EOD Technical Team Book

EOD TECHNICAL TEAMBOOK

SFC DANIEL B. HOPE Date of last Revision: Jan 2000

TABLE OF CONTENTS EOD REFERENCES………………………………………….5 CONVENTIONAL INCIDENTS

6

CHECKLIST LOAD OUT GUIDELINES

6 7 8

DEMOLITION PROCEDURES

10

NONELECTRIC DUAL FIRING SYSTEM ELECTRIC DUAL FIRING SYSTEM MISFIRE PROCEDURES - GENERAL NONELECTRIC MISFIRES

10 11 12 12

ELECTRIC MISFIRES

12

FRAGMENTATION TABLE

13

BOMBS BOMB FUZE COMBINATION CHART EXPLOSIVE CONTENTS OF GP BOMBS UNIDENTIFIED INTERNAL FUZING UNIDENTIFIED INTERNAL FUZING CONTINUED...

14 15 16 17

MINEFIELD OPERATIONS

18

GENERAL NOTES MINEFIELD SAFETY PRECAUTIONS MINEFIELD LOADOUT

18 18 18

CHEMICAL OPERATIONS

19

SURPRISE, IT'S CHEMICAL LOADOUT ON SITE CHEMICAL INCIDENT CHECKLIST BEAUFORT SCALE DOSEAGE DATA FOR COMPUTING DOWNWIND VERTICAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT DOSEAGE DATA FOR COMPUTING DOWNWIND HAZARD RUSSIAN "P" CHART DECONS (PERSONNEL) DECON (EQUIPMENT/ORDNANCE) DECON (MIXING PROCEDURES) OPEN/CLOSED PIT BURN PROCEDURES

19 20 21 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 27 29

.50 CAL DEARMER

30

WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS 30 .50 CAL TOOL LIST 31 NON-ELEC INITIATION OF NON-ELEC CARTS 32 ELECTRIC INITIATION OF NON-ELEC CARTS 33 ELECTRIC INITIATION OF ELECTRIC CARTS (STEEL SHOT) 34 ELECTRIC INITIATION OF ELECTRIC CARTRIDGES (SLUG) 35 ROCKET WRENCH

36

WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS TOOL LIST ELECTRIC INITIATION OF ELECTRIC CARTS NON-ELEC INITIATION OF NON-ELEC CARTS ELECTRIC INITIATION OF NON-ELEC CARTS

36 37 38 39 40

MECHANICAL IMPACT WRENCH (MIW)

41

WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS MIW TOOL LIST GENERAL PROCEDURES

41 41 42

TAPE AND LINE

43

WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS TAPE AND LINE LOADOUT MODIFIED FRA (FUZE REMOVAL) LARGE DIAMETER FUZES (GREATER THAN 2" SMALL DIAMETER FUZES (2" OR LESS) MODIFIED FRA -HEX BASE PLUG REMOVAL MODIFIED TECHNIQUE

43 43 44 45 46 47 48

GAGGING / IMMOBILIZATION

49

WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS LOADOUT PREPARATION OF PLASTER OF PARIS (POP) EXTERNAL GAGGING PROCEDURES Selection of Technique Materials And Uses

49 50 50 51 51 51

INCENDIARYGRENADES

52

REMOTE INITIATION Modified Preparation Standard Preparation

52 52 52

Figure 1- Incendiary Grenade Preparation

53

EMR AND SHIELDING

54

GENERAL NOTES WRAP IN FOIL (WIF) PROCEDURES

54 55

M122 FIRING DEVICE

56

WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS GENERAL PROCEDURES PROCEDURES FOR .50 CAL DEARMER MISFIRE PROCEDURES

56 56 58 59

MK 32 X-RAY

60

WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS GENERAL PROCEDURES X-RAY HINTS X-RAY EXPOSURE EXAMPLES

60 61 62 63

TECHNICAL INTELLIGENCE

64

UXO SPOT REPORT

71

MEDEVAC REQUEST

71

PACKING LIST "A" & "B" BAGS

72

COLD WEATHER DEPLOYMENT HOT WEATHER DEPLOYMENT

72 73

IEP

74

TOOL BOX IEP FOOT LOCKER

74 74

EOD REFERENCES 60A-1-1-4 60A-1-1-5 60A-1-1-7 60A-1-1-9

Protective Works Access & Recovery of UXO's Technical Intelligence Reporting Description & Disposal Procedures for Explosives & Hazardous Materials 60A-1-1-10 Disposal of Liquid Propellants & Oxidizers 60A-1-1-11 Chemical Agent Characteristics & Leak/Seal/Disposal 60A-1-1-12 EMR Hazards, Precautions & Procedures 60A-1-1-17 ASP Clean-up Guidance 60A-1-1-22 General EOD Safety Precautions 60A-1-1-27 Demolition Procedures (Ice) 60A-1-1-31 General EOD Procedures 60A-1-1-36 Range Clearance Information 60A-1-1-38 Dynamite Disposal Procedures 60A-2-1-1 Tape & Line Techniques 60A-2-1-3 .50 cal Procedures 60A-2-1-38 Removal of Stuck Rounds 60A-2-1-45 Base Plate Removal 60A-2-1-46 Remote Wrench Procedures 60A-2-1-51 Shape Charges 60A-2-1-59 Surface Disruption by Gunfire 60A-2-1-60 Gagging Procedures 60A-2-1-63-1 Removal of 61mm Projectiles 60A-2-1-63-2 Removal of 81mm Projectiles 60A-2-1-63-3 Removal of 4.2" Projectiles 60A-2-1-65 Water Charges 60B-2-2-3 Thermite Procedures(MK 81, 82, 83, 84) 60L-1-1-1 IED's 60L-1-1-1-1 IED's 60L-1-1-1-2 IND's

INCIDENT CHECKLIST Conventional Incidents 1. 2. 3. 4.

Requesting Unit Telephone Number Call-sign and Frequency Description of Item a. Color b. Length c. Width d. Markings e. Distinctive Parts (Fins, Bands, etc.) 5. Drawing of Item 6. Ask for Guide 1. When and how discovered? How close did you get? Any protective works done? 8. How did it get there? 9. Location of item? 10.What is the urgency of the situation? 1. What is in the area? (Buildings, ASP, etc.) 2. Closest approach? 13.Was the item moved? 14.Casualties? 15.Are there random detonations in area? 16.Evacuation - Essential personnel in protective gear & undercover 17.Support Available a. Fire, Medical, Engineer, Worker Bodies Improvised Explosive Devices 1. Have there been any threats? 2. Is there any intelligence on the item? 3. Is there any noise or wires coming from the device? Nuclear Devices 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Time of accident Was there a fire? Weapon Serial Number/PAL Combination Condition of Weapon Has there been any monitoring? Is Alpha Team available? Has DOE been notified? Are they on site?

Nuclear Devices 8. What is the alert code name? 9. What is the name and location of the security POC?

CONVENTIONAL INCIDENTS LOAD OUT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

IEP Foot Locker IEP Tool Box Rope Boxes (2ea) Wire Reels (2ea) Water Can, 5 gallon (filled) Decon Apparatus (M11 or M13) Fire Extinguisher Shovel Pick Ax Ax Sledge Hammer Tie Down Stakes (6ea) Tie Down Rope (pre-cut) Binoculars Sand Filled Ammo Can (20mm) Slave Cables / POL M18 Kit / M256 kit Sand Bags (10 Filled, 20 Empty) Radio(s) (Vehicle / Team) CMC Sealed (.50cal Ammo Can) Water Bucket (for WP Munitions) Rocket Wrench / MIW (Mk 1 Mod 3) Lap Top Computer (60 series TM's) Face Shield X-Ray Kit (Mk 32) .50 cal Dearmer Kit (Mk 2 Mod 1)) MOPP Gear TAP Aprons M40 Masks Call Signs and Frequencies Personal Gear/ Food and Water IED or Jensen Kit

CONVENTIONAL INCIDENTS Basic Guidelines Team Leader: 1. Brief team members on: a. Location and type of ordnance b. Mode of Travel c. Route of March d. Equipment and Publications to be taken e. Communications f. Support Available g. Safety Precautions to be Observed h. Evacuation/Protective Works in Effect 2. Brief Guide (Release when finished with) 3. Notify CP upon arrival at incident site. 4. Initiate an on-site log. 5. Ensure that on-site personnel have taken proper evacuation / protective measures. Get a complete description / briefing from the person(s) who discovered item - terrain, path to, and attitude of the item (surly or provocative). Approach: NOTE: Team Leader will make initial approach a. Have guide remain in safe area with team. b. Cautiously approach item using terrain features for protection. c. Attempt to ID item, fuze, and condition. d. Second approach for recon by team members is encouraged unless the team leader determines the item too hazardous. a. If second approach is made, the team member will be briefed on the route, exact location, and position of the item, and what particular hazards are present. Planning / Execution Phase: (Think BIP) 7. At this time make any necessary adjustments to evacuation / protective measures prior to: a. Returning to CP for publications or tools. b. Attempt of RSP or BIP.

Planning / Execution Phase: (Think BIP) Continued:

1

8. The team leader will determine any required deviations to 2 the RSP and supervise or perform the RSP. 9. The team leader will approach the item and check results of the RSP prior to approach by any other personnel. 1. Proceed to disposal (Ask for on site, if not transport to designated area) 1. Team leader will supervise loading and blocking and bracing of the item. 12. Transportation a. Ensure vehicle engine is off. b. Set brake. Chalk wheel if on a grade. c. Sandbag item to prevent movement. d. Ensure equipment will not slide and hit item. e. Ensure caps or initiators are in the front, and explosives are in the rear of the vehicle. f. Ensure all explosives are in containers. g. Ensure tailgate is closed.

DEMOLITION PROCEDURES TM 60A-1-1-31 NONELECTRIC DUAL FIRING SYSTEM

1. Perform test burn:

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

a. Tie slip knot on end of time fuse roll, cut and discard 6"from the other end. b. Cut a 3' length of time fuse and move 25' downwind from explosives, and attach fuse igniter. Function igniter and time the burn. c. Compute burn rate: Burn time (in seconds) /3 feet = time (in seconds) per foot. Squarely cut required lengths of time fuse consistent with time needed to reach safe area, but not less than 6'. Attach fuse igniter to one end of each length of time fuse, and, if necessary, install priming adapters. Ensuring that you are 25' downwind from all explosive materials, remove a blasting cap and inspect the open end for foreign matter. If the cap is good, insert and carefully seat it firmly until the flash charge is in contact with the end of the fuse. Crimp cap 1/8" to ¼" from the open end of the cap. Repeat steps 4-6 above for second cap. Barricade / sandbag firing systems until ready to prime into explosives.

TRANSPORT ITEMS TO DISPOSAL AREA: Note: 25' Separation between Caps and HE while transporting downrange 1. Make cap holes, place charges. 2. Ensuring that all nonessential personnel are a safe distance away, prime into the explosives. 3. Lay out time fuse in straight lines; secure as necessary to prevent movement. 4. If necessary, advise area commander to prepare for a high order detonation, and ensure that all personnel are properly protected. 5. Yell "FIRE IN THE HOLE" three times in different directions. 6. Initiate igniters (ID Smoke) and return to the safe area.

DEMOLITION PROCEDURES TM 60A-1-1-31 ELECTRIC DUAL FIRING SYSTEM 1. Conduct continuity checks on the following: a. Test Set b. Firing Wire c. Blasting Caps (as follows): (1) Ensuring you are 25' from all explosives, place caps under sandbag or other suitable barricade. (2) Ground yourself and remove shunt. Connect to test set and check. (3) Re-shunt (1) Repeat steps 1-3 for second cap. 2. Wire caps together by splicing one lead wire of each together, and repeat for the remaining set of lead wires. TRANSPORT ITEMS TO DISPOSAL AREA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Lay firing wire back to safe area. Place charges and make cap holes. Test firing wire back to safe area. Prime in to explosives. Return to safe area. Check firing circuit. If necessary, advise area commander to prepare for high order detonation, and ensure all personnel are properly protected. 8. Yell FIRE IN THE HOLE. 9. Attach blasting machine to the firing wire and function.

DEMOLITION PROCEDURES TM 60A-1-1-31 MISFIRE PROCEDURES - GENERAL As a general rule, all misfires will incur a minimum 30 minute wait time. NONELECTRIC MISFIRES 1. Observe 60 minute wait time (from latest possible elapsed time of expected detonation). 2. When practical, insert a new non-electric dual firing system into the charge without disturbing the other caps. Otherwise, place a secondary charge as close as possible to the original charge to ensure both detonate. ELECTRIC MISFIRES

1. Make several successive attempts to fire. 2. Check connection of firing wire to blasting machine and try again.

3. Try different blasting machine, or alternate power source, if available.

4. If misfire still exists, disconnect and shunt the firing

wire and begin the 30 minute wait time unless it can be ascertained that the blasting cap failure is strictly electrical. 5. Remove and disconnect old blasting caps and shunt wires. 6. Test, make a parallel circuit, and attach new blasting caps. Re-prime the charge and proceed with normal firing procedures.

FRAGMENTATION TABLE LBS

METERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 280

LBS METERS LBS METERS 100 23 284 45 356 126 24 288 46 358 144 25 292 47 361 159 26 296 48 363 171 27 300 49 366 182 28 304 50 368 191 29 307 60 391 200 30 311 70 413 208 31 314 80 431 215 32 317 90 449 222 33 320 100 465 229 34 324 125 500 235 35 327 150 534 241 36 330 175 560 247 37 333 200 585 251 38 336 250 630 257 39 339 500 794 262 40 342 750 909 267 41 345 1,000 1,000 271 42 348 2,000 1,260 276 43 350 5,000 7,940 44 353 10,000 10,000

BOMB FUZE COMBINATION CHART Fuze

Nose/Tail Fins Lanyard Function Plugs Actions M904 Nose Any Plug Impact N/A Gag On Recon M905 Tail Conical - Side Arming Plug Impact Inertia N/A Square cut outs side arming vane M906 Tail Conical - Side Arming Plug Impact Inertia N/A No cut outs side arming Cocked Striker MK346 Tail Conical - Side Arming or Snake-eye Plug Clockwork Long Delay N/A Black (4) Rivets - may have thermal shield MK 36/40 M117 Nose/Tail Conical/ Snake eye Gold Plug Anti-Mag MK 82-4, M117 Gold Base Plate MK 844 Tail GBU or Unretarded Blue bullseye w/ bungee & coax cable Proximity N/A Wait Time!! TDDs MK 48 Grn M20 Rd or tan Ext arm wire MK 376 Tail Retarded or Unretarded Blue Bullseye Proximity FMU 26BNose/Tail

Unretarded LL/LA Impact/Short Delay Any Type Use Pin to Insert FMU 72/B Nose/Tail Unretarded LL/LA Elec Long Delay Anti- Disturbance Any Type Wait Time!! FMU 54A/B Tail Retarded Bungee Cord & Coax Cable Proximity - Impact Closure Ring Large Smiling Face MK 48 TDD FMU 54BTail Retarded LL Only Impact Hex PlugRemotely Remove Plug FMU 81BNose/Tail Retarded or Unretarded LA Only Impact - Short Delay N/A Wait Time!! Can't use snakeye if in tail FMU 124/B Nose/Tail Usually GBU or Retarded or Unretarded Wind Generator or thermal battery Impact N/A Wait Time!! elec jack face off center (gold) FMU 112 Nose/Tail GBU or Retarded or Unretarded Wind Generator or thermal battery Impact - Short Delay elec jack in center of face (black) FMU 110B Used mainly in GBUs-Proximity & TDD Combined - Wait Time!! FMU 56/B Big OD Green Tit FMU 56 A/B

BOMBS EXPLOSIVE CONTENTS OF GP BOMBS BOMB Total Weight lbs Explosive Weight lbs Old Series 100 LB GP, AN-30A1 120 57 250 LB GP, AN-M57A1 261 125 500 LB GP, AN-M64A1 549 266 1000 LB GP, AN-M65A1 1064 555 2000 LB GP, AN-M66A2 2113 1098 New Series 750 LB GP, M117 823 386 3000 LB GP, M118 3049 1975 Low Drag 250 LB GP, MK81 MOD 1 260 100 500 LB GP, MK 82 MOD 1 531 192 1000 LB GP, MK 83 MOD 3 985 445 2000 LB GP, MK 84 MOD 1 1970 945 Low Drag w/ Snakeye Fins 250 LB GP, MK 81 MOD 1 300 100 500 LB GP, MK 82 MOD 1 560 192

BOMBS UNIDENTIFIED INTERNAL FUZING If a US bomb with unidentified internal fuzing is found, the most hazardous fuze(s) must be assumed to be installed. In all cases, nose and / or tail, retarded or unretarded, the most hazardous fuze is the fuze, bomb, nose or tail, electronic, long delay, anti-disturbance, FMU 72/B. If evidence leads one to believe the fuze(s) are armed, you must choose between disposing of the bomb in place, or waiting a specified period and then performing an RSP. If you choose either of the disposal procedures, proceed to 60B-2-2-3, para 5.b., regardless of the type of bomb. If you choose to wait the specified waiting period, the hazard must be re-evaluated after the specified waiting period. If the bomb utilized a retardation device, and there is evidence that there is a tail fuze, then the most hazardous fuze at this time would be the fuze, bomb, tail, FMU 54/B. The reason for this is that the hazard posed by the possible FMU 72/B has passed after the wait time has elapsed, but the hazard still exists for the possible FMU 54/B. Therefore, the procedure in 60B-2-3-22 must be performed to remove the tail closure plug. If, after this procedure, it is determined that the tail fuze is NOT the FMU 54/B, then this procedure must be discontinued, and the remainder of the correct procedure for the particular fuze encountered must be started. If it is determined that the tail fuze is the FMU 54/B, then the remainder of the procedure for the FMU 54/B must be performed prior to attempting the removal of the nose closure plug if there is evidence of a nose fuze. The removal of the nose closure plug should be accomplished IAW 60B-2-3-41, for the FMU 72/B. If after this procedure, it is determined that the fuze is NOT the FMU 72/B, then this procedure must be discontinued, and the remainder of the correct procedure for the particular fuze encountered must be started. If it is determined that the fuze is the FMU 72/B, then the remainder of the procedure for the FMU 72/B must be performed IAW 60B-2-3-41. If the fuze closure plug(s) can not be removed, or the fuze(s) can not be identified after the removal of the fuze closure plug(s), then the bomb must be disposed of IAW

60B-2-2-3, para 5.b. BOMBS UNIDENTIFIED INTERNAL FUZING (Continued) If the fuze closure plug(s) can be removed and the fuze(s) identified, but the RSP cannot be performed for any reason, such as the fuze well being deformed, the bomb should be disposed of IAW 60B-2-2-3, or the specific bomb publication, or the specific fuze publication, depending on the circumstances that prevail at the time.

MINEFIELD OPERATIONS GENERAL NOTES 1. Check with highest applicable headquarters to see if the area is a known minefield. 2. Study photos of the area, and check PW interrogation reports, if available. 3. Check area of previous detonations for identifiable fragments or components. 4. Conduct a ground reconnaissance. 5. Establish and mark minefield boundaries.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

MINEFIELD SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Exercise complete and positive control of the operation. Stay 25 meters away from probers. Wait at least 30 seconds before approach after blowing any mine in place. Never work with helmet on. Use nonmetallic probes only. Roll up sleeves and remove all jewelry before probing. Remote mines from ground by remote means only. Check all surfaces of mine for secondary fuzing. MINEFIELD LOADOUT

Mine Markers Engineer Tape / Survey Tape Marking Flags Cotter Pins Nonmetallic Probes Paper Clips Mine Detector

CHEMICAL OPERATIONS SURPRISE, IT'S CHEMICAL 1. Immediately Mask and pull back to vehicle. 2. Have all other personnel in the area mask. 3. If you touched the item or the ground around the item, decon your hands. 4. Don MOPP gear (MOPP IV) 5. Notify CP that you have an item of interest to (use CAIRA call-sign), and that necessary information will follow. 6. If necessary, use the guide as your safety observer. Brief him well as to what is expected of him. 7. Use M8 paper, M256 detection kit, and/or the M18 kit to determine whether or not the item is leaking. 8. ID the item, fuzing, and condition. 9. Pass information to the CP. 10.If leaking, ask where the DISCOM PDS is located, or where the unit will establish the EPDS.

CHEMICAL OPERATIONS LOADOUT 1 ea Clipboard 1 box Plastic Bags 2 roll Monofilament Tape 1 ea NBC Marking Set 1 ea M18 Kit 10 ea POP Bandages 1 ea Craftsman Knife 1 ea Bandage Scissors 1 ea Pen Light 2 ea Grease Pencils 3 ea Tongue Depressors 12 ea MK 1 Nerve Agent Antidote Kits 1 roll Strip Putty 1 ea Smoke Grenade 1 ea Mirror 1 ea Rake 1 ea M8 Paper Holder/Mixing Stick 30 gal Decon 30 gal Water bunch Rags 3 ea Buckets 1 ea Shuffle Pit 1 ea Vapor Collecting Can 7 ea Rubber Drop Cloths bunch Twist Ties / Clothes Pins 2 ea Thermometers 1 ea Scrub Brush 5 ea Sand Bags 1 ea Stopwatch 1 ea Shovel

CHEMICAL OPERATIONS ON SITE CHEMICAL INCIDENT CHECKLIST 1. On site determinations (for "a" & "b" use smoke grenade): a. wind direction (adjust exclusion area - report to CP) b. temperature gradient c. safe approach d. distance to munition (10-20 meters) 2. Establish shuffle pit and place rake & fire extinguisher on a drop cloth. 3. Team leader & worker(s) walk to munition with: a. drop cloths b. gagging and sealing material (rags and POP) c. M18 Kit d. 5 gallons decon & 5 gallons rinse water e. 3 buckets (2 for hands/1 for munition) f. rope for initial movement 4. Recon Ordnance a. number of munitions b. number of leakers & non-leakers (vapor check if necessary) c. condition of fuzes d. determine RSP if required a. type of agent 5. Re-adjust down wind hazard and exclusion area. 6. RSP ordnance or initially move if no RSP required. 7. Plug and upright leaks. 8. Gross decon ordnance and rinse; move to drop cloth 9. Seal the munition with POP 10.Perform 4 Step Decon: a. STEP 1 - decon munition b. STEP 2 - wait contact time (keep munition wet with decon) c. STEP 3 - rinse munition d. STEP 4 - vapor test - place in plastic bag, collect vapors (5-10 minutes), and check with M18. 11.Decision Tree: a. If vapors are detected - remove from bag and repeat the 4 step decon on the munition. b. If vapors are detected a second time, wrap the munition in the bag it is in and repeat the 4 step decon on the outside of the bag (the bag is now considered to be the skin of the munition). c. If no vapors are detected, wrap the munition in the bag it is in.

CHEMICAL OPERATIONS ON SITE CHEMICAL INCIDENT CHECKLIST Continued... 12. Vapor Test: Place the munition in another plastic bag, collect vapors (5-10 min), and check with M18 Kit. 13.If vapors are not detected, remove the wrapped munition from the bag it is in and go to step 13. If vapors are detected, remove from bag and repeat the 4 step decon on the outside of the bagged munition and return to this step. NOTE: If you are unable to get the outside of this bag clean, then you might be doing something wrong (i.e... decon hands? clean drop cloth? wrong decon?) 14.Place the munition in a clean container with the leaking end up, and place cushioning material around the munition to hold it. 15.Mark the container with the following information: a. position of leak (^) b. type of agent c. decon used d. type munition e. HE present or not f. sealing procedure used g. date h. unit name and phone number 16.Bag all equipment that will be needed, keeping clean and dirty separate. Pour all decons and rinse water in the areas of heavy contamination. 17.Place all equipment on truck. Ensure that the weapon is at the very back for easy removal at the hot-line, and secure it in place. 18.Mark the area with chemical warning signs: a. on the front of the sign put agent, date and time (the time agent is detected) b. place at least 3 signs around the exclusion area (50 meters radius if no HE is present). Try to place them near heavy traffic areas such as roads and foot paths. 19.Ask CAIRA for disposition of item. 20.Return to the hot-line.

CHEMICAL OPERATIONS BEAUFORT SCALE Beaufort Number Name MPH Description 0 Calm