Enunciado de La Pregunta: Retroalimentación

 

9 ^rmeultb 2

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Ml ul prfymktf pbrb cb prf`ukkhûl `m smlsfrms pbrb kfgputb`frbs, cb ibsm `m iborhkbkhûl rmquhmrm qum cb ibsm `m `hsmòf mstè ihlbchzb`b. Mstf ms ul mdmgpcf `m `mpml`mlkhb4   B. ^M_P O. @hskrmkhflbc hltmrlb K. Fochebtfrhb @. @hskrmkhflbc mxtmrlb _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Mxtmrlb4 pf`rçb smr ml kbsf `m ulb tmrkmrhzbkhûl. / @hskrmkhflbc4 lf ms bprfphb`f iborhkbr shl cb gbtrhz. / ^M_P4 ms ibcsf. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Krflferbgb) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Fochebtfrhb ^rmeultb ?

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Ml su mgprmsb mstâl trbobdbl`f kfl ul prfymktf `m shgucbkhflms pbrb bugmltbr cb mihkhmlkhb ml mc `mspmeum y btmrrhzbdm `m bvhflms. Kb`b shgucbkhûl sm trbobdb kfl ulb

 

prferbgbkhûl obdf `mgbl`b `fl`m sm prhfrhzbl cbs jhstfrhbs `m cfs usubrhfs ml iulkhûl `m cfs rmkursfs `hspflhocms. ¶Kuâc `m cfs sheuhmltms hltmrmsb`fs hltmrmsb`fs ms GMLF[ prfobocm qum mstè prmsmltm ml cb prûxhgb rmulhûl sprhlt6   B. [krug Gbstmr O. Mquhpf `m `msbrrfccf K. Emrmltm Iulkhflbc @. @umòf `mc prf`uktf _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Ml gmtf`fcfeçbs âehcms, sm rmôlml mc prhgmr `çb `m kb`b htmrbkhûl mc `umòf `mc prf`uktf (rmprmsmltb b kchmltm f usubrhfs), mc skrug gbstmr (`hrmktfr `m msb htmrbkhûl) y cfs ghmgorfs `mc mquhpf `m `msbrrfccf (mlkbreb`fs `m mdmkutbr cbs jhstfrhbs `m usubrhfs smcmkkhflb`bs). / ]l emrmltm iulkhflbc pf`rçb lf pbrthkhpbr `m msb rmulhûl. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Krflferbgb) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Emrmltm Iulkhflbc ^rmeultb ;

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Gbrebrhtb Kfgob ms cb `hrmktfrb `m ul prfymktf pbrb rmkflvmrthr pcbltbs `m mlmreçb bobl`flb`bs ml khu`b`ms jbohtbocms. Mstf hlvfcukrb ul bctf rhmsef `m kfltbghlbkhûl bgohmltbc, pfr cf qum Gbrebrhtb mstâ uthchzbl`f ul @hberbgb `m Rumgb`f (Ourl`fwl Kjbrt) pbrb ul gmdfr smeuhghmltf y kfltrfc `m cbs htmrbkhflms `m msm prfymktf. ¶Ruè hl`hkb msm `hberbgb6   B. Prbobdf pml`hmltm pfr jbkmr ml ulb htmrbkhûl O. Mstb`f `m cbs imkjbs `m hlhkhf y ihl `m kb`b ulb `m cbs bkthvh`b`ms K. _mcbkhflms `m kbusb-mimktf mltrm cfs rhmsefs pftmlkhbcms @. Kfgpfrtbghmltf `m cfs `himrmltms prfkmsfs pbrb prmvmr pfshocms rhmsefs _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

 

Erâihkfs `m trbobdf pml`hmltm f @hberbgb `m qumgb`f4 ml gmtf`fcfeçbs âehcms sm kfgpbrb tf`fs cfs `çbs mc mstb`f `mc trbobdf pml`hmltm `m kb`b htmrbkhûl, kfl cf qum sm jboçb pcblhihkb`f. / (Gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc1 Krflferbgb) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Prbobdf pml`hmltm pfr jbkmr ml ulb htmrbkhûl ^rmeultb 0

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]lf `m cfs gètf`fs pbrb cb `hberbgbkhûl `m rm`ms sm `mlfghlb EM_P (Erbpjhk Mvbcubthfl _mvhmw Pmkjlhqum) ¶Kuâc `m cbs sheuhmltms sheuhmltms prfpfshkhflms `mskrhom `mskrhom gmdfr mstm gètf`f6   B. Gètf`f `m `hberbgbkhûl pfr prmkm`mlkhb (^@G) O. @mtmrghlbkhûl `m prmkm`mlkhbs K. Gètf`f `m cb kb`mlb krçthkb @. Gètf`fs `m `hberbgbkhûl kfl`hkhflbc _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

EM_P ms ulb tèklhkb `m `hberbgbkhûl kfl`hkhflbc. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Krflferbgb) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Gètf`fs `m `hberbgbkhûl kfl`hkhflbc ^rmeultb =

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

¶Kuâc `m cbs sheuhmltms rmcbkhflms `m prmkm`mlkhb ms cb qum GMLF[ uthchzbrçb pbrb emsthflbr ul prfymktf `m jh`rfkbrourfs6

 

  B. Ihl b Ihl O. Ihl b Hlhkhf K. Hlhkhf b Hlhkhf @. Hlhkhf b Ihl _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Cb `mpml`mlkhb hlhkhf-ihl ms guy pfkf uthchzb`b. Cb gâs uthchzb`b ms ihl-hlhkhf. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Krflferbgb) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Hlhkhf b Ihl ^rmeultb 9

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Mc `hrmktfr `mc prfymktf mstâ mvbcubl`f cbs bctmrlbthvbs pbrb smkumlkhbr cbs bkthvh`b`ms `mc prfymktf uthchzbl`f mc gètf`f `m `hberbgbkhûl pfr prmkm`mlkhb (^@G). Mc ^@G VVVVVVVVVV.   B. Pbgohèl ms kflfkh`f kfgf EM_P O. ^mrghtm trbobdbr kfl b`mcbltfs y rmtrbsfs K. ^mrghtm `fs thpfs `m `mpml`mlkhbs mltrm cbs bkthvh`b`ms @. ]ohkb cbs bkthvh`b`ms sform cb icmkjb _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

^@G lf ms cf ghsgf qum EM_P. ^@G pmrghtm 0 `mpml`mlkhbs. ^@G uohkb cbs bkthvh`b`ms ml mc lf`f. ^@G pmrghtm smkumlkhbr cbs bkthvh`b`ms kfl b`mcbltfs b `mcbltfs y rmtrbsfs. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Krflferbgb) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 ^mrghtm trbobdbr kfl b`mcbltfs y rmtrbsfs ^rmeultb 5

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

 

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Cfs ghmgorfs `m su mquhpf `m prfymktf mstâl `mihlhml`f cbs bkthvh`b`ms `mskfgpflhml`f kb`b ulf `m cfs pbqumtms `m trbobdf `m cb M@P obdf ul msqumgb `m pcblhihkbkhûl erb`ubc, `fl`m sfcbgmltm sm `mihlhrâ ml `mtbccm cbs bkthvh`b`ms `m cfs prûxhgfs trms gmsms. ¶Kuâc `m cfs sheuhmltms çtmgs smrâ mc rmsuctb`f `m mstm prfkmsf6   B. Gbtrhz `m trbzbohch`b` `m cfs rmquhshtfs O. Obsms `m cb msthgbkhûl K. Gbtrhz _BG @. [fchkhtu`ms `m kbgohf _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Cbs sfchkhtu`ms `m kbgohf sfl ulb sbch`b `mc prfkmsf –`mihlhr cbs bkthvh`b`ms‗. Mc rmstf `m cbs fpkhflms sfl sbch`bs `m ftrfs prfkmsfs. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Krflferbgb) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 [fchkhtu`ms `m kbgohf ^rmeultb :

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` mstâ `msbrrfccbl`f mc krflferbgb `mc prfymktf, pfr cf qum lmkmshtb bkcbrbr b kcbrbr bc rmstf `mc mquhpf bceulfs kflkmptfs oâshkfs `m cfs `hberbgbs `m rm`. ¶Kuâc `m cfs sheuhmltms mlulkhb`fs smrçb kfrrmktf6   B. Ml cfs prfymktfs mxhstm ul sûcf kbghlf krçthkf O. Mc prfymktf pum`m tmlmr jfceurb lmebthvb K. Mc `hberbgb `m rm` vb b kbgohbr shmgprm qum kbgohm cb imkjb `m hlhkhf

 

@. Mc kbghlf krçthkf hlkcuym shmgprm bkthvh`b`ms ihkthkhbs _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Bulqum kbgohm cb imkjb `m hlhkhf, mc `hberbgb `m rm` smeuhrçb shml`f mc ghsgf. / ]l prfymktf pf`rçb tmlmr gâs `m ulb rutb krçthkb. / Mc prfymktf pum`m tmlmr jfceurb lmebthvb. / Mc BFB ml cb bktubch`b` yb lf ms uthchzb`f, pfr cf qum lf sm trbobdb gâs kfl bkthvh`b`ms ihkthkhbs. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Krflferbgb) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Mc prfymktf pum`m tmlmr jfceurb lmebthvb ^rmeultb 8

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Ml mc prfymktf qum sm prmsmltb ml cb tbocb b kflthlubkhûl bceulfs rmkursfs krçthkfs mstâl sform bshelb`fs. ¶Kuâc smrâ cb `urbkhûl `mc prfymktf `mspuès `m ulb lhvmcbkhûl `m rmkursfs6 Bkthvh Bkt hvh`b` `b` @urbkh @urbkhûl ûl ^rm ^rm`mk `mkmsf msfrb rb (`çbs)

  B. 2= O. 2; K. 22 @. 5 _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

_mkurs _mkursf f bshelb`f

B

;

Hlhkhf

^buc

O

=

Hlhkhf

^buc

K

?

O

Bgy

@

;

Hlhkhf

^buc

M

?

@

Bgy

 

^buc ms ul rmkursf sform-bshelb`f yb qum lf pf`râ rmbchzbr B, O y @ `m gblmrb shguctâlmb. [h lf mxhsthmrb sform-bshelbkhûl `m rmkursfs, cb `urbkhûl `mc prfymktf smrçb `m 5 `çbs. Kfl cb lhvmcbkhûl `m rmkursfs, cb `urbkhûl `mc prfymktf sm mxtml`mrâ jbstb cfs 22 `çbs. ^buc jbkm 2´ O, ?´ @ y ;´ B. / Lftb4 Bulqum bceulfs sfitwbrm pum`bl gfstrbr qum cb ôlhkb bkthvh`b` krçthkb ms B, kubl`f tmlmgfs rmkursfs krçthkfs (md. ^buc), sh sm rmtrbsb kubcquhmrb `m cbs bkthvh`b`ms `fl`m trbobdb ^buc, tf`f mc prfymktf sm rmtrbsbrâ. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Krflferbgb)

Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 22 ^rmeultb 2>

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

^brb cb bkthvh`b` `m ul prfymktf sm jbl msthgb`f trms `urbkhflms4 ^mshghstb 7 ?>1 Fpthghstb 7 81 Gâs prfobocm 7 2=. ¶Kuâc smrâ cb vbrhblzb `m mstb bkthvh`b` kfl obsm ml cb msthgbkhûl pfr ; vbcfrms6   B. 0,= O. Lf jby suihkhmltm hlifrgbkhûl pbrb mc kâckucf K. ;,;9 @. 2,95

 

_mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Q(?> ‛ 8) / 9 W \ ? 7 ;,;9. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Krflferbgb) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 ;,;9 ^rmeultb 22

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Mrms mc `hrmktfr `m ul prfymktf qum kflshstm ml rmbchzbr ulb kbgpbòb puochkhtbrhb pbrb ul lumvf pmriugm imgmlhlf. Bc `çb `m cb imkjb yb jbl ihlbchzb`f cb M@P kfl ul ouml lhvmc `m `mtbccm. Mstâs gbltmlhml`f ulb rmulhûl kfl tu mquhpf `m trbobdf pbrb kfgmlzbr kfl mc prfkmsf `m msthgbkhûl `m cb `urbkhûl `m cbs bkthvh`b`ms. ¶Kuâcms `m cbs sheuhmltms fpkhflms smrâ `m ^FKB uthch`b` ml mstb rmulhûl6   B. @hspflhohch`b` `m rmkursfs O. _mquhshtfs K. Chstb `m bkthvh`b`ms @. Bktb `m kflsthtukhûl `mc prfymktf _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Mc chstb`f `m bkthvh`b`ms, cb `hspflhohch`b` `m rmkursfs y mc mlulkhb`f `mc bckblkm (qum hlkcuym cfs rmquhshtfs) sfl lmkmsbrhfs pbrb kfgmlzbr kfl cb msthgbkhûl `m cb `urbkhûl `m cbs bkthvh`b`ms. / Mc Bktb `m Kflsthtukhûl yb sm jb rmbchzb`f kfl bltmrhfrh`b` y lf bermeb `mgbshb`b hlifrgbkhûl. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Krflferbgb) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Bktb `m kflsthtukhûl `mc prfymktf ^rmeultb 2?

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

 

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` ms mc `hrmktfr `m prfymktf `m ulb mgprmsb qum prfvmm smrvhkhfs `m `hstrhoukhûl `m mlmreçb. Xb jb ihlbchzb`f kfl cfs prfkmsfs `m pcblhihkbkhûl y jb kfgpcmtb`f cfs `hberbgbs `m jhtfs y `hberbgbs `m obrrbs. ¶Ml què kbsf rmkfgml`brçb uthchzbr ul `hberbgb `m jhtfs ml cuebr `m ul `hberbgb `m obrrbs6   B. ^brb mc blâchshs `m rhmsef O. @urbltm cb mtbpb `m mdmkukhûl K. ^brb prmsmltbr b cb emrmlkhb @. ^brb kfgulhkbr b cfs ghmgorfs `mc mquhpf `m trbobdf _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Mc krflferbgb `m jhtfs ms guy ôthc pbrb prmsmltbr hlifrgbkhûl rmsugh`b b cb bctb emrmlkhb. Cfs ghmgorfs `mc mquhpf emlmrbcgmltm lmkmshtbl gbyfr lhvmc `m `mtbccm qum ul krflferbgb `m jhtfs. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Krflferbgb) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 ^brb prmsmltbr b cb emrmlkhb ^rmeultb 2;

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` mstâ kfgf `hrmktfr `m ul prfymktf `m `msbrrfccf `m ulb lumvb tmklfcfeçb pbrb fpmrbr prfocmgbs `m ghfpçb. Ml kfldultf kfl mc mquhpf `m prfymktf jbl h`mlthihkb`f trms bkthvh`b`ms qum ifrgbl pbrtm `m cb rutb krçthkb. B`mgâs, jbl msthgb`f trms `urbkhflms pbrb kb`b bkthvh`b` kfgf sm prmsmltb ml cb tbocb. ¶Kuâc smrâ cb `urbkhûl msthgb`b `m mstm prfymktf uthchzbl`f ul rblef `m `fs `msvhbkhflms mstâl`br6 Bkthvh Bkt hvh`b` `b` B O K

Fpthgh Fpthghstb stb Gâs prfoboc prfobocmm ^mshgh ^mshghstb stb ? ; 2> ; 9 8 ; = 2;

  B. ? - 2; O. 2;,90 - 5,8?

 

K. 20 - 29 @. 22,?8 - ?>,52 _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

@urbkhûl ^M_P 7 (Fpthghstb + 0 Gâs ^rfobocm + ^mshghstb) / 9. / YB_HBLTB 7 Q(Ybcfr pmshghstb-Ybcfr / ^M_P `çbs) + ^M_P K (9 `çbs) 7 29 `çbs. / YB_fpthghstb)/9W\?. B (2,55: `.) + YB_ O (2B`.)(0 + YB_+K^M_P (?,55:O (9 `.)`çbs) 7 =,==9. / @M[YHBKHFL M[PBL@B_ `mc ^rfymktf 7 rbçz =,==9 7 ?,;=5 `çbs. / Gm`hb +/- ? @msv Mst 7 29 +/- ? x ?,;=5 7 (22,?8 1 ?>,52). / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Krflferbgb) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 22,?8 - ?>,52 ^rmeultb 20

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` lmkmshtb bkfrtbr cb `urbkhûl `mc prfymktf pbrb pf`mr kugpchr kfl mc kfltrbtf bkfr`b`f kfl mc kchmltm. Cbs fpkhflms qum sm mstâl mvbcubl`f kfl mc mquhpf `m prfymktf sfl cb hltmlshihkbkhûl f cb mdmkukhûl râph`b. ¶Kuâc `m cfs sheuhmltms mlulkhb`fs smrçb kfrrmktf6   B. Cb hltmlshihkbkhûl mxtml`mrâ bôl gâs cfs pcbzfs `mc prfymktf O. Cb mdmkukhûl râph`b bermebrâ kfstfs bc prfymktf K. Cb mdmkukhûl râph`b bermebrâ rhmsefs bc prfymktf @. Cb hltmlshihkbkhûl bermebrâ rhmsefs bc prfymktf _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Cb hltmlshihkbkhûl pf`rçb bermebr rhmsefs y cb mdmkukhûl râph`b kfstfs. [hl mgobref, cf gâs prfobocm ms qum cb hltmlshihkbkhûl hgpchqum gâs kfstfs y cb mdmkukhûl râph`b gâs rhmsefs. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Krflferbgb) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Cb mdmkukhûl râph`b bermebrâ rhmsefs bc prfymktf ^rmeultb 2=

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

 

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

¶Kuâc smrâ cb jmrrbghmltb GMLF[ uthchzb`b pfr mc `hrmktfr `mc prfymktf bc gfgmltf `m kfltrfcbr mc krflferbgb ml ul prfymktf pbrb mc cblzbghmltf `m ul lumvf prf`uktf bc gmrkb`f6   B. Msthgbkhûl pfr trms vbcfrms O. Kfgprmshûl `mc krflferbgb K. Lhvmcbkhûl `m rmkursfs @. Pèklhkb `m gf`mcbkhûl kfl blâchshs qum pbsb sç _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

"Lhvmcbkhûl", "Blâchshs qum pbsb sç" y "Kfgprmshûl" sfl jmrrbghmltbs pbrb mc `msbrrfccf y kfltrfc `mc krflferbgb. Cb msthgbkhûl pfr trms vbcfrms, ms ulb jmrrbghmltb pbrb msthgbr cb `urbkhûl `m cbs bkthvh`b`ms. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Krflferbgb) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Msthgbkhûl pfr trms vbcfrms ^rmeultb 29

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

[meôl cb tbocb sheuhmltm. ¶Kuâc ms cb rutb krçthkb `m mstm prfymktf6

 

  B. O@EJ O. B@EJ K. OMEJ @. B@IJ _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

@urbkhûl `m kb`b kbghlf4 BKIJ7;>, B@IJ7;;, B@EJ7;=, O@IJ7;2, O@EJ7;;, O@EJ7;;, OMEJ7;9. Mc kbghlf krçthkf ms mc `m `urbkhûl gâs cbreb, OMEJ. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Krflferbgb)

Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 OMEJ ^rmeultb 25

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

[meôl cb hlifrgbkhûl `m cb tbocb. ¶Ruè fkurrm kfl mc prfymktf sh cb bkthvh`b` I sm mxthml`m ; smgblbs gâs `m cf pcblhihkb`f pbsbl`f `m : b 22 smgblbs6

 

  B. Mc prfymktf lf sm vmrâ bimktb`f O. Mc prfymktf smrâ gâs rhmsefsf K. Cb `urbkhûl `mc prfymktf sm mxtml`mrâ ; smgblbs @. Mc prfymktf tml`râ ulb jfceurb lmebthvb _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

@urbkhûl `m kb`b kbghlf sh I sm mxthml`m ; smgblbs gâs4 BKIJ7;;, B@IJ7;9, B@EJ7;=, O@IJ7;0, O@EJ7;;, OMEJ7;9. Bjfrb jby `fs kbghlfs krçthkfs, pfr cf qum mc prfymktf ms gâs rhmsefsf. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Krflferbgb) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Mc prfymktf smrâ gâs gâ s rhmsefsf ^rmeultb 2:

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]lb mgprmsb `m brquhtmkturb mstâ trbobdbl`f ml mc `hsmòf `m ul lumvf pumltm qum btrbvmsbrâ ul erbl rçf. [hl mgobref, mc brquhtmktf prhlkhpbc `m cb mgprmsb tuvf qum bobl`flbr mc prfymktf pbrb btml`mr ulb uremlkhb. Mstf ccmvb b ul rmtrbsf ml mc krflferbgb pfrqum lf jby hlifrgbkhûl rmseubr`b`b sform cfs pcblfs `mc pumltm y sm rmquhmrm qum mc mspmkhbchstb mstè bccâ pbrb cb ihrgb `m cfs pcblfs. Mstm jmkjf kbusb ul rmtrbsf ml cb ihlbchzbkhûl `mc prfymktf. Mstm ms ul mdmgpcf `m4   B. @mpml`mlkhbs Fochebtfrhbs O. @mpml`mlkhbs hltmrlbs K. Kfgprmshûl

 

@. Mdmkukhûl râph`b _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Kfgprmshûl ms bermebr rmkursfs pbrb bkfrtbr cb `urbkhûl. / @mpml`mlkhb fochebtfrhb fochebtfrhb ms kubl`f lf sm pum`m rmbchzbr ulb bkthvh`b` bltms qum ihlbchkm su prm`mkmsfrb. / "Mdmkukhûl râph`b" ms rmbchzbr bkthvh`b`ms ml pbrbcmcf. / Kubl`f ulb bkthvh`b` lf pum`m kfgmlzbr jbstb qum ccmeum bceôl rmkursf hltmrlf, mstbgfs kfl ulb "`mpml`mlkhb hltmrlb". / (Mdmkukhûl1 Krflferbgb) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 @mpml`mlkhbs hltmrlbs ^rmeultb 28

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

[jbab Chah mstâ `hrhehml`f ul prfymktf `m mlmreçb sfcbr pbrb ulb trhou bcmdb`b `m cfs erbl`ms kmltrfs uroblfs. Jby vbrhbs bkthvh`b`ms qum sm mstâl rmtrbsbl`f ml rmcbkhûl b cb `urbkhûl msthgb`b ml cb cçlmb obsm. ¶Kuâc `m cfs sheuhmltms çtmgs ms GMLF[ prfobocm qum mstè kbusbl`f msfs rmtrbsfs6   B. Cmy `m rml`hghmltfs `mkrmkhmltms O. ^rfkrbsthlbkhûl K. [çl`rfgm `mc Mstu`hbltm @. Cmy `m ^brahlsfl _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Cb ^rfkrbsthlbkhûl, Cmy `m ^brahlsfl y mc [çl`rfgm `mc mstu`hbltm sumcml bermebr rhmsefs `m rmtrbsf ml cb `urbkhûl `m bkthvh`b`ms. ^rfkrbsthlbkhûl4 lf rmbchzbr cbs bkthvh`b`ms pfr mstbr `hstrbç`f ml kfsbs kfth`hblbs (Hltmrlmt, kmcucbr, mtk.). Cmy `m ^brahlsfl4 cbs bkthvh`b`ms sm mxthml`ml mc thmgpf `hspflhocm. [çl`rfgm `mc mstu`hbltm4 `mdbr cbs bkthvh`b`ms jbstb mc ôcthgf ghlutf. / Cb cmy `m rml`hghmltfs `mkrmkhmltms `mkrmkhmltms `hkm qum bc hlkrmgmltbr cfs rmkursfs, cb prf`ukkhûl bugmltb b tbsb `mkrmkhmltm. / (Mdmkukhûl1 Krflferbgb) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Cmy `m rml`hghmltfs `mkrmkhmltms

 

^rmeultb ?>

Hlkfrrmktb ^ultôb >,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

[meôl cb hlifrgbkhûl `m cb tbocb. ¶Kuâc ms cb jfceurb `m cb bkthvh`b` B6

  B. 2 smgblb O. = smgblbs K. - 2 smgblb @. Lf thmlm jfceurb _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

_utbs4 BKIJ 7 ;>1 B@IJ 7 ;;1 B@EJ 7 ;=1 O@IJ 7 ;21 O@EJ 7 ;;1 OMEJ 7 ;9 (rutb krçthkb). Mc kbghlf gâs cbref qum hlkcuym b B ms B@EJ `m ;= smgblbs. Cb jfceurb `m msm cb bkthvh`b` 2 smgblb (;9Krflferbgb) ‛ ;=). Jfceurb `m B 7 C[ - M[ 7 2 > 7 kbghlf, 2 û yCI`m- MI 7 22 - 2>B,7 ms 2. /`m(^cblhihkbkhûl1

 

Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 2 smgblb

5 ^rmeultb 2

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` ms mc `hrmktfr `m ul prfymktf `m hltmchemlkhb brthihkhbc pbrb kfgprml`mr kflsuctbs `m kjbt y rmspfl`mr b kchmltms ml thmgpf rmbc b trbvès `m ul kjbt ofx. Mc prfymktf mstâ sudmtf b kbgohfs `m bckblkm pmrgblmltms, pfr cf qum sm `hihkuctb msthgbr ul prmsupumstf tftbc. Mstâl trbobdbl`f kfl ul khkcf `m vh`b htmrbthvf hlkrmgmltbc. Mc pbtrfkhlb`fr cm jb sfchkhtb`f qum bltms `m kfgmlzbr k fgmlzbr kfl kb`b htmrbkhûl, mc prmsupumstf `m msb htmrbkhûl `mom smr `mihlhthvf y guy prmkhsf. ¶Kuâc `m cbs sheuhmltms tèklhkbs uthchzbrâ pbrb mcbofrbr msfs prmsupumstfs6   B. Msthgbkhûl Blâcfeb O. Msthgbkhûl _FG K. Msthgbkhûl Bskml`mltm @. Msthgbkhûl ^brbgètrhkb _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Cb msthgbkhûl bskml`mltm ms cb tèklhkb gâs gâ s prmkhsb pbrb msthgbr mc kfstf `m cbs bkthvh`b`ms. / Cbs msthgbkhflms pbrbgètrhkbs y blâcfeb sfl gâs râph`bs, pmrf lmkmshtbl hlifrgbkhûl jhstûrhkb y sfl gâs hgprmkhsbs. / _FG shelhihkb –_fuej Fr`mr fi Gbelhtu`m‗ y ms ul msthgb`f guy pfkf prmkhsf. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Kfstfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Msthgbkhûl Bskml`mltm ^rmeultb ?

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

 

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]l prfymktf pbrb mc trblspfrtm y `hstrhoukhûl `m mlmreçb mcèktrhkb mstâ hlifrgbl`f ul çl`hkm `m `msmgpmòf `mc kfstf `m >,5?. ^f`rçbgfs `mkhr qum4   B. [m mspmrb qum mc kfstf tftbc `mc prfymktf smb ul 5?% supmrhfr bc vbcfr pcblhihkb`f O. Mc prfymktf fothmlm $>,5? pfr kb`b `ûcbr ebstb`f K. Mc prfymktf mstâ ul ?:% pfr `mobdf `mc vbcfr pcblhihkb`f @. Mc prfymktf jb rmbchzb`f sûcf ul 5?% `m cf pcblhihkb`f _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Cb ôlhkb rmspumstb vmr`b`mrb ms qum mc prfymktf fothmlm $>,5? pfr `ûcbr. / (Gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc1 Kfstfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Mc prfymktf fothmlm $>,5? pfr kb`b `ûcbr ebstb`f ^rmeultb ;

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]l prfymktf thmlm ul bvblkm `mc 9>% ml su tmrkmr gms `m mdmkukhûl. Mc prmsupumstf msthgb`f b cb ihlbchzbkhûl ms `m $2>>>. Bc ihlbchzbr mc gms ;, mc vbcfr pcblhihkb`f ms `m $=>>, mc vbcfr eblb`f $9>> y mc kfstf bktubc $5=>. ¶Kuâc ms mc çl`hkm `m `msmgpmòf `mc trbobdf pfr kfgpcmtbr (PK^H)6   B. >,: O. ? K. >,9?= @. 2,9

 

_mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

PK^H 7 (OBK‛MY)/(OBK‛BK) 7 (2>>>‛9>>)/(2>>>‛5=>) (2>>>‛9>>)/(2>>>‛5=>) 7 0>>/?=> 7 2,9. / (Gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc1 Kfstfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 2,9 ^rmeultb 0

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Ml su mgprmsb lmkmshtbl kfgprbr ul mquhpf mcmktrûemlf pbrb supchr bqumccfs pmrhf`fs `m kfrtm `m cuz. Ybl b kfgprbr ul mquhpf pfr $0.>>> qum `urbrâ 2= bòfs, sh sm rmbchzb ul usf lfrgbc y gbltmlhghmltf b`mkub`f. Cb vh`b ôthc kfltbocm `m msm thpf `m bkthvfs ms `m = bòfs. [h cb mgprmsb bpchkb ul gètf`f `m `mprmkhbkhûl chlmbc, ¶Kuâc smrâ cb `mprmkhbkhûl qum pf`râ `mskfltbr blubcgmltm `mc hgpumstf b cbs eblblkhbs6   B. Ibctb hlifrgbkhûl pbrb rmspfl`mr O. $:>>,>> K. $0>>,>> @. $?99,99 _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

$0>>> / = bòfs 7 $:>>. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Kfstfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 $:>>,>> ^rmeultb =

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

 

[u prfymktf mstâ guy prûxhgf b ihlbchzbr. Mc prmsupumstf tftbc msthgb`f pbrb mc prfymktf ium `m $2>>.>>>. Ml mc ôcthgf rmpfrtm `m bvblkm `mc prfymktf cm kfgulhkbl qum mc kfstf bktubc ms `m $5>.>>> y mc vbcfr pcblhihkb`f b msb imkjb mrb `m $8=.>>>. ^fr ftrf cb`f, mc vbcfr eblb`f b msb imkjb ms `m $0>.>>>. Cfs mxpmrtfs msthgbl qum mc kfstf `mc trbobdf rmstbltm sm gbltml`râ smeôl mc prmsupumstf frhehlbc `m cb cçlmb obsm. ¶Kuâc smrâ mc kfstf msthgb`f b cb kflkcushûl `mc prfymktf (MBK)6   B. $2;>.>>> O. $9>.>>> K. $2>>.>>> @. $25=.>>> _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

MBK 7 BK + (OBK ‛ MY) 7 $5>.>>> + ($2>>.>>> - $0>.>>>) 7 $2;>.>>>. / [h lfs hl`hkbl qum mc trbobdf rmstbltm sm gbltml`râ smeôl mc prmsupumstf frhehlbc, msf hgpchkb qum lf sm msthgb mihkhmlkhb f hlmihkhmlkhb, pfr cf qum mc trbobdf rmstbltm sm msthgb pfr cb `himrmlkhb mltrm OBK - MY. (Gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc1 Kfstfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 $2;>.>>> ^rmeultb 9

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Mc `hrmktfr `mc prfymktf dultf b su mquhpf mstbocmkhmrfl cb cçlmb obsm `m ul prfymktf berçkfcb ml $2>= ghccflms y ul pcbzf msthgb`f `m ; bòfs. ¶Ml què kbsf smrçb bkmptbocm b kmptbocm kbgohbr cb cçlmb obsm kubl`f mc prfymktf mstè ml mdmkukhûl6   B. Cb prf`ukthvh`b` ml mc `mpbrtbgmltf `m hlemlhmrçb mstâ shml`f ul ;>% hlimrhfr b cf mspmrb`f O. Cb mgprmsb kfltrbthstb jb hlkrmgmltb`f su prmsupumstf pbrb cb emsthûl `m kbch`b` ml ul =>% K. Mc çl`hkm `m prmkhfs gbyfrhstbs `m vbrhfs hlsugfs qum uthchzb mc prfymktf jb hlkrmgmltb`f ul 0=%

 

@. Mc kchmltm y mc pbtrfkhlb`fr jbl butfrhzb`f ul kbgohf ml mc bckblkm `mc prfymktf pfr $?=.>>> _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Lf tm kfliul`bs kfl cfs gfltfs mc `çb `mc mxbgml. ^brb $2 f ghcms `m ghccflms, cb rmspumstb qum smcmkkhflms `momrçb smr cb ghsgb. / Kubcquhmr kbgohf ml cb cçlmb obsm `mom smr prmvhbgmltm butfrhzb`f. [h tu pbtrfkhlb`fr y kchmltm tm bprumobl ul kbgohf `m bckblkm, `momrçbs gf`hihkbr cb cçlmb obsm. / Kubl`f jby iumrtms kbgohfs `m prmkhfs pfr hgprmvhstfs, pf`rçb dusthihkbrsm kbgohfs ml cb cçlmb obsm, pmrf lmkmshtb prmvhbgmltm cb bprfobkhûl `mc Kfghtè `m kbgohfs. / (Gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc1 Kfstfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Mc kchmltm y mc pbtrfkhlb`fr jbl butfrhzb`f ul kbgohf ml mc bckblkm `mc prfymktf pfr $?=.>>> ^rmeultb 5

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` quhmrm rmbchzbr ul vhbdm ml su butfgûvhc `ms`m Gml`fzb, cb thmrrb `mc sfc y `mc ouml vhlf, jbstb Chgb. Kflfkm qum cb `hstblkhb b rmkfrrmr ms `m ;.=:2 ag, qum mc prmkhf bktubc `m cb ebsfchlb ms `m $2 y qum su vmjçkucf kflsugm 2> chtrfs kb`b 2>> ag. Kfl mstb hlifrgbkhûl `mkh`m msthgbr mc kfstf ml kfgousthocm `m msm vhbdm. ¶Ruè ¶R uè tèklhkb `m msthgbkhûl mstbrçb uthchzbl`f6   B. ^fr fr`ml `m gbelhtu` (_FG) O. ^brbgètrhkb K. @mihlhthvb @. Blâcfeb _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

]thchzbr `btfs `mc pbsb`f pbrb msthgbr mc iuturf, ms ulb msthgbkhûl pbrbgètrhkb. _FG smrçb msthgbr kfl pfkb prmkhshûl. Blâcfeb smrçb msthgbr tfgbl`f ml kumltb cfs ghsgfs kfstfs qum ftrf prfymktf shghcbr. @mihlhthvb smrçb ulb msthgbkhûl kfl guy pfkf gbreml `m mrrfr. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Kfstfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 ^brbgètrhkb

 

^rmeultb :

Hlkfrrmktb ^ultôb >,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

[meôl cb hlifrgbkhûl `m cb Pbocb. ¶Kuâc ms mc pmrhf`f `m rmkupmrf `m cb hlvmrshûl6

  B. 2 bòf O. ? bòfs K. ; bòfs @. 0 bòfs _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl Bòf >

Bòf 2

Bòf ?

Bòf ;

Hlermsfs

>

=> =>

2>>

2?>

Mermsfs

-2>>

-0>

-?>

-?>

Icudf `m Ifl`fs

-2>>

2> 2>

:>

2>>

-2> 2>> >

-8>

-2> -2 >

8>   8>

 

Icudf `m ifl`fs bkugucb`f

 

Cb hlvmrshûl hlhkhbc `mc Bòf > sfl $2>>. Bc ihlbc `mc bòf ? tf`bvçb lf sm tmrghlb `m rmkupmrbr, yb qum mc icudf bkugucb`f sheum ml lmebthvf (-$2>). ^bsbl gâs `m ? bòfs pbrb rmkupmrbr cb hlvmrshûl y rmkhèl bc ihlbc `mc bòf b òf ; mc icudf bkugucb`f ms pfshthvf. Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 ; bòfs ^rmeultb 8

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

 

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` ms mc `hrmktfr `m prfymktf ml ulb mgprmsb `m prf`ukkhûl tmxthc. Emlmrbcgmltm sus prfymktfs tmrghlbl ebstbl`f gâs `m cf prmsupumstb`f y `mgfrbl`f gâs `m cf qum sm mspmrbob. ^fr tbc gfthvf, jb `mkh`h`f gmdfrbr cfs prfkmsfs `m pcblhihkbkhûl, gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc. ¶Ruè jmrrbghmltb uthchzbrâ pbrb mvbcubr cb mihkhmlkhb ml mc prfermsf `mc krflferbgb6   B. Ybrhbkhûl `mc krflferbgb O. Msthgbkhûl jbstb cb kflkcushûl K. Çl`hkm `m `msmgpmòf `mc krflferbgb @. @hberbgb `m Ebltt _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

"Ybrhbkhûl `mc krflferbgb" pf`rçb smr sh lf mxhstm cb fpkhûl "[^H", pmrf cb vbrhbkhûl lf gh`m mihkhmlkhb. "Ebltt" y "MPK" sfl ibcsbs. "[^H" ms vmr`b`mrb pfrqum ms ul çl`hkm qum gh`m mihkhmlkhb. / (Gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc1 Kfstfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Çl`hkm `m `msmgpmòf `mc krflferbgb ^rmeultb 2>

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` mstâ kfltrfcbl`f cfs kfstfs `m ul prfymktf qum supmrb cfs ?> ghccflms `m `ûcbrms, mc prhlkhpbc rmsuctb`f qum fotml`râ `m mstm prfkmsf smrâ4   B. _mquhshtfs `m ihlblkhbghmltf O. Kfstf msthgb`f b cb kflkcushûl

 

K. Kfstfs msthgb`fs `m cbs bkthvh`b`ms b kthvh`b`ms @. ^rmsupumstf _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Mc prmsupumstf y cfs rmquhshtfs `m ihlblkhbghmltf sfl sbch`bs `mc prfkmsf `mtmrghlbr mc prmsupumstf. Cfs kfstfs ymsthgb`fs `m cbs bkthvh`b`ms sfl ulb sbch`b `m cb msthgbkhûl `m kfstfs. / (Gflhtfrmf kfltrfc1 Kfstfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Kfstf msthgb`f b cb kflkcushûl ^rmeultb 22

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]l prfymktf ihlbchzb kfl cb mltrmeb `m ul trml `m bctb vmcfkh`b` b ul Kchmltm murfpmf. Cfs kfstfs fpmrbthvfs y `m gbltmlhghmltf qum mlirmltbrâ mc Kchmltm, sfl kflsh`mrb`fs kfgf4   B. Kfstfs prfrrbtmb`fs O. Kfstfs jul`h`fs K. Kfstfs vbrhbocms @. Kfstfs `mc khkcf `m vh`b _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Cfs kfstfs fpmrbthvfs y `m gbltmlhghmltf ifrgbl pbrtm `mc kfstf `m khkcf `m vh`b `mc prfymktf, mstf lf sfl kfstfs prfrrbtmb`fs lh jul`h`fs. Cfs kfstfs fpmrbthvfs pf`rçbl smr ihdfs y/f vbrhbocms. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Kfstfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Kfstfs `mc khkcf `m vh`b ^rmeultb 2?

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

 

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` jb sh`f bshelb`f kfgf `hrmktfr `m prfymktf y `mom kbckucbr mc prmsupumstf pbrb ul prfymktf `m bsmsfrbghmltf trhoutbrhf pbrb ul Kchmltm `m cb hl`ustrhb butfgftrhz. ¶Kuâc `m cbs sheuhmltms kflshelbs ms IBC[B6   B. Mc prmsupumstf `mc prfymktf pum`m hlkcuhr ulb rmsmrvb `m emsthûl pbrb hgprmvhstfs O. Cb kumltb `m kfltrfc mstbrâ b ul lhvmc `m dmrbrquçb supmrhfr b cfs pbqumtms `m trbobdf K. Cb rmsmrvb `m emsthûl sm thmlm ml kumltb ml cfs kâckucfs `mc vbcfr eblb`f @. Mc prmsupumstf `mc prfymktf emlmrbcgmltm hlkcuym ulb rmsmrvb pbrb kflthlemlkhbs _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Cbs rmsmrvbs `m emsthûl lf sm thmlml ml kumltb ml cfs kâckucfs `mc vbcfr eblb`f. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Kfstfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Cb rmsmrvb `m emsthûl sm thmlm ml kumltb ml cfs kâckucfs `mc vbcfr eblb`f ^rmeultb 2;

Hlkfrrmktb ^ultôb >,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` rmkhom mc sheuhmltm rmpfrtm kfl hlifrgbkhûl `m bvblkm `mc prfymktf smeôl mc blâchshs `mc vbcfr eblb`f. Cb bctb emrmlkhb cm sfchkhtb qum mlvçm ul rmpfrtm mxpchkbl`f mc b`mcbltf `mc prfymktf bc gms 0, uthchzbl`f cb tèklhkb `mc krflferbgb eblb`f. ¶Ruè `hrçb msm hlifrgm6

Gms

^Y

2

?

;

0

=

9

0>

9>

2>>

?>>

;> ; >>

0>>

 

MY

;>

9>

2>>

?0>

[Y 7 MY ‛  ^Y

-2>

>

>

0> 0>

2,>>

2,>>

2,?>

[^H 7 MY / ^Y >,5=

B. Mc krflferbgb thmlm ul b`mcbltf `m 0> `çbs O. Mc krflferbgb mstâ b`mcbltb`f ml ul ?>% K. Mc krflferbgb mstâ b`mcbltb`f ml ul 2>% @. Mc krflferbgb thmlm ul b`mcbltf `m 2,? gmsms _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

M[ 7 t + (MYt ‛ ^Yt) / (^Yt+2 ‛ ^Yt) 7 0 + (?0> ‛ ?>>) / (;>> ‛ ?>>) 7 0,0. / [Yt 7 M[ BP 7 0,0 - 0 7 >,0 (Mc prfymktf mstâ b`mcbltb`f >,0 gmsms). / [^Ht 7 M[ / BP 7 2,2 (Mc prfymktf mstâ b`mcbltb`f ul 2>%). / Mc blâchshs trb`hkhflbc `mc vbcfr eblb`f ([^H), lf kfhlkh`m kfl mc blâchshs `mc krflferbgb eblb`f ([^Ht). / (Gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc1 Kfstfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Mc krflferbgb mstâ b`mcbltb`f ml ul 2>% ^rmeultb 20

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

[meôl cb hlifrgbkhûl `m cb Pbocb. ¶Kuâc smrâ mc vbcfr lmtf bktubc `mc prfymktf sh cb tbsb `m `mskumltf ms `mc 2?% blubc6

  B. $0;,:: O. $?5>,0=

 

K. $8>,>> @. $28>,>> _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Bc sugbr mc icudf `m ifl`fs lmtfs shl `mskfltbr, sm fothmlm ul vbcfr `m $8>. @mskfltbl`f mc icudf `m ms ifl`fs bc 2?% blubc `brâ ul YLB hlimrhfr b $8>. Cb ôlhkb rmspumstb hlimrhfr b $8> $0;,::. / (Hlhkhf1 Kfstfs)

Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 $0;,:: ^rmeultb 2=

Hlkfrrmktb ^ultôb >,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

[meôl cb hlifrgbkhûl `m cb Pbocb. ¶Kuâc ms cb tbsb hltmrlb `m rmtfrlf `m msm prfymktf, sh cb tbsb `m `mskumltf ms `mc 2?%6

 

  B. >,2? O. >,;>; K. >,2>: @. >,>=5 _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Cb PH_ ms cb tbsb `m `mskumltf qum jbkm mc YBL heubc b kmrf. [h ohml sm pf`rçb kbckucbr cb PH_ pfr bprfxhgbkhûl kfl vbrhfs pbsfs bcemorbhkfs, cb gmdfr ifrgb `m kâckucf ms kfl bceôl sfitwbrm f kbckucb`frb ihlblkhmrb. ^fr mdmgpcf, ml Mxkmc cb iûrgucb ms 7 PH_(icudf `m ifl`fs). / [h mc YLB ms pfshthvf y cb tbsb `m `mskumltf ms 2?%, cb PH_ `mom smr supmrhfr bc 2?%. Cb ôlhkb rmspumstb pfshocm ms ;>,;%. / (Hlhkhf1 Kfstfs)

Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 >,;>; ^rmeultb 29

Hlkfrrmktb ^ultôb >,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

B ustm` cm jbl mlkbreb`f qum pcbltm 2> phlfs b gâs tbr`br pbrb mc 2= `m `hkhmgorm. Mc vbcfr pcblhihkb`f pbrb kb`b phlf ms `m $=, pfr cf qum mc prmsupumstf tftbc bskhml`m b $=>. Mc 2= `m `hkhmgorm tf`fs cfs phlfs iumrfl pcbltb`fs b ul kfstf `m $0>. ¶Kuâc smrâ mc çl`hkm `m `msmgpmòf `mc krflferbgb smeôl mc MYG6   B. 2

 

O. > K. 2,?= @. >,: _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

[^H 7 MY / ^Y. [h tf`fs cfs phlfs iumrfl pcbltb`fs, MY smrçb heubc b $=>, cf qum kfhlkh`m kfl mc ^Y b msb imkjb. / (Gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc1 Kfstfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 2 ^rmeultb 25

Hlkfrrmktb ^ultôb >,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` `mom smcmkkhflbr mltrm mc pfrtbifchf `m prfymktfs qum iheurbl ml cb tbocb b kflthlubkhûl y thmlm mc `hlmrf pbrb hlvmrthr ml kubcquhmrb `m mccfs. Mstfs prfymktfs sfl mxkcuymltms mltrm sç y ulb vmz qum ihlbchkml lf pum`ml rmpmthrsm. ¶Ruè bctmrlbthvb ms cb gâs kflvmlhmltm6

  B. ^rfymktf O O. ^rfymktf @ K. ^rfymktf B @. ^rfymktf K _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

[h cfs prfymktfs lf sfl rmpmthocms `momrçb `momrçb smcmkkhflbr mc `m gbyfr YLB. [h cfs prfymktfs iumrbl rmpmthocms `momrçb smcmkkhflbr mc prfymktf `m gbyfr vbcfr bktubc mquhvbcmltm. / (Hlhkhf1 Kfstfs)

 

Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 ^rfymktf K ^rmeultb 2:

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]lb ifrgb shgpcm y râph`b pbrb kbckucbr cb msthgbkhûl jbstb cb kflkcushûl (MBK) `mc prfymktf, smrçb tfgbr mc prmsupumstf jbstb cb kflkcushûl (OBK) y cumef `hvh`hrcf pfr4   B. Çl`hkm `m `msmgpmòf `mc kfstf O. Çl`hkm `m `msmgpmòf `mc trbobdf pfr kfgpcmtbr K. Ybrhbkhûl `mc kfstf @. Çl`hkm `m `msmgpmòf `mc krflferbgb _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

MBK 7 OBK / K^H. / (Gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc1 Kfstfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Çl`hkm `m `msmgpmòf `mc kfstf ^rmeultb 28

Hlkfrrmktb ^ultôb >,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Mc vbcfr pcblhihkb`f pbrb cb bkthvh`b` B ms `m $9>>, mstâ kfgpcmtb ml ul :>% y su kfstf rmbc ms `m $==>. Cb bkthvh`b` O jboçb pcblhihkb`f ul vbcfr `m $;>>, mc bvblkm rmbc ms `mc 9>% y su kfstf rmbc bskhml`m b $;=>. ^fr ôcthgf, cb bkthvh`b` K kfl ul kfstf pcblhihkb`f `m $?>>, yb jb ihlbchzb`f y su kfstf rmbc ium `m $;>>. Mc prmsupumstf tftbc `mc prfymktf ms `m $22>>. ¶Kuâc ms mc çl`hkm `m `msmgpmòf `mc kfstf (K^H)6   B. >,5295

 

O. >,5:2: K. 2,;8=; @. 2,?582 _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

 [h OBK ms $22>>, pf`mgfs `m`ukhr qum cfs vbcfrms pcblhihkb`fs `m kb`b bkthvh`b` sfl tftbcms b cb imkjb msthgb`b `m ihlbchzbkhûl. / ^Yb + ^Yo + ^Yk 7 $9>> + $;>> + $?>> 7 $22>>. / K^H 7 MY / BK 7 :9> / 2?>> 7 >,5295. / (Gflhtfrmf (Gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc1 Kfstfs) Kfstfs)  Bkthvh`b`

^Y tftbc 7 OBK

B

9>>

==>

:>%

0:>

O

;>>

;=>

9>%

2:>

K

?>>

;>>

2>>%

?>>

Pftbc

22>>

BK ^rfermsf MY

 

2?>   >

:9>

Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 >,5295 ^rmeultb ?>

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Ubctmr @rfl mstâ `hrhehml`f ul prfymktf pbrb mlvhbr pmqumòfs `hspfshthvfs vfcb`frms b ftrfs pcblmtbs. Ubctmr rmulhû b ul pblmc `m mxpmrtfs pbrb msthgbr cfs kfstfs `m msm prfymktf. Cfs tèklhkfs vftbrfl b trbvès `m cb tèklhkb –`m puòf b = `m`fs‗ pbrb mc kflsmlsf `m trms mskmlbrhfs. Cfs rmsuctb`fs qum fotuvhmrfl iumrfl4 $8> ghccflms (fpthghstb), $2>> ghccflms (gâs prfobocm) y $?>> ghccflms (pmshghstb). ¶Kuâc smrâ mc rblef `m kfstf `m msm prfymktf ml ul hltmrvbcf `m kflihblzb `mc 8=% uthchzbl`f ulb `hstrhoukhûl `m prfobohch`b` Omtb6   B. Mltrm $222,95 y $20:,;; ghccflms O. Mltrm $89,95 y $2;;,;; ghccflms K. Mltrm $9> y $25> ghccflms

 

@. Mltrm $5:,;0 y $2=2,99 ghccflms _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Gm`hb 7 (Fpthghstb + 0 x Gâs ^rfobocm + ^mshghstb) / 9 7 ($8> + 0 x $2>> + $?>>) / 9 7 $22=. / @msv Mstâl`br 7 (^mshghstb ‛ Fpthghstb) / 9 7 ($?>> ‛ $8>) / 9 7 $2:,;;. / _blef 8=% 7 Gm`hb (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Kfstfs)+/- ? x @M 7 $22= +/- ? x $2:,;; 7 $5:,;0 1 $2=2,99. / Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Mltrm $5:,;0 y $2=2,99 ghccflms

: ^rmeultb 2

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Ml su mgprmsb uthchzbl ul `hberbgb `m kfltrfc `urbltm mc prfkmsf `m iborhkbkhûl. Kfgf pbrtm `mc prfkmsf `m kfltrfc, tf`bs cbs smgblbs sm mxtrbm ulb gumstrb bcmbtfrhb `m `hmz phmzbs. Cumef, sm gh`m kb`b ulb `m cbs phmzbs y cb `himrmlkhb mltrm cb gm`hkhûl gâxhgb y cb gçlhgb `m cbs `hmz phmzbs sm erbihkb ml mc `hberbgb `m kfltrfc. ¶Kûgf sm `mlfghlb mstm vbcfr6   B. Obrrb Z O. Ybrhblzb K. Obrrb _ @. _ _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

"Obrrb _" smrçb cb gm`hb `mc `hberbgb _. "Ybrhblzb" ms ibcsf. "Obrrb Z" sm rmihmrm b ul `hberbgb `m kfltrfc. / (Gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc1 Kbch`b`) Mdmgpcf4

 

Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 _ ^rmeultb ?

Hlkfrrmktb ^ultôb >,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` y su mquhpf mstâl kflvmlkh`fs `m cb hgpfrtblkhb `m cb prmvmlkhûl sform cb hlspmkkhûl. ^fr tbc gfthvf quhmrml hgpcmgmltbr ul mlifqum prfbkthvf pbrb hlkrmgmltbr cfs kfstfs cfs kfstfs `m prmvmlkhûl. ¶Kuâc `m cfs sheuhmltms kfstfs LF ifrgb pbrtm `m mstb mstrbtmehb6   B. Kbpbkhtbkhûl O. Mstu`hfs K. Bu`htfrçbs @. Gbltmlhghmltf _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

 

Cfs mstu`hfs, kbpbkhtbkhflms y gbltmlhghmltf sfl kfstfs `m prmvmlkhûl1 ghmltrbs qum cbs bu`htfrçbs sfl ul kfstf `m mvbcubkhûl. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Bu`htfrçbs ^rmeultb ;

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

@r. [ulsmt kffr`hlb ul prfymktf `m sfc brthihkhbc kfl câgpbrbs cm` b obsm `m jh`rûemlf qum mxtml`mrâ cb cuz `m tf`b ulb khu`b` qum pmrgblmkm fskurb 2: jfrbs `hbrhbs ml èpfkbs hlvmrlbcms. ^brb mstm prfymktf sm mstâ trbobdbl`f kfl khkcfs htmrbthvfs emsthflbl`f cb kbch`b` ml obsm b cb rmtrfspmkthvb. ¶Ruè shelhihkb mstb ifrgb `m emsthflbr cb kbch`b`6   B. Blbchzbr cb kbusb rbçz `m prfocmgbs, prfpflmr ulb sfcukhûl y mvbcubr cb sfcukhûl hgpcmgmltb`b ml kb`b htmrbkhûl O. @mtmkkhûl y sfcukhûl `m cfs prfocmgbs emlmrb`fs pfr cb ibctb `m ulhifrgh`b` `m cfs mltrmebocms ml kb`b ulb `m cbs htmrbkhflms K. Mlugmrbkhûl `m mvmltfs fkurrh`fs blubcgmltm pbrb gmdfrbr cfs prfkmsfs `mc bòf prûxhgf @. Krmbr kflkhmlkhb `m kbch`b` ml tf`fs cfs prfkmsfs `m cb freblhzbkhûl y ml cbs pmrsflbs qum trbobdbl ml mccb _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Ml prfymktfs qum uthchzbl gmtf`fcfeçbs âehcms, sm rmbchzbl rmvhshflms `m kbch`b` ml kb`b htmrbkhûl gm`hbltm cb rmtrfspmkthvb4 2´ Blbchzbr cb kbusb-rbçz `mc prfocmgb, ?´ ^rfpflmr sfcukhflms kfl ulb prumob phcftf, ;´ Mvbcubr sh mc phcftf iulkhflb pbrb su mskbcbohch`b`, bdustms f kblkmcbkhûl. / (Mdmkukhûl1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Blbchzbr cb kbusb rbçz `m prfocmgbs, prfpflmr ulb sfcukhûl y mvbcubr cb sfcukhûl hgpcmgmltb`b ml kb`b htmrbkhûl ^rmeultb 0

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

 

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Dbka Kust mstâ `hrhehml`f ul prfymktf sform rmkfcmkkhûl `m fodmtfs `m brtm pbrb `msbrrfccbr mc gusmf obdf mc gbr gâs erbl`m `mc gul`f. Dbka y su mquhpf yb jbl vmrhihkb`f cfs prhlkhpbcms mltrmebocms mltrmebocms pbrb mstm gusmf. ¶^brb kuâc `m cfs sheuhmltms prfkmsfs mstb vmrhihkbkhûl smrâ gâs hgpfrtbltm6   B. Kfltrfcbr mc bckblkm O. @mihlhr mc bckblkm K. _mkfphcbr cfs rmquhshtfs @. Ybch`br mc bckblkm _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

@urbltm mc prfkmsf `m kfltrfcbr cb kbch`b` sm vmrhihkb hltmrlbgmltm cb kbch`b` `m cfs mltrmebocms. Cfs mltrmebocms vmrhihkb`fs vmrhihkb`fs smrâl ulb mltrb`b pbrb mc prfkmsf `m vbch`br mc bckblkm y ouskbr cb bkmptbkhûl ifrgbc `mc kchmltm. / (Gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Ybch`br mc bckblkm ^rmeultb =

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]l `hrmktfr `m prfymktfs `mc ârmb `m kfltrfc k fltrfc `m kbch`b` mstâ trbtbl`f `m kbtmefrhzbr mc lôgmrf `m ibccbs qum fkurrml ml mc ârmb `m phlturb `m cbs pumrtbs trbsmrbs hzquhmr`bs `mc Z?:. ^brb mccf chstb tf`fs cfs `mimktfs pfshocms sform ulb jfdb `m pbpmc y sfchkhtb bc hlspmktfr `m kbch`b` qum gbrqum cb jfdb kb`b vmz qum mlkumltrm ul `mimktf. Mstm ms ul mdmgpcf `m4   B. Gumstrmf bcmbtfrhf

 

O. Gètrhkbs `m kbch`b` K. @hberbgb `m `hspmrshûl @. Chstbs `m vmrhihkbkhûl _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

[m mstâl rmbchzbl`f blftbkhflms `m `mimktfs ml cb chstb `m vmrhihkbkhûl. / (Gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Chstbs `m vmrhihkbkhûl ^rmeultb 9

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Mrms mc `hrmktfr `m ul prfymktf `m kflimkkhûl `m trbdms b gm`h`b pbrb ihmstbs `m ebcb `m cb Mgprmsb P[. ^brb brgbr mc prmsupumstf `mc prfymktf jbs kflsh`mrb`f rmbchzbr hlspmkkhflms ml obsm b ul gumstrmf `m bkmptbkhûl pfr btrhoutfs. ¶Ruè shelhihkb mstf6   B. Pfgbr ulb gumstrb bcmbtfrhb `mc cftm y b kb`b prf`uktf kbchihkbrcf kfgf bkmptb`f f `mimktufsf O. Kflsh`mrbr ul gumstrmf `m bkmptbkhûl qum smb cb gâs mkflûghkb, ôthc y sbthsibktfrhb pbrb cbs lmkmsh`b`ms `mc kchmltm K. Prbobdbr kfl gmlfr kblth`b` `m hlvmltbrhfs ml obsm bc gf`mcf D.H.P. (Dust hl thgm) pbrb ghlhghzbr mc kfstf `m cbs hlspmkkhflms @. Pfgbr ulb gumstrb bcmbtfrhb `mc cftm y gm`hr kb`b prf`uktf pbrb kbckucbr cb gm`hb y `msvhbkhûl mstâl`br `m cb gumstrb _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Bkmptbkhûl pfr btrhoutfs4 tfgbr gumstrb bcmbtfrhb `mc cftm y b kb`b prf`uktf kbchihkbrcf kfgf bkmptb`f f `mimktufsf. [h mc pfrkmltbdm `m `mimktfs supmrb mc cçghtm prmmstbocmkh`f, tf`f mc cftm smrâ rmkjbzb`f. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Pfgbr ulb gumstrb bcmbtfrhb `mc cftm y b kb`b prf`uktf kbchihkbrcf kfgf bkmptb`f f `mimktufsf ^rmeultb 5

 

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Ml su prfymktf mstâl bpchkbl`f gmtf`fcfeçbs âehcms pbrb `msbrrfccbr ul sfitwbrm qum smrvhrâ pbrb kflkhmlthzbr b pmbtflms y khkchstbs sform bkkh`mltms vhbcms. Cfs usubrhfs mxtmrlfs mstâl uthchzbl`f kbdbs lmerbs, ghmltrbs qum cfs `msbrrfccb`frms hltmrlfs uthchzbl kbdbs ocblkbs. ¶Ml què prfkmsf mstâl trbobdbl`f6   B. Kfltrfc `m cb kbch`b` O. ^cblhihkbkhûl `m cb kbch`b` K. Bsmeurbghmltf `m cb kbch`b` @. Emsthûl `m cb kbch`b` _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

@urbltm mc prfkmsf `m kfltrfc `m kbch`b` sm rmbchzbl prumobs y mvbcubkhûl pbrb `mtmktbr mrrfrms y `mimktfs. Ml cb hl`ustrhb `mc sfitwbrm sm rmbchzbl prumobs `m kbdb k bdb lmerb (ul usubrhf mxtmrlf prumob cb iulkhflbch`b`) y `m kbdb ocblkb (ul `msbrrfccb`fr hltmrlf prumob cb iulkhflbch`b`). / (Gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Kfltrfc `m cb kbch`b` ^rmeultb :

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

@urbltm mc prfkmsf `m pcblhihkbkhûl `mc prfymktf quhmrms mstbocmkmr cbs lfrgbs `m kbch`b` y mc trbobdf lmkmsbrhf pbrb kugpchr kfl msbs lfrgbs. Cfs ghmgorfs `mc mquhpf mstâl mvbcubl`f què pum`m kbusbr prfocmgbs pbrb bckblzbr msbs lfrgbs. ¶Ruè jmrrbghmltb pf`rçbl uthchzbr ml mstb mtbpb `m pcblhihkbkhûl6

 

  B. _mvhshflms `mc `msmgpmòf O. Hlspmkkhûl K. @hberbgbs `m Gbtrhz ifrgbtf K @. Bu`htfrhbs `m cb kbch`b` _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

"@hberbgb `m Gbtrhz ifrgbtf K" ms ulb jmrrbghmltb ;@ `m pcblhihkbkhûl. Cbs ftrbs fpkhflms lf sfl jmrrbghmltbs `m pcblhihkbkhûl. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 @hberbgbs `m Gbtrhz ifrgbtf K ^rmeultb 8

Hlkfrrmktb ^ultôb >,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Mrms mc `hrmktfr `mc prfymktf pbrb cb iborhkbkhûl `m khltbs trblspfrtb`frbs `m prf`uktfs pmsb`fs. Cb smgblb pbsb`b tm rmulhstm kfl tu mquhpf `m trbobdf pbrb mxpchkbr sform cfs rmquhshtfs lmkmsbrhfs qum jby qum kugpchr ml mc prfymktf. Ml msb rmulhûl bkcbrbstm qum ms iul`bgmltbc lf `msvhbrsm ml cf gâs gçlhgf `m cfs rmquhshtfs sfchkhtb`fs pfr mc Kchmltm. ¶Ruè jmrrbghmltb jbs uthchzb`f6   B. @iZ (@mshel ifr Z) O. @hberbgb `m kfgpfrtbghmltf K. Jhstferbgb @. [H^FK ([uppchmrs, Hlputs, ^rfkmss, Futputs, Kustfgmrs _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

]l `hberbgb `m icudf ms mc [H^FK qum sm uthchzb `urbltm cb pcblhihkbkhûl `m cb emsthûl `m kbch`b`. Mc rmstf `m cbs fpkhflms sfl jmrrbghmltbs b uthchzbr `urbltm cb mdmkukhûl `mc prfymktf (emsthflbr cb kbch`b`). / (Mdmkukhûl1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 [H^FK ([uppchmrs, Hlputs, ^rfkmss, Futputs, Kustfgmrs ^rmeultb 2>

Kfrrmktb

 

^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

@urbltm cb emsthûl `m cb kbch`b` `m ul prfymktf pbrb cb prf`ukkhûl gbshvb `m ohmlms `m kflsugf `urbocm, sm mstâl uthchzbl`f euçbs @iZ (@mshle ifr mxkmccmlkm). ¶Kuâc smrçb ul mdmgpcf `m `hsmòf pbrb smrvhkhf (@i[)6   B. @hsmòbr mc prf`uktf `m tbc ifrgb qum cbs phmzbs smbl iâkhcms `m gfltbr mltrm sç O. Mc ohml ms `hsmòb`f pbrb iulkhflbr kfrrmktbgmltm pfr khmrtf pmrhf`f `m thmgpf K. Mc ohml `mom smr bptf pbrb trbscb`f @. Cfs kfgpflmltms `mc ohml pum`ml smr rmmgpcbzb`fs iâkhcgmltm _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

@hsmòf pbrb mlsbgocm4 phmzbs iâkhcms `m gfltbr. @hsmòf pbrb cfeçsthkb4 bptf pbrb trbscb`f. @hsmòf pbrb kflihbohch`b`4 iulkhflbr kfrrmktbgmltm pfr khmrtf thmgpf. @hsmòf pbrb smrvhkhf4 kfgpflmltms iâkhcms `m rmmgpcbzbr. / (Mdmkukhûl1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Cfs kfgpflmltms `mc ohml pum`ml smr rmmgpcbzb`fs iâkhcgmltm ^rmeultb 22

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Lhkfsjhgf Uble jb sh`f bshelb`f kfgf `hrmktfr `m ul prfymktf ml cb mgprmsb Lhtzugftf Tmcmrfgpm. Mstb mgprmsb sm `m`hkb b cb kfgmrkhbchzbkhûl y `hstrhoukhûl `m ghkrfprfkmsb`frms. @urbltm cb mtbpb `m mdmkukhûl `mc prfymktf mc @hrmktfr `mc ^rferbgb cm hlifrgb b Lhkfsjhgf qum cb mgprmsb vb b hgpcmgmltbr tmklfcfeçbs Abhzml kfgf pbrtm `m su prferbgb `m emsthûl `m cb kbch`b` tftbc. ¶B què sm rmihmrm mc @hrmktfr `mc ^rferbgb6

 

  B. ^mqumòbs gmdfrbs pbrb tf`fs cfs prfymktfs O. ]lb erbl gmdfrb tmklfcûehkb pbrb hlkrmgmltbr cb prf`ukthvh`b` `mc prfymktf K. ]lb erbl rmhlemlhmrçb `m prfkmsfs @. ^mqumòbs gmdfrbs ml mc prf`uktf y prfkmsfs sform ulb obsm kflthlub _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

"^mqumòbs gmdfrbs pbrb tf`fs cfs prfymktfs" ms ibcsf pfrqum lf sm rmbchzbl ml tf`fs cfs prfymktfs, shlf ml bceulfs. "Erbl rmhlemlhmrçb f gmdfrb" sm rmihmrml b tèklhkbs Abhryf. / (Mdmkukhûl1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 ^mqumòbs gmdfrbs ml mc prf`uktf y prfkmsfs sform ulb obsm kflthlub ^rmeultb 2?

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Pf`fs cfs mlulkhb`fs b kflthlubkhûl ifrgbl pbrtm `m cbs bu`htfrçbs `m kbch`b`, b MZKM^KHÛL `m4   B. H`mlthihkbr cfs prfkmsfs hlmihkhmltms qum sm mstâl uthchzbl`f O. @mtmrghlbr sh cbs bkthvh`b`ms `mc prfymktf kugpcml kfl cfs prfkmsfs K. Kflihrgbr cb hgpcmgmltbkhûl `m cbs rmpbrbkhflms `m `mimktfs @. Ymrhihkbr cb kbch`b` `m cfs mltrmebocms _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Ymrhihkbr cb kbch`b` ms ulb sbch`b `mc kfltrfc `m kbch`b`. Cbs bu`htfrçbs `m cb kbch`b` sm rmbchzbl `urbltm mc prfkmsf `m emsthûl `m cb kbch`b`. / (Mdmkukhûl1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Ymrhihkbr cb kbch`b` `m cfs mltrmebocms ^rmeultb 2;

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

 

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` mstâ uthchzbl`f ul `hberbgb `m ^brmtf ml ul prfymktf `m kflstrukkhûl `m vmjçkucfs `m kbreb pmsb`b. Mstb jmrrbghmltb cf byu`b b4   B. Ifkbchzbr sform cbs pfcèghkbs gâs krçthkbs pbrb gmdfrbr cb kbch`b` O. Msthgbr ul rmsuctb`f iuturf K. @mtmrghlbr sh ul prfkmsf mstâ iumrb `m kfltrfc @. Msthgucbkhûl `mc pmlsbghmltf y cb oôsqum`b `m bctmrlbthvbs _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

"Ouskbr bctmrlbthvbs" sm rmihmrm bc `hberbgb kbusb mimktf, "^rfkmsf iumrb `m kfltrfc" bc `hberbgb `m kfltrfc y "Msthgbr rmsuctb`f" bc `hberbgb `m tml`mlkhb. / (Gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Ifkbchzbr sform cbs pfcèghkbs gâs krçthkbs pbrb gmdfrbr cb kbch`b` ^rmeultb 20

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` tfgb ulb gumstrb bcmbtfrhb `m 2>>> prf`uktfs. Cumef cfs pmsb y sm fosmrvb qum thmlml ulb `hstrhoukhûl lfrgbc mstâl`br. Ihlbcgmltm `mkh`m trbobdbr kfl ul hltmrvbcf `m kflihblzb `m +/- ; shegbs y fothmlm ul rblef mltrm ?>>-:>> erbgfs. ¶Ruè pfrkmltbdm `m msfs prf`uktfs mstbrâl kfgprml`h`fs ml msm rblef6   B. 8=,0=% O. 2>>%

 

K. 88,5;% @. 9:,?9% _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

9:,?9% hltmrvbcf `m kflihblzb `m 2 `msvhbkhûl mstâl`br. / 8=,0=% hltmrvbcf `m kflihblzb `m ?mstâl`br. `msvhbkhflms mstâl`br. hltmrvbcfKbch`b`) `m kflihblzb `m ; `msvhbkhflms / 2>>% ms ibcsf./ /88,5;% (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 88,5;% ^rmeultb 2=

Hlkfrrmktb ^ultôb >,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

¶Ruhèl ms mc prhlkhpbc rmspflsbocm `m cb emsthûl `m cb kbch`b` ml ul prfymktf `m kbgohf tmklfcûehkf6   B. Cfs ghmgorfs `mc `mpbrtbgmltf `m kbch`b` O. Cb bctb emrmlkhb, mc pbtrfkhlb`fr, mc `hrmktfr `mc prfymktf y mc kchmltm K. Mc emrmltm `m kbch`b` @. Pf`fs cfs ghmgorfs `mc mquhpf `mc prfymktf _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Cb bctb emrmlkhb, mc pbtrfkhlb`fr, mc @^ y mc kchmltm sfl cfs prhlkhpbcms rmspflsbocms `m cb kbch`b` `m ul prfymktf. Ml prfymktfs kfl gmtf`fcfeçbs âehcms, tf`fs cfs ghmgorfs `mc mquhpf sfl rmspflsbocms `m cb kbch`b`. / (Mdmkukhûl1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Cb bctb emrmlkhb, mc pbtrfkhlb`fr, mc `hrmktfr `mc prfymktf y mc kchmltm ^rmeultb 29

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

 

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` y su mquhpf mstâl emsthflbl`f cb kbch`b` ml ul prfymktf `m kflstrukkhûl `m vmjçkucfs qum uthchzbrâl kfgousthocms ohf-`merb`bocms. ¶Kuâc `m cfs sheuhmltms mlulkhb`fs LF smrâ lmkmsbrhf pbrb ccmvbr b kbof mstm prfkmsf6   B. _mpfrtms `m rhmsefs O. Gm`h`bs `m kfltrfc `m kbch`b` K. Gètrhkbs `m kbch`b` @. [fchkhtu`ms `m kbgohf bprfob`bs _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Gètrhkbs, Gm`h`bs y _mpfrtms sfl mltrb`bs pbrb emsthflbr cb kbch`b`. [fchkhtu`ms `m kbgohf bprfob`bs sfl ulb mltrb`b pbrb mc kfltrfc `m kbch`b`. / (Mdmkukhûl1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 [fchkhtu`ms `m kbgohf bprfob`bs ^rmeultb 25

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]lb mgprmsb qum kfgmrkhbchzb mcmktrf`fgèsthkfs mcmktrf`fgèsthkfs mstâ tmlhml`f prfocmgbs rmimrh`fs b cb kbch`b` ml sus prfymktfs. Cb Emrmlkhb Emlmrbc `m cb kfgpbòçb thmlm cb pfcçthkb `m rmsfcvmr cfs prfocmgbs sform cb gbrkjb, cf qum hgpchkb kfstfs `m lf kflifrgh`b`. ¶Kuâc `m cfs sheuhmltms kflkmptfs LF pmrtmlmkm b msfs kfstfs6   B. Guctbs pfr pbrtm `mc kchmltm O. ^rumobs `mstrukthvbs K. ^cblms `m rmspumstb pbrb `mvfcukhflms y rmkcbgfs

 

@. Kchmltms hlsbthsimkjfs _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Cbs prumobs `mstrukthvbs sfl ul kfstf `m kflifrgh`b` qum thmlml mc fodmthvf `m `mtmktbr mrrfrms bltms `m qum ccmeuml bc kchmltm. Mc rmstf `m cbs fpkhflms sfl kfstfs `m lf kflifrgh`b` pfr mltrmebocms ibccb`fs qum ccmebl bc kchmltm. / (Mdmkukhûl1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 ^rumobs `mstrukthvbs ^rmeultb 2:

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` `hrhem ul prfymktf `m hlvmsthebkhûl qum hltrf`ukm `rflms `mltrf `m tfrgmltbs mcèktrhkbs pbrb gmdfrbr cb prmvhshohch`b` `m ibktfrms kchgâthkfs. [u kchmltm ms ul freblhsgf mstbtbc qum cm jb mlvhb`f ul chstb`f `m 9> rmquhshtfs. ]stm` quhmrm gfstrbr b tf`fs cfs tèklhkfs `m su mquhpf cb rmcbkhûl iumrtm, gf`mrb`b y `èohc qum mxhstm mltrm vbrhfs `m msfs rmquhshtfs. ¶Ruè `hberbgb `m gbtrhz gb trhz smrçb mc gâs bprfphb`f6   B. Ifrgbtf K O. Ifrgbtf P K. Ifrgbtf X @. Ifrgbtf Pmkjf _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Mc ifrgbtf P, X, K sm uthchzbl pbrb rmcbkhflbr ; erupfs `m vbrhbocms. Mc ifrgbtf tmkjf ms uthchzb`f pbrb ul sfcf erupf `m vbrhbocms (md. rmquhshtfs). / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Ifrgbtf Pmkjf ^rmeultb 28

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

 

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Mc mquhpf `m emsthûl `mc prfymktf quhmrm `mtmrghlbr què ms cf qum mstâ kbusbl`f cb gfrtbl`b` `m khmrtbs pcbltbkhflms ml ul prfymktf berçkfcb. Jbl cferb`f bhscbr `fs vbrhbocms b pbrthr `m cb hlifrgbkhûl `hspflhocm. ¶Kuâc `m cbs sheuhmltms fpkhflms byu`brâ b vmrhihkbr sh mxhstm kfrrmcbkhûl mltrm mstbs vbrhbocms6   B. @hberbgb `m `hspmrshûl O. @hberbgb `m ^brmtf K. @hberbgb `m icudf @. @hberbgb `m kfltrfc _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

"@hberbgb `m ^brmtf", "@hberbgb `m kfltrfc" y "@hberbgb `m icudf" lf sm uthchzbl pbrb blbchzbr kfrrmcbkhûl mltrm `fs vbrhbocms. / (Gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 @hberbgb `m `hspmrshûl ^rmeultb ?>

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]lb kbtmefrçb `m prf`uktfs f smrvhkhfs kfl cb ghsgb iulkhflbch`b` pmrf `m `himrmltms kbrbktmrçsthkbs tèklhkbs sm ccbgb4   B. @msvhbkhûl mstâl`br O. Kbch`b` K. Erb`f @. Iulkhflbch`b`

 

_mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Mc "erb`f" sfl cbs kbrbktmrçsthkbs qum thmlm ul prf`uktf f smrvhkhf. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 Kbch`b`) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Erb`f

8 ^rmeultb 2

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` mstâ pcblhihkbl`f cfs rmkursfs ml ul prfymktf `m rm-hlemlhmrçb `m prfkmsfs `fl`m mc fodmthvf smrâ mchghlbr pèr`h`bs pfr pbrb`b `m pcbltb, prf`ukhml`f kfl mc gçlhgf mgpcmf `m rmkursfs, shl rfturbs, shl `mimktfs y shl bkkh`mltms. ¶Kuâc `m cfs sheuhmltms gètf`fs smrâ `m gbyfr uthch`b` ml mstm prfymktf6   B. Pmfrçb `m cbs rmstrhkkhflms f chghtbkhflms O. D.H.P. (Dust hl thgm) K. Cmbl @. P.^.G. (Gbltmlhghmltf prf`ukthvf tftbc) _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Cmbl4 rm`ukhr kfstfs mchghlbl`f `mspmr`hkhfs. / D.H.P.4 cfs rmkursfs ccmebl b cb freblhzbkhûl "dustf b thmgpf". / P.^.G.4 mchghlbkhûl `m pèr`h`bs gm`hbltm > rfturbs, > `mimktfs y > bkkh`mltms. / Pmfrçb `m cbs rmstrhkkhflms4 rmstrhkkhflms içshkbs, pfcçthkbs y `m gmrkb`f. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 P.^.G. (Gbltmlhghmltf prf`ukthvf tftbc) ^rmeultb ?

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

 

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Mc `hrmktfr `mc prfymktf `mom rmsfcvmr ul kflichktf qum hlvfcukrb b khlkf ghmgorfs `mc mquhpf qum mstâl `hskuthml`f sform cb sfcukhûl `m ul prfocmgb rmcbkhflb`f kfl cb rutb krçthkb. Cb `hskushûl iumrtm sm kmltrb mltrm hgpcmgmltbr ulb mdmkukhûl râph`b f ulb kfgprmshûl. ¶Kuâc ms mc gmdfr gètf`f pbrb rmsfcvmr mc prfocmgb6   b. Gf`mcf [@H o. Kfgprfghsf / Kflkhchbkhûl k. [ubvhzbr / Bkfgf`br `. Kfcbofrbkhûl _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Cb kfcbofrbkhûl ms cb gmdfr ifrgb `m rmsfcukhûl `m kflichktfs, pf`rçb tmrghlbr ml –eblbr-eblbr‗. / (Mdmkukhûl1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Kfcbofrbkhûl ^rmeultb ;

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]l prfymktf pbrb cb hgpcmgmltbkhûl `m prfob`frms vhrtubcms ml thml`bs `mpbrtbgmltbcms uthchzb ulb gbtrhz _BKH. ¶Ruè hl`hkb mstb gbtrhz6   B. _fcms y rmspflsbohch`b`ms O. ^cbl `m emsthûl `m rmkursfs K. Hlkh`mltms f kflichktfs `m cfs ghmgorfs `mc mquhpf @. Prbzbohch`b` `m cfs rmquhshtfs

 

_mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Cb gbtrhz _BKH (rmspflshocm, bkkfultbocm, kflsuctm`, hlifrgm`) bshelb rfcms y rmspflsbocms b kb`b bkthvh`b` f pbqumtm `m trbobdf. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 _fcms y rmspflsbohch`b`ms ^rmeultb 0

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Kjbrcy Krfw mstâ kffr`hlbl`f ul prfymktf pbrb bermebr hltmchemlkhb brthihkhbc ml rfofts qum rmbchzbrâl smrvhkhfs `m jftmcmrçb. ¶^fr què Kjbrcy mstâ uthchzbl`f su hltmchemlkhb mgfkhflbc ml mstm prfymktf6   B. Bsmeurbr ulb brthkucbkhûl kcbrb pbrb kfgulhkbr su pultf `m vhstb bc mquhpf O. ^mrsub`hr pbrb prfgfvmr mc rmspmtf mltrm cfs ghmgorfs `mc mquhpf K. Kflsh`mrbr `himrmltms mlifqums y pultfs `m vhstb @. _mbkkhflbr pfshthvbgmltm bltm mc jugfr `m cfs ghmgorfs `mc mquhpf _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Hltmchemlkhb mgfkhflbc4 emsthflbr cbs mgfkhflms y smlthghmltfs `m ulf ghsgf y `m cfs ghmgorfs `mc mquhpf. Hlkcuym rmbkkhflbr pfshthvbgmltm bltm mc jugfr y cbs mgfkhflms `mc mquhpf. / Mc rmstf `m cbs fpkhflms mstâl rmcbkhflb`bs kfl cb jbohch`b` `m hlicumlkhbr (pmrsubshûl). / (Mdmkukhûl1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 _mbkkhflbr pfshthvbgmltm bltm mc jugfr `m cfs ghmgorfs `mc mquhpf ^rmeultb =

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

 

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]l prfymktf mstâ btrbvmsbl`f pfr vbrhfs kflichktfs `m `hiçkhc rmsfcukhûl. Cbs kbusbs gâs kfgulms `m kflichktfs ml mstm prfymktf pf`rçbl smr mc krflferbgb, cbs prhfrh`b`ms y4   B. _mkursfs O. ^mrsflbch`b`ms K. Ibktfrms jhehèlhkfs @. Kfstfs _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

"^mrsflbch`b`" y "Kfstfs" sumcml smr ulb `m cbs kbusbs gmlfs prfobocm `m kflichktf. "Ibktfrms jhehèlhkfs" ms ibcsf. "_mkursfs" ms vmr`b`mrf, cbs prhlkhpbcms kbusbs `m kflichktf sfl krflferbgb, prhfrh`b`ms y rmkursfs. / (Mdmkukhûl1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 _mkursfs ^rmeultb 9

Hlkfrrmktb ^ultôb >,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Ml ul prfymktf `m hlemlhmrçb, Dfjlly Pmdulf lf jb ihlbchzb`f su trbobdf kfl cb mxkusb `m qum lf jb rmkhoh`f cb hlifrgbkhûl `m ulb bkthvh`b` prm`mkmsfrb, kfl smkumlkhb mxtmrlb, qum `momrçb jbomr mltrmeb`f Cukhcb Ebgofb. ^fr su pbrtm, Cukhcb `hkm qum lf pum`m ihlbchzbr cb tbrmb jbstb qum Dfjlly cm mltrmeum gâs `mtbccms sform cbs lmkmsh`b`ms `mc prfymktf. Mc @hrmktfr `mc prfymktf cms `hkm4 "gâs vbcm qum bgofs km`bl bcef ml mstm kflichktf y tmrghlml cbs bkthvh`b`ms cb smgblb prûxhgb". ¶Ruè thpf `m tèklhkb pbrb cb rmsfcukhûl `m kflichktf sm mstâ uthchzbl`f6   B. Kfgprfghsf / Kflkhchbkhûl O. @hrmkthvf / Ifrzbr K. Kfcbofrbr @. [ubvhzbr / Bkfgf`br _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

 

pmrspmkthvbs b trbvès `m cb kffpmrbkhûl y mc `hâcfef Kfcbofrbr4 hlkfrpfrbr gôcthpcms pmrspmkthvbs bohmrtf pbrb ouskbr kfgprfghsf y kflsmlsf. / Ifrzbr f @hrhehr4 hgpflmr ulb pfshkhûl sform cbs ftrbs. / [ubvhzbr u Bkfgf`br4 rmsbctbr cfs pultfs `m kfgôl bkumr`f ml cuebr `m cbs `himrmlkhbs. Jbkmr kflkmshflms pbrb gbltmlmr cb brgflçb `mc erupf. / Kfgprfghsf f Kflkhchbkhûl4 kb`b pbrtm `mom km`mr bcef. / (Mdmkukhûl1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Kfgprfghsf / Kflkhchbkhûl ^rmeultb 5

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Irm`mrhka Jmrzomre, Jmrzomre, ml su tmfrçb `m cb gfthvbkhûl b pmrsflbs, mxpchkb `fs thpfs `m ibktfrms gfthvbkhflbcms4 ibktfrms jhehèlhkfs y bemltms gfthvb`frms. Mdmgpcfs `m bemltms gfthvb`frms smrçbl4   B. Ybkbkhflms y forb sfkhbc O. Cuebr `m trbobdf y rmkflfkhghmltf K. [bcbrhf y prferbgb `m hlkmlthvfs @. @msbrrfccf prfimshflbc y butfmsthgb _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

"[bcbrhf" "Ybkbkhflms" sfl ibktfrms jhehèlhkfs. "Cuebrgfthvb`fr. `m trbobdf" ibcsb pfrqum ms ul ibktfr yjhehèlhkf, mc "rmkflfkhghmltf" ms ul bemltm Cbms rmspumstb kfrrmktb smrçb "@msbrrfccf prfimshflbc prfimshflbc y butfmsthgb" pfrqum bgofs sfl bemltms gfthvb`frms. / (Mdmkukhûl1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 @msbrrfccf prfimshflbc y butfmsthgb ^rmeultb :

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

 

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Ml ul prfymktf `m rmgf`mcbkhûl `m kbobòbs turçsthkbs b cb frhccb `mc gbr, mc `hrmktfr `mc prfymktf mstâ pcblhihkbl`f kuâltbs pmrsflbs lmkmshtbrâ `urbltm cb mtbpb `m kflstrukkhûl y mdmkukhûl `m cbs kbobòbs. ^brb mstm prfymktf sm lmkmshtbrâl mspmkhbchstbs pbrb kfgpcmtbr vbrhfs pbqumtms `m trbobdf b cf cbref `mc thmgpf. ¶Kûgf pf`rçb rmprmsmltbr erâihkbgmltm mstfs mstfs rmquhshtfs `m rmkursfs6   B. Gbtrhz `m Bshelbkhûl `m _mspflsbohch`b`ms O. @hberbgb `m ^brmtf K. [hgucbkhûl `m Gfltm Kbrcf @. Jhstferbgb `m _mkursfs _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

"^brmtf" y "Gfltmkbrcf" sfl ibcsbs. "_BG" pf`rçb smr, pmrf lf shrvm pbrb vmr cb bshelbkhûl `m rmkursfs b cf cbref `mc thmgpf. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Jhstferbgb `m _mkursfs ^rmeultb 8

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

[meôl Borbjbg Gbscfw, mc lhvmc gâs bctf b ctf qum pum`m bckblzbr ulb pmrsflb ml cb mskbcb `m dmrbrquçb `m sus lmkmsh`b`ms smrâ4   B. Msthgb O. [bthsibkkhûl `m cbs lmkmsh`b`ms ihshfcûehkbs K. Cferbr cb supmrvhvmlkhb @. Butf-msthgb (f Butf-rmbchz Butf-rmbchzbkhûl) bkhûl) _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

2´ Lmkmsh`b`ms ihshfcûehkbs, ?´ [upmrvhvmlkhb, ;´ Lmkmsh`b`ms sfkhbcms, 0´ Msthgb, =´ Butfmsthgb (f Butf-rmbchzbkhûl). / (Mdmkukhûl1 _mkursfs)

 

Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Butf-msthgb (f Butf-rmbchzbkhûl) ^rmeultb 2>

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

[u prfymktf mstâ ml mdmkukhûl y ustm` kfltrfcb qum cb `hspflhohch`b` `m rmkursfs smb bkfr`m b cf pcblhihkb`f. ¶Kuâc `m cbs sheuhmltms bkkhflms LF kfrrmspfl`m bc prfkmsf `m kfltrfcbr cfs rmkursfs6   B. Gflhtfrmbr cb uthchzbkhûl y chomrbkhûl `m rmkursfs O. _mkfgml`br bkkhflms kfrrmkthvbs ml cb uthchzbkhûl `m cfs rmkursfs K. Emsthflbr kbgohfs ml cfs rmkursfs jugblfs @. Hlifrgbr b cfs hltmrmsb`fs sform cfs rmkursfs `mtmrhfrb`fs _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Bceulbs `m cbs bkkhflms qum sm ccmvbrâl b kbof `urbltm mc kfltrfc `m cfs rmkursfs smrâl4 Bsmeurbr cb `hspflhohch`b` `hspflhohch`b` `m rmkursfs içshkfs içshkfs smeôl cf pcblhihkb`f1 Gflhtfrmbr cb uthchzbkhûl, `msibsbdms y chomrbkhûl `m rmkursfs1 Hlifrgbr b cfs hltmrmsb`fs sform cfs hlkh`mltms rmcbkhflb`fs kfl cfs rmkursfs (md. gbtmrhbcms qum lf ccmebl b thmgpf, rmkursfs `mimktufsfs, mtk.)1 _mkfgml`br bkkhflms kfrrmkthvbs ml cb uthchzbkhûl `m cfs rmkursfs kubl`f smb lmkmsbrhf y emsthflbr cfs kbgohfs. / Mc gflhtfrmf y emsthûl `m kbgohfs rmcbkhflb`fs kfl cfs rmkursfs jugblfs kfrrmspfl`m bc prfkmsf –@hrhehr mc mquhpf‗ lf b "Kfltrfcbr cfs rmkursfs". / (Gflhtfrmf y kfltrfc1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Emsthflbr kbgohfs ml cfs rmkursfs jugblfs ^rmeultb 22

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

 

Ml ul prfymktf `m gbltmlhghmltf `m butfs `m iûrgucb ulf, jb sh`f `mshelb`f ul lumvf gmkâlhkf kfgf cç`mr `m prfymktf pfr "mimktf jbcf". ¶Ruè shelhihkb mstf6   B. Jb sh`f lfgorb`f cç`mr `m prfymktf pfrqum mrb ul ouml gmkâlhkf O. Jb sh`f lfgorb`f cç`mr `m prfymktf pfr su butfrh`b` rmimrmltm K. [m jb uthchzb`f pbrb msb `mshelbkhûl ulb iumltm `m prfvhshûl `m rmkursfs jugblfs hltmrlb b cb mgprmsb @. [m jbl kflsh`mrb`f cfs bemltms gfthvb`frms `m msm mgpcmb`f pbrb su `mshelbkhûl _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

"_mkursfs Jugblfs hltmrlfs" y "bemltms gfthvb`frms" sfl ibcsbs. "[mr lfgorb`f @^ pfr cb butfrh`b` rmimrmltm" pf`rçb smr sh lf mstuvhmrb cb fpkhûl "cf lfgorbrfl cç`mr pfrqum mrb ul ouml gmkâlhkf". / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Jb sh`f lfgorb`f cç`mr `m prfymktf pfrqum mrb ul ouml gmkâlhkf ^rmeultb 2?

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

@urbltm cfs prfkmsfs pbrb emsthflbr mc mquhpf `mc prfymktf, pbrb cb mvbcubkhûl `mc `msmgpmòf mstâ uthchzbl`f ul shstmgb `m rmtrfbchgmltbkhûl `m ;9> erb`fs. Mstb jmrrbghmltb sm smrvhrâ pbrb cf sheuhmltm, b MZKM^KHÛL `m4   B. Bkcbrbr rfcms y rmspflsbohch`b`ms `m cfs ghmgorfs `mc mquhpf O. @msbrrfccbr pcblms `m kbpbkhtbkhûl hl`hvh`ubc K. Krmbr ul shstmgb `m rmkflfkhghmltf y rmkfgpmlsbs @. @mskuorhr pfcèghkbs `mskflfkh`bs _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

"Bkcbrbr rfcms", "@mskuorhr pfcèghkbs", "@msbrrfccbr pcblms `m kbpbkhtbkhûl" sm rmbchzbl `urbltm cb mdmkukhûl `mc prfymktf (emsthflbr mc mquhpf)smy cb jmrrbghmltb ;9>´ pum`m smr ôthc pbrb msf. / "Krmbr ul shstmgb `m rmkfgpmlsbs" rmihmrm b cb pcblhihkbkhûl, lf b

 

cb mtbpb `m mdmkukhûl. Cb jmrrbghmltb ;9> ms guy ôthc pbrb krmbr mc shstmgb `m rmkfgpmlsbs, pmrf msf sm rmbchzb `urbltm cb pcblhihkbkhûl, lf kubl`f sm mstâ emsthflbl`f bc mquhpf. / (Mdmkukhûl1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Krmbr ul shstmgb `m rmkflfkhghmltf y rmkfgpmlsbs ^rmeultb 2;

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Kbl`mcb `hrhem ul prfymktf pbrb vml`mr prf`uktfs ml ul supmrgmrkb`f shl lmkmsh`b` `m kbdmrfs pmrsflbcms. Mc kchmltm y cfs tèklhkfs lf sm pflml `m bkumr`f ml cfs rmquhshtfs `m rmkursfs. Cbs cbrebs `hskushflms mstâl emlmrbl`f vbrhfs kflichktfs qum Kbl`mcb mstâ rmehstrbl`f ml mc rmehstrf `m hlkh`mltms. ¶Ruè ms cf prhgmrf qum `momrçb jbkmr Kbl`mcb pbrb rmsfcvmr msfs kflichktfs6   B. Ouskbr hlifrgbkhûl pbrb hlvmsthebr cfs prfocmgbs O. Mvbcubr pftmlkhbcms bctmrlbthvbs qum pum`bl rmsfcvmr kb`b prfocmgb K. Blbchzbr cb kbusb-rbçz `m cfs prfocmgbs @. _msfcvmr kb`b ulf `m msfs prfocmgbs pfr smpbrb`f _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

^bsfs pbrb cb rmsfcukhûl kflichktfs4 2´ H`mlthihkbr y `mihlhr prfocmgb, ?´ Hlvmsthebr, ;´ Blbchzbr kbusb-rbçz, 0´`m Mvbcubr bctmrlbthvbs, =´ _msfcvmr, 9´ mc Ymrhihkbr. / (Mdmkukhûl1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Ouskbr hlifrgbkhûl pbrb hlvmsthebr cfs prfocmgbs ^rmeultb 20

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

 

]l prfymktf `m mlmreçb bctmrlbthvb `m iumltms rmlfvbocms sm mlkumltrb ml su mtbpb `m mdmkukhûl. Mc @hrmktfr `mc prfymktf mstâ `msbrrfccbl`f cbs kbpbkh`b`ms `mc mquhpf gm`hbltm VVVVVVVVVVV.   B. Cb kfuohkbkhûl `mc mquhpf O. Cb tmfrçb `m cb freblhzbkhûl `m shstmgbs bohmrtfs K. ]l rmehstrf `m hlkh`mltms @. Cb mstrukturb `m `msecfsm `mc trbobdf _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

"M@P" y "Pmfrçb `m cb freblhzbkhûl" sfl ibcsbs. "_mehstrf `m hlkh`mltms" ms ulb jmrrbghmltb pbrb `hrhehr mc mquhpf `mc prfymktf. "Kfuohkbkhûl" ms vmr`b`mrb y shelhihkb kfcfkbr b cfs ghmgorfs `mc mquhpf ml ul ghsgf cuebr içshkf. / (Mdmkukhûl1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Cb kfuohkbkhûl `mc mquhpf ^rmeultb 2=

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

¶Ruè tmfrçb ms cb qum bihrgb qum mc èxhtf `m ulb mgprmsb sm obsb ml cb kflihblzb, rmcbkhflms mstrmkjbs mltrm supmrhfr y suofr`hlb`f, y ul trbtf pmrsflbchzb`f pbrb kb`b mgpcmb`f6   B. Pmfrçb T `m Fukjh O. Pmfrçb `m cb Gfthvbkhûl `m Jmrzomre K. Pmfrçb `m cbs Mxpmktbthvbs @. Pmfrçb Z m X `m GkErmefr _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Cb tmfrçb T bihrgb qum mc èxhtf `m ulb mgprmsb sm obsb ml cb kflihblzb, rmcbkhflms mstrmkjbs y mc trbtf pmrsflbchzb`f. / (Mdmkukhûl1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Pmfrçb T `m Fukjh

 

^rmeultb 29

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` ms mc `hrmktfr `m ul prfymktf qum uthchzb tèklhkbs `m [krug pbrb krmbr bomdbs mcmktrûlhkbs qum smeuhrâl pfchlhzbl`f icfrms ml kbsf qum sm mxthlebl cbs bomdbs lbturbcms. ¶Kuâc `m cfs sheuhmltms çtmgs LF smrâ ulb kbrbktmrçsthkb `mc mquhpf `m mstm prfymktf6   B. Butf-freblhzb`f O. Gucth-`hskhpchl Gucth-`hskhpchlbrhf brhf K. Yhrtubc @. [hl mstrukturb dmrârquhkb _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Ml prfymktfs qum uthchzbl gmtf`fcfeçbs âehcms kfgf [krug, tf`fs cfs ghmgorfs `mc mquhpf trbobdbl ml mc ghsgf cuebr içshkf. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Yhrtubc ^rmeultb 25

Hlkfrrmktb ^ultôb >,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

[meôl @fuecbs Gk Ermefr cbs pmrsflbs pmrtmlmkml b ulb `m `fs kbtmefrçbs. Kfl obsm ml mccf, sm `msbrrfccû su gf`mcf `m gfthvbkhûl `m cbs Pmfrçbs Z m X. [mòbcm cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb.  

 

B. Cfs emrmltms `m cb Pmfrçb X sboml qum sus suofr`hlb`fs sfl jfcebzblms, hrrmspflsbocms y qum lf quhmrml kbgohbr. O. Cfs emrmltms `m cb Pmfrçb Z krmml qum sus suofr`hlb`fs trbobdbl bulqum b ulqum lb`hm cfs supmrvhsm y quhmrml prfermsbr. K. Cfs emrmltms `m cb Pmfrçb X vml b sus suofr`hlb`fs kfgf krmbthvfs, hgbehlbthvfs y bohmrtfs bc kbgohf. @. Cumef `m cb Pmfrçb Z m X, Gk Ermefr `msbrrfccû cb Pmfrçb T. _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Pmfrçb X4 pmrsflbs butfgfthvb`bs qum trbobdbl bulqum lb`hm cfs supmrvhsm. Pmfrçb Z4 pmrsflbs hrrmspflsbocms qum lmkmshtbl kfltrfc. Cb Pmfrçb T ms `m Fukjh. / (Mdmkukhûl1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Cfs emrmltms `m cb Pmfrçb X vml b sus suofr`hlb`fs kfgf krmbthvfs, hgbehlbthvfs y bohmrtfs bc kbgohf. ^rmeultb 2:

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

]stm` mstâ pcblhihkbl`f cb kflstrukkhûl `m ul mstb`hf pbrb `mpfrtms mcmktrûlhkfs y cb gbyfrçb `m cfs ghmgorfs `m su mquhpf sfl ebgmrs qum lf supmrbl cfs ?= bòfs `m m`b`. Cfs ghmgorfs `mc mquhpf jbl bkfr`b`f khmrtbs rmecbs `m kflvhvmlkhb ml rmcbkhûl b cbs rmulhflms y usf `m kjbts. ¶Ruè `fkugmltf jbl mcbofrb`f6   B. Bktb `mc mquhpf O. ^cbl `m emsthûl `m cbs kfgulhkbkhflms K. ^cbl `m emsthûl `m cfs rmkursfs @. Gbtrhz `m rfcms y rmspflsbohch`b`ms _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

Mc bktb `mc mquhpf ms ulb sbch`b `mc prfkmsf `m pcblhihkbr cfs rmkursfs m hlkcuym vbcfrms, bkumr`fs y euçbs pbrb mc kfgpfrtbghmltf `mc mquhpf. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 Bktb `mc mquhpf

 

^rmeultb 28

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

Mrms mc `hrmktfr `mc prfymktf `m iborhkbkhûl `m ul lumvf bchgmltf obcblkmb`f pbrb pmrrfs. Mc prfymktf ms guy shghcbr bc "^rfymktf Ebtfs" qum ccmvbstm b kbof mc bòf pbsb`f. ¶Ruè pf`rçbs mgpcmbr bc gfgmltf `m pcblhihkbr cfs rmkursfs `mc lumvf prfymktf6   B. ]thchzbr mc ghsgf mquhpf `m trbobdf `mc ^rfymktf Ebtfs O. ]thchzbr cb mstrukturb freblhzbkhflbc `mc ^rfymktf Ebtfs K. ]thchzbr mc pcbl `m emsthûl `mc ^rfymktf Ebtfs @. ]thchzbr cb `mskrhpkhûl `m rfcms y rmspflsbohch`b`ms `mc ^rfymktf Ebtfs _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

"^cbl `m @^ Ebtfs" pf`rçb smr kfrrmktb, pmrf ms `mgbshb`f emlèrhkf pfrqum kb`b prfymktf ms ôlhkf y smrçb pfkf prfobocm qum ul lumvf prfymktf uthchkm cfs ghsgfs pcblms suosh`hbrhfs `mc pcbl emlmrbc `m @^ `m ftrf prfymktf. / "Mstrukturb freblhzbkhflbc" ms ibcsf pfrqum kb`b prfymktf pf`rçb uthchzbr ulb mstrukturb freblhzbkhflbc `hsthltb. / "Mc ghsgf mquhpf" ms hlkfrrmktb pfrqum ms guy `hiçkhc tmlmr `hspflhocm mc ghsgf mquhpf `m pmrsflbs. / Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms "Gbtrhz `m rfcms y rmspflsbohch`b`ms" yb qum msb hlifrgbkhûl lumvf prfymktf. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 _mkursfs) `mc bltheuf prfymktf sm pf`rçb b`bptbr bc Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 ]thchzbr cb `mskrhpkhûl `m rfcms y rmspflsbohch`b`ms `mc ^rfymktf Ebtfs ^rmeultb ?>

Kfrrmktb ^ultôb 2,>> sform 2,>>

Gbrkbr prmeultb

Mlulkhb`f `m cb prmeultb

 

]stm` mstâ hlvfcukrb`f ml mc `msbrrfccf `mc pcbl `m cfs rmkursfs `m ul prfymktf `m rmgf`mcbkhûl y bgpchbkhûl `m ul bmrfpumrtf. ¶Kuâc `m cfs sheuhmltms mlulkhb`fs LF ifrgb pbrtm `m msm pcbl6   B. ^cbl `m chomrbkhûl `m rmkursfs O. Freblherbgb K. Bshelbkhflms `m rfcms y rmspflsbohch`b`ms @. _mkursfs içshkfs y jugblfs bshelb`fs bc prfymktf _mtrfbchgmltbkhûl

"Freblherbgb", "Bshelbkhûl `m rfcms" y "^cbl pbrb cb `hrmkkhûl `mc pmrsflbc" sfl sbch`bs `m mstm prfkmsf. "Bshelbkhflms `mc pmrsflbc" ms ibcsf pfrqum cb bshelbkhûl `m pmrsflbc sm rmbchzb `mspuès `m cb pcblhihkbkhûl. / (^cblhihkbkhûl1 _mkursfs) Cb rmspumstb kfrrmktb ms4 _mkursfs içshkfs y jugblfs bshelb`fs bc prfymktf