz, 9;;0). 

Em jf edbgf sm emsprmlem emsprmlem qum mj smr guo`lf y su oulef lf sfl oàs qum prfeubtf em ul` gdstfrd`, pfr jf qum pumem sfstmlmrsm qum lma`r mj `làjdsds gdstòrdbf dopjdb` ul mlbuirdodmltf demfjòadbf. J`s emlfodl`e`s ‚jmyms l`tur`jms‟ ml j` mbflfoï` pfjïtdb` sfl jmyms gdstòrdb`s y j`s bfltr`edbbdflms ml qum sm ems`rrfjj` j` sfbdme`e b`pdt`jdst` `p`rmbml mlbuidmrt`s. @sï, pfr mhmopjf,   ‚O`rx utdjdzò j` tmfrï` emj v`jfr p`r` emofstr`r qum i`hf j` `p`rdmlbd` em `roflï` y mhmopjf,  hustdbd`, mj b`pdt`jdsof sm i`s` ml j` emsdau`je`e sfbd`j. [mrf, `emoàs, emst`bò qum mst` dlmqude`e mstrubtur`j ms uldvmrs`jdz`e` bfof ul `bfltmbdodmltf l`tur`j pfr tfe` j` sfbdme`e. Ml j` `btdvde`e bftded`l` ems`rrfjj`e` ml mj omrb`ef sm tfrl` bfoøl fismrv`r qum j`s omrb`lbï`s sm dltmrb`oid`l bfof mqudv`jmltms, qum mj edlmrf bdrbuj` y qum mj b`pdt`j sm `buouj`, bòof sd mstfs mjmomltfs oftfrdz`r`l `utfoàtdb`omltm `utfoàtdb`omltm y pfr sus prfpd`s numrz`s j` rmprfeubbdòl mbflòodb`, sdl ldlaul` dltmrvmlbdòl em jfs gfoirms. J`s gumjj`s em j` `bbdòl guo`l` qume`l ifrr`e`s ml mj uldvmrsfj`embj`sm bfopr`s, vmlt`s, y lmafbd`bdflms bfrrdmltms, fp`b`lef mj bfltrfjms qum emtmlt` efodl`ltm embfltr`t`bdflms tfef mstm prfbmsf. T jf qum sm tfrl` p`rtdbuj`romltm dlvdsdijm mj frdaml emj imlmndbdf ml j` pjusv`jï` y j`s b`us`s em sus `brmbmlt`odmltf ml j` mxpjft`bdòl‟  (C`tz, 9;;0)  Mstm p`r`edao` dlnjuyò prdlbdp`jomltm ml mj b`opf em jf mbflòodb` qum ms ul` em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms qum lf mlb`h` idml ml jfs trms p`r`edao`s bdt`efs, pfr jf omlfs lf g` tmldef ul ems`rrfjjf emj p`r`edao` dltmrprmt`tdvf. Ms pfr mstf qum, sfomr`omltm, jm e`rmofs ul tr`t`odmltf `p`rtm.

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]lde`e 5 Efs prfpumst` prfpu mst`ss e ednmrm dnmrmltms ltms sfir sfirm m jf sf sfbd`j bd`j Oòeujf 7 J` jòadb` em j` sdtu`bdòl B`r`btmrïstdb`s B` r`btmrïstdb`s emj ofldsof omtfefjòa dbf pfp pmrd`lf>;.  @ltmrdfromltm, sm g` `ifre`ef jfs prfijmo`s qum j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms fnrmbml ` j` omtfefjfaï` f, omhfr qudzàs, jfs prfijmo`s qum j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms emiml rmsfjvmr, emsem mj pultf em vdst` omtfefjòadbf, emidef ` sus p`rtdbuj`rms b`r`btmrïstdb`s mpdstmofjòadb`s qum j`s bflvdmrtml ml bdmlbd`s mspmbïndb`omltm ednmrmltms em j`s l`tur`jms. U`oidäl sm mxpjdbò bòof, ml nulbdòl em msfs prfijmo`s, sm dlst`jò ml mj àoidtf em j` omtfefjfaï` em j`s bdmlbd`s j` edsbusdòl rmspmbtf em sd j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms emiï`l ems`rrfjj`r oätfefs mspmbïndbfs f sd, pfr mj bfltr`rdf, g`iï` ul øldbf oätfef bfoøl ` tfe`s j`s bdmlbd`s. Ml mst` edsbusdòl tmrbd` [fppmr fnrmbdmlef su prfpdf pultf em vdst` qum tr`t`rmofs em mxpflmr ` bfltdlu`bdòl tmldmlef ml bumlt` mj ems`rrfjjf qum g`bm nule`omlt`jomltm ml ‚Mj odtf emj o`rbf bfoøl‟, tmldmlef ml bumlt` `emoàs, ml jf pmrtdlmltm, `jaul`s fir`s suy`s qum sfl

p`rtdbuj`romltm sdaldndb`tdv`s sdaldndb`tdv`s `j rmspmbtf. @sï, ]e. pferà vmr bòof rmbflfbm qum `oifs pultfs em vdst` sfl, ml p`rtm, r`zfl`ijms pmrf dau`jomltm mqudvfb`efs. U`ltf jfs bdmltdndbdst`s (äj lf jfs jj`o` `sï), qum sm ldma`l ` rmbflfbmr mst`tus bdmltïndbf ` j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms g`st` t`ltf jfarml `embu`r sus brdtmrdfs omtfefjòadbfs ` jfs sustmlt`efs pfr j`s l`tur`jms, bfof jfs qum [fppmr emlfodl` ‗gdstfrdbdst`s—

qum sfstdmlml j` mxdstmlbd`, mltrm `oi`s bdmlbd`s, em ul `idsof omtfefjòadbf omtfefjòadbf dls`jv`ijm. Rmaøl [fppmr mst` bfltrfvmrsd` mstà nule`e` ml ul` o`j` dltmrprmt`bdòl b`pdt`j. Rd idml `oifs arupfs em bdmlbd`s tdmlml sus p`rtdbuj`rde`ems p`rtdbuj`rde`ems pfsmml `jaf ml bfoøl, pfr mj gmbgf em smr bdmlbd`s. Jf bfoøl ` tfe`s j`s bdmlbd`s tdmlm qum vmr bfl jf qum ‚v`a`omltm‟, edbm [fppmr, sm g`

jj`o`ef r`bdfl`jde`e y fihmtdvde`e bdmltïndb`s y qum lf sfl oàs qum `spmbtfs em j` edsbusdòl brïtdb`. Mst` r`bdfl`jde`e mstà dopjïbdt` ml mj usf emj oätfef qum ms j` a`r`ltï` em fihmtdvde`e bdmltïndb` f bflfbdodmltf pøijdbf m dltmrsuihmtdvf. Mstfs oätfefs ` pms`r em o`ldnmst`rsm o`ldnmst`rsm ml nfro` ednmrmltm, smaøl j` bdmlbd`, pfsmml j` odso` mstrubtur`. Ml J` Odsmrd` emj Gdstfrdbdsof, G dstfrdbdsof, rmndrdälefsm rmndrdälefsm ` mstm odsof `sultf edbm8

‚Lf prmtmlef `ndro`r qum lf mxdstm ednmrmlbd` `jaul` mltrm jfs oätfefs em j`s bdmlbd`s tmòrdb`s

em j` l`tur`jmz` y em j` sfbdme`e3 t`jms ednmrmlbd`s mxdstml bj`r`omltm, dlbjusf mltrm j`s edstdlt`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms, t`ltf bfof mltrm j`s edstdlt`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms. (Bfopàrmsm, pfr mhmopjf, mj `làjdsds em jfs omrb`efs em jdirm bfopmtmlbd` y mj em j`s jmlau`s rfo`lbms.) [mrf (...) jfs oätfefs em jfs efs b`opfs sfl nule`omlt`jomltm jfs odsofs (...).Mj oätfef msifz`ef ml j` smbbdòl `ltmrdfr sdmoprm bflsdstm ml fnrmbmr ul` mxpjdb`bdòl b`us`j emeubtdv` y ml mxpmrdomlt`r (pfr omedf em prmedbbdflms). prmedbbdflms).  Mstm g` sdef jj`o`ef ` vmbms mj oätfef gdpftätdbf-emeubtdvf, f oàs ` omluef mj oätfef em gdpòtmsds, pfrqum lf bflsdaum bmrtmz` `isfjut` p`r` ldlaul` em j`s prfpfsdbdflms bdmltïndb`s qum mxpmrdomlt`3 pfr mj bfltr`rdf, mst`s prfpfsdbdflms sdmoprm rmtdmlml mj b`ràbtmr em gdpòtmsds em sdalf tmlt`tdvf, `ulqum mstm b`ràbtmr pume` emh`r em smr fivdf emspuäs qum g`l supmr`ef ar`l løomrf em mxpmrdomltfs, em prumi`s smvmr`s‟  ([fppmr  ([fppmr 0412).  >; U`j

bfof sm smð`j` ml j` idijdfar`nï` bflsdal`e` `j ndl`j emj oòeujf, sm prmst`rà mspmbd`j `tmlbdòl ` jf mxpumstf pfr [fppmr ml ‗J` Odsmrd` emj gdstfrdbdsof—, ‗J` Rfbdme`e `idmrt` y sus mlmodafs—, ‗Bflhmtur`s y rmnut`bdflms— y ‗Bflfbdodmltf Fihmtdvf—. 

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Bfof sm vm, `quï [fppmr tfo` edst`lbd` em `oifs pfjfs em j` edsbusdòl y, ` pms`r em j`s ednmrmlbd`s qum qum rmbflfbm, sfstdmlm sfstdmlm j` ulde`e mstrubtur`j mstrubtur`j emj oätfef em j`s bdmlbd bdmlbd`s, `s, qum emlfodl` dledstdlt`omltm ‗oätfef em gdpòtmsds— f ‗oätfef brïtdbf >0 , qum y` g` sdef tr`t`ef dl mxtmlsf, oätfef qum, pfr ftr` p`rtm, emimrà smr `embu`ef ml b`e` b`sf p`r` rmspmt`r j`s pmbujd`rde`ems pmbujd`rde`e ms em b`e` ul` em j`s bdmlbd`s, j`s l`tur`jms y j`s sfbd`jms.  Ymbfremofs buàj ms j` mstrubtur` omtfefjòadb` qum ms j` i`sm em tfe`s j`s ednmrmlbd`s em oätfef em j`s edstdlt`s bdmlbd`s6 [fppmr bflsdemr` qum j` bdmlbd` sdmoprm bfodmlz` bfl prfijmo`s y tmrodl` bfl prfijmo`s em o`lmr` qum pferï` rmsuodrsm ml jfs sdaudmltms bu`trf p`sfs8 0. Rmjmbbdfl`ofs ul prfijmo`, qudzà pfr g`imr trfpmz`ef bfl äj. 9. Ur`t`ofs em rmsfjvmrjf prfpfldmlef ul` tmfrï` bfof sfjubdòl s fjubdòl tmlt`tdv`. 2. @ tr`väs em j` edsbusdòl brïtdb` em lumstr`s tmfrï`s, lumstrf bflfbdodmltf sm ems`rrfjj` pfr omedf em j` mjdodl`bdòl mjdodl`bdòl em `jaulfs mrrfrms, y em mst` o`lmr` `prmlemofs ` bfoprmlemr lumstrfs prfijmo`s y lumstr`s tmfrï`s, `sï bfof j` lmbmsde`e em lumv`s sfjubdflms. sfjubdflms. 5. J` edsbusdòl brïtdb` dlbjusf em lumstr`s omhfrms tmfrï`s sdmoprm s`b` ` j` juz lumvfs prfijmo`s‟ ([fppmr, 0412).  J` mxpjdb`bdòl bdmltïndb` pfr bflstrubbdòl em ofemjfs. Mj tr`i`hf bdmltïndbf, lfs edbm, sm dldbd`, smaøl vdofs, bfl j` smjmbbdòl em prfijmo`s. Emimofs, pums, bflsdemr`r quä tdpfs em prfijmo`s pfemofs pj`ltm`rlfs f pumeml prmsmlt`rsm ` lumstr` bflsdemr`bdòl bflsdemr`bdòl p`r` su mvmltu`j sfjubdòl. sfjubdòl. Mstfs pumeml smr em efs bj`sms. 0  ‒ [rfijmo`s rmj`tdvfs ` ul pmqumðf løomrf em `bfltmbdodmltfs sdlauj`rms, bfof pfr mhmopjf, pfr quä `p`rmbdò ml mj bdmjf mj `rbf drds mst` t`rem, f pfr quä `uomltò mj ïledb` em prmbdfs `arfpmbu`rdfs mj trdomstrm p`s`ef, mtb., mtb. 9 ‒ [rfijmo`s rmj`tdvfs lf ` submsfs p`rtdbuj`rms sdlf ` bdmrtf ‗tdpf— em `bfltmbdodmltfs, bfof pfr mhmopjf, pfr quä sm prfeubm mj `rbf drds, f pfr quä `uomlt` j` t`s` em emsmopjmf (lf dopfrt` bu`lef ld eflem), mtb., mtb. Jfs prfijmo`s qum ednmrmlbd`l ul` mxpjdb`bdòl mxpjdb`bdòl em ftr` sfl em efs tdpfs8 0- Jfs prfijmo`s rmj`tdvfs ` jfs submsfs p`rtdbuj`rms rmqudmrml p`r` smr mxpjdb`efs em jmyms y bfledbdflmss dldbd`jms (vmr Gmopmj8 mxpjdb`bdòl lfofjòadb`-emeubtdv`)bfledbdflm 9  ‒ Mj smaulef tdpf em prfijmo`s rmqudmrm j` bflstrubbdòl em ofemjfs jfs bu`jms lmbmsdt` smr `ldo`ef bfl jmyms f prdlbdpdfs mspmbd`jomltm `bmpt`efs p`r` t`j n dl. dl. ‚Ms embdr qum ‚ul ofemjf bflst` em em bdmrtfs mjmomltfs bfjfb`efs ml ul`³‟ rmj`bdòl tïpdb`  mltrm sï, oàs bdmrt`s jmyms uldvmrs`jms dltmr`bbdòl8 j`s jmyms «`ldo`efr`s ([fppmr, 0449). ‚Jfs ofemjfs, t`j bfof `quï sm mltdmleml  mltdmleml  ‒ ‒ edbm [fppmr - sm pferï`l jj`o`r t`oidäl «tmfrï`s³, f

sm pferï` embdr qum dlbfrpfr`l tmfrï`s, pumstf qum sfl dltmltfs em rmsfjvmr prfijmo`s, prfijmo`s prfijmo`s em mxpjdb`bdòl. [mrf jf fpumstf edst` oubgf em smr vmre`e. Lf tfe`s j`s tmfrï`s sfl ofemjfs. Jfs ofemjfs rmprmsmlt`l bfledbdflms dldbd`jms tïpdb`s, lf jmyms uldvmrs`jms. T, pfr t`ltf, rmqudmrml qum sm jfs supjmomltm bfl «`ldo`efr`s³ jmyms uldvmrs`jm uldvmrs`jmss em dltmr`bbdòl, bfl tmfrï`s qum lf sfl ofemjfs ml mj smltdef qum `quï sm g` dledb`ef‟  ([fppmr,  ([fppmr, 0449).  Ymsuodmlef8 J` ednmrmlbd` mltrm mxpjdb`bdflms em gmbgfs sdlauj`rms y mxpjdb`bdflms tïpdb`s mstà qum j`s prdomr`s rmqudmrml em bfledbdflms dldbd`jms y jmyms odmltr`s qum j`s smaule`s em ofemjfs y prdlbdpdfs f jmyms `ldo`efr`s emj ofemjf.

>0 Mxpjdbdt`lef

mj bflbmptf em jf qu m mltdmlem pfr oätfef oätfef em gdpòtmsds smð`j` qum ‚ mj tr`i`hf tr`i`hf emj bdmltïndbf, smð`j`, lf bfodmlz` pfr j` rmbfjmbbdòl em e`tfs, sdlf pfr j` smjmbbdòl smlsdijm em ul prfijmo` prfomtmefr, ul prfijmo` qum sm` sdaldndb`tdvf emltrf em j` `btu`j sdtu`bdòl prfijmoàtdb`, qum ` su vmz mstà bfopjmt`omltm efodl`e` pfr lumstr`s tmfrï`s.

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Jf edbgf g`st` `quï v`jm p`r` jfs ofemjfs mxpjdb`tdvfs em prfijmo`s prfpdfs em j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms, bfrrmspflem qum lfs prmaultmofs bfof sm `rtdbuj` tfef jf edbgf p`r` `embu`rjf ` prfijmo`s tïpdbfs em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms. F sm`, t`j bfof jf `ndro` ul prmodf Lfimj em mbflfoï` ^fl G`ymc, ml bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms g`y omlfs mxpjdb`bdflms ml emt`jjm y oàs mxpjdb`bdflms ml prdlbdpdf pmrf, vm`ofs qum sm sdaum sfstmldmlef qum j` mxpjdb`bdòl, y lf j` dltmrprmt`bdòl, ms jf b`r`btmrïstdbf em j` bdmlbd` [umem msqumo`tdz`rsm j` ednmrmlbd` mltrm mstfs efs tdpfs em mxpjdb`bdflms emj sdaudmltm ofef8 MW[JDB@BDFLMR EM M^MLUFR

MW[JDB@BDFLMR UÏ[DB@R

Jmyms0, Jmyms9 Jmyms2 Jmyms mtb [rdlbdpdfs f jmyms `ldo`efr`s B0 B9 Bt mtb. Of 00 Of 90 Of 2 mtb.  VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV  VVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVnmlòo VVVVVVnmlòo mlf ` mxpjdb`r nmlòomlf ` mxpjdb`r (B0 mtb ? bfledbdflms dldbd`jms) (Of 0 mtb.? Ofemjf)

Mj oätfef em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd `jms8 J` jòadb` em j` sdtu`bdòl. Rd idml j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms utdjdz`l t`oidäl ofemjfs, ästfs sfl ul` omtfefjfaï` msmlbd`j ml j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms. [mrf ¶bòof mxpjdb`ofs j` `bbdòl sfbd`j sdl b`mr ml ofemjfs psdbfjòadbfs rmbg`z`efs pfr [fppmr pfr dlbfleubmltms6 (vmr tmxtf >9)  >9

  ‚Rd j` fihmtdvde`e bdmltïndb` sm nule`r`, bfof supflm dlamlu`omltm j` tmfrï` sfbdfjòadb` emj bflfbdodmltf, ml j` dop`rbd`jde`e u fihmtdvde`e emj gfoirm em bdmlbd`, mltflbms tmlerï`ofs qum embdrjm `edòs sdl edj`bdòl. Ml rm`jde`e, emimofs smr ml bdmrtf ofef oàs msbäptdbfs qum jfs emnmlsfrms em j` sfbdfjfaï` emj bflfbdodmltf, pums lf b`im ldlaul` eue` em qum tfefs sfofs vïbtdo`s em lumstrf prfpdf sdstmo` em prmhudbdfs (f "demfjfaï`s tft`jms" sd sm prmndmrm mst` mxprmsdòl)3 em qum tfefs bflsdemr`ofs oubg`s bfs`s mvdemltms pfr sï odso`s3 em qum j`s `bmpt`ofs sdl mspïrdtu brïtdbf m dlbjusf bfl j` bflvdbbdòl dlamlu` y `rrfa`ltm em qum j` brïtdb` ms bfopjmt`omltm supmrnju`3 y, emsar`bd`e`omltm, jfs gfoirms em bdmlbd` lf g`bml mxbmpbdòl ` j` rmaj`, `ul bu`lef g`y`l jfar`ef jdir`rsm supmrndbd`jomltm em `jaulfs em sus prmhudbdfs ml mj tmrrmlf p`rtdbuj`r em sus mstuedfs. [mrf mst` jdopdmz` lf tdmlm jua`r omed`ltm mj sfbdf-`làjdsds u ftrf oätfef sdodj`r3 jfs dlvmstda`efrms lf tr`t`l em trmp`rsm ` ul pj`lf supmrdfr emsem eflem pume`l bfoprmlemr, sfbdf`l`jdz`r y empur`r sus dlsmls`tmbms demfjòadb`s. Ml mnmbtf, bfl tfrl`r sus omltms oàs "fihmtdv`s" lf jms i`st`rï` p`r` `jb`lz`r jf qum gmofs emlfodl`ef "fihmtdvde`e bdmltïndb`. Jmhfs em mjjf, jf qum mltmlemofs g`idtu`jomltm bfl mst` mxprmsdòl rmsdem ml ftrf pj`lf ednmrmltm3 ms ul` bumstdòl em oätfef bdmltïndbf. T --mxtr`ð` drflï`-- j` fihmtdvde`e sm g`jj` ïltdo`omltm jda`e` `j `spmbtf sfbd`j emj oätfef bdmltïndbf, `j gmbgf em qum j` bdmlbd` y j` fihmtdvde`e bdmltïndb` lf

rmsujt`l (ld pumeml rmsujt`r) em jfs msnumrzfs em ul gfoirmj`em bdmlbd` dledvdeu`j smrj`"fihmtdvf", sdlf ememj j` bffpmr`bdòl em oubgfs gfoirms em bdmlbd`. [umem emndldrsm fihmtdvde`e bdmltïndb` pfr bfof dltmr-suihmtdvde`e oätfef bdmltïndbf. [mrf mstm `spmbtf sfbd`j em j` bdmlbd` ms pràbtdb`omltm p`s`ef pfr `jtf pfr qudmlms sm jj`o`l ` sï odsofs sfbdòjfafs emj bflfbdodmltf. Ml mstm smltdef tdmlml ar`l dopfrt`lbd` efs `spmbtfs emj oätfef em j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms, qum bflstdtuyml bflhult`omltm jf qum pferï` emlfodl`rsm mj "b`ràbtmr pøijdbf emj oätfef bdmltïndbf". Ml prdomr tärodlf, g`y `jaf qum sm `bmrb` ` j` brdtdb` jdirm3 `sï, ul gfoirm em bdmlbd` mxpflm su tmfrï` bfl j` pjml` bflvdbbdòl em qum ms dlmxpual`ijm, pmrf mstf lf bflvmlbm lmbms`rd`omltm ` sus bfjma`s, sdlf qum, oàs idml, tdmlem ` ems`nd`rjfs. Ml mnmbtf, mjjfs s`iml qum j` `btdtue bdmltïndb` sdaldndb` brdtdb`rjf tfef y lf sm `rrmer`l ld `ul `ltm j`s  pmrsfl`jde`ems oàs `utfrdz`e`s. `utfrdz`e`s. Ml smaulef tärodlf, jfs gfoirms em bdmlbd` tr`t`l em z`lh`r j`s edsbrmp`lbd`s sdopjmomltm vmri`jms. (Lf mst`rà em oàs rmbfre`rjm `j jmbtfr qum sd idml lfs rmnmrdofs ` j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms, pferï` dlbjudrsm t`oidäl bdmrtf smbtfr em j` mbflfoï` ofemrl`.) @sï, sm msnumrz`l smrd`omltm pfr g`ij`r mj odsof dedfo`, `ulqum sm sdrv`l em jmlau`s ednmrmltms. Ml j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms mstf sm jfar` tfo`lef ` j` mxpmrdmlbd` bfof àridtrf dop`rbd`j em tfe` bfltrfvmrsd`. Bu`lef g`ij`ofs em "mxpmrdmlbd`", lfs rmnmrdofs ` ul` mxpmrdmlbd` em b`ràbtmr "pøijdbf", bfof j`s fismrv`bdflms y mxpmrdomltfs, ` ednmrmlbd` em j` mxpmrdmlbd` ml mj smltdef oàs "prdv`ef" em j`s mxpmrdmlbd`s mstätdb`s f rmjdadfs`s3 y embdofs qum ul` mxpmrdmlbd` ms "pøijdb`" bu`lef tfef `qumj qum qudmr` tfo`rsm mj tr`i`hf em g`bmrjf pume` rmpmtdrj`. @ ndl em mvdt`r j`s edsdemlbd`s nfro`jms, jfs gfoirms em bdmlbd` prfbur`l mxprms`r sus tmfrï`s ml nfro` t`j qum pume`l smr vmrdndb`e`s, ms embdr, rmnut`e`s (f bflndro`e`s) pfr edbg` mxpmrdmlbd`. Mstf ms jf qum bflstdtuym j` fihmtdvde`e bdmltïndb`. Ufef `qumj qum g`y` `prmledef mj prfbmedodmltf p`r` bfoprmlemr y vmrdndb`r j`s tmfrï`s bdmltïndb`s pumem rmpmtdr mj mxpmrdomltf y huza`r pfr sï odsof. [msm ` mjjf, sdmoprm g`irà qudmlms `rrdiml ` hudbdfs p`rbd`jms f `ul `ridtr`rdfs, pmrf

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[fppmr sfstdmlm qum jfs ofemjfs em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms lf emiml `pmj`r ` j`s dltmlbdflms emj suhmtf `btu`ltm sdlf ` j`s b`r`btmrïstdb`s em j` sdtu`bdòl ml qum sm mlbumltr` y qum ofvdjdz`l su `bbdòl em emtmrodl`e` emtmrodl`e` o`lmr`. ‚mj oätfef em `pjdb`r ul` jòadb` em j` sdtu`bdòl ` j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms lf sm i`s` ml ldlaøl

supumstf psdbfjòadbf rmj`tdvf ` j` r`bdfl`jde`e (f `j rmväs) em j` "l`tur`jmz` guo`l`". Ouy pfr mj bfltr`rdf3 bu`lef g`ij`ofs em "bfleubt` r`bdfl`j" f em "bfleubt` drr`bdfl`j", qumrmofs sdaldndb`r ul bfopfrt`odmltf qum mstà f lf em `bumref bfl j` jòadb` em j` sdtu`bdòl. Ml rm`jde`e, mj `làjdsds psdbfjòadbf em ul` `bbdòl ml nulbdòl em sus oftdvfs (r`bdfl`jms f drr`bdfl`jms prmsupflm --bfof jf smð`jò O`x Qmimr - qum prmvd`omltm gmofs `efpt`ef ul p`tròl bfl rmspmbtf ` jf qum g` em bflsdemr`rsm r`bdfl`j ` j` sdtu`bdòl tr`t`e`‟ ([fppmr, 0449).  @gfr` emimrï`ofs prmault`rlfs buàj ms ms` emtmrodl`e` o`lmr` y p`r` rmspflemr mst` prmault` [fppmr dltrfeubm mj prdlbdpdf `ldo`efr emj ofemjf qum ms mj prdlbdpdf em r`bdfl`jde`e. Jumaf mj suhmtf `btø` mv`ju`lef j` sdtu`bdòl em ofef em qum su `btu`r sm` jf oàs r`bdfl`j pfsdijm e`e` j` sdtu`bdòl fihmtdv` ml qum sm mlbumltr`. ‚J` emsbrdpbdòl em ul` sdtu`bdòl sfbd`j gdstòrdb` bflbrmt` ms jf qum ml bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms

bfrrmspflem `j mlulbd`ef em j`s bfledbdflms dldbd`jms em j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms. T jfs «ofemjfs³ em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms tmòrdb`s sfl ml msmlbd` emsbrdpbdflms f bflstrubbdflms em sdtu`bdflms sfbd`jms tïpdb`s.  Emsem od pultf em vdst`, j` dem` em ul` sdtu`bdòl sfbd`j ms j` b`tmafrï` nule`omlt`j em j` omtfefjfaï` em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms. Dlbjusf om sdmltf dlbjdl`ef ` embdr qum, ml j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms, b`sd tfef prfijmo` em mxpjdb`bdòl rmqudmrm mj `làjdsds em ul` sdtu`bdòl sfbd`j‟  ([fppmr,   ([fppmr, 0449).  [fppmr jj`o` ` mstm `làjdsds em ul` sdtu`bdòl sfbd`j tïpdb` dledstdlt`omltm bfof `làjdsds sdtu`bdfl`j em ul` sdtu`bdòl sfbd`j f jòadb` em ul` sdtu`bdòl sfbd`j f, oàs irmvmomltm, jòadb` sdtu`bdfl`j. Ml bdmlbd`s mbflòodb`s g` sdef emsdal`e` bfof Umfrï` Umfrï` em j` mjmbbdòl r`bdfl`j. J` jòadb` em j` sdtu`bdòl rmqudmrm mltflbms j` bflstrubbdòl em ofemjfs y ul pfstuj`ef f prdlbdpdf em r`bdfl`jde`e bfof `ldo`bdòl emj ofemjf. Mj prdlbdpdf em r`bdfl`jde`e8 @ifremofs `gfr` mj prfijmo` em emtmrodl`r quä mltdmlem pfr prdlbdpdf em r`bdfl`jde`e. Mstm prdlbdpdf, smaøl jf mltdmlem [fppmr, lf sm bfrrmspflem bfl j` `ndro`bdòl mopïrdb` em qum tfefs jfs gfoirms `btø`l sdmoprm r`bdfl`jomltm. Ru nfrouj`bdòl smrï` oàs f omlfs j` sdaudmltm8 Jfs suhmtfs ml ul` sdtu`bdòl emtmrodl`e` tdmleml ` o`xdodz`r sus imlmndbdfs, jf qum sdaldndb` `btu`r `embu`e`omltm em `bumref ` j` sdtu`bdòl fihmtdv`. Ms embdr, emim smr bflsdemr`ef bfof ul prdlbdpdf bu`sd v`bïf f prdlbdpdf-bmrf pumstf qum lf ms oàs qum ‚ul `spmbtf, f ul` bflsmbumlbd` emj pfstuj`ef omtfefjòadbf smaøl mj bu`j

emimrï`ofs mlbmrr`r tfef lumstrf msnumrzf tmòrdbf, tfef lumstr` tmfrï` mxpjdb`tdv`, ml jfs jïodtms mjjf lf pumem mvdt`rsm y, y, ml rm`jde`e, lf pmrturi` smrd`omltm mj nulbdfl` odmltf em j`s edvmrs`s dlstdtubdflms sfbd`jms brm`e`s p`r` nfomlt`r j` fihmtdvde`e y j` dop`rbd`jde`e bdmltïndb`s3 pfr mhmopjf, jfs j`ifr`tfrdfs, j`s puijdb`bdflms bdmltïndb`s, jfs bflarmsfs. Mstm `spmbtf emj oätfef bdmltïndbf lfs oumstr` jf qum pumem jfar`rsm omed`ltm dlstdtubdflms dem`e`s p`r` g`bmr pfsdijm mj bfltrfj pøijdbf y omed`ltm j` mxprmsdòl `idmrt` em j` fpdldòl pøijdb`, `ul bu`lef äst` sm jdodtm jdod tm ` ul bïrbujf em mspmbd`jdst`s. mspmbd`jdst`s. Ròjf mj pfemr pfjïtdbf, bu`lef sm jf utdjdz`  p`r` rmstrdladr j` jdimrt`e em brïtdb` f bu`lef lf jfar` prftmamrj`, pumem `jtmr`r mj nnulbdfl`odmltf ulbdfl`odmltf em mst`s dlstdtubdflms, em j`s bu`jms empmlem, ml øjtdo` øjtdo ` dlst`lbd`, tfef prfarmsf bdmltïndbf, tmblfjòadbf y pfjïtdbf. @ ndl em pflmr oàs ml bj`rf mstm `spmbtf trdstmomltm fjvde`ef emj oätfef bdmltïndbf, pfemofs bflsdemr`r `bflsmh`ijm b`r`btmrdz`r ` j` bdmlbd` oàs pfr sus oätfefs qum pfr sus rmsujt`efs‟ ([fppmr, 0449). ‚J` sfbdme`e `idmrt` y sus mlmodafs‟ 

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em ul `làjdsds `làjdsds em j` sdtu`bdòl, em ul ofemjf‟ ([fppmr, 0441).  Mst` pfsdidjde`e em `efpt`r ml bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms ul oätfef em bflstrubbdòl r`bdfl`j, qum [fppmr emlfodl` ‚oätfef bmrf‟ ms hust`omltm, ` su mltmlemr, mltmlemr, ‚j` ednmrmlbd` oàs dopfrt`ltm mltrm jfs oätfef‟ em mst`s bdmlbd`s y j`s l`tur`jms. [rfbur`lef g`bmr oàs mxpjïbdtf mj smltdef em jf qum mltdmlem pfr oätfef f ‚prdlbdpdf bmrf‟ `bj`r` qum qudmrm ‚sdaldndb`r mj oätfef em bflstrudr ul ofemjf ml i`sm ` ul` supfsdbdòl em

bfopjmt` r`bdfl`jde`e (y qudzà t`oidäl sfirm j` supfsdbdòl em qum qu m pfsmml dlnfro`bdòl bfopjmt`) pfr p`rtm em tfefs jfs dledvdeufs dopjdb`efs, y jumaf em mstdo`r j` emsvd`bdòl em j` bfleubt` rm`j em j` amltm bfl rmspmbtf ` j` bfleubt` ofemjf, us`lef mst` øjtdo` bfof ul` mspmbdm em bffreml`e` bmrf. ]l mhmopjf em mstm oätfef ms j` bfop`r`bdòl mltrm j` bfleubt` rm`j (i`hf j` dlnjumlbd` em, eda`ofs, prmhudbdfs tr`edbdfl`jms, mtb.) y j` bfleubt` ofemjf qum sm g`irï` em mspmr`r ml i`sm ` j` «pur` jòadb` em j` mjmbbdòl³, bfof emsbrdt` pfr j`s mbu`bdflms em j` mbflfoï`‟ ([fppmr, 0412). @sï mltmledef mj prdlbdpdf em r`bdfl`jde`e mxprms`, ul` vmz bflstdtudef mj ofemjf, l`e` oàs qum j` supfsdbdòl em qum jfs mvmltu`jms `btfrms em ul` sdtu`bdòl sfbd`j bu`jqudmr`, ms embdr, tïpdb`, `btu`ràl ml jfs tärodlfs em edbgf ofemjf, y, sd lf jf g`bml, mj ofemjf smrvdrà p`r` mxpjdb`r j`s emsvd`bdf emsvd`bdflms. lms. Em `bumref bfl mstf mstm prdlbdpdf lf emsmopmð` mj p`pmj em ul` tmfrï` mopïrdb` mxpjdb`tdv` y, pfr bflsmbumlbd`, lf ms bfltr`st`ijm. @quï j` tmfrï` mst`rï` rmprmsmlt`e` pfr mj ofemjf y jf qum g`irï` qum bfltr`st`r f brdtdb`r smrï` mj ofemjf. ‚J`s bfltr`st`bdflms, bfltr`st`bdflms , bu`lef mstàl edspfldijms, edbm oàs `emj`ltm [fppmr, sm us`l p`r` bfltr`st`r ul ofemjf p`rtdbuj`r, ul `làjdsds sdtu`bdfl`j p`rtdbuj`r, pmrf lf mj oätfef amlmr`j em `làjdsds sdtu`bdfl`j, ld t`opfbf, pfr mst` r`zòl, mj prdlbdpdf em r`bdfl`jde`e8 sfstmlmr ästm nfro` [fppmr,  p`rtm emj oätfef. (Mj oätfef amlmr`j lf ms bfltr`st`ijm, `ulqum ms `rauomlt`ijm)‟(  `rauomlt`ijm)‟( [fppmr, 0441).  [fppmr num ouy eur`omltm brdtdb`ef pfr mst`s `ndro`bdflms suy`s. E`ef qum lf eue` ml rmbflfbmr qum j` rm`jde`e tfefs jfs eï`s sm mlb`ra` em ofstr`r ofstr`r,, omed`ltm mhmopjfs em suhmtfs qum `btø`l dl`embu`e`omltm ` sdtu`bdflms bflbrmt`s, qum mj prdlbdpdf em r`bdfl`jde`e ms, jds` y jj`l`omltm n`jsf, sfstmlmr, bfof jf g`bm, qum, ` pms`r em tfef, ms omtfefjòadb`omltm dlbfltr`st`ijm, pfr jf t`ltf lf mopïrdbf, dopjdb` bflsdemr`rjf ul prdlbdpdf ‗` prdfrd— y smr, `emoàs,

dlbflsdstmltm bfl rmspmbtf ` tfefs sus prmsupumstfs omtfefjòadbfs y ` su bflbmpbdòl `bmrb` em j` r`bdfl`jde`e y fihmtdvde`e bdmltïndb`  @j rmspmbtf, [fppmr `eodtm qum mstm prdlbdpdf ms ‗` prdfrd— ml t`ltf qum lf ms mopïrdbf, ms embdr, ml t`ltf qum ms dlempmledmltm em j` mxpmrdmlbd`  ‒  rmbfremofs qum jf b`r`btmrdz` bfof bu`sdv`bïf   -- pmrf sm `prmsur` ` `bj`r`r qum lf jf ms sd sm qudmrm m ltmlemr pfr mjjf ‗vàjdef f bu`sdv`bïf vmre`emrf ` prdfrd— pumstf qum ms bj`r`omltm n`jsf e`ef qum j` rm`jde`e sm mlb`ra` em rmnut`rjf `

ed`rdf.  Rd sm tdmlm ml bumlt` qum mj ofemjf t`opfbf ms vmre`emrf pumstf qum lf ms oàs qum ‚ul` sfirm-sdopjdndb`bdòl sfirm-sdopjdnd b`bdòl `nfrtul`e` em j` rm`jde`e‟, b`im prmault`rsm, mltflbms, quä submem sd uldofs

ul ofemjf em t`j l`tur`jmz` ` ul prdlbdpdf `ldo`efr n`jsf, bfof ms mj em r`bdfl`jde`e. J` rmspumst` ms fivd`, prfeubdr prfeubdrà à ul` mxpjdb`bdòl lmbms`rd`omltm lmbms`rd`omltm n`js`. Emsem ul pultf em vdst` tmòrdbf [fppmr tdmlm qum jfar`r nule`omlt`r mj prdlbdpdf em r`bdfl`jde`e p`r` qum su tmfrï` lf sm` ul` omr` nfrouj`bdòl omt`nïsdb`. ¶Bòof jf g`bm6 [fppmr sfstdmlm qum8 ‚mj prdlbdpdf em `embu`bdòl em j` `bbdòl (ms embdr, mj prdlbdpdf em r`bdfl`jde`e) bfof ul` p`rtm dltmar`j em tfe`, f em b`sd tfe` tmfrï` sfbd`j bfltr`st`ijm. [mrf, sd sm bfltr`st` ul` tmfrï` y sm j` mlbumltr` emnmbtufs`, sdmoprm tmlmofs qum embdedr buàjms em sus edvmrsfs mjmomltfs bflstdtuymltms smràl rmspfls`ijms em su nr`b`sf. Od tmsds ms qum j` pfjïtdb`

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omtfefjòadb` s`l` lf bflsdstm ml g`bmr rmspfls`ijm `j prdlbdpdf em r`bdfl`jde`e, sdlf `j rmstf em j` tmfrï`, mstf ms, `j ofemjf.([fppmr, ofemjf .([fppmr, 0441).  Bj`rf qum mstf lfs jjmv` `j prfijmo` em j` vmre`e e`ef qum j` bdmlbd` ms ul` bflst`ltm iøsqume` emj bflfbdodmltf vmre`emrf. [`r` lf `gfle`r ml mstm tmo` mspdlfsf `lft`rmofs sfj`omltm qum p`r` [fppmr j`s tmfrï`s bdmltïndb`s, bu`jmsqudmr` qum sm`l, bflstdtuyml iumlfs `bmrb`odmltfs ` j` vmre`e `ulqum lulb` pfe`ofs embdr qum sm`l vmre`emr`s. @armaumofs `gfr` ftrf prfijmo`8 sd mj prdlbdpdf em r`bdfl`jde`e ms `ptf p`r` bflstrudr ofemjfs em j` bfleubt` guo`l` ¶bòof mxpjdb` j` bfleubt` dl`embu`e`6 [frqum pfemofs mst`r dltmrms`efs ml mxpjdb`r ul` `bbdòl, lf y` bfof `embu`e` ` j` sdtu`bdòl sdlf bfof ul` emsvd`bdò emsvd`bdòll em mjj`, ms embdr, qumrmofs mxpjdb`r ul` `bbdòl dl`prfpd`e`, f jf qum pferï`ofs jj`o`r bfl [fppmr ‚`bbdflms drr`bdfl`jms‟. Ml mj b`sf ml qum p`rmbmrï` pfsdijm sfstmlmr qum ul `amltm lf `btuò

r`bdfl`jomltmm b`im j` prmault` em sd ms pfsdijm, p`r` mxp r`bdfl`jomlt mxpjdb`r jdb`r mstf, bflstrudr ul ofemjf ofemjf `ldo`ef pfr ul ‚prdlbdpdf em dl`embu`bdòl‟.   Rfirm mstm p`rtdbuj`r [fppmr rmspflem qum lf, qum ml t`j b`sf jfs dl`embu`efs sfl jfs `amltms pmrf sus `bbdflms pumeml smr bfoprmlede`s ‚bfof `embu`bdòl ` j` sdtu`bdòl t`j bfof mjjfs j` vml‟ ([fppmr, 0441).

[`r` jfar`r mst` bfoprmlsdòl tmlmofs qum rmbflstrudr ul` vdsdòl em j` sdtu`bdòl oàs `opjd` qum j` qum tdmlml jfs `amltms qum fir`rfl dl`embu`e`omltm, em nfro` t`j qum vm`ofs bòof y pfr quä j` sdtu`bdòl t`j bu`j ms vdst` pfr mjjfs, ms embdr bfl su mxpmrdmlbd`, fihmtdvfs, do`adl`bdòl, jfs dleubm ` fir`r, lf y` dl`embu`e`omltm, sdlf `embu`e`omltm j` vdsdòl jdodt`e`mtb., qumjdodt`efs, em mjj` tdmlml. U`j vmz mj prfijmo` r`edbò ml j` dlnfro`bdòl emndbdmltm qum` mj `amltm tdmlm em j` sdtu`bdòl y sfirm mjjf emimrï`l `btu`r j` tmblfjfaï` sfbd`j nr`aomlt`rd` y j` dlamldmrï` sfbd`j. [fppmr bflbjuym8 ‚J` r`bdfl`jde`e bfof `btdtue pmrsfl`j ms j` `btdtue em edspfsdbdòl `

bfrrmadr j`s prfpd`s brmmlbd`s. Ml su nfro` dltmjmbtu`jomltm oàs ems`rrfjj`e` ms j` edspfsdbdòl ` edsbutdr brïtdb`omltm j`s brmmlbd`s prfpd`s y ` bfrrmadrj`s ` j` juz em j`s edsbusdflms brïtdb`s bfl ftr`s pmrsfl`s. (...) Mj «prdlbdpdf em r`bdfl`jde`e³, pfr ftrf j`ef, lf tdmlm l`e` qum vmr bfl mj supumstf em qum jfs gfoirms sfl r`bdfl`jms ml mj smltdef em qum sdmoprm `efpt`l ul` `btdtue r`bdfl`j. Oàs idml `j bfltr`rdf, ms ul prdlbdpdf oïldof (pumstf qum lf supflm ftr` bfs` qum j` `embu`bdòl em lumstr`s `bbdflms ` lumstr`s sdtu`bdflms prfijmoàtdb`s t`j bfof j`s vmrlfs), jf qum `ldo` b`sd tfefs lumstrfs ofemjfs mxpjdb`tdvfs mxpjdb`tdvfs sdtu`bdfl`jms y qum, `ulqum smp`ofs qum lf ms vmre`e, tmlmofs `jaul` r`zòl p`r` bflsdemr`r ul` iuml` `prfxdo`bdòl ` j` vmre`e. Ru `efpbdòl rmeubm bflsdemr`ijmomltm j` `ridtr`rdme`e em lumstrfs ofemjfs, `ridtr`rdme`e qum, sd tr`t`ofs em `btu`r sdl mstm prdlbdpdf, tmrodl` sdmlef ul `utältdbf b`prdbgf‟  ([fppmr, 0441). Ml mj oòeujf sdaudmltm vmrmofs ftr` nfro` em mltmlemr j` r`bdfl`jde r`bdfl`jde`e. `e. 

Mj nulbdfl`odmltf emj ofemjf8 [fla`ofs mj mhmopjf qum utdjdz` mj odsof [fppmr. [fppmr. @ t`j ndl supflm ul pm`tòl tdpf, ms embdr bu`jqudmr` lf dopfrt` qudml, qum mstà `pur`ef pfr `jb`lz`r mj trml y p`r` mjjf tdmlm qum bruz`r ul` b`jjm em tràlsdtf vmgdbuj`r ouy emlsf y bfl bfbgms mst`bdfl`efs ml `oifs bfst`efs3 y pj`ltm` bfof prfijmo` ` mxpjdb`r mxpjdb`r jfs ofvdodmltfs ofvdodmltfs mrràtdbfs qum mstm pm`tòl emimrà rm`jdz`r rm`jdz`r jfar`r su bfomtdef, ms embdr, bruz`r j` b`jjm. [`r` `rrdi`r ` j` mxpjdb`bdòl em mstfs ofvdodmltfs smð`j` qum g`y qum emsbrdidr j` sdtu`bdòl em j` qum ästfs sfl p`rtm f mjmomltfs. Mltrm jfs mjmomltfs qum pumeml `dsj`rsm f smð`j`rsm ml mst` emsbrdpbdòl g`y `jaulfs `jaulfs buy` bflst`t`bdò bflst`t`bdòll ms fivd`3 pfr mhmopjf, jfs bfbgms ml ofvdodmltf y jfs mst`bdfl`efs qum sm fpflml `j pm`tòl bfof fistàbujfs ` sfrtm`r y sfl bflsdemr`efss pfr ästm bfof jdodt`bdflms bflsdemr`ef jdodt`bdflms ` sus ofvdodmltfs ml su dltmltf em bruz`r j` b`j b`jjm. jm. Ms embdr fihmtfs nïsdbfs. [mrf `emoàs mstàl j`s dlstdtubdflms sfbd`jms. @jaul`s em mst`s sfl mltde`ems `istr`bt`s, bfof, pfr mhmopjf, j`s rmaj`s em tràlsdtf, y ftr`s mstàl dlbfrpfr`e`s ` fihmtfs nïsdbfs, (bfof pfr mhmopjf jfs smoànfrfs) f ` bumrpfs vdvfs, bfof ms mj b`sf em ul

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au`red` em tràlsdtf. G`y t`oidäl ftrfs mjmomltfs, lf t`l fivdfs pmrf lf pfr mjjf omlfs rm`jms qum emiml smr bflsdemr`efs bflsdemr`efs ml mstm mstm dltmltf em mxpjdb`bdòl. mxpjdb`bdòl. Rd jfs fihmtfs nïsd nïsdbfs bfs y j`s dlstdtubdflms sfbd`jms ` jfs qum lfs gmofs rmnmrdef sm fpflml `j pm`tòl bfof fistàbujfs f jdodt`bdòl em sus ofvdodmltfs, ms pfrqum ästm tdmlm bdmrtfs fihmtdvfs qum prmtmlem `jb`lz`r bfl mstfs ofvdodmltfs. @quï lfs `evdmrtm [fppmr qum emimofs g`bmr ul` bj`r` y t`h`ltm t`h `ltm edstdlbdòl mltrm jfs fihmtdvfs qum b`e` pm`tòl puedmr` tmlmr ml ul` sdtu`bdòl em mstm tdpf y `qumjjfs qum sm fnrmbml bfof mjmomltfs em j` sdtu`bdòl odso`. suihmtdv`omlt suihmtdv`omltmm b`e` qudml mst`rà `pur`ef pfr bruz`r j` b`jjm y` sm` pfrqum lf qudmrm pmremr mj trml qum y` mstà ml mj `leäl, f pfrqum mstàl ` pultf em bmrr`r j` pumrt` emj i`lbf y lmbmsdt` g`bmr ul empòsdtf p`r` buirdr j` bumlt` bfrrdmltm qum mstà ml emsbuidmrtf, f jf qum sm lfs fburr`. [mrf sm` bu`j numrm mj fihmtdvf qum psdbfjòadb`omltm oumv` ` bu`jqudmr pm`tòl ml ul` sdtu`bdòl sdodj`r, ms fivdf qum mj ‗fihmtdvf sdtu`bdfl`j— lf ms ftrf qum jfar`r bruz`r j` b`jjm bfl r`pdemz y smaurde`e.  [`r` bfopjmt`r mstm bu`erf sdtu`bdfl` s dtu`bdfl`jj g`y qum tmlmr ml bumlt` t`oidäl bdmrtfs mjmomltfs bfaldtdvfs f em dlnfro`bdòl dledspmls`ijms. Mstf pfrqum p`r` qum jfs fihmtfs nïsdbfs m dlstdtubdfl`jms sm`l vmre`emrfs fistàbujfs emiml smr bflfbdefs bfof t`jms pfr mj pm`tòl, ms embdr qum, sd mj pm`tòl emsbflfbm j`s lfro`s em tràlsdtf ld äst`s ld mj smoànfrf sm jm fpflml bfof jïodtm p`r` mj jfarf em su fihmtdvf em bruz`r j` b`jjm. Ml rmsuoml, ‚mj `làjdsds sdtu`bdfl`j bfoprmlemrà bfs`s nïsdb`s y `jaul`s em sus

prfpdme`ems y mst`efs, dlstdtubdflms sfbd`jms y `jaul`s em sus prfpdme`ems, bdmrtfs fihmtdvfs y `jaulfs mjmomltfs em bflfbdodmltf‟ ([fppmr, 0441).  [rfijmo`s emrdv`efs [rmaultäoflfs `gfr`8 ¶[umem sfstmlmrsm qum j` jòadb` em j` sdtu`bdòl ms b`p`z em rm`jdz`r mxpjdb`bdflms em jfs bfjmbtdvfs sfbd`jms6 Ms embdr, sd sm tr`t` em ul` pfsdbdòl dledvdeu`jdst` omtfefjòadb`, (bfof vdofs ml mj oòeujf `ltmrdfr) mltflbms ¶ms `pt` p`r` e`r ul` mxpjdb`bdòl em jfs mnmbtfs sfbd`jms em j` bfleubt` dledvd dledvdeu`j6 eu`j6 [mrf `quï `p`rmbml jfs prfijmo`s qum gmofs vdstf ml mj oòeujf `ltmrdfr y qum rmqudmrml rmburrdr `8 mj mnmbtf momramltm. momramltm.  Mstm tr`i`hf em mxpjdb`bdòl em jfs mnmbtfs momramltms jf rm`jdz` J` Umfrï` Mbflòodb` emj Humaf qum ms ul` r`o` njfrmbdmltm em j` Umfrï` em j` Mjmbbdòl Y`bdfl`j (em eflem tfo` [fppmr su jòadb` em j` sdtu`bdòl) y qum g` dlnjudef lf sòjf ml Mbflfoï` y ml Idfjfaï` Mvfjutdv`, sdlf t`oidäl ml Ndjfsfnï` y Umfrï` [fjïtdb` y Rfbd`j. J` tmfrï` emj humaf `l`jdz` edvmrs`s sdtu`bdflms y oumstr` bòof, ml `jaul`s em mjj`s, mj suhmtf ms dopujs`ef ` `btu`r bffpmr`tdv`omltm bffpmr`tdv`omltm y ml ftr`s lf. Bòof ml `jaul`s sdtu`bdflms sm jfar` ul imlmndbdf bfjmbtdvf y ml ftr`s lf. Lfsftrfs lfs rmnmrdrmofs sfj`omltm ` j` sdtu`bdòl em lf bffpmr`bdòl (Edjmo` emj [rdsdflmrf) bfl mj ndl em ofstr`r bòof tr`t`l mstm tmo` ` p`rtdr em j` dem` em qum jfs ndlms mstàl emndldefs pfr j` sdtu`bdòl. Mj "Edjmo` emj [rdsdflmrf" ms ul` gdstfrd` qum sumjm `trdiudrsm ` @. Q. Uubcmr, y e` lfoirm ` j` oàs ednulede` em j`s sdtu`bdflms qum mstued` j` Umfrï` em Humafs8 j` sdtu`bdòl em lf bffpmr`bdòl. J` omlbdfl`e` gdstfrd` ms j` sdaudmltm8 Efs prdsdflmrfs dlbfouldb`efs ml bmje`s dledvdeu`jms g`l bfomtdef efs brïomlms, ulf jmvm y ftrf ar`vm. Mxdstml prumi`s sundbdmltms p`r` qum jms bflemlml pfr mj prdomrf, pmrf lf pfr mj smaulef, ` omlfs qum `jaulf bflndmsm g`imrjf bfomtdef. Mj ndsb`j vdsdt` ` ulf em jfs prdsdflmrfs y jm edbm8 "Umlaf ul` iuml` lftdbd` y ul` o`j` lftdbd` p`r` ustme. J` iuml` lftdbd` ms qum sd ldlaulf em ustmems bflndms` su ar`vm brdoml, sòjf pfermofs bfleml`rjms ` efs `ðfs pfr su prdomr brdoml y sd ustme bflndms`, yf bflvmlbmrä `j hur`ef em qum ms ustme ul gfoirm `rrmpmltdef y em qum mj pmrvmrsf ms su bfop`ðmrf, em ofef qum ustme qume`rï` jdirm ml ul `ðf y äj pmro`lmbmrï` ml prdsdòl 0; `ðfs. J` o`j` lftdbd` ms qum vfy ` g`bmrjm j` odso` fnmrt` ` su bfop`ðmrf". "¶T qum fburrdrï` sd `oifs bflnmsàsmofs6", prmault` mj prdsdflmrf. "Mltflbms lf tmlerä r`zòl p`r` imlmndbd`r ` ldlaulf em ustmems, emh`rä qum j` hustdbd` tfom su bursf y, bfof mj brdoml ms ar`vm, mstdof qum jms bfleml`ràl `j omlfs ` 7 `ðfs". @sï, jfs prdsdflmrfs sm mlbumltr`l `ltm mj sdaudmltm edjmo`8

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B`e` ulf pdmls` qum sòjf pumeml p`s`r efs bfs`s8 qum mj ftrf bflndmsm f qum lf bflndmsm. "Rd bflndms`, ms omhfr qum yf t`oidäl jf g`a`, pfrqum em jf bfltr`rdf om qume`rä 0; `ðfs ml j` bàrbmj. Rd lf bflndms` y yf sï, mltflbms pferä imlmndbd`rom em j` fnmrt` emj ndsb`j y qume`rä jdirm ml ul `ðf". J` bflbjusdòl ms qum g`a` jf qum g`a` mj ftrf, jf omhfr ms bflnms`r. @oifs r`zfl`l em dau`j ofef, bfl jf bu`j `oifs bflndms`l y sm qume`l ml j` bàrbmj oubgf oàs tdmopf emj qum jms g`irï` tfb`ef, sd guidmsml bffpmr`ef mltrm sï y ldlaulf em jfs efs guidmsm bflnms`ef. Mstm ms ul humaf em efs pmrsfl`s, pmrf pferï` e`rsm mltrm l pmrsfl`s, pfr mhmopjf, ml mj b`sf em ul` gumja`, qum pumem mltmlemrsm bfof ul idml pøijdbf. B`e` tr`i`h`efr pumem pmls`r8 "f idml g`y i`st`ltms tr`i`h`efrms qum v`y`l ` j` gumja` y bflsdauml mj fihmtdvf em mst` `bbdòl bfjmbtdv` (pfr mhmopjf, ul `sbmlsf s`j`rd`j, ul` rmeubbdòl em j` hfrl`e` j`ifr`j f ul` omhfr` ml j`s bfledbdflms em tr`i`hf), f idml mstf lf fburrm. Ml mj prdomr b`sf, em tfe`s nfro`s vfy ` imlmndbd`rom emj äxdtf em j` gumja`, y sd om qumef, pumef, `emoàs, smaudr bfir`lef y qudzà omhfrm ods rmj`bdflms bfl ods supmrdfrms. T sd jfs emoàs lf v`l ` j` gumja`, jf omhfr ms qum yf t`opfbf v`y`, pfrqum mst`rä p`a`lef ml v`lf jfs bfstms em od bfltrdiubdòl ` mst` `bbdòl bfjmbtdv` qum v` ` nr`b`s`r". Mj edjmo` oumstr` qum jf dledvdeu`jomltm r`bdfl`j bfleubm `j nr`b`sf bfjmbtdvf. Jf odsof pumem fburrdr ml mj b`sf em oubg`s ftr`s `bbdflms bfjmbtdv`s (o`ldnmst`bdflms, rmvfjubdflms, aumrr`s, vft`bdflms, mtb.) y ml oubgfs ftrfs bfltmxtfs, pfr jf qum mstm humaf g` rmsujt`ef øtdj ml ul` a`o` ouy `opjd` y v`rd`e` em dlvmstda`bdflms ml Bdmlbd`s Rfbd`jms. Mst`ofs pums nrmltm ` ul ofemjf qum lfs pmrodtdrà mxpjdb`r f prmembdr jfs ofvdodmltfs em bu`jqudmr` qum sm mlbumltrm ml ul` sdtu`bdòl em `jtmrl`tdv`s edjmoàtdb`s pmrf sdmoprm qum sfstmla`ofs qum mj Ofemjf em j` mjmbbdòl r`bdfl`j r`bdfl`j    ms  j` øldb` nfro` em `ifre`r j`s pràbtdb`s sfbd`jms. Mstf ms jf qum brdtdb` j` gmromläutdb` `btu`j.

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Oòeujf 4 Mj b`pdt`j b`pdt`j bujtur bujtur`j `j y j` rmprfeubb rmprfeubbdòl dòl sfbd`j sfb d`j  (Mstm tmxtf bfrrmspflem ` O`rt` Emajd Dllfbmltd em j` ]ldvmrsde`e L`bdfl`j em Jfo`s em X`ofr` - N`bujt`e em Bdmlbd`s Rfbd`jms)  Rfbd`jms) 

Mj fihmtdvf em mstm tr`i`hf ms prmsmlt`r `jaulfs bflbmptfs bmltr`jms emj pmls`odmltf em [dmrrm Ifuredmu (042; - 9;;9) qum pmrodtml pmrodtml mxpjdb`r mxpjdb`r,, emsem su pmrspmbtdv`, buàj ms j` edlàodb` y mstrubtur` emrmnjmxdfl`r jfs prfbmsfs em rmprfeubbdòl sfbd`j. Bfoprmlemr edbgfs prfbmsfs ms ul iàsdbf p`r` `bmrb` em j` pftmlbd`jde`e emj gmbgf meub`tdvf y lf b`mr ml mjmomltf pfstur`s dlamlu`s u fptdodst`s. Emsem j` pmrspmbtdv` em mstm `utfr, jf sfbd`j (pràbtdb`s y prfbmsfs sfbd`jms) mstà oujtdemtmrodl`ef, ms embdr qum sòjf pumem smr mxpjdb`ef ` p`rtdr em ul `làjdsds qum vdlbujm mjmomltfs mbflòodbfs y bujtur`jms sdoujtàlm`om sdoujtàlm`omltm. ltm. Rd idml tfo` emj o`rxdsof j` dem` em ul` sfbdme`e mstrubtur`e` ml bj`sms sfbd`jms ml pmro`lmltm jubg` pfr j` dopfsdbdòl em sus dltmrmsms mspmbïndbfs, mltdmlem qum j`s ednmrmlbd`s mbflòodb`s y o`tmrd`jms lf `jb`lz`l p`r` mxpjdb`r j` edlàodb` sfbd`j. Mj pfemr mbflòodbf sòjf pumem rmprfeubdrsm y pmrpmtu`rsm sd, `j odsof tdmopf, jfar` gmamofldz`r mj pfemr bujtur`j y mhmrbmr mj pfemr sdoiòjdbf. J` efodl`bdòl em ul` bj`sm sfbd`j sfirm ftr` sm `sdmlt` ml mj mhmrbdbdf em mstm pfemr. Jf sfbd`j prmsmlt` ul` efijm mxdstmlbd`8 sm mxprms` t`ltf ml j`s mstrubtur`s fihmtdv`s (mstrubtur`s dlempmledmltms dlempmledmltms em j` bflbdmlbd` y em j` vfjult`e em jfs `amltms dledvdeu`jms, arup`jms, bj`sms f smbtfrms) bfof ml j`s suihmtdvde`ems (msqumo`s em pmrbmpbdòl, em pmls`odmltf, em `bbdòl qum bflstdtuyml sfbd`jomltm lumstr` suihmtdvde`e). J`s mstrubtur`s fihmtdv`s tdmlml j` b`p`bde`e em frdmlt`r y bf`bbdfl`r j`s pràbtdb`s sfbd`jms y j`s rmprmsmlt`bdflms qum em j`s odso`s sm g`bml jfs dledvdeufs f `amltms sfbd`jms. Jfs bflbmptfs em b`opf y g`idtus  g`idtus  pmrodtml b`pt`r mstfs efs ofefs em mxdstmlbd` em jf sfbd`j8 mj b`opf bfof jf sfbd`j gmbgf bfs` (jf fihmtdvf) y mj g`idtus g`idtus bfof  bfof jf sfbd`j dlsbrdptf ml mj bumrpf (jf suihmtdvf). J`s pràbtdb`s sfbd`jms qum rm`jdz`l jfs `amltms sm mxpjdb`l ` p`rtdr em j` rmj`bdòl ed`jäbtdb` qum mxdstm mltrm `oifs.  [`r` `l`jdz`r j` edlàodb` sfbd`j ms lmbms`rdf bfoprmlemr mj b`opf bfof mj jua`r ml mj bu`j sm huma`l j`s pfsdbdflms rmj`tdv`s qum fbup`l jfs edstdltfs arupfs f bj`sms y j`s rmj`bdflms qum mltrm jfs odsofs sm mst`ijmbml y, `j odsof tdmopf, bfoprmlemr j`s nfro`s em bflnfro`bdòl em j` suihmtdvde`e, ms embdr, j` bflstdtubdòl emj g`idtus. ]l` prdomr` `prfxdo`bdòl ` mstm bflbmptf lfs pmrodtm emndldrjf bfof ul bflhultf em edspfsdbdflms eur`emr`s qum emtmrodl`l lumstr` nfro` em `btu`r, smltdr f pmls`r. Mj g`idtus, f msqumo` em pmrbmpbdflms y b`tmafrdz`bdflms bfl qum `prmgmlemofs j` rm`jde`e, ms mj prfeubtf em j` bf`bbdòl qum mhmrbml j`s mstrubtur`s fihmtdv`s sfirm j` suihmtdvde`e. J` bflstdtubdòl emj g`idtus mstà jda`e` ` j` pfsdbdòl fbup`e` pfr mj `amltm ml mj msp`bdf sfbd`j f ml jfs edstdltfs b`opfs ml jfs qum p`rtdbdp`. Mj g`idtus ms ul bflhultf em rmj`bdflms dlbfrpfr`e`s ` jfs `amltms, mj bu`j ` su vmz bflndaur` ul sdstmo` em rmj`bdflms bfl mj b`opf. [fr ftrf j`ef, mj b`opf mstà bflstdtudef pfr ul` mstrubtur` em rmj`bdflms, ms ul` bflstrubbdòl gdstòrdb` y sfbd`j. J`s pfsdbdflms fbup`e`s pfr jfs edstdltfs `amltms ml jfs b`opfs tdmlml ul` edomlsdòl gdstòrdb`, ms embdr, sfl mj prfeubtf em jubg`s gdstòrdb`s, qum ` su vmz sm g`jj`l dlsbrdpt`s ml jfs bumrpfs y sfl p`rtm bflstdtutdv` emj g`idtus em jfs `amltms. Mj b`opf f jf sfbd`j gmbgf bfs` Ifuredmu emndlm jfs b`opfs sfbd`jms bfof msp`bdfs em humaf gdstòrdb`omltm bflstdtudefs, bfl sus dlstdtubdflms mspmbïndb`s y sus jmyms em nulbdfl`odmltf prfpd`s3 sfl msp`bdfs

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mstrubtur`efs em pfsdbdflms, j`s bu`jms sfl prfeubtf em j` edstrdiubdòl dlmqudt`tdv` em bdmrtfs idmlms (b`pdt`j) b`p`bms em bflnmrdr pfemr ` qudml jfs pfsmm. G`y ul` `opjd` edvmrsde`e em b`opfs y sui-b`opfs qum nulbdfl`l bfl ul` jòadb` mspmbïndb` pmrf qum ` su vmz bfop`rtml ul bflhultf em jmyms amlmr`jms, vàjde`s p`r` tfefs. B`e` b`opf mspmbïndbf sm emndlm ` p`rtdr emj b`pdt`j qum ml äj mstà ml humaf. Mj b`pdt`j pumem emndldrsm bfof ul bflhultf em idmlms `buouj`efs qum sm prfeubml, sm edstrdiuyml, sm bflsuoml, sm dlvdmrtml, sm pdmreml. ]l b`opf pumem smr mbflòodbf, bujtur`j, sfbd`j f sdoiòjdbf. Emltrf em mst`s b`tmafrï`s g`y ul` ar`l v`rdme`e em sui-b`opfs3 pfr mhmopjf, emltrf emj b`opf bujtur`j mxdstm mj `rtm - ` su vmz emltrf em äj mj sui-b`opf em j` jdtmr`tur`, j` oøsdb`, mj bdlm, mtb. - y mstà t`oidäl mj b`opf bdmltïndbf - y emltrf em äj, mj sui-b`opf em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms, mj em j`s bdmlbd`s l`tur`jms, mj jdlaúïstdbf, mtb. Gdstòrdb`omltm pumeml suradr lumv`s mspmbdms em idmlms qum sm`l v`jfr`efs y rmbflfbdefs sfbd`jomltm y qum, pfr jf t`ltf, eml frdaml ` ul b`pdt`j mspmbïndbf y ` ul lumvf b`opf em jubg`3 pfr mhmopjf, emltrf emj b`opf bujtur`j, mj b`opf emj vdemf ms em nfro`bdòl rmbdmltm. Emj odsof ofef, emtmrodl`efs b`opfs pumeml emh`r em mxdstdr f sm pumem ofedndb`r su jua`r ml j` hmr`rquï` em jfs b`opfs, sm pumeml vfjvmr efodl`ltms sfirm ftrfs f pmremr v`jfr. [fr mhmopjf, mj b`opf rmjdadfsf g` def ppmredmlef mredmlef ` p`rtdr em j` ofemrlde`e su b`p`bde`e em efodl`r ftrfs ft rfs b`opfs bujtur`jms bfof mj meub`tdvf f mj `rtïstdbf. J` qum edstrdiubdòl dl-mqudt`tdv` emj b`pdt`j, bu`jqudmr` qum ms j` qumy emndlm j` pfsdbdòl rmj`tdv` b`e` `amltm v` ` fbup`r ml ul b`opf, em `jjï qumsm`, jfs dltmrmsms j`s mstr`tmad`s em mstfs `amltms v`l ` mst`r frdmlt`efs pfr j` pfsdbdòl qum fbup`l ml mj odsof y ` j` bflndaur`bdòl em sus g`idtus. @sï bfof ml mj bfopfrt`odmltf bfopfrt`odmltf mbflòodb mbflòodbf, f, j` iøsqume` em a`l` a`l`lbd`s lbd`s v` ` smr mj prdlbdp`j fihmtdvf em jfs ftrfs b`opfs (bujtur`j, sfbd`j y sdoiòjdbf) [mrf `emoàs em mstfs fihmtdvfs mspmbïndbfs, jfs `amltms bfop`rtml ftrfs dltmrmsms qum pumeml emlfodl`rsm emlfodl`rsm amlärdbfs, qum sm vdlbuj`l ` j` mxdstmlbd` odso` emj b`opf. Oàs `jjà em j`s pfsdbdflms qum b`e` `amltm fbupm, p`r` qum mj b`opf sm bflstdtuy` ms lmbms`rdf qum jfs `amltms pfsm`l ul g`idtus qum bfltmla` j`s rmaj`s emj humaf y qum v`jfrm mj idml mspmbïndbf qum ms fihmtf em j` jubg` ml msm b`opf. Ms embdr, ms lmbms`rdf qum jfs `amltms sm bfoprfomt`l y v`jfrml mj idml pfr mj qum sm jubg`, jm eml ul smltdef sfbd`j y pmrsfl`j. Ifuredmu emndlm j` rmj`bdòl mltrm mj g`idtus y mj b`opf bfof ul` rmj`bdòl em bfledbdfl`odmltf8 mj b`opf mstrubtur` mj g`idtus, qum ms mj prfeubtf em j` dlbfrpfr`bdòl em j` lmbmsde`e dlo`lmltm msm ul` b`opf f em ul bflhultf oàs bfaldtdv`8 f omlfs bflbfre`ltms. [mrf ms em t`oidäl rmj`bdòl em bflfbdodmltf bflfbdo dmltf femem b`opfs bflstrubbdòl bfald tdv`8 mj g`idtus bfltrdiuym ` bflstdtudr mj b`opf bfof oulef sdaldndb`tdvf, eft`ef em smltdef y em v`jfr y ml mj bu`j v`jm j` pml` dlvmrtdr su mlmraï`. J` rmj`bdòl em bflfbdodmltf empmlem em j` rmj`bdòl em bfledbdfl`odmltf bfledbdfl`odm ltf qum j` prmbmem y qum e` nfro` ` j`s mstrubtur`s emj g`idtus. J` rm`jde`e sfbd`j sm vmrdndb` mltflbms ml j`s bfs`s y ml jfs bmrmirfs, ml jfs b`opfs y ml jfs g`idtus, ml mj mxtmrdfr y ml mj dltmrdfr em jfs `amltms3 mj g`idtus bfltrdiuym ` l`tur`jdz`r y jmadtdodz`r mj oulef sfbd`j emj qum ms prfeubtf. Mj g`idtus f jf sfbd `j gm gmbgf bgf bumrpf G`idtus ms mj bflbmptf qum pmrodtm `rtdbuj`r jf dledvdeu`j y jf sfbd`j, j`s mstrubtur`s dltmrl`s em j` suihmtdvde`e y j`s mstrubtur`s fihmtdv`s qum bflstdtuyml mj `oidmltm, mstf ms, j`s jj`o`e`s bfledbdflms o`tmrd`jms em j` mxdstmlbd`. @j odsof tdmopf, mstm bflbmptf pmrodtm bfoprmlemr qum mst`s mstrubtur`s suihmtdv`s y fihmtdv`s, jmhfs em smr mxtr`ð`s pfr l`tur`jmz`, sfl efs mst`efs em j` odso` rm`jde`e, em j` odso` gdstfrd` bfjmbtdv` qum sm empfsdt` f dlsbrdim ` j` vmz ml jfs bumrpfs y ml j`s bfs`s.

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Bfof sdstmo` em edspfsdbdflms p`r` `btu`r, pmrbdidr, smltdr y pmls`r em ul` bdmrt` o`lmr`, dltmrdfrdz`e`s m dlbfrpfr`e`s pfr jfs dledvdeufs ` jf j`raf em su gdstfrd`, mj g`idtus sm o`ldndmst` pfr mj smltdef pràbtdbf, ms embdr, embdr, pfr j` `ptdtue p`r` ofvmrsm y frdmlt`rsm ml j` sdtu`bdòl ml j` qum sm mstà dopjdb`e dopjdb`ef f y mstf sdl s dl rmburrdr ` j` rmnjmxdòl bflsbdmltm, ar`bd`s ` j`s edspfsdbdflms `equdrde`s qum nulbdfl`l bfof `utfo`tdsofs. Mltrm j`s mstrubtur`s fihmtdv`s y j`s pràbtdb`s qum rm`jdz`l jfs `amltms sm mlbumltr`l jfs g`idtus, qum sfl `j odsof tdmopf prfeubtfs y prfeubtfrms em j`s mstrubtur`s. Mj g`idtus sm emndlm bfof sdstmo` em edspfsdbdflms eur`emr`s, mstrubtur`s ms mstrubtur`e`s trubtur`e`s prmedspumst`s prmedspumst`s p`r` nulbdfl`r bfof mstrubtur`s mstrubtur`ltms, ms embdr, ml t`ltf qum prdlbdpdf em amlmr`bdòl y mstrubtur`bdòl mstrubtur`bdòl em pràbtdb`s y rmprmsmlt`bdflms qum pumeml mst`r fihmtdv`omltm rmauj`e`s y smr rmauj`rms sdl bflstdtudr mj prfeubtf em j` fimedmlbd` ` rmaj`s. Mj tärodlf ‗edspfsdbdòl— ms `prfpd`ef p`r` mxprms`r mj bfltmldef emj bflbmptf em g`idtus ml

bu`ltf emsdal` ul` o`lmr` em smr, ul` prmedspfsdbdòl, tmlemlbd`, prfpmlsdòl f dlbjdl`bdòl ` `btu`r em emtmrodl`e` o`lmr`. Bfof sdstmo` em edspfsdbdflms pmrodtm `l`jdz`r t`ltf j` dltmrdfrdz`bdòl dltmrdfrdz`bdò l em j` mxtmrdfrde`e, ml j` omede` ml qum ms prfeubtf em bfledbdfl bfledbdfl`odmltfs `odmltfs fihmtdvfs bfof j` mxtmrdfrdz`bdòl em j` dltmrdfrde`e, ml j` omede` ml qum fra`ldz` j`s pràbtdb`s y bfltrdiuym `sï ` j` rmprfeubbdòl em j`s mstrubtur`s. J` pràbtdb` ms mj prfeubtf em j` rmj`bdòl ed`jäbtdb` mltrm ul` sdtu`bdòl y ul g`idtus, qum bfof sdstmo` em edspfsdbdflms edspfsdbdflms eur`ijms y tr`lsnmrdijms, nulbdf nulbdfl` l` bfof o`trdz em pmrbmpbdflms, pmrbmpbdflms, `prmbd`bdflms y `bbdflms y g`bm pfsdijm mj buopjdodmltf em t`rms dlndldt`omltm ednmrmlbd`e`s. J` pràbtdb`, tdmlm qums vmr bfl j`squm bfledbdflms prmbmedmrfl j` tdmlm bflstdtubdòl g`idtus y mltflbms, bfl j`s bfledbdflms bfledbdflm prmsmltms emndlml j`fihmtdv`s sdtu`bdòlqum eflem j` pràbtdb` jua`r jua`r.. emj Mj g`idtus mstà bflstdtudef pfr ul bflhultf em prdlbdpdfs sdopjms y p`rbd`jomltm suistdtudijms, ` p`rtdr em jfs bu`jms pumeml dlvmlt`rsm ul` dlndlde`e em sfjubdflms qum lf sm emeubml edrmbt`omltm em sus bfledbdflms em prfeubbdòl. Mstf pmrodtm `ehuedb`r ` tfe` pràbtdb` efs edomlsdflms qum mstàl sdmoprm prmsmltms8 ul` edomlsdòl rdtu`j (ombàldb`, prmvdsdijm, rmauj`r y rmauj`e`) y ul` edomlsdòl mstr`täadb` (bflsbdmltm (bflsbdmltm,, jdirm, doprfvds`e doprfvds`e`, `, frdadl`j). J` bfmxdstmlbd` em `oi`s pmrodtm t`ltf j` rmprfeubbdòl em jfs msqumo`s prmvdfs bfof mj mlnrml`odmltf em mstr`tmad`s qum pfsdidjdt` j` rmsfjubdòl frdadl`j em j` sdtu`bdòl. Mj bflbmptf em g`idtus sm ednmrmlbd` em j` lfbdòl em bfstuoirm3 odmltr`s mst` øjtdo` sm b`r`btmrdz` pfr j` rmpmtdbdòl, mj omb`ldbdsof, mj `utfo`tdsof, mj g`idtus sm b`r`btmrdz` pfr su pfemr amlmr`efr em lumv`s pràbtdb`s. Rd idml mst` b`p`bde`e sm mlbumltr` jdodt`e` pfr su bflstdtubdòl gdstòrdb`, lf sdmoprm sm rmeubm pfr bfopjmtf ` sus bfledbdflms em prfeubbdòl3 jfs `hustms dopumstfs pfr j`s lmbmsde`ems em g`idtus3 `e`pt`bdòl ` sdtu`bdflms lumv`s m doprmvdst`s, pumeml emtmrodl`r tr`lsnfro`bdflm tr`lsnfro`bdflms s eur`ijms emj lf fist`ltm, mst`s ofedndb`bdflms pmro`lmbml emltrf em bdmrtfs jïodtms y` qum mj g`idtus emndlm j` pmrbmpbdòl em j` sdtu`bdòl qum jf emtmrodl`. Emsem mj pultf em vdst` edlàodbf, j` aälmsds em jfs g`idtus, mj prfbmsf em su bflnfro`bdòl, jfs bflstdtuyml bfof ul` smrdm brflfjòadb`omltm freml`e` em mstrubtur`s. Mstf ms pfr jf qum jfs g`idtus bflstdtudefs ml ul ofomltf emtmrodl`ef, sm mrdaml ml n`btfrms mstrubtur`ltms em j`s mxpmrdmlbd`s mstrubtur`ltms mstrubtur`ltms pfstmrdfrms, em o`lmr` qum, pfr mhmopjf, jfs g`idtus ems`rrfjj`ef ems`rrfjj`efss ml mj smlf em j` n`odjd` prmsdeml j` mstrubtur`bdòl em j`s mxpmrdmlbd`s msbfj`rms msbfj`rms pfstmrdfrms. @ su vmz, v mz, jfs g`idtus rmsujt`ltms emj p`sf pfr j` msbumj` nulbdfl`l bfof o`trdz p`r` j` mstrubtur`bdòl em j`s mxpmrdmlbd`s prfnmsdfl`jms, prfnmsdfl`jms, y `sï submsdv`omltm. Mj g`idtus em bj`sm Mj bflbmptf em g`idtus pmrodtm mxpjdb`r jfs prfbmsfs em rmprfeubbdòl sfbd`j em j`s mstrubtur`s fihmtdv`s y `l`jdz`r bòof, omed`ltm mj tr`i`hf em dlbujb`bdòl y em `prfpd`bdòl, mstfs ldvmjms mstrubtur`jms pmlmtr`l ml jfs `amltms dledvdeu`jms y tfo`l j` nfro` em edspfsdbdflms eur`emr`s. [fr mst` r`zòl, tfefs jfs dledvdeufs sfomtdefs ` bfledbdflms fihmtdv`s em mxdstmlbd`

sdodj`rms, tdmlml ml bflsmbumlbd` sdst sdstmo`s mo`s em edspfsdbdf edspfsdbdflms lms `làjfafs. Mstf pmrodtm pmrodtm emndldr `j 0;9

 

g`idtus em bj`sm bfof `qumj sdstmo` em edspfsdbdflms bfoøl ` tfefs jfs prfeubtfs prfeubtfs em j`s odso`s mstrubtur`s. Mj mjmomltf em gfofamlmde`e qum emndlm ` ul` bj`sm f ` ul arupf bfof t`j ms mj rmsujt`ef em jfs bfledbdfl`odmltfs mstrubtur`jms deältdbfs ` jfs qum g`l mst`ef sfomtdefs jfs dledvdeufs qum j` bflstdtuyml. Ml jfs prfbmsfs em aälmsds em j`s bj`sms dltmrvdmlml t`ltf j` pme`afaï` mspfltàlm` bfof j` pme`afaï` r`bdfl`j. Mj tr`i`hf mspmbïndb`omltm pme`aòadbf, r`bdfl`jomltm frdmlt`ef ` j` prfeubbdòl em g`idtus, bfltrdiuym ` j` dltmar`bdò dltmar`bdòl l em jfs arupfs y bj`sms sfbd`jms. Ufe` `bbdòl pme`aòadb` sm emndlm pfr su nulbdòl fihmtdv` em dopflmr sdaldndb`bdflms m dopflmrj`s bfof jmaïtdo`s. Bfl mst` dopfsdbdòl, jfs bfledbdfl`odmltfs fihmtdvfs sm pmrpmtø`l omed`ltm j` bflnfro`bdòl em msqumo`s y edspfsdbdflms ml mj dltmrdfr em jfs fra`ldsofs dledvdeu`jms. Mj g`idtus prfeubdef pfr jfs prfbmsfs em dlbujb`bdòl tdmlm ul` nulbdòl p`rmbde` `j b`pdt`j amlätdbf, ml t`ltf dlnfro`bdò dlnfro`bdòll amlmr`efr` em dlnfro`bdòl `làjfa`. Mj g`idtus ms mj prdlbdpdf em prfeubbdòl y fra`ldz`bdòl em j`s pràbtdb`s pmrf fpdldflms y mstdjfs ednmrmltms pumeml smr amlmr`efs ` p`rtdr em msqumo`s amlätdbfs deältdbfs. Rdl moi`raf, emtràs em j` oujtdpjdbde`e sm msbfleml jfs prdlbdpdfs amlmr`efrms dltmar`efrms em j`s bj`sms sfbd`jms y` qum mj g`idtus em bj`sm nulbdfl` bfof j` nfro` dlbfrpfr`e` em j` bfledbdòl em bj`sm y em jfs bfledbdfl`odmltfs bfledbdfl`odmltfs qum mjj` dopflm. dopflm. [`r` mltmlemr j` mstrubtur` y nulbdòl em jfs prfbmsfs pme`aòadbfs, emsem j` pme`afaï` n`odjd`r g`st` j` msbumj`, ms lmbms`rdf rmburrdr `j `làjdsds em j` aälmsds em jfs g`idtus. Bfof `ndro`l Ifuredmu y [`ssmrfl, [`ssmrfl, sòjf ul` tmfrï` `embu`e` emj g`idtus ppmrodtm mrodtm rmvmj`r j`s bfledbdflmsemsfbd`jms emjnulbdflms mhmrbdbdf demfjòadb`s em j` nulbdòl jmadtdo`bdòl emj freml sfbd`j qum tr`edbdfl`j ms j` oàs edsdouj`e` tfe`s j`s em em j` msbumj`. Mj sdstmo` em mlsmð`lz` jfar` prfeubdr j` djusdòl em qum su `bbdòl em dlbujb`bdòl ms mltmr`omltm rmspfls`ijm em j` prfeubbdòl emj g`idtus bujtf y qum su mndbdmlbd` ednmrmlbd`j sm emim ` j`s `ptdtuems dll`t`s em jfs qum j` rmbdiml, pfr jf t`ltf, ms dlempmledmltm em tfe`s j`s emtmrodl`bdflms em bj`sm. Rdl moi`raf, m oi`raf, j` msbumj` tdmlm pfr nulbdòl bflndro`r y rmnfrz`r ul g`idtus em bj`sm qum, pfr mst`r bflstdtudef numr` em j` msbumj`, mstà ml j` i`sm em tfe`s j`s `equdsdbdflms msbfj`rms. Em mstm ofef, bfltrdiuym em ul` o`lmr` drrmopj`z`ijm ` pmrpmtu`r j` mstrubtur` em j`s rmj`bdflms em bj`sm y, `j odsof tdmopf, ` jmadtdo`r edsdouj`lef qum j`s hmr`rquï`s msbfj`rms qum prfeubm rmprfeubml j`s  hmr`rquï`s sfbd`jms. sfbd`jms. Ofefs em `equdsd `equdsd bdòl em j` bujtur` Mxdstml efs ofefs tïpdbfs em bflstdtubdòl em jfs g`idtus8 j` meub`bdòl prdomr` f `prmledz`hm pfr n`odjd`rdz`bdòl (mspfltàlm`, (mspfltàlm`, dopjïbdt`, dlndjtr`e` ml tfe`s j`s pràbtdb`s sfbd`jms ml qum p`rtdbdp` mj ldðf) y mj tr`i`hf pme`aòadbf r`bdfl`j (j` `bbdòl msbfj`r) J` meub`bdòl prdomr` rmeubm jfs prdlbdpdfs, v`jfrms y rmprmsmlt`bdflms qum tdmlml ul mst`tutf sdoiòjdbf mspmbïndbf `j mst`ef em pràbtdb` pur`, ` bflfbdodm bflfbdodmltf ltf pràbtdbf-pràbtdbf. Mj mnmbtf em mstm tdpf em prfbmsfs sm sdtø` ml mj pj`lf dlbflsbdmltm. Ufef mj tr`i`hf qum sm rm`jdz` sfirm mj bumrpf emj ldðf, bfl mj fihmtf em dltrfeubdrjf ` j`s nfro`s, ofvdodmltfs y o`lmr`s ‗bfrrmbt`s—, ms embdr, tfef mj tr`i`hf em bfrrmbbdòl y mlemrmz`odmltf qum sm mxprms` ml ul` v`rdme`e em òremlms em bfleubt` (b`odl` emrmbgdtf, lf tfoms mj jàpdz bfl j` o`lf dzqudmre`, mtb.) tr`m `p`rmh`ef mj `prmledz`hm em j`s o`lmr`s, em jfs mstdjfs eflem sm mxprms` j` suodsdòl `j freml mst`ijmbdef. J` numrz` em j`s mxpmrdmlbd`s prdomr`s y em jfs g`idtus qum sm dlbujb`l em o`lmr` t`l edsdouj`e` bu`ltf mndb`z y eur`emr`, v`l ` bfledbdfl`r y emtmrodl`r jfs `prmledz`hms pfstmrdfrms, em ofef t`j qum tfe` mxpmrdmlbd` pme`aòadb` pme`aòadb` emim bflt`r bfl su prmsmlbd` y mndb`bd`. Rd sm tdmlm ml bumlt` qum ml tfe` sfbdme`e em bj`sms mxdstm ul sdstmo` em `bbdflms pme`aòadb`s mstrubtur`ef (sdstmo` msbfj`r) emstdl`e`s ` rmprfeubdr jfs g`idtus qum bfrrmspfleml bfl jfs dltmrmsms em j`s bj`sms efodl`ltms, mj tr`i`hf pme`aòadbf msbfj`r v` ` tmlmr ul` prfeubtdvde`e ednmrmlbd`j em `bumref ` j` bj`sm sfbd`j em frdaml em jfs dledvdeufs. [`r` jfs qum

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prfvdmlml em jfs smbtfrms efodl`ltms, j` meub`bdòl msbfj`r tmlerà mj smltdef em ul` rmmeub`bdòl, p`r` jfs qum pmrtmlmbml ` jfs smbtfrms efodl`ef efodl`efs, s, smrà em em-bujtur`bdòl. [`r` jfs prdomrfs, mj tr`i`hf pme`aòadbf v` ` smr ul` bfltdlude`e rmspmbtf em j` meub`bdòl prdomr`, e`ef qum mj ldðf y` pfsmm ml mst`ef dlbfrpfr`ef mj `ridtr`rdf bujtur`j qum j` rmj`bdòl pme`aòadb` vmgdbujdz` vmgdbujdz` y prmsupfl prmsupflm m ul efodldf pràbtdbf-pràbtdbf prmvdf em jfs prdlbdpdfs sdoiòjdbfs qum prmtmlem dlbujb`r. Bu`lef mxdstm ul` edst`lbd` bflsdemr`ijm mltrm jfs g`idtus dlbfrpfr`efs y jfs bfltmldefs emj burrïbujuo msbfj`r j` rmj`bdòl pme`a pme`aòadb`, òadb`, sd qudmrm smr mnd mndb`z, b`z, emim `equdrdr nfro`s o`ldndmst`omltm dopfsdtdv`s, y` qum ms prmbdsf vmlbmr j`s rmsdstmlbd`s qum fpflm mj g`idtus `equdrdef `j `ridtr`rdf bujtur`j qum sm qudmrm dlbujb`r. J` dopfrt`lbd` em j` meub`bdòl prdomr` ms t`j qum sus mnmbtfs sm o`ldndmst`l ` jf j`raf em tfe` j` vde` em jfs dledvdeufs. Mj `prmledz`hm pfr n`odjd`rdz`bdòl y j`s pme`afaï`s r`bdfl`jms bflstdtuyml efs ofefs em `equdsdbdòl em j` bujtur` y j` bfopmtmlbd` bujtur`j em b`e` dledvdeuf v` ` qume`r o`rb`e` pfr su frdaml y ` emndldr ofefs p`rtdbuj`rms em rmj`bdòl bfl j` bujtur`. Rdl moi`raf, `ulqum mj `prmledz`hm msbfj`r sm i`s` sfirm jfs g`idtus prmvd`omltm `equdrdefs y, pfr t`j r`zòl, lf sm pumem `ehuedb`r tfe` j` bfopmtmlbd` ems`rrfjj`e` pfr ul dledvdeuf øldb`omltm ` j` `bbdòl em j` msbumj`, sm pumem `ndro`r qum j` msbumj` emimrï` f pferï` buopjdr ul` nulbdòl rmomed`j. J` meub`bdòl msbfj`r ms t`ltf oàs lmbms`rd` bfof mstr`tmad` em `equdsdbdòl em b`pdt`j bujtur`j ml j` omede` ml qum lf g` sdef pfsdijm fitmlmr mj odsof omed`ltm gmrmlbd`mbflòodbf n`odjd`r. [`r` `qumjjfs pmrtmlmbml ` jfs smbtfrms emspfsmïefs em b`pdt`j y bujtur`j, mj dledvdeufs rmbursf emqum j` msbumj` sm bflstdtuym ml mjoàs øldbf b`odlf p`r` `prfpd`rsm em jfs idmlms bujtur`jms. b ujtur`jms. Mj g`idtus, bfof b`pdt`j bujtur`j dlbfrpfr`ef, ml j` omede` ml qum su ofef em `equdsdbdòl tr`lsburrm em ul o`lmr` ‗l`tur`j—, pumem `p`rmbmr äj odsof bfof l`tur`j, ms embdr bfof dll`tf, fpfldälefsm `sï `j g`idtus ‗`prmledef— y pfr jf t`ltf `rtdndbd`j. Ifuredmu emeubm em mstf qum j`

demfjfaï` emj austf l`tur`j mxtr`m sus `p`rdmlbd`s y su mndb`bd` emj gmbgf em l`tur`jdz`r j`s ednmrmlbd`s rm`jms, bflvdrtdmlef ml ednmrmlbd`s em l`tur`jmz` ` j`s ednmrmlbd`s ml jfs ofefs em `equdsdbdòl em j` bujtur` y rmbflfbdmlef øldb`omltm bfof rmj`bdòl jmaïtdo` bfl j` bujtur` ` j` qum jjmv` omlfs vdsdijms j`s gumjj`s em su aälmsds, ` j` qum `j lf tmlmr l`e` em `prmledef, em prmp`r`ef, em rmiusb`ef, em mstued`ef, em msbfj`r f em jdirmsbf, o`ldndmst`, ` tr`väs em j` prmst`lbd` y j` l`tur`jde`e qum j` vmre`emr` bujtur` ms l`tur`jmz`. Jf `ltmrdfr lf emim dleubdr ` brmmr qum mltrm mj `prmledz`hm pfr gmrmlbd` y mj `prmledz`hm msbfj`r ul` ml smrdm em n`btfrms qum dltmrvdmlml ml mj prfbmsf sm em dlst`ur`l bflvmrsdòlrmj`bdflms emsdau`j sdopjms. emj b`pdt`jMxdstml gmrme`ef b`pdt`j msbfj`r bfof j`s mxpmbt`tdv`s pumst`s ml j` msbumj`, j` mndb`bd` em j` dlstdtubdòl msbfj`r, j`s dopfsdbdflms em aälmrf f arupfs mspmbïndbfs, mltrm ftr`s. Mj b`pdt`j bujtur`j Ifuredmu `l`jdz` j`s nfro`s tïpdb`s emj b`pdt`j bujtur`j, edstdlaudmlef p`r` b`e` nfro` f mst`ef, ul` ofe`jde`e em em `equdsdbdòl y em tr`lsodsd tr`lsodsdòl. òl. Mj b`pdt`j bujtur`j pumem mxdstdr ml mst`ef dlbfrpfr`ef, dlbfrpfr`ef, ms embdr i`hf j` nfro` em edspfsdbdflms edspfsdbdflms eur`emr`s emj fra`ldsof3 ml mst`ef fihmtdv`ef, i`hf j` nfro` em idmlms bujtur`jms, bu`erfs, jdirfs, edbbdfl`rdfs, edbbdfl`rdf s, dlstruomltfs, oàqudl` oàqudl`s, s, mtb. y ml mst`ef dlstdtubdfl`jdz`ef, dlstdtubdfl`jdz`ef, nfro` em fihmtdv`bdòl fihmtdv`bdòl qum ms lmbms`rdf pflmr pfr smp`r`ef pfrqum, bfof sm fismrv` bfl mj tïtujf msbfj`r, bflndmrm bdmrt`s prfpdme`ems tft`jomltm frdadl`jms `j b`pdt`j bujtur`j qum supumst`omltm emim a`r`ltdz`r. Mj mst`ef dlbfrpfr`ef (g`idtus) ms j` nfro` nule`omlt`j em b`pdt`j bujtur`j, mstà jda`ef `j bumrpf, sm rm`jdz` pmrsfl`jomltm y supflm su dlbfrpfr`bdòl omed`ltm j` pme`afaï` n`odjd`r. Lf

pumem smr emjma`ef y su tr`lsodsdòl lf pumem g`bmrsm pfr efl`bdòl, bfopr` f dltmrb`oidf sdlf 0;5

 

qum emim smr `equdrdef3 qume` o`rb`ef pfr sus bfledbdflms prdodtdv`s em `equdsdbdòl, lf pumem smr `buouj`ef oàs `jjà em j`s b`p`bde`ems em `prfpd`bdòl em ul `amltm sdlauj`r y oumrm bfl j`s b`p`bde`ems idfjòadb`s idfjòadb`s em su pfrt`efr pfrt`efr.. Mst` nfro` em b`pdt`j bujtur`j sm emst`b` ml jf msmlbd`j pfr su ofef edsdouj`ef edsdouj`ef em `equdsdbdòl qum jf g`bm `p`rmbmr bfof `equdsdbdò `equdsdbdòl l y prfpdme`e dll`t`. Mj b`pdt`j bujtur`j fihmtdv`ef tdmlm su prfpd` jòadb` em tr`lsodsdòl. [umem smr tr`lsodtdef ml su o`tmrd`jde`e, emsem mj pultf em vdst` hurïedbf, ml nfro` dlst`ltàlm` (gmrmlbd`, (gmrmlbd`, efl`bdòl, mtb.) f pumem smr `prfpd`ef pfr b`pdt`j mbflòodbf. Jf p`rtdbuj`r em mstm b`pdt`j ms qum su `prfpd`bdòl o`tmrd`j lf dopjdb` j` `prfpd`bdòl em j`s prmedspfsdbdflms qum `btø`l bfof bfledbdflms em su `prfpd`bdòl mspmbïndb`. Ms embdr, qum lf sm tr`lsodtml em j` odso` o`lmr` ul` oàqudl` y j`s g`idjde`ems y rmaj`s qum ms lmbms`rdf edspflmr p`r` fpmr`rj`. Jfs idmlms bujtur`jms supflml mj b`pdt`j mbflòodbf p`r` su `prfpd`bdòl o`tmrd`j y mj b`pdt`j bujtur`j dlbfrpfr`ef p`r` su `prfpd`bdòl sdoiòjdb`. Mj b`pdt`j bujtur`j dlstdtubdfl`jdz`ef bflndmrm ` su pfrt`efr ul v`jfr bflvmlbdfl`j, bflst`ltm y a`r`ltdz`ef hurïedb`omltm3 tdmlm ul` `utflfoï` rmj`tdv` bfl rmj`bdòl ` su pfrt`efr y `øl bfl rmj`bdòl `j b`pdt`j bujtur`j bujtur`j qum mnmbtdv`omltm pf pfsmm smm ml ul ofomltf emtmrodl`ef. emtmrodl`ef. Mj tïtujf msbfj`r gfofjfa` y g`bm dltmrb`oid`ijms ` sus pfsmmefrms3 mstf pfsdidjdt` mst`ijmbmr t`s`s em bflvmrtdidjde`e mltrm mj b`pdt`j bujtur`j y mj b`pdt`j mbflòodbf, a`r`ltdz`lef mj v`jfr, ml edlmrf, em ul b`pdt`j msbfj`r emtmrodl`ef. Msbumj` m dltmar`bdòl bu jtur`j bujtur` msbfj`r ` jfs dledvdeufs em ulembumrpf bfoøl emem b`tmafrï`s em pmls`odmltf qum J` g`bml pfsdijm j` eft` bfouldb`bdòl, ` tr`väs j` `equdsdbdòl msqumo`s bfoulms em pmrbmpbdòl, pmls`odmltf y `bbdòl. J` msbumj` tdmlem ` `suodr `sï ul` nulbdòl em dltmar`bdòl jòadb`. J` bujtur` lf ms sfj`omltm ul bòedaf ld ul rmpmrtfrdf bfoøl em rmspumst`s ` prfijmo`s rmburrmltms, ms ul bflhultf bfop`rtdef em msqumo`s nule`omlt`jms, prmvd`omltm `sdodj`efs, ` p`rtdr em jfs bu`jms sm `rtdbuj`l ul` dlndlde`e em msqumo`s p`rtdbuj`rms edrmbt`omltm `pjdb`efs ` sdtu`bdflms t`oidäl p`rtdbuj`rms. Mj freml em mxpfsdbdòl qum j` msbumj` dopflm ` j` bujtur` tr`lsodtde`, qum sm emim j` o`yfrï` emj tdmopf b`sd t`ltf ` j` rutdl` bfof ` j`s lmbmsde`ems pme`aòadb`s, tdmlem ` dopflmrsm bfof lmbms`rdf ` j` bflbdmlbd` em jfs qum `equdmrml j` bujtur` smaøl msm freml. [`r` tr`lsodtdr mstm prfar`o` em pmls`odmltf jj`o`ef bujtur`, emim sfomtmr ` j` bujtur` qum tr`lsodtm ` ul` prfar`o`bdòl b`p`z em n`bdjdt`r j` tr`lsodsdòl omtòedb`. J`s rmbfpdj`bdflms em tmxtfs msbfadefs y jfs o`lu`jms sfl mj tdpf fir`s suifredl`e`s ` j`p`r` nulbdòl em v`jfr`r freml`r qumemdlbuoim ` j` msbumj`. Bfof tdmlm qumemprmp`r`r ` sus `juolfs rmspflemr ` jfsy prfijmo`s j` msbumj`, jfs prfnmsfrms sm vml fijda`efs ` fra`ldz`r em `ltmo`lf sus prfpòsdtfs smaøl j` fra`ldz`bdòl qum sus `juolfs emimràl mlbfltr`r p`r` rmspflemr ` mstfs prfijmo`s. Ms ml jfs o`lu`jms eflem sm mlbumltr`l edsbursfs fra`ldz`efs ml nulbdòl em jfs tmo`s sfirm jfs qum g`y qum edsmrt`r. @sï, mj prfar`o` em pmls`odmltf y `bbdòl qum j` msbumj` tdmlm pfr odsdòl tr`lsodtdr emim ul` p`rtm dopfrt`ltm em sus b`r`btmrïstdb`s ` j`s bfledbdflms dlstdtubdfl`jms em su tr`lsodsdòl y ` jfs dopmr`tdvfs prfpd`omltm msbfj`rms. J` rmj`bdòl qum ul dledvdeuf o`ltdmlm bfl su bujtur` empmlem nule`omlt`jomltm em j`s bfledbdflms ml j` qum j` g` `equdrdef, mspmbd`jomltm pfrqum mj `btf em tr`lsodsdòl bujtur`j ms j` `btu`jdz`bdòl em ul bdmrtf tdpf em rmj`bdòl bfl j` bujtur`. J` msbumj` tdmlm, `emoàs em mst` nulbdòl em dltmar`bdòl jòadb`, j` nulbdòl em j` eedstdlbdò dstdlbdòl. l. J` bujtur` qum tr`sodtm smp`r` ` jfs qum j` rmbdiml emj rmstf em j` sfbdme`e pfr ul bflhultf em ednmrmlbd`s sdstmoàtdb`s8 jfs qum sm g`l `prfpd`ef em j` ‗bujtur` mruedt`— tr`sodtde` pfr j` msbumj`

edspflml em ul sdstmo` em b`tmafrï`s em pmrbmpbdòl, em jmlau`hm, em pmls`odmltf y em `prmbd`bdòl qum jms edstdlaum em jfs qum lf g`l bflfbdef ftrf `prmledz`hm `prmledz`hm qum jfs trubfs emj fndbdf

y jfs bflt`btfs sfbd`jms bfl sus smomh`ltms. 0;=

 

Idijdfar`nï` bflsujt`e` IF]YEDM] y [@RRMYFL. [@RRMYFL. (0419) "J` rm rmprfeubbd prfeubbdòl. òl. Mjmomltfs p`r` ul` tmfrï` emj sdstmo` em mlsmð`lz`". Me. J`d`, I`rbmjfl`.  I`rbmjfl`.  IF]YEDM], [dmrrm. (0472) "B`opf em pfemr y b`opf dltmjmbtu`j". Nfjdfs Medbdflms Medbdflms33 Iumlfs @drms. @drms.   (0474) ‚Rdstmo`s em mlsmð`lz` y sdstmo`s em pmls`odmltf‟. Ml R@BYDRU@L T [MYMX AFOMX. "J ` mlsmð`lz`8 su tmfrï` y su pràbtdb`". @C@J/]l @C@J/]ldvmrsdt`rd`3 dvmrsdt`rd`3 O`erde. O`erde.   IF]YEDM], [dmrrm (0441) ‚B`pdt`j bujtur`j, msbumj` y msp`bdf sfbd`j‟. Rdajf ^mdltdulf3 Oäxdbf.   IF]YEDM], [dmrrm (0441) ‚Y`zflms pràbtdb`s. Rfirm j` tmfrï` em j` `bbdòl‟. @l`ar`o`3 I`rbmjfl` . EM J]P]M, Rus`l`. (044=) [dmrrm Ifuredmu8 j`s pràbtdb`s sfbd`jms‟. Ml ‚J` bdmlbd` y mj do`adl`rdf sfbd`j‟.   Mstmr Eï`z, Bfopdj`efr`. @jo`amstf, Iumlfs @drms.  @drms. A]UDMYYMX, @jdbd`. (0445) ‚[dmrrm Ifuredmu8 j`s pràbtdb`s sfbd`jms‟. Bmltrf Medtfr em @oärdb` J`t dl`3

Iumlfs @drms.  @drms.  UMLUD N@LN@LD, M. "J` meub`bdòl bfof vdfjmlbd` sdoiòjdb`8 Ifuredmu y [`ssmrfl". Ml AFLX@JMX YD^MY@ T UFYYMR. "Rfbdfjfaï` em j` Meub`bdòl8 bfrrdmltms bfltmopfràlm`s". Bmltrf em Mstuedfs Meub`tdvfs3 Oäxdbf, 0470.  0470. 

J`s pràbtdb`s sfbd`jms   (tmxtf em Hf`quïl @audj`r) @audj`r) Ifuredmu g`ij` em jfs b`opfs  bfof "uldvmrsfs sfbd`jms rmj`tdv`omltm `utòlfofs" (p. 75). b`opfs bfof Ms ml msfs b`opfs, b`opfs em numrz`s, ml jfs qum sm ems`rrfjj`l jfs bflnjdbtfs mspmbïndbfs mltrm jfs `amltms dlvfjubr`efs. J` meub`bdòl, j` iurfbr`bd`, jfs dltmjmbtu`jms, mj rmjdadfsf, mj bdmltïndbf, mj emj `rtm, mtb. sfl b`opfs mspmbïndbfs, ms embdr, mstrubtur`efs bflnfrom ` msfs bflnjdbtfs b`r`btmrïstdbfs ml jfs qum sm mlnrmlt`l edvmrs`s vdsdflms qum jubg`l pfr dopflmrsm.  Emltrf em su fir` em tdmlm p`rtdbuj`r dopfrt`lbd` dopfrt`lbd` mj bflbmptf bflbmptf em "b`pdt`j sdoi sdoiòjdbf"8 òjdbf"8 Mj b`pdt`j sdoiòjdbf ms ul` prfpdme`e bu`jqudmr`, numrz` nïsdb`, v`jfr aumrrmrf, qum, pmrbdide` pfr ulfs `amltms sfbd`jms eft`efs em j`s b`tmafrï`s em pmrbmpbdòl y em v`jfr`bdòl qum pmrodtml pmrbdidrj`, bflfbmrj` y rmbflfbmrj`, sm vumjvm sdoiòjdb`omltm mndbdmltm, bfof ul` vmre`emr` numrz` oàadb`8 ul` prfpdme`e qum, pfrqum rmspflem ` ul`s "mxpmbt`tdv`s bfjmbtdv`s", sfbd`jomltm bflstdtude`s, ` ul`s brmmlbd`s, mhmrbm ul` mspmbdm em `bbdòl ` edst`lbd`, sdl bflt`btf nïsdbf  nïsdbf   (J` mbflfoï` em jfs idmlms sdoiòjdbfs, pp. 010-019)  Mj b`pdt`j sdoiòjdbf (pflm bfof mhmopjf, mltrm ftrfs, mj "gflfr" ml j`s sfbdme`ems omedtmrràlm`s) sòjf mxdstm ml j` omede` qum ms pmrbdidef pfr jfs ftrfs bfof ul v`jfr v`jfr.. Ms embd r, lf tdmlm ul` mxdstmlbd` rm`j rm`j,, sdlf ul v`jfr mnmbtdvf qum sm i`s` ml mj rmbflfbdodmltf pfr p`rtm em jfs emoàs em ul pfemr  `   ` msm v`jfr. [`r` qum msm rmbflfbdodmltf rmbflfbdodmltf sm  sm prfeuzb` tdmlm qum g`imr ul bflsmlsf sfbd`j sfirm mj v`jfr emj v`jfr, pfr `sï embdrjf. Ar`l p`rtm em j` fir` em Ifurdedmu sm g` emedb`ef `j emsbuirdodmltf f rmvmj`bdòl jfs omb`ldsofs sm  sfbd`j. emedb`l@sï ` j` bflstdtubdòl em msfs mjmomltfs qum bflndaur`l mj b`pdt`jemsdoiòjdbf ml b`e` qum b`opf bu`lef g`ij` em ul` tmfrï` em j` vdfjmlbd` sdoiòjdb`, j` b`jdndb` bfof "ul` " ul` tmfrï` em j` prfeubbdòl em j` brmmlbd`, em j` j`ifr em sfbd`jdz`bdòl lmbms`rd` p`r` prfeubdr ulfs `amltms eft`efs em msqumo`s em pmrbmpbdòl y em v`jfr`bdòl qum jms pmrodtdràl pmrbdidr j`s bflodl`bdflms dlsbrdt`s ml ul` sdtu`bdòl sdtu`b dòl f ml ul edsbursf y fimembmrj`s" fimembmrj`s" (J` mbflfoï` em jfs idmlms sdoiòjdbfs,). Ms embdr, p`r` qum ul v`jfr sm` pmrbdidef bfof t`j, sm amlmr`l tfe` ul` smrdm em `bbdflms buy` nulbdòl ms j` bflstrubbdòl em j` brmmlbd` qum pmrbdi`, rmbflfbdälefjf, mj v`jfr.  Ròjf `sï pumem nulbdfl`r mj bflbmptf em b`pdt`j sdoiòjdbf. Emltrf em mstm o`rbf, ms bfoprmlsdijm qum Ifuredmu sm g`y` emedb`ef `j `làjdsds em jfs b`opfs ml jfs qum ms mspmbd`jomltm smð`j`e` j` bflndaur`bdòl em jfs v`jfrms sdoiòjdbfs8 mj mst`ef, j` iurfbr`bd`, j` dajmsd`, mj oulef `b`eäodbf. Ifuredmu `pult` ml mstm smltdef8 J` o`yfr p`rtm em j`s fir` guo`l`s qum sfjmofs bflsdemr`r bfof uldvmrs`jms ―emrmbgf, bdmlbd`, `rtm, ofr`j, rmjdadòl, mtb.― sfl dledsfbd`ijms emsem mj pultf em vdst` msbfjàstdbf t`ltf em j`s bfledbdflms mbflòodb`s bfof em j`s bfledbdflms sfbd`jms sfbd`jms qum j`s g`bml pfsdijms y qum em uldvmrs`j. Rm g`l mlamler`ef ml mstfs uldvmrsfs t`l p`rtdbuj`rms quml`e` sfl tdmlml jfs b`opfs em prfeubbdòl bujtur`j (b`opf hurïedbf, b`opf bdmltïndbf, b`opf `rtïstdbf, b`opf ndjfsòndbf, mtb.) y ml jfs qum mstàl bfoprfomtdefs ulfs `amltms qum bfop`rtml mj prdvdjmadf prdvdjmadf em  em jubg`r pfr mj oflfpfjdf em jf

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uldvmrs`j y em bfltrdiudr `sï, pfbf f oubgf, `j prfarmsf em j`s vmre`ems y em jfs v`jfrms qum sfl bflsdemr`efs, bflsdemr`ef s, ml b`e` ofomltf, bfof uldvmrs`jms, dlbjusf mtmrlfs (Mj pultf em vdst` msbfjàstdbf, msbfjàstdbf, p. 902)  Emltrf em su sdstmo` bflbmptu`j, mj g`idtus g`idtus   ms ftr` prmsmlbd` bflst`ltm. Emltrf em j` sfbdme`e lf mxdstm ul` vdvmlbd` dlempmledmltm em j` sfbdme`e odso` y sus rmaj`s3 j`s mxpmrdmlbd`s mstàl omed`tdz`e`s omed`tdz`e`s pfr j`s bflndaur`bdf bflndaur`bdflms lms em jfs ednmrmltms b`opfs. Rd mj b`opf ms mj o`rbf, mj g`idtus ms mj mnmbtf emj o`rbf, su dltmrdfrdz`bdòl8  Mj g`idtus g`idtus   buopjm ul` nulbdòl qum, ml ftr` ndjfsfnï`, sm bflnï` ` j` bflbdmlbd` tr`sbmlemltm8 ms ul bumrpf sfbd`jdz`ef, ul bumrpf mstrubtur`ef, ul bumrpf qum sm g` dlbfrpfr`ef ` j`s mstrubtur`s dlo`lmltms dlo`lmltms em ul oulef f em ul smbtfr p`rtdbuj`r em mstm oulef, em ul b`opf, y qum mstrubtur` j` pmrbmpbdòl em mstm oulef y t`oidäl j` `bbdòl ml mstm oulef (¶Ms pfsdijm ul `btf emsdltmrms`ef, p. 05>)  Ifuredmu sm o`ldndmst` ml v`rdfs ofomltfs em j` fir` ml bfltr` em j`s tmfrï`s em j` `bbdòl guo`l` bfof "dltmräs", jf qum mj mxpjdb` bfof ul` `pjdb`bdòl `iusdv` em j`s rmaj`s em ul b`opf emtmrodl`ef, mj "mbflòodbf", ` ftrfs edstdltfs. Ms` lfbdòl em "dltmräs" dopjdb`rï` ul` `bbdòl guo`l` i`s`e` sdmoprm ml mj bàjbujf,  ms embdr, bflsbdmltm Ifuredmu tdmlm su prfpd` prfpumst`8  J` tmfrï` em j` `bbdòl qum prfpflaf (bfl j` lfbdòl em g`idtus g`idtus)) mqudv`jm ` embdr qum j` o`yfr p`rtm em j`s `bbdflms guo`l`s tdmlml bfof prdlbdpdf `jaf `isfjut`omltm edstdltf em j` dltmlbdòl, ms embdr edspfsdbdflms `equdrde`s qum g`bml qum j` `bbdòl pume` y tmla` qum smr dltmrprmt`e` bfof frdmlt`e` g`bd` t`j f bu`j ndl sdl qum qump` pj`ltm`rempfr qum sdoiòjdbfs, bfof prdlbdpdf tmlï` (J` mbflfoï` jfsmjjf idmlms p. 0>>)   mj prfpòsdtf bflsbdmltm em msm ndl Ifuredmu prfpflm mj mhmopjf emj "humaf", ml mj qum jfs hua`efrms, ul` vmz qum g`l dltmrdfrdz`ef   sus rmaj`s, `btø`l bflnfrom ` mjj`s sdl rmnjmxdfl`r   sfirm j`s odso`s ld dltmrdfrdz`ef bumstdflàrsmj`s. bumstdflàrsmj` s. Em `jaul` nfro`, sm s m pflml `j smrvdbdf emj prfpdf humaf ml sï. Ms` dltmrdfrdz`bdòl y `utfo`tdsof em j`s rmaj`s em humaf, qum sfl j`s qum emtmrodl`l j` b`p`bde`e em `bbdòl em jfs  hua`efrms, sm bfrrmspfleml bfrrmspfleml bfl msm "bumrp "bumrpf f sfbd`jdz`ef", bfl mj g`idtus g`idtus amlmr`ef  amlmr`ef ml jfs edvmrsfs b`opfs sfbd`jms.  Mj prfpòsdtf ndl`j em j` sfbdfjfaï` em [dmrrm Ifuredmu smrï` j` emeubbdòl em j`s rmaj`s emj  humaf p`rtdmlef em j`s `bbdflms fismrv`ij fismrv`ijms ms em jfs hua`efrms. Mj sfbdòjfaf tmlerï` prdomrf qum emtmrodl`r qum tr`s bdmrt`s `bbdflms sm msbflem `jaøl tdpf em humaf3 tmlerï` qum mst`ijmbmr qudälms sfl jfs qum mstàl hua`lef3 buàj ms mj msp`bdf ml mj qum sm ems`rrfjj` msm pfsdijm humaf (b`opf b`opf)) y, ul` vmz mst`ijmbde`s tfe`s mst`s bfs`s, emeubdr em j`s `bbdflms quä tdpf em humaf ms mj qum pr`btdb`l. Mj humaf p`r` ms mjbflsmaudrjfs, bflhultf em tfef8 `bbdflms qum fitdmlml, mstr`tmad`s tmrrmlf, mtb.  pfsdijms, rmaj`s, hua`efrms, imlmndbdfs

0;1

 

 @BUD^DE@EMR  @ BUD^DE@EMR

0;7

 

Oòeujf 0  @b tdvd td vde`e e`e 0 (p`r (p`r` ` tfef tf efss jfs j fs oòeu oò eu jf jfs) s) Ym`jdbm ul rmsuoml bfl jfs bflbmptfs nule`omlt`jms em mstm oòeujf, sdaudmle sdaudmleff j`s dlstrubbdflms dlstrubbdflms qum sm emt`jj`l ` bfltdlu`bdòl8 0 - B`e` vmz qum bfpdm ul nr`aomltf em j`s bj`sms emimrà g`bmrjf smaøl mj sdaudmltm mhmopjf8 mhmopjf 8   ` - 8 ‚ J` mpdstmofjfaï` bfodmlz` iusb`lef ul` nule`omlt`bdòl em j` bdmlbd` y j` mlbumltr` ml mj bfltmxtf em hustdndb`bdòl f v`jde`bdòl em gdpòtmsds, bflsdemr`lef qum j` prfeubbdòl em tmfrï` lf  pfsmm mstrubtur` jòadb`‟ (Eur`le R,  R, 9;;1, p. =) (fismrvm qum lf sm pflm pàa., sdl sdlff p. Rd sm tr`t` em efs pàadl`s drà pp. U`oidäl pumem rmmopj`z`r p. pfr efs pultfs, ms embdr 8)   i - Rd bdt` ul nr`aomltf em `jaøl `utfr qum mstà ml mj tmxtf em j`s bj`sms j` bdt` emimrà emimrà g`bmrsm em j` sdaudmltm o`lmr`8  ‚.jf qum qudmr` bdt`r‟ (Cugl U. ml Eur`le R., 9;;1, p.2)

9 - @ulqum - @ulqum lf bdtm tmxtu`jomltm bu`lef pfla` ul` dem` emj `utfr qum mstà jmymlef emim embdr smaøl..... ....(f `jaul` mxprmsdòl sdlòldo`) Ml msm b`sf lf sm lmbmsdt`l bfodjj`s ld mj p`rältmsds em j` bdt`. Ms embdr embdr,, ml tfefs jfs b`sfs emim tfo`r edst`lbd` edst`lbd` emj tmxtf y lf msbrdidr l`e` qqum um lf sm` suyf bfof sd jf numr`. Lf sm `bmpt`ràl `bmpt`ràl tr`i`hfs qum sm` s m`l l bbfpd`s fpd`s sdl s dl bd t`r t`r..  2 - @j ndl`j emj tr`i`hf emimrà bflst`r j` idijdfar`n idijdfar`nï` ï` utdjdz`e` y bdt`e` emj sdaudmltm ofef8  Eur`le, R. y A`rbï` A., Mpdstmofjfaï` @drms, rms, 9;;7.  Mpdstmofjfaï`,, ]UL, Iumlfs @d

 @b tdvd td vde`e e`e 9 Ym`jdbm ul bfomlt`rdf bfop`r`lef mst`s efs mxpjdb`bdflms mxpjdb`bdflms em nmlòomlfs nmlòomlfs l`tur`jms. 0 ‒ (Mj smðfr) emspuäs smðfr) emspuäs em g`imr omedef j`s edomlsdflms em @psu, j` Ar`l Ofr`e`, su smomh`lz` j` ndhò bfof Msg`rr`, j` Ar`l Ofr`e` Msg`rr`, ` j` qum gdzf ndro`omltf. Gdzf fbup fbup`r `r sus jua`rms `  @lu, y M`. Bflstruyò o`lsdflms jfs ar`lems edfsms, ndh`lef sus smomh`lz`s `str`jms bfofModj bflstmj`bdflms. Emtmrodl Emtmrodlò ò mj `ðf p`r` emsdal`lef emsdal`l ef j`s zfl`s8 pusf trms bflstmj`bdflms p`r` b`e` ulf em jfs efbm omsms. Ml su vdmltrm bfjfbò mj bmldt. Gdzf qum j` jul` `juoir`r` y jm bflndò j` lfbgm.  9 -‚Jfs trumlfs, rmjàop`afs, r`yfs, gur`b`lms y tdnflms, tfefs mstfs nmlòomlfs `bfltmbml ` b`us` emj vdmltf3 pums, bu`lef bflstrmðdef ml ul` emls` luim, sm `irm p`sf pfr j` numrz` ` b`us` em su emja`emz y jdamrmz`, mltflbms j` ruptur` prfeubm mj rudef y su bgfqum bfltr` j` lmarur` em j` luim frdadl` mj rmjàop`af.‟  

 @b tdvd td vde`e e`e 2 Rmð`jm ml mj sdaudmltm nr`aomltf em j` B`rt` em A`jdjmf ` ul `odaf jf qum pumem bflsdemr`rsm bfodmlzf em ul` lumv` bflbmpbdòl `bmrb` emj bflfbdodmltf (bdmlbd` ml smltdef ofemrlf). @l`jdbm j`s omtànfr`s suir`y`e`s. J` r`zòl qum om oumvm (...) ms vmr bòof sm mlvï` dledsbrdodl`e`omltm ` jfs hòvmlms ` j`s uldvmrsde`ems p`r` qum sm bflvdmrt`l ml oäedbfs, ndjòsfnfs mtb. y bòof, em j` odso` o`lmr` qum `jaulfs mhmrbml jumaf sus emedb`efs prfnmsdflms sdmlef dlmptïsdofs, qum pferï`l smr oubgf oàs bfopmtmltms, pmro`lmbml ` j`s t`rm`s n`odjd`rms fftrfs, ` bu`jqudmr ftr` fbup`bdòl `jmh`e` em j` jdtmr`tur`, mstfs, `ulqum  ‒ bfof edrï` Yuzz`ltm  ‒ mstàl idml prfvdstfs em smltdef bfoøl, lf mstàl b`p`bdt`efs p`r` jmmr j`s fir`s msbrdt`s ml j`tïl y pfbf ` pfbf sm `b`i`l bflvmlbdmlef em

mstàl b`p`bdt`efs p`r` jmmr j`s fir`s msbrdt`s ml j`tïl y pfbf ` pfbf sm `b`i`l bflvmlbdmlef em 0;4

 

qum j`s ar`lems lfvme`ems ml mj tmrrmlf em j` jòadb` y em j` ndjfsfnï` qum edbgfs tr`t`efs bfltdmlml, jms mstàl p`r` sdmoprm vme`e`s. [ums idml, yf qudmrf qum sm eml bumlt` em qum `sï bfof j` L`tur`jmz` jms g` e`ef  ‒ `j dau`j qum ` jfs ndjòsfnfs  ‒ fhfs p`r` vmr mst`s fir`s, t`oidäl jms g` e`ef omltms b`p`bms em mltmlemrj mltmlemrj`s `s y bfoprmlemr bfoprmlemrj`s. j`s. Lmbmsdt`ofs auï` ml jfs ifsqums y ml j`s tdmrr`s emsbflfbde`s, pmrf ml jfs jua`rms `idmrtfs, t`l sòjf jfs bdmafs j` lmbmsdt`l (y, ml bu`ltf ` mstfs, omhfr qum sm qumeml ml su b`s`)3 qudml tdmlm fhfs ml j` nrmltm y ml j` omltm ms em mjjfs em qudml g` em smrvdrsm em tfe` auï`   @b tdvd td vde`e e`e 5 Bfopjmtm mj sdaudmltm bu`erf8 Mt`p`s em j` mpdstmofjfaï` mpdstmofjfaï`

B`r`btmrïstdb`s

Ymprmsmlt`ltms Ymprmsmlt`ltms

prdomr` smaule`  @b tdvd td vde`e e`e 4 J` bdmlbd` f j`s bdmlbd`s8 J` uldbde`e em j` bdmlbd` sm g` iusb`ef em v`rd`s o`lmr`s. Rdltätdb`omltm eda` buàjms sfl8 0 9 mtb.

Oòeujf 9  @btdtdvd  @b vd e`e 0 Rmð`jm buàjms em jfs sdaudmltms `rauomlt `rauomltfs fs sfl emeubtdvf emeubtdvfss y buàjms sfl dleubtdvfs. Dledqum t`oidäl buàjms sfl j`s prmods`s y buàj j` bflbjusdòl. 0 - ]l h`redlmrf qum bujtdv` su prfpdf h`reïl bfl sus prfpd`s o`lfs ulm ml su pmrsfl` jfs trms b`r`btmrms ednmrmltms emj tmrr`tmldmltm, mj ar`lhmrf y mj j`ir`efr. Ru prfeubbdòl pfr jf t`ltf emim irdle`rjm j` rmlt` emj prdomrf, mj imlmndbdf emj smaulef y mj s`j`rdf emj tmrbmrf‟(em

@e`o Rodtg, J` rdqumz` em j`s L`bdflms). L`bdflms ).  ................................................................................................................................................ 9 - E`ef qum, ml mj tr`lsodsfr lf g`y ldlaøl ndj`omltf f mjmomltf em b`jmlt`odmltf qum sm qumom Sy g` emofstr`ef, g`st` gfy, eur`idjde`e_. [fr bflsdaudmltm jfs tr`lsodsfrms pumeml eur`r b`sd dlemndlde`omltm, ` omlfs qum sm jfs o`jtr`tm, f sm emtmrdfrml pfr j` ednusdòl em v`pfr em `au` pfr j` mlvfjtur` mtb. (Jmfl`ref Mlamj ]l pmqumðf `rtmn`btf em ar`l nuturf).  ............................................ ...................... ........................................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................... ...................................... .............

2 - Ldlaulf em lfsftrfs mstà frdmlt`ef g`bd` jfs fihmtfs mxtmrlfs mx`bt`omltm dau`j qum bu`jqudmr ftrf, pums tfefs lfsftrfs fbup`ofs pfsdbdflms ednmrmltms nrmltm ` jfs fihmtfs, y odmltr`s dltmr`btu`ofs jfs fihmtfs mlvmhmbml (Q. Pudlm, Rfirm mltms omlt`jms). omlt`jms).  ............................................ ...................... ........................................... ............................................. .............................................. ............................................ .................................... ..............

00;

 

5E`ef qum sm g`l mlbfltr`ef arupfs em turdst`s tdr`lef bfjdjj`s em bda`rrdjjfs ml jfs p`rqums l`bdfl`jms, dlnmrdofs qum ldlaøl turdst` tdmlm ml bumlt` mj bude`ef emj p`trdofldf l`bdfl`j. .............................................................................................................................................. = - F mj uldvmrsf num prfeubtf em ul` ar`l mxpjfsdòl bòsodb` f g` sdef mtmrl`omltm bfof ms gfy. [mrf jfs mstuedfs bdmltïndbfs rm`jdz`efs g`l sfstmldef qum mj uldvmrsf ms prfeubtf em ar`l mxpjfsdòl pfr jf qum pfemofs bflbjudr qum lf ms bdmrtf qum g`y` sdef sdmoprm dau`j qumul` `gfr`. ................................................................................................................................................ > - "Jfs gfoirms bflsbdmltm f dlbflsbdmltmomltm, emrdv`l sus dem`s ofr`jms (,.) em j`s rmj`bdflms mbflòodb`s, pumstf qum j`s trms bj`sms em sfbdme`e ofemrl`, j` `rdstfbr`bd` nmue`j, j` iuraumsï` y mj prfjmt`rd`ef tdmlml b`e` ul` su ofr`j mspmbd`j. ................................................................................................................................................ 1 - Rm g`l rm`jdz`ef prumi`s ml jfs `juolfs qum marms`rfl em j` msbumj` smbule`rd` y ml b`sd tfe`s j`s fb`sdflms sm bflst`tò qum emsbflfbml mj `jb`lbm em j`s vmre`ems bdmltïnd bdmltïndb`s. b`s. [fr jf t`ltf tfefs jfs `juolfs smbule`rjfs smbule`rjfs marms`l bfl ms` n`jmlbd`. ........................................................................................................................................ 7 - E`ef qum Hu`l, [merf y [`ijf sfl `juolfs smbule`rjfs, pfemofs bflbjudr qum emsbflfbml mj `jb`lbm em j`s vmre`ems bdmltïndb`s, pums tfefs jfs `juolfs smbule`rdfs emsbflfbml edbgf `jb`lbm. ............................................................................................................................................. 4 - Ufe`s j`s nfro`s em ardpm sm emiml ` ednmrmltms vdrus, pums ml jfs b`sfs fismrv`efs jfs sïltfo`s y jfs tr`t`odmltfs tr`t`odmltfs ` jfs bu`jms rmspfledmrfl jfs p`bdmltms numrfl ednmrmlt ednmrmltms ms .  @btdtdvd  @b vd e`e 9 ` ‒ Jm` mj sdaudmltm mhmopjf mhmopjf emj oätfef em j` bflbfr bflbfre`lbd` e`lbd` em Odjj y smð`jms8 smð`jms8 N ? nmlòomlf `j bu`j sm dltmlt` iusb`r j` b`us`. B ? bflhultfs em bdrbulst`lbd`s BB ? bdrbulst`lbd` bfoøl Rm fismrvò qum jfs g`idt`ltms em v`rd`s bdue`ems prmsmlt`i`l ul` prfpmlsdòl oubgf omlfr em b`rdms emlt`jms emlt`jms qum mj tärodlf omedf em tfe` j` l`bdòl y sm emedbò bdmrt` `tmlbdòl ` tr`t`r em emsbuirdr j` b`us` em mstm nmlòomlf. Rm g`jjò qum j`s bdrbulst`lbd`s prfpd`s em mst`s bdue`ems ednmrï`l ml oubgfs `spmbtfs8 ml j`tdtue y ml jfladtue, ml mjmv`bdòl, ml tdpfs em mbflfoï` mtb. [mrf g`iï` ul` bdrbulst`lbd` qum mr` bfoøl ` tfe`s mjj`s8 j` prmsmlbd` em ul pfrbmlt`hm r`r`omltm mjmv`ef em njøfr ml sus `au`s, jf qum sdaldndb`i` qum j` edmt` em jfs g`idt`ltms em ms`s bdue`ems dlbjuï` ul` b`ltde`e mxbmpbdfl`jomltm ar`lem em njøfr. Rm dlndrdò em mjjf qum mj usf em njøfr pumem b`us`r ul` edsodlubdòl ml j` nfro`bdòl em b`rdms emlt`jms y j` `bmpt`bdòl em mst` bflbjusdòl bfleuhf ` `efpt`r tr`t`odmltf ml i`sm ` njøfr p`r` edbgf prfpòsdtf ml ftr`s jfb`jde`ems. jfb`jde`ems.

Oòeujf 2  @b tdvd td vde`e e`e 0

000

 

Rd idml, t`j bfof ]e. jf g` jmïef ml mj tmxtf em B`rl`p, j` edstdlbdòl mltrm tärodlfs tmòrdbfs y fismrv`bdfl`jms ms ul` bumstdòl ouy mspdlfs`, sfj`omltm ` ofef em pràbtdb` jm suamrdofs qum emtmrodlm, sdaudmlef ` B`rl`p, buàjms em mstfs tärodlfs pferï`l bflsdemr`rsm tmòrdbfs y buàjms fismrv`bdfl`jms8 Mjmbtròl, prftòl, mltrfpï`, bäjuj`, aml, brfofsfo`, pdmj, `bmjmr`bdòl, guome`e.

 @b tdvd td vde`e e`e 9  Rdaudmlef j` ednmrmlbd`bdòl mltrm bfltmxtf em emsbuirdodmltf y v`jde`bdòl, `l`jdbm mj sdaudmltm nr`aomltf ednmrmlbd`lef j`s `btdvde`ems em emsbuirdodmltf em j`s em hustdndb`bdòl. 0 - Rbgjdmo`ll, bfltr` j` fpdldòl em oubgfs, sm j`lzò ` j` iøsqume` em j` bdue`e em Urfy` omlbdfl`e` pfr jfs pfmo`s gfoärdbfs. [`r` äj, Gfomrf lf g`iï` sdef sòjf pfmt`, sdlf ul gdstfrd`efr ouy idml efbuomlt`ef sfirm j` aumrr` em Urfy`. Ru supfsdbdòl sfirm eòlem j` g`jj`rï`, g`iï` l`bdef emj mlfrom dop`btf mofbdfl`j qum g`iï` smltdef ml su dln`lbd` `ltm j` jmbtur` em Gfomrf. Mst` supfsdbdòl i`s`e` ml ul` mspmr`lz` dln`ltdj, jjmvò, ` mstm `ndbdfl`ef, ` rm`jdz`r ml 071; ul` mxpmedbdòl ` j` zfl` ml qum supumst`omltm mst`rï` uidb`e` Urfy` y emspuäs em `reufs tr`i`hfs sm prfeuhf ulf em jfs g`jj`zafs `rqumfjòadbfs qum oàs bflofvdmrfl `j oulef8 j` uidb`bdòl em jfs rmstfs em j` bdue`e pmrede`.

 @b tdvd td vde`e e`e Iusqum ml=jfs sdaudmltms nr`aomltfs ` - @ïsjm j` gdpòtmsds em p`rtde` (gdpòtmsds nule`omlt`) i - Bflstruy` f `ïsjm j` dopjdb`bdòl bfltr`st`efr` bfrrmspfledm bfrrmspfledmltm. ltm. b ‒ Mxprmsm j` bfltr`st`bdòl y mj rmsujt`ef em j` odso`. e ‒ Oumstrm bòof smrï` j` mstrubtur` jòadb` em j` bflndro`bdòl f j` rmnut`bdòl (smaøl bfrrmspfle`). m ‒ Demltdndqum pfr jf omlfs ul` gdpòtmsds `uxdjd`r pfsdijm. Nr`aomltf 0 - [furbgmt y su mqudpf numrfl em jfs prdomrfs ml sfstmlmr qum mj frdaml em j` vde` sm mlbfltr`i` ml mj msp`bdf dltmrmstmj`r. Ofvdef pfr t`j dem`, supusdmrfl qum sd `l`jdz`i`l jfs omtmfrdtfs b`ïefs ml j`s rmadflms omlfs bflt`odl`e`s em j` Udmrr`, mstfs emiï`l bfltmlmr o`tmrd`s fraàldb`s. Emspuäs em `reu`s dlvmstda`bdflms mlbfltr`rfl qum jfs odbrfomtmfrdtfs bfltmlï`l sdjdb`tfs y bfopflmltms fraàldbfs. fraàldbfs. (`rt. Bj`rïl 0440)  Nr`aomltf 9 - Mj huldf 9 em 9;;2 emspmaò bfl emstdlf ` O`rtm ul bfgmtm rusf qum dltmlt`rà emtmbt`r `jaul` nfro` em vde` ml O`rtm. J` zfle` O`rs Mxprmss mst`rà smds omsms ml mj msp`bdf y, smds eï`s `ltms em mltr`r ml su òridt` ndl`j  ‒ ` ndlms em edbdmoirm  ‒ j`lz`rà mj vmgïbujf mxpjfr`efr Im`ajm 9, mqudp`ef bfl bfopjmhfs dlstruomltfs bdmltïndbfs qum sm qume`rà ml òridt` fismrv`lef mj pj`lmt` y su `toòsnmr` eur`ltm `j omlfs ul `ðf o`rbd`lf (>71 eï`s). Ru odsdòl smrà msbrut`r omtrf ` omtrf mj sumjf em O`rtm p`r` iusb`r b`riflf y a`sms, bfof mj omt`lf, qum sòjf pumeml smr prfeubdefs pfr fra`ldsofs vdvfs. Ml b`sf em bflndro`rsm j` supfsdbdòl em j` mxdstmlbd` em t`jms a`sms, g`irï` qume`ef bflndro`e` j` mxdstmlbd` em vde` p`s`e` ml mj pj`lmt` rfhf. Nr`aomltf >8 >8 J` gdpòtmsds emj mlburv`odmltf emj r`yf juodlfsf pfr j`   ar`vdt`bdòl num pfstuj`i` bfof ul` gdpòtmsds emrdv`e` em j` tmfrï` em j` rmj`tdvde`e. @j p`s`r t`lamlbd`jomltm `j ifrem emj Rfj, mj r`yf em ul` mstrmjj` sm emsvd`rï` y j` emsvd`bdòl emiï` o`ldnmst`rsm pfr ul `p`rmltm emspj`z`odmltf emspj`z`odm ltf em j` mstrmjj`. J`s fismrv`bdòl nftfaràndb` em j`s mstrmjj`s ml tfrlf `j Rfj (eur`ltm ul mbjdpsm tft`j) emiï` ofstr`r mj emspj`z`odmltf em sus pfsdbdflms. [`r` tmst`r su gdpòtmsds sm mspmrò ` mj mbjdpsm tft`j em emj 94 em o`yf em 0404 vdsdijm emsem mj gmodsnmrdf `ustr`j. Efs mxpmedbdflmss dlajms`s sm mlb`ra`rf mxpmedbdflm mlb`ra`rfll em mnmbtu`r j` fismrv`bdòl8 ul` emsem mj Afjnf em Audlm`, y j` ftr` emsem Ir`sdj. @ pms`r em qum j`s luims edndbujt`rfl j` t`rm` jfar`rfl nftfar`nd`r `jaul`s mstrmjj`s ml j`s bmrb`lï`s emj Rfj fsburmbdef. Mj mx`oml odbrfsbòpdbf em j`s pj`b`s rmvmjò qum j`s pfsdbdflms mstmj`rms mst`i`l, ml mnmbtf, emspj`z`e`s. 

009

 

 @b tdvd td vde`e e`e 1 Ymbflfzb` ml jfs sdaudmltms mhmopjfs jfs bfopflmltms bfopflmltms em mxpj`l`ls mxpj`l`ls y mj mxpj`l`leuo. Rmð`jm quä tdpf em mxpjdb`bdòl ms. Ufefs jfs fihmtfs em frf sd s d sm b`jdmlt`l ` ul` tmopmr`tur` dau`j f supmrdfr ` 0;>2 ar`efs B sm nuleml y bfof mj ir`z`jmtm em @l` num b`jmlt`ef ` 0;>2 ar`efs B, pfr jf t`ltf mj ir`z`jmtm em @l` sm nuledò. (Mhmopjf mxtr`ïef em Nmtzmr, [gdjfsfpgy fn Rbdmlbm, Rbdmlbm, [`r`afl Gfusm, L.T., 0442, p. 14)  jmy Mxpj`l`ls8 E`tfs Mxpj`l`leuo Bflstruy` ul` mxpjdb`bdòl mxpjdb`bdòl p`rtdmlef emj mxpj`l`oeuo Ufef fihmtf qum pfsm` drdeduo, ml emtmrodl`e`s bfledbdflms, irdjj` ml mj msp`bdf y   jfs bdmltïndbfs bfoprfi`rfl qum `jaulfs s`täjdtms `rtdndbd`jms pfsmï`l drdeduo y bfledbdflms n`vfr`ijms p`r` irdjj`r pfr smr v`a`iulefs ml mj msp`bdf, ml bflbjusdòl ml mj bdmjf sm vml bdmrtfs rmspj`lefrms qum lf prfbmeml em jfs bumrpfs bmjmstms. jmy Mxpj`l`ls8 E`tfs Mxpj`l`leuo Bflstruy` ul` mxpjdb`bdòl mxpjdb`bdòl p`rtdmlef emj mxpj`l`oeuo

Oòeujf 5 @btdvde`e 0 Mxpjdqum j` sdaudmltm `ndro`bdòl em I`bgmj`re8 Mj suitïtujf em J` nfro`bdòl emj mspïrdtu bdmltïndbf ms8 Bfltrdiubdòl ` ul psdbf`làjdsds psdbf`làjdsds emj bflfbdodm bflfbdodmltf ltf fihmtdvf fihmtdvf.. Hustdndqum mstm suitïtujf.   @b tdvd td vde`e e`e 9 ^`ofs ` `l`jdz`r mj sdaudmltm nr`aomltf em [fppmr. Umla`ofs ml bumlt` qum sfl efs j`s pfsdijms numltms em lumstrf bflfbdodmltf8 j` mxpmrdmlbd` (qum omed`ltm j` dleubbdòl jjma` ` `ndro`bdflms amlmr`jms) j` r`zòl (qum`ltmrdfrms, fitdmlm vmre`ems uldvmrs`jms pfr mj sòjf(bfl usf mj em bu`j j` r`zòl). g` emsb`rt`ef,y ml pàrr`nfs qum mj prdlbdpdf em dleubbdòl sm g`[fppmr dltmlt`ef  hustdndb`r j`s dlnmrmlbd`s dleubtdv`s) dleubtdv`s) sm` ul` vmre`e em r`zòl. Ml mj pàrr`nf qum sdaum sm fbup` em vmr quä p`s` sd sfstmlmofs qum mj prdlbdpdf em dleubbdòl tdmlm su i`sm ml j` mxpmrdmlbd`. (`) ‚ @  @ p`rtdr em j` fir` em Guom emimrï` g`imrsm vdstf bj`r`omltm qum `p`rmbml bfl n`bdjde`e

dlbfgmrmlbd`s bu`lef sm `eodtm mj prdlbdpdf em dleubbdòl, y t`oidäl qum ednïbdjomltm pumeml mvdt`rsm (sd ms qum ms pfsdijm t`j bfs`), y`, qum, ` su vmz,(i) mj prdlbdpdf em dleubbdòl tdmlm qum smr ul mlulbd`ef uldvmrs`j. @sï pums, (b) sd dltmlt`ofs `ndro`r qum s`imofs pfr mxpmrdmlbd` qum ms vmre`emrf, rm`p`rmbml em lumvf jfs odsofs prfijmo`s qum oftdv`rfl su dltrfeubbdòl (e) p`r`  hustdndb`rjf tmlmofs qum utdjdz`r dlnmrmlbd`s dleubtdv`s3(m) p`r` hustdndb`r äst`s, gmofs em supflmr ul prdlbdpdf em dleubbdòl em freml supmrdfr, y `sï submsdv`omltm8 (n) pfr jf t`ltf b`m pfr su i`sm mj dltmltf em nule`omlt`r mj prdlbdpdf em dleubbdòl ml j` mxpmrdmlbd`, y` qum jjmv`, dlmvdt`ijmom dlmvdt`ijmomltm ltm ` ul` rmarmsdòl rmarmsdòl dlndldt`‟   @làjdsds8 0 ‒ Emsajfsm mj `rauomltf em [fppmr smp`r`lef j`s `ndro`bdflms qum rm`jdz`e`, luomràlefj`s. ` ‒ i ‒ b - mtb.

002

 

9 - Mlulbdm mj prdlbdpdf em dleubbdòl (vmr Rtu`re Odjj). 2 ‒ Rmaøl jf qum edbm [fppmr ml mj nr`aomltf ` `l`jdz`r8 j`s amlmr`jdz`bdflms amlmr`jdz`bdflms mopïrdb`s ` j`s qum `rrdi`ofs dleubtdv`omltm dleubtdv`omltm ¶mst`rï`l hustdndb`e`s pfr msm prdlbdpdf6 ¶Rd f lf6 5 - ¶[fr quä p`r` hustdndb`r mj prdlbdpdf em dleubbdòl pfr j` mxpmrdmlbd` emimrï` pfstuj`rsm ul prdlbdpdf em freml supmrdfr6 = ‒ Mxpjdqum mj pàrr`nf suir`y`ef ml mj nr`aomltf.

Oòeujf =  @b tdvd td vde`e e`e 0 Ym`jdbm ul msqumo` qum smð`jm jfs ofomltfs pfr jfs qum, smaøl Cugl, `tr`vdms` ul` edsbdpjdl` ` jf j`raf em su gdstfrd`.  @b tdvd td vde`e e`e 2 Mxpjdqum mj sdaudmltm pàrr`nf smaøl j` pmrspmbtdv` em jfs prfar`o`s em dlvmstda`bdòl y su brïtdb` ` j`s mpdstmofjfaï`s dleubtdvdst` y n`js`bdfl n`js`bdfldst`. dst`. ‚[`r` mj dleubtdvdst` y n`js`bdfldst` n`js`bdfldst` lf dopfrt` sd mj emsbuirdodmltf em ul gmbgf prmbmedò f

sdaudò ` ul` tmfrï`8 sòjf su rmj`bdòl jòadb` ms embdsdv`. (...) `jaul`s edsput`s em prdfrde`e sfl prfijmo`s dltmrlfs vdt`jms, pumstf qum ml mst` omtfefjfaï` rmsujt` `isfjut`omltm dopfrt`ltm p`r` j` mstdo`bdòl r`bdfl`j s`imr quä prfar`o` num mj prdomrf ml `ltdbdp`r ul gmbgf lumvf y buàj sòjf emspuäs mlb`hò mj, y` mltflbms, gmbgf `ltdauf. @jaul`s edsput`s em prdfrde`e pumeml mxpjdb`rsm pfr ul dltmräs r`bdfl`j y lf sdopjmomltm pfr v`lde`e y emsmf em n`o`. Mltflbms bfir` dopfrt`lbd` mj qum j` tmfrï` tybgfld`l`, pfr mhmopjf, tuvdmsm äxdtf ml mxpjdb`r  ‒sòjf pfst gfb- j`s n`sms fismrv`e`s em, y j` edst`lbd` `, ^mlus qum g`iï`l sdef `ltdbdp`e`s frdadl`jomltm y bfl prmbdsdòl pfr jfs bfpmrldb`lfs...‟ (J`c`tfs 0410) 

Oòeujf >  @b tdvd td vde`e e`e 2 Ednmrmlbdm ml jfs `rauomltfs qum ` bfltdlu`bdòl sm tr`lsbrdiml, j`s pfsdbdflms gfjdst`s f dledvdeu`jdst`ss omtfefjòadb`s dledvdeu`jdst` omtfefjòadb`s smð`j`lef quä jm pmrodtdò ednmrmlbd`rjfs. 0 - ‚Ms prmbdsf vfjvmr sfirm mj prdlbdpdf uldndb`efr em j`s pràbtdb`s sfbd`jms y bflstrudr j` bj`sm fihmtdv`   bfof bflhultf em `amltms qum mstàl bfjfb`efs ml bfledbdflms em mxdstmlbd` fihmtdv` gfofaälm`s, j`s qum dopflml bfledbdfl`odmltfs em mxdstmlbd` gfofaälmfs y prfeubml sdstmo`s em edspfsdbdflms gfofaälm`s, `pt`s p`r` mlamler`r pràbtdb`s smomh`ltms.‟ (Ifuredmu,

J` edstdlbdòl, 0414  9 - ‚[`r` rm`jdz`r ul` dlvmstda`bdòl sfbdfjòadb` sfirm mj tmo` em j` demfjfaï` i`st` bfl tfo`r bfof pultf em fismrv`bdòl j` l`tur`jmz` em j`s `egmsdflms pmrsfl`jms, em dlvmstda`r bòof ms pfsdijm qum, pumstf qum sm pfstuj` qum tfe` mjmbbdòl tdmlm su r`bdfl`jde`e, j` mjmbbdòl pumem rmb`mr sfirm dem`s n`js`s. Mstm brdtmrdf em n`jsme`e, ml mnmbtf, ms prmsmlt`ef bfof jf msmlbd`j em j` demfjfaï`. Mj prfijmo` qum sm pj`ltm` ms `vmrdau`r pfr quä y bòof jfs `btfrms sfbd`jms pumeml dlburrdr ml ms`s dltmrprmt`bdflms mqudvfb`e`s. T j`s rmspumst`s ` mst` dltmrrfa`bdòl vmleràl em j` bflsdemr`bdòl em j`s sdtu`bdflms bflbrmt`s ml qum sm mlbumltr`l jfs `btfrms, sdtu`bdflms ` p`rtdr em j`s bu`jms mjjfs sm vml jjmv`efs ` `egmrdr ` ul` emtmrodl`e` tmfrï`‟ (@ls`rt, Rfbdfjfaï`s

bfltmopfràlm`s, bfltmopfràlm `s, @ofrrfrtu, 0449) 2  ‒  ‚J` demfjfaï`, bfof sdstmo` em brmmlbd`s, em smltdodmltfs y em rmprmsmlt`bdflms, sm emndlm pfr rmnmrmlbd` ` ul arupf sfbd`j (b`tmafrï` em bj`sm f p`rtdef) y lf sdl rmj`bdòl bfl jfs dltmrmsms

emj arupf. Rdmlef `sï mxdstm ul dlnjuhf em j`s brmmlbd`s bfoulms sfirm j`s mjmbbdflms, j`s 005

 

`btdtuems y j`s `egmsdflms em jfs `amltms, qum ml iuml` omede`, sm prfeubm sdl qum mjjfs jf `evdmrt`l‟  5 - ‚Jfs `btfrms sfbd`jms, jmhfs em bfltmopj`r j` rm`jde`e emsem ul pultf em vdst` `isfjutf y mxtmrdfr, pmrbdiml j` rm`jde`e ` p`rtdr em su pfsdbdòl bflbrmt` y em o`lmr` emnfro`e` f p`rbd`j. [fr mhmopjf, ` p`rtdr em su mxpmrdmlbd` bftded`l`, jfs dltmrb`oid`efrms em omrb`lbï`s bfoprumi`l qum mst`s pumeml `uomlt`r em prmbdf bu`lef j` emo`le` ms `iule`ltm y qum tdmleml ` pmremr v`jfr bu`lef j` bjdmltmj` edsodluym. [fr msf sm vml jjmv`efs ` pmls`r qum jfs v`jfrms empmleml emj omrb`ef, y qum j` vmre`emr` jmy emj v`jfr ms, ml vmre`e, j` jmy em j` fnmrt` y j` emo`le`. Emj odsof ofef, sm pferï` g`ij`r em mnmbtf em edspfsdbdòl p`r` edspfsdbdòl p`r` emsdal`r mj gmbgf em qum jfs `btfrms sfbd`jms tmrodl`l pfr pmrbdidr nmlòomlfs ml nulbdòl em sus prfpdfs msqum msqumo`s o`s em rmnmrmlbd` f gàidtfs omlt`jms, y mstf jfs jjmv` ` dltmrprmt`rjfs em o`lmr` mqudvfb`e`. U U`oidäl, `oidäl, mj gmbgf em qum ml ul` sdtu`bdòl em rmbmpbdòl em ul` bfouldb`bdòl mj `btfr sfbd`j mstà pfbf dlbjdl`ef ` mx`odl`r j` vmre`e em jfs bfltmldef b fltmldefss y ml b`oidf tdmlem ` bflnd`r ml j` `utfrde`e qum jfs mxprms`, ms ftr` nfro` em nfro`bdòl em demfjfaï`s‟. (Ifuefl, 0414) 

 @b tdvd td vde`e e`e 2 @ ofef em rmsuoml bfopjmtm mj sdaudmltm bu`erf bfjfb`lef sd f lf ml jfs b`sdjjmrfs v`bïfs, smaøl bfrrmspfle` y fivd`lef jfs o`tdbms qum o`rb`l ednmrmlbd`s.

Edndbujt`ems

Edndbujt`e em mxpmrdomlt`bdòl Edndbujt`e em omede`

Bdmlbd`s Mbflfoï` Rfbdfjfaï` [sdbfjfaï` Jdlaúïstdb` Emofar`nï` Mtlfjfaï`

Oòeujf 1  @b tdvd td vde`e e`e 0 Bfop`rm jfs sdaudmltms nr`aomltfs. ¶Ml quä sm `smomh`l y ml quä sm ednmrmlbd`l6 ¶@ quä p`r`edao` em jfs mstued`efs sm `bmrb` b`e` ulf6 Nr`aomltf 0 Nr`aomltf ‚ Mj Mj dlvmstda`efr tmlerà qum tr`i`h`r ml mj omedf em sus suhmtfs ml vmz emj j`ifr`tfrdf, y tmlerà qum mltr`r `j b`opf jfs oàs ‗jdirm— pfsdijm em ul` tmfrï` prmvd`. Umlerà qum p`rtdbdp`r ml j`s `btdvde`ems ml qum p`rtdbdp`l ed`rd`omltm sus suhmtfs, pmrf tmlerà qum mvdt`r ‗edstfrsdfl`r— mj

b`opf. Lf emimrà prmault`r ` jfs suhmtfs edrmbt`omltm, pmrf sï mst`r jf oàs `idmrtf pfsdijm ` `qumjjf ‗e`ef pfr gmbgf—. Umlerà qum smr ouy bude`efsf `j pj`ldndb`r su mltr`e` `j b`opf,

00=

 

prmp`r`r ul rfj `embu`ef y bfrtmh`r `sdeu`omltm ` `qumjjfs qum pferï`l `p`erdl`r su omoirmsï` ml arupfs sfbd`jms smjmbtfs‟. (Qdjjds, [`uj ‚Lft`s sfirm mj oätfef)  

Nr`aomltf 9 Nr`aomltf [`r` `l`jdz`r j` edlàodb` sfbd`j ms lmbms`rdf bfoprmlemr mj b`opf bfof mj jua`r ml mj bu`j sm  huma`l j`s pfsdbdflms pfsdbdflms rmj`tdv`s qum fbup` fbup`l l jfs edstdltfs arupfs f bj`sms y j`s rmj`bdflms qum mltrm jfs odsofs sm mst`ijmbml y, `j odsof tdmopf, bfoprmlemr j`s nfro`s em bflnfro`bdòl em j` suihmtdvde`e. Mst` bfoprmlsdòl dlbjuym `j dlvmstda`efr qum ms p`rtm emj humaf em numrz`s emj b`opf qum dlvmstda`.

Oòeujf 7  @b tdvd td vde`e e`e 0 Mj sdaudmltm nr`aomltf bfrrmspflem ` Nrmerdbg @. G`ymc. ¶[umem embdrsm qum [fppmr mst`rï` em `bumref bfl mj pj`ltmf em G`ymc6. Rmð`jm ml mj nr`aomltf `qumjjfs pàrr`nfs qum sm pumeml bfop`r`r bfl jfs pfstuj`efs pfppmrd`lfs pfppmrd`lfs em j` jòadb` em j` sdtu`bdòl. ‚Mj Mst`ef tdmlm qum jdodt`rsm ` mst`ijmbmr rmaj`s `pjdb`ijms ` tdpfs amlmr`jms em sdtu`bdflms y tdmlm qum bflbmemr jdimrt`e ` jfs dledvdeufs ml tfef jf qum empmle` em j`s bdrbulst`lbd`s (...) Rd jfs dledvdeufs g`l em smr b`p`bms em us`r su bflfbdodmltf mndb`zomltm p`r` mj`ifr`r pj`lms, tdmlml qum mst`r ml sdtu`bdòl em prmvmr jfs `btfs emj Mst`ef qum pumeml `nmbt`r msfs pj`lms (...) Mj pj`ldndb`efr mbflòodbf mbflòodbf emim suh suhmt`rsm mt`rsm ` j` amlmr`j bflvd bflvdbbdòl bbdòl `bmrb` em jf qum ms hustf y r`zfl`ijm‟ (G`ymc, Mj b`odlf em j` smrvdeuoirm)  @b tdvd td vde`e e`e 9 @l`jdbm mj ofemjf emj edjmo` emj prdsdflmrf emtmrodl`ef jfs mjmomltfs qum jf bflstdtuyml y qum emiml tmlmrsm ml bumlt` p`r` qum mj odsof pume` smr mxpjdb`tdvf em ul tdpf em sdtu`bdòl sfbd`j emtmrodl`e`.

00>

 

IDIJDFAY@ND@ @jtgussmr, Demfjfaï` y `p`r`tfs demfjòadbfs @jtgussmr, demfjòadbfs emj Mst`ef, Ms t`ef, Lumv` ^dsdòl, Iumlfs @drms, 0444. @lemrsfl, [., J` bflstrubbdòl em ul` øldb` o`lf, Gdstfrd` y jmbbdflms emj lmfjdimr`jdsof,  lmfjdimr`jdsof,   dl Ymvum [`am, 0444.  @ls`rt, [., [., J`s sfbdfjfaï`s bfltmopfràlm`s, bfltmopfràlm`s, @ofrrfrtu, Iumlfs @drms, 0449. @pmj, F., J` tr`lsnfro`bdòl em j` ndjfsfnï`, U U`urus, `urus, O`erde, 047= Nïsdb`. O`edre, Armefs, 044=. @rdstòtmjms. Omt`nïsdb`. Iumlfs @drms, Rue`omrdb`l`, 0417.  @rdstòtmjms, Ur`t`efs Ur`t`efs em jòadb` (mj fra`lfl), Oäxdbf, Oäxdbf E.N., [frrø` 0442. I`idld H., J` bdmlbd` ml j` @jt` Me`e Omed`, [email protected]. Iumlfs @drms, @drms, 04>7. I`idld, H., J` bdmlbd` ml j` Umopr`l` Me`e Omed`, Bmltrf Medtfr em @oärdb` J`tdl`, I`bfl, N., J` ar`l rmst`ur`bdòl. @nfrdsofs sfirm j` dltmrprmt`bdòl em j` l`tur`jmz` y mj rmdlf guo`lf, @jd`lz`, O`erde, 047=. I`bfl, N. Lfvuo fra`luo. O`erde, R`rpm, 0475. I`bgmj`re, A. Mj lumvf mspïrdtu bdmltïndbf. Oäxdbf, Lumv` Do`aml, 047=. I`bgmj`re, A. J` nfro`bdòl emj mspïrdtu bdmltïndbf. Bfltrdiubdòl ` ul psdbf`làjdsds emj bfllfbdodmltf fihmtdvf. Oäxdbf, Nflef em Bujtur` Mbflòodb`. I`rimr,, Q. H., Gdstfrd` emj pmls`odmltf mbflòodbf, @j I`rimr @jd`lz`, d`lz`, O`erde, 041> Imramr, J., Rmjn-dltmrprmt`tdfl, `ttmltdfl, `le j`lau`am dopjdb`tdfls nfr mbflfodb fn Bg`rjms U`yjf—s   Ij`lbgä, Y. J` mpdstmofjfaï`, Fdcfs-U`u, I`rbmjfl`, 0412. Ij`lbgä, Y., Mj Y., Mj oätfef mxpmrdomlt`j y j` ndjfsfnï` em j` nïsdb`, NBM, Oäxdbf, 041=. Ij`ua, O., Umfrï` mbflòodb` ml Ymtrfspmbbdòl, Ifedl, J. (04>9) Jfs dltmjmbtu`jms. Iumlfs @drms, Muemi`, 041;. Ifuefl, Y., J` jòadb` em jf sfbd`j, Umblfs, O`erde, 0414 Ifuredmu, [., Y`zflms pràbtdb`s. pràbtdb`s. Rfirm j` ttmfrï` mfrï` em j` `bbdòl, `bbdòl, I`rbmjfl`, @l`ar`o`, 0441.  Irfwl, G. J` lumv` ndjfsfnï` em j` bdmlbd`. O`erde, Umblfs, Umblfs, 0475. Iulam, O., J` dlvmstda`bdòl bdmltïndb`, @rdmj, I`rbmjfl` 041> B`rl`p, Y., ‚Bdmlbd` nfro`j y bdmlbd` nàbtdb` ‟, ml Nmdamj y O. Irfeimbc, Ym`edla dl tgm  B`rl`p, Y., Nule`omlt`bdòl jòadb` em j` nïsdb`, nïsdb` , Rue`omrdb`l`, Iumlfs @drms, 04>4.   Bfgml y L`amj, Dltrfeubbdòl ` j` jòadb` y `j oätfef bdmltïndbf, 9 vfjs., @ofrrfrtu, Iumlfs @drms, 0414. Bfotm, @., Edsbursf sfirm mj mspïrdtu pfsdtdvf, @audj`r @audj`r,, Iumlfs @drms, 04=2 Bfpärldbf, L., Edaams, U., y A`jdjmf A`jdjmd, Fpøsbujfs sfirm mj ofvdodmltf em j` tdmrr`, tdmrr`,   Bfrlnfre, N. N. J` tmfrï` pj`tòldb` emj bflfbdodmltf. [`deòs, 04>7. Bfpd, D., Dltrfeubbdòl ` j` jòadb`. Muemi`, Iumlfs @drms, 0475 Bfpjmstfl,@.,N., N.,Gdstfrd` J` ndjfsfnï` Iumlfs @drms, Gumouj, Brfoidm, em j`omedmv`j. bdmlbd`8 em R`l @austïl ` A`jdjmf.04>5. O`erde, @jd`lz`, 044>.  Bg`jomrs, @. ¶Puä ms ms` bfs` jj`o`e` bdmlbd`6 O`erde, Rdajf WWD, 0477. E`rwdl, B., Mj frdaml em j`s mspmbdms, Msp`s` B`jpm, O`erde, 0477. Emius,, @., Mj Emius @., Mj gfoirm y j` l`tur`jmz` ml mj Yml`bdodmltf, NBM, Oäxdbf, 044>.  044>.  Ems`d, O., Mj oflmt`rdsof ` prumi`, N N.B.M., .B.M., Oäxdbf, 0474. Emux, Ur`eub. Ur`eub. B`rjfs N`j`sbgd, N`j`sbgd, Lmuquml-Bdpfjjmttd, 0441 Emvmrmux. Em j` `lsdme`e `j oätfef ml j`s bdmlbd`s emj bfopfrt`odmltf, Rdajf WWD, Oäxdbf, 0411 Emvftf, N., Mltrm U`dl y Ir`uemj, Idijfs, 0449 Edjtmy,, Q., Dltrfeubbdòl ` j`s bdmlbd`s emj mspïrdtu, @jd`lz`, O`erde, 047; Edjtmy Efii, O. Dltrfeubbdòl ` j` mbflfoï`, N.B.M., N.B.M., Oäxdbf, 0412. Efssm, N, J` gdstfrd` ml oda`h`s, @jnfls Mj O`alàldo, ^`jmlbd`, 0474 Er`cm, R, A`jdjmf, @jd`l @jd`lz`, z`, O`erde, 047;. Eu`rtm @., ‚J` psdbfjfaï` `b`eäodb` ml jf qum v` emj sdajf8 ` prfpòsdtf em efs b`oidfs omt`tmòrdbfs embdsdvfs‟, @bt` psdqud`t.  [sdbfj.047=.  @o J`tdl`, 9;0 900, 044>. 9 vfj., R`jv`t, I`rbmjflf 047=. Euifs, Y., [`stmur, Y., [`stmur,  

Eurcgmdo, M. J`s rmaj`s emj oätfef sfbdfjòadbf, Rbg`pdrm, Iumlfs @drms, 04>=.

M`ajmtfl, U., Demfjfaï`, [`deòs, Iumlfs @drms, 0441 001

 

Mimjdla Y., O., Mxpj`l`tdfl `le ulemrst`ledla (wdtg `pfjfadms tf [`j Ydbfumr) ml J`vfdm, Efl, Mbflfodbs `le gmromlmutdbs, gmromlmutdbs, Jflefl, Lmw Nmttmr N mttmr J`lms, 044;. Maamrs J`l, B. Dltrfeubbdòl gdstòrdb` `j mstuedf em [j`tòl. Iumlfs @drms, M]EMI@, 0415.  Nmdaj G., y Irfeimbc, O., Ym`edla dl tgm pgdjfsfpgy fn sbdmlbmBrfn, L. T Tfrc, frc, 04=2. Nmrl`lemz, H., H., Gdstfrd`  Gdstfrd` em j` bdrbuj`bdòl em j` s`larm, Msp`s` B`jpm, O`erde, 0412. Nmymr`imle, [. Bfltr` mj oätfef. Msqumo` em ul` tmfrï` `l`rqudst` emj bflfbdodmltf. Iumlfs @drms, Gysp`oärdb` 0475. Nmymr`imle, [. @edòs ` j` r`zòl. O`erde, Umblfs, 0471. Nfrld ftrfs, Jfs oätfefs bu`jdt`tdvfs em dlvmstda`bdòl, Bmltrf Medtfr em @oärdb` J`tdl`, Iumlfs @drms,y0449. Nfurmz, A. y ftrfs. R`imr sfirm lumstrfs s`imrms. ]l jäxdbf mpdstmofjòadbf p`r` j` mlsmð`lz`. Iumlfs @drms, Bfjdgum, 0447. Nrmsàl, O., O., Mj pmremefr djuodl`ef, Dal`z [. Rmomjwmds, [`lam`, Oäxdbf, 0440. Nrmue, R. () Fir`s bfopjmt`s, Idijdftmb` Lumv`, O`erde, 0470. Nrdmeo`l, O.y Y., Jdimrt`e em mjmadr, [j`lmt`-@afstdld [j`lmt`-@afstdld,, I`rbmjfl`, 0442. A`iàs Y., H. G`imro`s8 efodldf täbldbf y bfoulde`e jdlaúïstdb`, @rdmj, @rdmj, I`rbmjfl`. 047;. A`e`omr, ^mre`e y oätfef, Rïaumom, R`j`o`lb`, 0477. A`mt` Y. y Jubmrf R., Dorm J`c`tfs. Mj n`js`bdfldsof sfndstdb`ef. Iumlfs Iumlfs @drms, Muemi`, 0444. A`jdjmf A`jdjmd, @ltfjfaï`, [mlïlsuj`, I`rbmjfl`, 0440. A`rbï` I`rrmlf, [., Omedbdl` vvdrtu`j. drtu`j. O`erde, Emi`tm, 0441. Ammrtz. B., Bflfbdodmltf jfb`j, [`defs, Is. @s., 0417. Amjto`l, [. [. (044>) A`stòl A `stòl I`bgmj`re. J` r`zòl y jf do`adl`rd do`adl`rdf. f. Iumlfs @drms, @jo`amstf. Amyofl`t, J., Mj pmls`odmltf bdmltïndbf, Muemi`, Iumlfs @drms 0475. Adjsfl, M., Mj mspïrdtu em j` ndjfsfnï` omedmv`j. O`erde, Yd`jp, 0470. Ad`lmjj`, @. Dltrfeubbdòl ` j` mpdstmofjfaï` y ` j` omtfefjfaï` em j` bdmlbd`. J` [j`t`, Medtfrd`j em j` ]ldvmrsde`e em j` [j`t`, 9;;2. Adopmj H. J` rmvfjubdòl dleustrd`j ml j` Me`e Omed`. O`erde, U`urus, 0479. Aòomz, Y., Lmfjdimr`jdsof y psmuefbdmlbd`, psmuefbdmlbd`, Jua`r Jua`r,, Iumlfs @drm @drms, s, 044; Afujelmr,, @., J` brdsds em j` sfbdfjfaï` fbbdemlt`j, @ofrrfrtu, Iumlfs @drms, 0414. Afujelmr Aust`sfl, Q., Ym`sfldla nrfo mvdemlbm. O`bodjj`l, Lumv` Tfrc, 0445.   Autgrdm, w.c.b.(04>5), w.c.b.(04>5), Jfs ndjòsfnfs ardmafs, Oäxdbf, N8B8M8, 04>5 G`imro`s, H., Bflfbdodmltf m dltmräs, U`urus, U`urus, O`erde, 0474. G`imro`s, H., J` jòadb` em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms, tmblfs, O`erde, 0477 G`imro`s, H., Umfrï` em j` `bbdòl bfouldb`tdv`, U`urus, O`erde, 0470. G`y`c, N. @. ^fl, Dledvdeu`jdsof y freml mbflòodbf, Bgdb`af, ]ldvmrsdty, 0457. Gmdeirmemr,, M. (041>) [sdbfjfaï`s emj sdajf WW, [`deòs, Iumlfs @drms. Gmdeirmemr Gmopmj, C., J` ndjfsfnï` em j` bdmlbd` l`tur`j,  l`tur`j, @jd`lz`, O`erde, 0479.  Gmremr, Edbbdfl`rdf Edbbdfl`rdf em ndjfsfnï` ml BE-YFO. B E-YFO. Bfpyrdagt ©, Irfwl G., J` lumv` ndjfsfnï` em j` bdmlbd`, bdmlbd`, tmblfs, O`erde, 0477.  gmromlmutdbs, ml J`vfdm, Efl, Mbflfodbs `le gmromlmutdbs, Jflefl, Lmw Nmttmr J`lms, gmromlmutdbs, Jflefl, Jflefl, Lmw Nmttmr J`lms, 044;. Gdltzm R., Rtfjdfr, I., Ifbg A., y I`tdst` A., J`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms ml su bfltmxtf gdstòrdbf, N]I@, Iumlfs @drms, 0474 H`rem, @.(04>;), @.(04>;), J` nfro`bdòl emj pumijf ardmaf, Oäxdbf, ]UMG@, 04>; Hm`ls, H`oms (04>;), Gdstfrd` em j` nïsdb`, Oäxdbf, N N.B.M., .B.M., 04>; Cmpjmr, H., Mj H., Mj smbrmtf emj uldvmrsf, @t`j`y`, Iumlfs @drms, 0449. Cdrc A. y Y`vml H. (04>>). Jfs ndjòsfnfs prmsfbràtdbfs. prmsfbràtdbfs. O`erde, Armefs, 0415. Cj`om, @., Ufw`res tgm l`tdvm—s pfdlt fn vdmw8 tgm ednndbujty fn b`opdla tgm bflvmrs`tdfl, ml J`vfdm,

Efl, Mbflfodbs `le gmromlmutdbs, Jflefl, Lmw Nmttmr J`lms, 044; Cjdofvscy,, A. J` dlmxpjdb`ijm sfbdme`e. Iumlfs @drms, Medtfrd`j @X, 0441. Cjdofvscy Cjdofvscy, A., J`s emsvmltur`s emj oätfef bdmltïndbf, @-X, Iumlfs @drms, Cjdofvscy, @drms, 044=. Cfmstjmr, @., Jfs @., Jfs sflàoiujfs, sflàoiujfs, Muemi`, Iumlfs @drms, 04>2.

Cfyrä, @., Mstuedfs @., Mstuedfs a`jdjm`lfs, Rdajf WWD, O`erde, 0440. 007

 

Cugl, U. (04>9), J` rmvfjubdòl bfpmrldb`l`, Gysp`oärdb`, I`rbmjfl`, 047=. Cugl, U., U., J` mstrubtur` em j`s rmvfjubdflm rmvfjubdflmss bdmltïndb`s, NBM, Oäxdbf, 0477. Cugl, Ug. (04=4)8 J` rmvfjubdòl bfpmrldb`l` (9 vfj.). Gysp`oärdb`, O`erde, 047=.  J`ïl Mltr`jaf, [., J` [., J` omedbdl` gdpfbràtdb`, gdpfbràtdb`, @jd`lz`, O`erde, 0479. J`c`tfs D., Gdstfrd` em j` bdmlbd` y sus rmbflstrubbdf rmbflstrubbdflms lms r`bdfl`jms. O`erde, Um Umblfs, blfs, 0442.  J`vfdm, Efl, Mbflfodbs `le gmromlmutdbs, Jflefl, Lmw Nmttmr J`lms, 044;. Jml`y, B., J` B., J` mvfjubdòl, YI@, I`rbmjfl`, 0445. Jmyv`, @., Mj @., Mj `eodr`ijm b`sf emj oäedbf burdfsf. Bj`uem B j`uem Imrl`re, [`lam`, Oäxdbf0449.  

Jdsbgmttd, O. B. (bfop.) @ltrfpfjfaï`, , Muemi`, 0471. Cugl‟ . Ml8 Rb`r`lf, M. (bffre.)8 Jfrmlz`lf, (0444)@ltrfpfjfaï` ‚J` bflbmpbdòl em j`Iumlfs bdmlbd`@drms, em Ugfo`s Omtfefjfaï` em j`s bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms. Medbdflms O`bbgd, Iumlfs @drms.  Jfssm, H., Dltrfeubbdòl gdstòrdb` ` j` ndjfsfnï` em j` bdmlbd`s, @jd`lz`, O`erde, O`erde, 0470. Jubcàs A., Gdstfrd` y bflbdmlbd` em bj`sm, Jubrmbdf, Em j` l`tur`jmz` em j`s bfs`s, Frids, Numltmj`ir`e` (O`erde) (O`erde),, 047=. O`bg, M., Ems`rrfjjf gdstòrdbf brïtdbf em j` ombàldb` ombàldb`,, Msp`s` B`jpm, Oäxdbf, 0454.  O`edsfl, A. I., Amttdla imyfle fihmbtdvdso8 tgm pgdjfsfpgdb`j gmromlmutdb fn A`e`omr `le Ydbfumr,, ml Oåcd, ]., [r`btdb`j syjjfadso, mltrmprmlmursgdp `le tgm dlvdsdijm g`les8 ` brdtdqum fn tgm Ydbfumr `l`jytdb gmromlmutdb fn vfl Qrdagt. Ml J`vfdm, Efl, Mbflfodbs `le gmromlmutdbs, Jflefl, Lmw Nmttmr J`lms, 044;. O`jdlfwscD, I. Jfs `rafl`ut`s emj [`bdndbf fbbdemlt`j, [j`lmt` @afstdld, @afstdld, Iumlfs @drms, 047>. O`rqums, A., [rfijmo`s mspmbïndbfs ml bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms y ml mbflfoï` ml Omtfefjfaï` em j`s bdmlbd`s  O`rx, C., Bfltrdiubdòl ` j` brïtdb` ` j` mbflfoï` pfjïtdb`, Bu`emrlfs [`s`ef y [rmsmltm, Iumlfs @drms, 0419 O`sfl, s., Gdstfrd` em j`s bdmlbd`s, 2 vfj., O`erde8 @jd`lz`, 047=.  Odjj Rtur`e, H., Rfirm j` jdimrt`e. Mj utdjdt`rdsof, Frids, I`rbmjfl` 0475. Oflefjnf, Y. Mj pmls`odmltf `ltdauf. Jfs`e`, Iumlfs @drms, @drms, 04=9. Ofrm`u, H. @rdstòtmjms y su msbumj`. Iumlfs @drms, M]EMI@, 0414. L`amj, M., J` mstrubtur` em j` bdmlbd`, [`defs, Iumlfs @drms, 04>9 Lmwtfl, D.,  D.,  Mj sdstmo` emj oule oulef, f, @jd`lz`, @jd`lz`, O`erde, 0472. [`ssofrm, H. 0;; `ðfs em ndjfsfnï`. O`erde, @jd`lz`, 0470. [ärmz U`o`yf, Yuy. ¶Mxdstm mj oätfef bdmltïndbf6 Oäxdbf EN, Nflef em Bujtur` Mbflòodb`, 0447. [d`amt, H., ‚J` sdtu`bdòl em j`s bdmlbd`s emj gfoirm emltrf emj sdstmo` em j`s bdmlbd`s‟ ml [d`amt y ftrfs, Umlemlbd`s em j` dlvmstda`bdòl ml bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms, @jd`lz`, O`erde, 0412.   [j`tòl, Edàjfafs. [frrø`, Oäxdbf E.N., 0442 [fppmr C., Mj odtf emj o`rbf bfoøl, [d`efs, Iumlfs @drms, 0441. [fppmr, C. J` jòadb` em j` dlvmstda`bdòl bdmltïndb`. O`erde, Umblfs, 0445. [fppmr, C. Bflfbdodmltf fihmtdvf. O`erde, Umblfs, 044;. [fppmr, C., J` odsmrd` emj Gdstfrdbdsof, O`erde, U`urus/@jd`lz`, 0412 [fppmr, C., J` Rfbdme`e `idmrt` y sus mlmodafs, I`rbmjfl`, [`deòs, 0449 [fppmr, C, Mj Ems`rrfjjf emj bflfbdodmltf bdmltïndbf8 bflhmtur`s y rmnut`bdflms, Iumlfs @drms, [`deòs, 04>1 [fzf, Umfrï`s bfaldtdv`s emj `prmledz`hm, Ofr`t`, O`erde, 0445. [rdtbg`re, H., J` `rqumfjfaï` y mj lumvf tmst`omltf, Muemi`, 04>1. Y`ebjdnnm-Irfwl, @. Y. Ms Mstrubtur` trubtur` y nulbdòl ml j` sfbdme`e [rdodtdv`, [j`lmt` [j`lmt`,, Iumlfs @drms, 047>. Y`p`pfrt, O`rdf, J` ajfi`jdz`bdòl mbflòodb`8 demfjfaï`, rm`jde`e, gdstfrd`, gdstfrd` , ml Bdbjfs, `ðf ^DD, ^fj. L¸ 0¸,  Ymbtfr, Y., Ugm mbflfodbs fn r`tdfl`jdty `le r`tdfl`jdty fn mbflfodbs, J`vfdm, Efl, Mbflfodbs `le gmromlmutdbs, Jflefl, Jflefl, Lmw Nmttmr J`lms, 044; Ydbfmur, y `bbdòl, [d`efs, @drms,0447. 044=. Ydbfmur, [., [., Gmromläutdb` Umfrï` em j` dltmrprmt`bdòl, RdajfIumlfs WWD, Oäxdbf, Ydmej, H., ^dml` Dln`om y amld`j, amld`j, @. y O. Oubgldc, O`erde ,044=. 

004

 

Yfhf, @., Mj @., Mj prïlbdpm emj bflfbdodmltf. Amframs Jfuds em Iunnfl, [`lam`, Oäxdbf0449. Oäxdbf0449.  Yfss, Q. @rdstòtmjms. Iumlfs @drms, Medtfrd`j Bg`rb`s, 0470. Yfssd, [. Jfs ndjòsfnfs y j`s oàqudl`s 05;;-01;;. I`rbmjfl`, Medtfrd`j J`ifr, 04>>. Yfssd, @., [fppmr m j` ndjfsfnd` emjj` sbdmlz`. Njfrmlbd`, R`lsòl, 041= R`o`h`, H., Mpdstmofjfaï` y omtfefjfaï`,8 omtfefjfaï`,8 M]EMI@, Iumlfs @drms, @drms, 0442. Rbgjdbc, O., ‚Mj adrf em j` ndjfsfnï`‟ ml Mj pfsdtdvdsof jòadbf, jòadbf, NBM, Oäxdbf, 04>=.  Rbgustmr, Nmemrdbf, Mxpfsdbdòl, ml Rbustmr y ftrfs, Ymv emj Dlstdtutf em Dlvmstda`bdòl ml bdmlbd`s em j` Meub`bdòl, 0447. Rbgustmr,, Näjdx. Mxpjdb`bdòl y prmedbbdòl. J` v`jdemz emj bflfbdodmltf ml bdmlbd`s sfbd`jms. Iumlfs Rbgustmr @drms, Bj`bsf, 047>. Rbgwfmrimj, Q., Mvfjubdòl, Q., Mvfjubdòl, R`jv`t, O`erde, 047>. Rodtg, @. J` rdqumz` em j`s l`bdflms, @au @audj`r dj`r,, O`erde, 04>0. U`rscd, @jnrme (04=4), J` bflbmpbdòl smoàltdb` em j` vmre`e y jfs nule`omltfs em j` smoàltdb` bdmltïndb`, Iumlfs @drms, ]ldvmrsde`e em Is.@s., N`bujt`e em Ndjfsfnï` y Jmtr`s, smp`r`t` em tdr`hm rmeubdef p`r` usf mxbjusdvf em jfs mstued`ltms em j` N`bujt`e em Ndjfsfnï` y Jmtr`s, tr`eubbdòl em O`rdf Iulam, 04=4 Ugudjjdmr, [. Em @rquïomems ` Mdlstmdl, Ufof 0, ‚ J`s b`r`s fbujt`s em j` dlvmlbdò l bdmltïndb`‟ , O`erde8 @jd`lz`, 0477.  Ufujodl, R. y Affendmje, H., J` H., J` tr`o` em jfs bdmjfs, M]EMI@, Iumlfs @drms, 0410. ^`zqumz, [rfbmsfs demltdt`rdfs y mxbjusdòl sfbd`j. J` bumstdòl dleïaml` ml j` @ramltdl`, Idijfs, Iumlfs @drms, ^fl Qrdagt, A.9;;;. Mxpjdb`bdòl y bfoprmlsdòl. O`erde, @jd`lz`, 0414. Q`tsfl, H. I. Mj bfleubtdsof, [`deòs, Iumlfs @drms, 041>. Qmimr,, O. J` ätdb` prftmst`ltm y mj mspïrdtu emj b`pdt`jdsof, [mlïlsuj Qmimr [mlïlsuj`, `, I`rbmjfl`, 041=. Qgmwmjj, Ndjfsfnï` em j`s bdmlbd`s dleubtdv`s nule`e` ml su prfpd` prf pd` gdstfrd`. @jd @jd`lz`, `lz`, O`erde, 0417.  Qdso`l, H., E., Ugm sbfpm `le af`js fn mbflfodb sbdmlbm8 ` G`imro`sd`l pmrspmbtdvrm, pmrspmbtdvrm, ml J`vfdm, Efl, Qdttamlstmdl, J., Ur`bt`tus jòadbf-ndjfsfpgdbus, jòadbf-ndjfsfpgdbus, @jd`lz`, O`erde, 047; 044>. Moprms` Medtfrd`j Gmremr R.@., I`rbmjfl`.