Environmental Engineering
(f.U
NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS
Environlllental Engineering
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Environmental Engineering Anil Kumar De Formerly Professor and Head Department of Chemistry & Dean, Faculty of Science Visva Bharati University Santiniketan, West Bengal
Arnab Kumar De Reader in Chemistry Raja Peary Mohan College Uttarpara, West Bengal
PUBUSHING FOR ONE WORLD
NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS New Delhi· Bangalore • Chennai • Cochin • Guwahati • Hyderabad Jalandhar • Kolkata • Lucknow • Mumbai • Ranchi Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com
Copyright © 2009, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to
[email protected]
ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2651-9
PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD
NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com
Preface While Environmental Science courses were introduced in 1980s in Indian Universities and Institutes, common courses on Environment for various disciplines had to wait till 1998 after the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India passed their landmark judgment in 1995. NERD introduced a course on Man and Environment in 1998 for B.A., B.Sc. and B.Com. students. The authors, with their vast experience in the field, took up the project and published "Man, Nature and Environment" in 2003 as per NEHD syllabus. Now, they have launched the project on Environmental Engineering for the Polytechnic students (N-E. region). The book is designed to meet the urgent need of Polytechnic students and teachers for basic concepts on Environmental Education. The book will serve a great purpose to generate awareness among the students about environment, environmental issues, remedial measures etc. It is presented in a logical sequence in ten chapters covering the polytechnic syllabus. Science has been kept at a low key all throughout and the subject matter is presented in a highly lucid and attractive style so as to inspire the young mind with environmental culture. The authors cordially invite constructive suggestions from Polytechnic students and teachers for further improvement of the book in its next edition. This feedback is essential and it may be sent to the authors. The authors place on record thanks to Mr. S. Gupta, Managing Director, and Mr. V.R. Damodaran, Chief Editor, New Age International Publishers for prompt publication. And last but not the least, the authors' sincere thanks are due to Mrs. Kalpana De, Mrs. Chandrima Datta and Mrs. Charchita Datta for their wholehearted support and encouragement.
P27/1, C.I.T. Scheme VIIM "'U.diehi" Kolkata 700054
Anil Kumar De Amab Kumar De
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Contents Preface
(v)
CHAPTER-I-GENERALCONCEPTS 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1. 7
Definition of Environment Elements of Environment Natural Cycles Pollution and Pollutants Man-Nature Interaction Natural and Man-made Changes in Environment and Disasters Need of Environmental Education
CHAPTER - 2 - ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM 2.1 Definition 2.1.1 ForestEcology
1-17 1 1
5 9 10
12 16
19 -27 19
2.1.2 Forest Conservation
20 21
2.1.3 Biodiversity
22
2.1.4 Sustainable Ecosystem
23
2.2 Energy Path 2.3 Energy Flow/Energy Budget
23 24
Contents
2.4 Energy Budget 2 .5 Trophic Levels 2.6 Food Chain and Food Web
CHAPTER - 3 - POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT 3.1
3.2 3.3 3.4 3 .5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10
Human Population and Distribution Population Density Age Structure Infant Mortality/ Life Expectancy Carrying Capacity Population Growth Pattern (Indion Context) Urbanisation Impact of Population Pressure on India 's Environment- Food and Natural Resources Women and Environment Human Deve lopment
CHAPTER - 4 - AIR POLLUTION
25 25 26
29- 38 29
30 30 31
32 32 33 34
36 37
39 - 63
4.1 Air Pollutants
39
4.2 Primary Pollutants
42
'1.2.1
Co.rboIlM(J1Ioxide. CO
4.2..
