Entomology- Glossary of Entomology Terms

Glossary of entomology terms

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Glossary of entomology terms This glossary describes terms used in the formal study of insect species by entomologists.

A–C abdomen Body of the insect, toward the posterior of the thorax. admarginal (adjective): Along the margin. acaricide A chemical employed to kill and control mites and ticks. acariphagous feeding on mites (also refers to parasitoids of mites).

Parts of an adult butterfly

acetyl choline Alternative spelling of "acetylcholine". accessory gland Any secondary gland of the glandular system. acrostichal bristles The two rows of hairs or bristles lying one on either side of the mid-line of the thorax of a true fly. active space The space within which the concentration of a pheromone or other behaviorally active substance is concentrated enough to generate the required response, remembering that like light and sound pheromones become more dilute the further they radiate out from their source. accessory pulsatile organs (APOs) Small muscular pumps and the veins that accompany them that pump hemolymph into the wings. aculeate (Hymenoptera) Any member of a group of families that include the familiar singing ants, bees, and social and hunting wasp. acuminate Tapering to a long point. acylurea A class of insect growth regulators. adipocytes A major cell type of insects that stores fat body and reserves nutrients. adeagus

Glossary of entomology terms The part of the male genitalia which is inserted into the female during copulation and which carries the sperm into the female. Its shape is often important in separating closely related species. adecticous Of pupa: the state in which the pupa does not possess movable mandibles, the opposite being decticous. aedeagus The sclerotized terminal portion of the male genital tract that is inserted into the female during insemination. aestivation Summer dormancy, entered into when conditions are unfavourable for active life i.e. it is too hot or too dry. age polyethism The regular changing of roles of colony members as they get older. air sac A dilated portion of a trachea. alar squama The middle of three flap-like outgrowths at the base of the wing in various flies. alary muscles muscles along the dorsal diaphragm that may perform circulation. alata the parthenogenetic winged morph of vividae, specialized for migration. alate Winged; having wings. aldrin (common name). A synthetic insecticide; a chlorinated hydrocarbon of not less than 95 per cent 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene; moderately toxic to mammals, acute oral LD,, for rats 44 mg/kg; phytotoxicity: none when properly formulated, but some crops are sensitive to solvents in certain formulations. alula Pair of membranous lobes at the posterior angle of the wing of Diptera. algophagy feeding on algae. alitrunk Name given to the thorax and propodeum of 'wasp-waisted' hymenopterans. alloparental When individuals other than the parent assist in the caring for that parents offspring. allopatric Two or more forms of a species having essentially separate distributions. aliphatic A term applied to the "open chain" or fatty series of hydrocarbons. alternating generations When two generations are produced within a life cycle each producing individuals of only one sex, either male first and then female or vice versa.

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Glossary of entomology terms altruistic Self-destructive. or potentially self-destructive behavior performed for the benefit of others. alula In insects (not birds) the outermost of the three flap-like outgrowths at the base of the wing in various flies: really a part of the wing membrane. ambrosia The fungus cultivated by wood-boring beetles of the family Scolytidae. ametabola The insects which develop without metamorphosis, namely the Protura, Thysanura, and Collembola. amide Compound derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the hydroxyl of the -COOH by the amino group, -NH2-. amine An organic compound containing nitrogen, derived from ammonia, NH3, by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms by as many hydrocarbon radicals. amino acid Organic compounds that contain the amino (NH2) group and the carboxyl (COOH) group. Amino acids are the "building stones" of proteins. ammonia A colorless alkaline gas, NH3, soluble in water. anal Pertaining to last abdominal segment which bears the anus. anal angle The posterior corner of the wing (same as tornus). anal fold A fold in the inner margin of the hindwing. anal valves Exposed claspers at the end of the abdomen. anaplasmosis Infection with Anaplasma, a genus of Sporozoa that infests red blood cells. anasa wilt A wilt disease of cucurbits caused solely by the feeding of the squash bug, no parasitic microorganism involved. androconia (singula = Androconium) In male butterflies, specialised wing scales (often called scent scales) possessing special glands which produce a chemical attractive to females. anemic Deficient in blood quantity or quality. androconium or androconia (plural) Specialised microscopic scales on the wings of male butterflies, believed to be scent scales for attracting the female.

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Glossary of entomology terms

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annulate Formed in ring-like segments or with ring-like markings. antennae The long feelers situated on the head and close to the eyes. They are however not tactile but used for detecting airborne scents and currents. • In Papilionoidea the antennae end in bulging tips called clubs. • In Hesperioidea they have hooked tips and the club is found just before the tip. • In some Lycaenidae like the genus Liphyra the antenna tapers gradually.

Butterfly antennae shapes

antennation Touching with the antenna. anterior in front of or after the aforementioned structure. antenodal veins Small cross-veins at the front of the dragonfly or damselfly wing, between the wing base and the nodus. anthophagy feeding on flowers. antibiosis An association between two or more organisms that is detrimental to one or more of them. anticoagulin A substance antagonistic to the coagulation of blood. anus The posterior opening of the digestive tract. apex / apical area The anterior corner of the wing. aphidophagy feeding on aphids (and parasitoids of aphids). apitherapy Medicinal use of the honey bee or its products. arculus A crossvein between the radius and cubitus near the base of the wing in certain insects. arolium A pad-like median lobe between the tarsal claws. base / basal area of wing Region close to the point of attachment to the thorax. brand

Glossary of entomology terms

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Raised area on the wing surface, circular, ovate, or elongated, which is covered with special scent scales or androconia, found in males of some species. Also called sex mark. bryophagy feeding on moss. catenulate Markings consisting of rings connected together like a chain. Catenulated antennae Antennae appearance.

with

ringed

cell The central area surrounded by veins. It can be closed by veins or open. • The vein forming the boundary of the cell along the costal margin is known as the subcostal vein. • The vein forming the lower boundary towards the dorsum is called the median vein.

Terms associated with the wings

• In the case of butterflies, the cell is closed by a vein connecting the origins of veins 6 to 4 along the top of the cell which is known as discocellular vein. ceratophagy (Also spelt keratophagy) feeding on cornified tissues and hair of animals. cervix (Anatomical feature) the structure defining the neck of the insect. chaeta See Seta. cheta See Seta. cilia Fine hairs along the edges of the wing. clypeus (Anatomical feature) a sclerite structure below the frons, circumposed by the mandibles and above the labrum. coccidophagy feeding on scale insects (and parasitoids of scale insects). compound eye An eye consisting of a lerge number of individual photoreceptor units or ommatidia (ommatidium, singular).Figure 2 d below copromycetophagy

Glossary of entomology terms inhabiting feces and consuming mycetes growing inside or cultivating them for feeding. coprophagy feeding on the excrements of animals. carpophagy feeding on fruits and seeds. costa / costal area The leading edge of the wing. coronal suture (Anatomical feature) an anterior suture line of the head between the compound eyes, below the median ocellus. coxa first leg segment, between body and trochanter. clasper or clasp A structure in male insects that is used to hold the female during copulation. clavus The posterior of the portion of the remigium found on insect wings. cremaster most butterfly pupae are attached to a surface by a silken pad spun by the caterpillar and a set of hooks (cremaster) at the tip of the pupal abdomen. crenulate Adjective = scalloped. Describes the outer edge of a wing that is convex at the end of each vein and concave in between.

D–F dentate As for crenulate but with the projections at the end of each wing being toothlike. decticous Functional mandibles present in pupal state. dendrophagy feeding on trees. detritophagy feeding on ground remains of plants and animals. disc / discal area The central band passing through the cell. discoidal cell In damselflies (Zygoptera) a basal quadrangular cell in the wing venation, which is delimited by veins MA (anterior side), MP (posterior side), MAb (distal side) and the arculus (basal side). dorsum / dorsal area The trailing edge or hind-margin of the wing, extending from the base to the tornus. Dorsal alternately, also refers to the back, i.e. the upper part of the body, from above.

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Glossary of entomology terms ectognathous (Anatomical feature) having exterior mouthparts, or exposed. A defining feature of insects. empodium (Anatomical feature) either a bristle-like or pad-like structure between the tarsal claws of Diptera. encapsulation the immuno response by plasmatocytes to the presence of parasitoid egg or larvae which results in the formation of a multilayered capsule that causes the parasitoid to sufficate or starve. entomonecrophagy feeding on dead arthropods. entomophagy feeding on other insects. epicranius (Anatomical feature) the top of the anterior structure of the head, or forehead. erect The palpi when vertical, i.e. the axis of the palpi is at right angles to the axis of the body. eyespot or ocelli Spots resembling mammalian eyes. Can also refer to simple eyes. exarate Pupae with their legs and other appendages free and extended. fascia (plural fasciae) A color pattern with a broad band. face the area between the base of antennae, oral margin, eyes and cheeks (gena). See figure 3. femur third leg segment, between trochanter and tibia. flagellum the part of the antenna distal to the pedicel composed of one or more segments, called flagellomeres. See Figure 3. foramen magnum (Anatomical feature) the posterior opening of the head capsule, covered by the cervix. forewing (Anatomical feature) the pair of wings of a four-winged insect closest to the head. frontal sutures (Anatomical feature) suture lines that meet with the coroanl sutures to form an inverted Y. frons (Anatomical feature) The frontal area of an insect's head. It covers the upper part of the face above the clypeus and below and between the antennae. It supports the pharyngeal dilator muscles and usually bears an ocellus.

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Glossary of entomology terms

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G–L girdle a strand of silk used to prop up the pupa. Found especially in the Papilionidae. gena (Anatomical feature) the area below the compound eyes, the insect equivalent to human cheeks. glabrous smooth, without hairs or scales. herbiphagy feeding on herbaceous plants. helminthophagy feeding on worms classified with helminths (including parasitoids of helminths). hemocoel the interior of the insects anatomy, including all organs and hemocyte.

Diagram of an insect leg

hemocyte or haemolymph a fluid in the circulatory system of insects containing nutrients, fat, water, etc. hemophagy feeding on blood. hindwing (Anatomical feature) the pair of wings of a four-winged insect farthest from the head. hyaline transparent, like glass. hygropetric mode of life: living in the thin film of water on wet rocks. hypognathous having mouthparts that are ventrad of a vertically oriented head, or having an "under bit". hypopharynx Mouthpart. A tonguelike lobe on the floor of the mouth. interspace The region between adjacent veins. irrorated or irroration Old term used usually to indicate a sprinkling of scales interspersed among scales typically of a different color. idiobiont a form of parasitism where the parasitoid paralyzes or leaves the host unable to continue development at oviposition. keratophagy (Also spelt ceratophagy) feeding on cornified tissues and hair of animals.

Glossary of entomology terms koinobiont A form of parasitism where the parasitoid lives inside the host while allowing it to live after oviposition. labium Mouthpart forming the lower lip. Bears the labial palps. labrum (Anatomical feature) the anterior structure below the clypeus covering some of the mouthparts, sometimes called the "upper lip". lines of weakness (Anatomical feature) the suture lines where the integument will split to allow for molting. lichenophagy feeding on lichens. lunule Crescent marks usually found along the margin.

M–O macrochaete large bristles and scales.[1] macropterous Having long or large elytra, as long, or longer than the abdomen. malacophagy feeding on mollusks (and parasitoids of mollusks). maxilla Mouthpart. The maxillae are paired and arranged behind the mandibles. May bear palps. See Figures 1 and 3. mesothorax the last segment of the thorax, after the metathorax. metathorax The second segment of the thorax after the prothorax, and posterior to the mesothorax. metalmarks small metallic-looking spots commonly found on the wings of Riodinidae. micropterous Having short elytra, shorter than the abdomen. mixomycetophagy feeding on myxomycetes fungus. myiasis Infestation of fly larvae on or in a vertebrate host. mycetophagy feeding on fungus. necrophagy consuming of dead animals and their remains. nervure

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Glossary of entomology terms Older term for vein. adnervural refers to instance lines running adjacent and alongside the veins. nodus (of Odonata ) A prominent cross-vein near the center of the leading edge of a wing. occipital suture (Anatomical feature) the structure that defines the occiput. See Figure 1 (below). occiput (insect) (Anatomical feature) the region posterior to the vertex on the head. See Figure 2 (below). ocular structure (Anatomical feature) the structure of the head containing the ocelli. obtect Appendages fused or glued to the body. osmeterium fleshy structure on some larvae, often discharging odorous chemicals. onisciform A woodlouse shaped, flattened platyform appearance of a larva.[2] oophagy feeding on eggs. opisthognathous with receding mouthparts, or having mouthparts that slope backward or face backward. oviposition the act of laying eggs.

P–R parasitoid In parasitism, the participant that benefits, rather than the one that is being parasitized. pedipalp (or labial palpi or palpi) Comparatively large processes that originate from below the head and curve forward in front of the face that sometimes appear like a beak.(lp on the figure right. palynophagy feeding on pollen. pedicel the second segment ( antennomere) of the antenna. See figure 3. phloeophagy feeding on bark.[3][4][5] phyllophagy feeding on leaves. phytophagy feeding on plants. pollinophagy feeding on pollen.

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Glossary of entomology terms porrect The palpi when horizontally projecting in front of the face. In this case, the axis of the palpi is parallel to the axis of the body. posterior in a position behind or below the aforementioned. postoccipital suture (Anatomical feature) the structure posterior to the occipital suture, surrounding foramen magnum or occipital magnum. proboscis tubular feeding and sucking organ. proclinate Directed or leaning forward, such as in bristles in particular locations of insects' heads. prognathous having mouth parts dorsad of a dorsally oriented head, or "over bite". proleg fleshy leg like structures arising from the abdominal segments of caterpillars. These prolegs have crochets or curved hooks. prothorax The first segment on the thorax anterior to the mesothorax. pterostigma (plural pterostigmata) The prominent cell, usually opaque and coloured, near the tip of each wing of the Odonata, on the anterior margin; also, more loosely, called stigma. pterothorax The meso- and metathorax of winged insects, that carries the two pairs of wings. repugnatorial (generally in combination as in: "repugnatorial glands"): defensive, in particular as applied to glands that release irritant, poisonous, alarming or disgusting fluids or gases when an organism is under threat. Examples of repugnatorial glands include the osmeterium of larvae of the Papilionidae, the stink glands of most Heteroptera, the ozopores of Opiliones, the odoriferous glands of Diplopoda, among many others. rhizophagy feeding on roots.

S–Z saltatorial adapted for leaping or jumping. sarconecrophagy feeding on dead bodies of vertebrates. sapromycetophagy inhabiting decaying matter and consuming mycetes growing inside or cultivating them for feeding. saprophagy feeding on decaying organic matter.

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Glossary of entomology terms scape the proximal segment ( antennomere) of the antenna. See Figure 3. sequestering The process of animals accumulating poisonous compounds from the food they are eating in order to become poisonous themselves for their predators. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid sequestration refers to the sequestration of one such class of poisonous compounds. schisophagy feeding on ground remains of plants and animals. Sensu Latin term meaning in the sense of. seta A stiff chitinous or sclerotised hair or bristle. Also chaeta, cheta setose bearing, or covered in setae. setula Diminutive of seta. A small chitinous hair or bristle. setulose bearing, or covered in setulae. spiracle Respiratory openings on the thorax and abdomen that allow air to enter the trachea. sporophagy feeding on mycet spores. stigma (plural stigmata) Prominent cells on the forewings of some moths. Their size, shape and colour can be useful in identifying some species. Also the prominent cell, usually opaque and coloured, near the tip of each wing of the Odonata, on the anterior margin; also called pterostigma. strigae Patterns with thin lines. subgenal suture (Anatomical feature) suture lines below the gena. symplesiomorphy a shared ancestral ("primitive") character state that cannot be used to demonstrate the monophyly of a group. synapomorphy a shared homologous and derived character state (evolutionary novelty) that demonstrates the monophyly of a group (clade). synovigenic a form of reproduction in which the female continues to produce and to mature eggs throughout its life cycle. tarsus (plural tarsi) fifth (last) leg segment, the part that touches the walking surface. terminal and marginal

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Glossary of entomology terms Along the margin. termen The edge of the wing most distant from the body. thorax The part of the body that lies between the head and the abdomen. It has three parts - prothorax, metathorax and mesothorax. tibia fourth leg segment, between femur and tarsus. tomentum a pubescence consisting of soft, entangled hairs pressed close to the surface of the integument. tornus / tornal area The posterior corner of the wing (same as tornus). trochanter second leg segment, between coxa and femur. unguis (plural ungues) pretarsus the claws at the tip of most insect pretarsi. urite a segment or part of the abdomen in insects. xylomycetophagy inhabiting wood and consuming mycetes growing in wood or cultivating them for feeding. xylophagy feeding on wood. vein Hollow structures formed from the coupling of the upper and lower walls of the wing. They provide both rigidity and flexibility to the wing. (See also Comstock-Needham system.) vertex (Anatomical feature) The apex of the head, usually containing ocelli. zoomycetophagy feeding on fungus found on other animals zoophagy feeding on animals, and/or animal matter.

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Glossary of entomology terms

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Figures

Figure 1 Head.Posterior view.

Wing venation Charaxes

Figure 2 Head Side view.

Figure 3 Head morphology

Wing venation Charaxes

References [2] Glossary - Integrated Pest Management Resource Centre (http:/ / www. pestmanagement. co. uk/ lib/ glossary/ glossary_o. shtml). [3] Atkinson, Thomas H. and Equihua, Armando. "Biology of the Scolytidae and Platypodidae". Florida Entomologist Vol. 69, No. 2 (June 1986) [4] Byers, J.A. 1995. "Host tree chemistry affecting colonization in bark beetles", in R.T. Cardé and W.J. Bell (eds.). Chemical Ecology of Insects 2. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 154–213 [5] Hill, Dennis S. Pests of Crops in Warmer Climates and Their Control. Springer 2008. ISBN: 9781402067372

• Evans, W.H. (1932) The Identification of Indian Butterflies. (2nd Ed), Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India. • Thysse, Adrian (2 February 2011). "Ento. 101 – External Structure II: The Head" (http://nobonesaboutit. wordpress.com/2011/02/02/ento-101-external-structure-ii-the-head/#more-1815). IPM. p. 1. Retrieved March 5, 2011. • Gordh G. and D.H. Headrick. A Dictionary of Entomology (http://bookshop.cabi.org/?page=2633& pid=2162&site=191). Cabi 2001.

Glossary of entomology terms • • • • • •

Romoser, William S. The Science of Entomology, pp. 26–49. Collier-MacMillan 1973. Wallace, Robert L. et al. Beck and Braithwaite's Invertebrate Zoology, 4th Ed., pp. 248–250. MacMillan 1989. Resh, Vincent H. and R. T. Cardé, Eds. Encyclopedia of Insects, pp. 15–19, 750–755. Elsevier 2003. 1 (http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/4015/morpology/) 2 (http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/library/labs/external_anatomy/anatomy_mouthparts.html) 3 (http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/library/tutorials/external_anatomy/head.html)

External links • Dictionary of Insect Morphology (http://books.google.com/books?id=VlAkAtcsmugC&pg=PA160& lpg=PA160&dq=nodus+insect&source=bl&ots=Q97zXxRu7t&sig=YXUzZmTn9ZgcpHfpzVecC08AGRI& hl=en&ei=oYGDTYmEJ-OH0QH8nYnRCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3& ved=0CB4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false) • Dragonfly terms (http://www.insectsofwestvirginia.net/d/glossary.html) • Entomologists' Glossary (http://www.amentsoc.org/insects/glossary/) • Extended dictionary (http://www.certified-easy.com/aa.php?isbn=ISBN:3110148986& name=Dictionary_of_Insect_Morphology)

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Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors Glossary of entomology terms  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=559876544  Contributors: Aeusoes1, Alan Liefting, Anomalocaris, AshLin, BD2412, Barticus88, Bender235, Brutaldeluxe, Bugboy52.40, Cmichael, CommonsDelinker, Dr. Günter Bechly, Dysmorodrepanis, Ego White Tray, Gracefoo, Grmanners, Jncraton, JonRichfield, Kilva, Kpitts, Lasius, Massimiliano Panu, Mild Bill Hiccup, Morcheeba, Notafly, Nwbeeson, Pro bug catcher, Quiddity, Qwfp, RJHall, RenamedUser01302013, Richard Barlow, Rjwilmsi, Rwalker, SMcCandlish, Samwb123, SchreiberBike, Shyamal, Sobreira, Staszek Lem, TheMindsEye, Unint, VirenVaz, Wavelength, WereSpielChequers, ZooFari, 11 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors Image:Butterfly parts.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Butterfly_parts.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: L. Shyamal File:Antennae ctb.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antennae_ctb.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: C.T. Bingham Image:Butterfly wing terms.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Butterfly_wing_terms.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: L. Shyamal Image:InsectLeg.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:InsectLeg.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Nwbeeson Image:Cap ventral.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cap_ventral.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Xavier Vázquez Image:Grasshopper-head.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Grasshopper-head.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Giancarlodessi (original author of picture: User:Alvesgaspar) Image:2-Morphology-of-head.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2-Morphology-of-head.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Tereshkin Image:Charaxesvenation.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Charaxesvenation.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Notafly Image:Charaxesvenation2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Charaxesvenation2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Notafly

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