Ensayos Lugeon

 

\JFQL^WFB @B J@GFCJ@O BL G@K@H @^G@ A@G\OR@B BL FJELJFL^È@ LWG\LO@ @G@BÆHFGC T^CA T^CALWFCJ@O LWFCJ@O BL FJELJFL^È@ ELCO×EFG@

@JÀOFWFW L FJRL^T^LR@GFCJ BL OCW LJW@VCW O\ELCJ, T@^@ BLRL^HFJ@^ O@ G@OFB@B, G@JRFB@B V TL^HL@NFOFB@B BL H@GF[CW ^CGCWCW T@^@ @E\@W W\NRL^^ÀJL@W

Trlsljt`bc Tcr; M\@HÀJ R\G\H@JEC, Oufs K`vflr 

^lvfs`bc pcr; Fje. HC^@OLW GÆWTLBLW, Ufovlr

Gursc; Fjvlstfe`gf÷j bl Àrl`s Bler`b`b`s pcr Hfjlrè`

 

G`k`h`rg` ‗ Tlrû. >4>0

 

FJBFGL Tàe. G@TFR\OC G@TFR \OC F......... F................... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... ............................................ ................................. < FJR^CB\GGF×J FJR^CB \GGF×J.......... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ......................... ............... < CNKLRFQCW. CNKLR FQCW........... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ......................................... ...............................11 ELJL^@O....... ELJL^ @O................. .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... ..................... ...................................... ............................ 1 LWTLGFAFGCW...............................................................................................................1 G@TFR\OC G@TFR \OC FF........ FF.................. .................... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ............................................ ................................. 5 H@^GC RLC^F RLC^FGC...... GC................ ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... .......................... ................ 5 0.

LJW LJW@VC @VC BL TL^ TL^HL@ HL@NFO NFOFB@ FB@B B BL O\E O\EL×J L×J.... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........... ..............5 .......5 0.0.. 0.0

Tru Truln` ln`ss bl plrh plrhl`n l`nfofb fofb`b. `b..... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... ............. .............. ..........5 ...5

0.>

Bla Blafjf fjfgf÷j gf÷j b bll ljs`y ljs`yc c Ouel Ouelcj.. cj...... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ............ ............... .........5 ..5

0.7.. 0.7

Grf Grftlrf tlrfcs cs bl prls prlsf÷j f÷j.... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ............ ...........6 ...6

0.2.. 0.2

Lqu Lqufpc fpcs... s....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......... ............. .............. .............. .........04 ..04

0.2.0 Cntur Cntur`bcr `bcr c T`gilr.. T`gilr............ .................... ..................... ..................... ..................................................04 ........................................04 0.2.> Nchn` Mfbràu Mfbràuofg`...... ofg`................ .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ....................................... ............................. 04 0.2.7 G`ub`o G`ub`oèhltrc. èhltrc........... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ...............................04 .....................04 0.2.2 H`j÷h H`j÷hltrcs... ltrcs............. .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ......................................... ............................... 00 0.2.< Oèjl` bl fjao`gf÷j.......................................................................................00 0.2.1 Wtuaa Wtuaafje fje Ncx...... Ncx................ ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ................................................ ......................................0> 0> 0.2.5 H`jeulr`s bl prlsf÷j...............................................................................0> 0.2.= Bfsfp`bcr bl turnuoljgf`...........................................................................0> 0.2.6 Oo`vls rleuo`b rleuo`bcr`s..... cr`s............... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ...................................... ............................0> 0> 0.2.04 ^leuo`bcr bl prlsf÷j p`r` e`s fjlrtl....................................................07 0.2.00 N`o÷j bl jftr÷e jftr÷eljc...... ljc................ .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ................................... ......................... 07 0.2.0> @eu` ofhpf ofhpf`.......... `..................... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ........................................... ................................ 07 0.2.07 Wcjb` Loægtr Loægtrfg`...... fg`................ .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ............................... .....................07 07 >.

T^C T^CGLB GLBFHFL FHFLJRC JRC BLO LJW LJW@VC @VC BL T TL^H L^HL@N L@NFOF FOFB@B B@B B BL L O\ O\EL× EL×J....... J.........07 ..07 >.0 Trlp`r` Trlp`r`gf÷j gf÷j y vlrfafg` vlrfafg`gf÷j gf÷j blo slooc.... slooc.............. .................... .................... ....................................07 ..........................07 >.> ^l`ofz` ^l`ofz`gf÷j gf÷j bl o` pruln` pruln`.......... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... .....................................02 ..........................02 >.7 Gàoguoc Gàoguocss bl o` pruln` pruln`.......... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ................................0< ......................0< >.7.0 Gàoguoc bl o` `nscrgf `nscrgf÷j....... ÷j................. .................... ..................... ..................... ................................... .........................0< 0< >.7.> Bltlrhfj`gf÷j Bltlrhfj`gf÷j blo v`ocr bl Ouel÷j rlprlsl rlprlsljt`tfvc jt`tfvc........................... ............................0< .0<

7.

@JÀ @JÀOFW OFWFW FW L FJRL^T^ FJRL^T^LR@ LR@GF× GF×J J BL OCW L LJW@ JW@VCW VCW O\ O\ELC ELCJ.... J........ ........ ........... .........01 ..01 7.0 Bltlrhfj`gf÷j gu`jtft`tfv` blo pujtc bl rltcrjc.......................................01 7.> Fjtlrprlt`gf÷j Fjtlrprlt`gf÷j bl o`s gurv`s `nscrgf÷j ‗ prlsf÷j lalgtfv`................ lalgtfv`....................... .......05 05 7.7 Go`sfafg`gf÷j Go`sfafg`gf÷j bl ocs tfpcs bl h`gfzc h`gfzcss rcgcscs sleûj su plrhl`nfofb plrhl`nfofb`b `b >4 >

 

7.2 ^lo`gf÷j plrhl`nfofb`b y v`ocr Ouelcj gcj bfsgcjtfjufb`bls................>4 7.7. Fjtlrp 7.7. Fjtlrprlt` rlt`gf÷j gf÷j blo eràa eràafgc fgc bl n` n`rr`s rr`s bl oocs cs ls lst`b t`bcs cs bl bl prlsf÷j prlsf÷j ‗ ujfb`b bl ouel÷ ouel÷j......... j................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... .................................... .........................>0 >0 7.2 Fjtlrprlt`gf÷j bl ocs b`tcs bl ouel÷j gu`jbc o` pruln` jc rlsuot` bl `gulrbc ` ocs p`trcjls.......................................................................................>7 7.< Ofhft`gfcjls blo ljs`yc bl Ouel÷j............................................................>7 GCJGO\WFCJL GCJGO \WFCJLW......... W................... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................................>1 .......................>1 NFNOFCE^@AF@.......... NFNOFCE^@AF@ .................... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... ..................... ......................... ............... >5

7

 

FJBFGL BL AFE\^@W Tàe. Afeur` 0. Cntur`bcr c T`gilr sfhpol...........................................................................04 Afeur` >. G`ub`ofhltrc c aoukchltrc p`r` `eu`...........................................................00 Afeur` 7. H`j÷hltrc gcj olgtur` m`st` 04 n`rls........................................................00 Afeur` 2.  H`jeulr` bl fjao`gf÷j..................................................................................0> Afeur` Afeur` 1. ^leuo`bcr bl prlsf÷j bl n`o÷j bl jftr÷eljc................................................07 Afeur` 5. Lsqulh` bl fjst`o`gf÷j fjst`o`gf÷j blo lqufpc bl pruln`. pruln`. (Rfhctmy, 0664)........... 0664)................. .......02 .02 Afeur` =. Gurv` bl @nscrgf÷j ‗ Trlsf÷j lalgtfv`. (G`hfoc, 0660)...............................05

2

 

G@TFR\OC F FJR^CB\GGF×J Lo ljs`yc Ouelcj ls uj tfpc bl fjvlstfe`gf÷j elctægjfg` rl`ofz`bc lj lo fjtlrfcr bl uj scjblc (ljs`yc fj sftu), qul blafjl lo v`ocr bl o` plrhl`nfofb`b (I) lj rcg`s (h`gfzcs rcgcscs) v`rf`nolhljtl ar`gtur`bcs, bcjbl sl fjtrcbugl `eu` ` prlsf÷j gcjst`jtl lj tr`hcs `fso`b tr`hcs `fso`bcs cs y slhf slhf `fso` `fso`bcs bcs,, jcrh`o jcrh`ohlj hljtl tl sl rl`ofz rl`ofz` ` lj tr`hcs tr`hcs bl < hltrcs hltrcs `fso`bcs `fso `bcs pcr cntur`bc cntur`bcrls rls jluhàtfgc jluhàtfgcs, s, lj gfjgc gfjgc fjtlrv`o fjtlrv`ocs cs bl 04 hfjutcs hfjutcs gcj uj` prlsf÷j bl `eu` gcjst`jtl lj g`b` fjtlrv`oc, lo ljs`yc sl rl`ofz` ` prlsf÷j grlgfljtl y blgrlgfljtl ljtrl glrc y prlsf÷j hàxfh`. O` pruln` gcjsfstl lj o` fjylggf÷j bl `eu` ` pr prlsf lsf÷j ÷j,, lj tr`hcs tr`hcs `fso` `fso`bcs bcs ` bfa bfalrl lrljtl jtls s prcauj prcaujbfb bfb`b `bls ls bl plracr plracr`gf `gf÷j. ÷j. Lstcs Lstcs ljs`ycs sl rl`ofz`j gcj cntur`bcrls mfbràuofgcs lj tr`hcs bl < h. LF g`ub`o sl hfbl bur`jtl 04 hfjutcs bl ljs`yc p`r` bfalrljtls prlsfcjls (Ie/gh>), uj` \jfb`b Ouelcj gcrrlspcjbl gcrrlspcjb l `o g`ub`o bl 0 O/hfj pcr hltrc bl ocjeftub bl scjblc lj o` prlsf÷j bl 04 ie/gh>. O`s pruln`s bl plrhl`nfofb`b bl o`ncr`tcrfc scj ûtfols gu`jbc o` lstrugtur` qul sl acrh` lstà acrh`b` pcr uj h`tlrf`o qul pulbl gcjsfblr`rsl mchceæjlc, fs÷trcpc, c `jfs÷trcpc, gchc lj lo g`sc blo gcr`z÷j fhplrhl`nol bl uj` gcrtfj`, gcjstrufbc gcj o` tflrr` bl uj n`jgc bl præst`hc mchceæjlc. Lj g`hnfc, g`hnfc, lj o`s acrh`gfc acrh`gfcjls jls j`tur`ol j`tur`ols, s, eljlr`oh eljlr`ohljtl ljtl gchpulst` gchpulst`s s pcr h`jtcs h`jtcs bfstfjtcs, gcj v`rf`gfcjls fhpcrt`jtls t`jtc lj o` bfspcsfgf÷j bl ocs hfshcs gchc lj o`s g`r`gtlrèstfg`s bl ocs h`tlrf`ols, ls bfaègfo lstubf`r lo lsgurrfhfljtc ` p`rtfr bl uj jûhlrc ofhft`bc bl ljs`yls scnrl hulstr`s fj`otlr`b`s. Lj h`jtcs bl `rlj` y er`v` ls g`sf fhpcsfnol fhpcsfnol cntljlr cntljlr lsplgèhl lsplgèhljls jls fj`otlr`b fj`otlr`bcs. cs. Lj lstcs lstcs g`scs g`scs ls jlgls`rf jlgls`rfc c rlgurrfr ` o`s pruln`s bl g`hpc.

<

 

CNKLRFQCW ELJL^@O Gcjcglr o` fhpcrt`jgf` bl ocs ljs`ycs Ouelcj p`r` bltlrhfj`r o` g`ofb`b, g`jtfb`b y plrhl`nfofb`b bl h`gfzcs rcgcscs p`r` `eu`s suntlrràjl`s.

LWTLGFAFGCW  @j`ofz`r l fjtlrprlt`r fjtlrprlt`r o` plrhl`nfofb` plrhl`nfofb`b b bl o` rcg` bl `gulrbc `gulrbc `o ljs`yc Ouelcj. Gcjcglr ocs prcglbfhfljtcs y rlsuot`bcs bl ocs ljs`ycs Ouelcj.

1

 

G@TFR\OC FF H@^GC RLC^FGC 0. LJW LJW@VC @VC BL TL^ TL^HL@ HL@NFO NFOFB@ FB@B B BL O\E O\EL×J L×J 0. 0.00.

Trul ruln`s b bll pl plrh rhll`nfofb ofb`b

O` O`s s pruln pruln`s `s bl plrhl` plrhl`nfo nfofb` fb`b b bl g`hpc g`hpc scj lj ljs`y s`ycs cs qul sfrvlj sfrvlj p`r` p`r` hlbfr hlbfr o` vlocgfb`b blo aoukc bl `eu` ` tr`væs bl ocs v`gècs blo suloc c ar`gtur`s bl rcg`, qul sl ljguljtr` ljgu ljtr`j j bljtrc bljtrc bl o` plracr`gf plracr`gf÷j. ÷j. O` bltlrhfj bltlrhfj`gf÷ `gf÷j j bl o` Tlrhl`nf Tlrhl`nfofb` ofb`b b bl uj h`gfzc rcgcsc pulbl hlbfrsl lj lo o`ncr`tcrfc o`ncr`tcrfc c lj lo g`hpc9 o`s bltlrhfj`gfcjls bltlrhfj`gfcjls bl o`ncr`tcrfc scj hugmc hàs aàgfols bl m`glr qul o`s bltlrhfj`gf bltlrhfj`gfcjls cjls fj sftu. Blnfbc ` qul o` plrhl`nfofb`b blpljbl hugmc bl o` lstrugtur` blo h`gfzc (t`jtc o` hfgrclstrugtur` c bfspcsfgf÷j bl o`s p`rtèguo`s gchc o` h`grclstrugtur`; lstr`tfer`aè`, ltg.) y blnfbc ` o` bfafguot`b bl cntljlr hulstr`s bl rcg` rlprlsljt`tfv`s, sulolj slr  jlgls`rf jlgl s`rf`s `s bltlrhfj bltlrhfj`gfc `gfcjls jls fj sftu bl o` plrhl`n plrhl`nfofb fofb`b `b hlbf`. hlbf`. Wfj lhn`rec, lhn`rec, o`s pruln`s bl o`ncr`tcrfc plrhftlj lstubf`r o` rlo`gf÷j bl v`gècs pcr oc gu`o sl sulolj rl`ofz`r m`nftu`ohljtl gu`jbc jc sl bfspcjl bl hlbfb`s bl g`hpc O` plrhl`nfofb`b gcjstftuyl uj` bl o`s prcpflb`bls bl ocs h`gfzcs qul prlsljt`j h`ycr v`rf`gf÷j bljtrc bl uj` hfsh` acrh`gf÷j rcgcs`. Tcr looc, gu`jbc sl gu`jtfafg` o` plrhl`nfofb`b bl uj h`gfzc rcgcsc ls hàs prcpfc m`no`r bl uj crblj bl h`ejftub (lxpcjljtl lj uj` n`sl 04) qul bl v`ocrls prlgfscs. Lj h`gfzcs rcgcscs s`jcs, o` plrhl`nfofb`b pulbl slr huy n`k`, blo crblj blo 04-= ‗ 04-04 gh/s, `ujqul sf lo h`gfzc rcgcsc lstà acrh`bc pcr h`trfz rcgcs` pcrcs` y plrhl`nol, `rljfsg`, pcr  lklhpoc, sus v`ocrls pulblj `og`jz`r m`st` 04-7 gh/s. O` plrhl`nfofb`b bl uj h`gfzc rcgcsc bf`go`s`bc, pulbl oole`r ` 04-> y 04-7 gh/s. Lo ljs`yc hàs lxtljbfbc p`r` bltlrhfj`r o` plrhl`nfofb`b bl uj h`gfzc rcgcsc ls lo ljs`yc Ouel÷j.

0.> Blafjf Blafjfgf÷j gf÷j bl ljs`yc Ou Ouelcj elcj Lo ljs`yc Ouel÷j sl rl`ofz` lj lo fjtlrfcr bl o`s plracr`gfcjls y plrhftl g`oguo`r slhfgu`jtft`tf gu`j tft`tfv`hl v`hljtl jtl o` plrhl`n plrhl`nfofb fofb`b `b bl ocs h`gfzcs h`gfzcs rcgcscs, rcgcscs, lj gu`oqufl gu`oquflrr tfpc bl oftcoceè` y lst`bc bl ar`gtur`gf÷j. Lstcs sl lklgut`j sleûj `v`jz` o` plracr`gf÷j, ls jlgls`rfc lklrglr prlsfcjls rlo`tfv`hljtl er`jbls p`r` fjylgt`r lo `eu` lj o`s afsur`s. Wupcje`hcs Wupcje`h cs uj` plracr`gf÷j fjv`bfb` m`st` uj` gflrt` prcaujbfb`b. prcaujbfb`b. @ p`rtfr bl loo` sl plracr`j ujcs < hltrcs. @ gcjtfju`gf÷j, sl afk` uj cntur`bcr lj o` p`rtl suplrfcr bl lstl lst l tr`hc tr`hc vfrel vfrelj j y sl fjylgt fjylgt` ` `e `eu` u` ` prlsf÷ prlsf÷j j gcj uj` nchn` nchn`.. \j h`j÷hl h`j÷hltrc trc

5

 

gcocg` gco cg`bc bc lj o` nc ncg` g` blo pczc, pczc, uj gcjt`b gcjt`bcr cr bl `eu` `eu` y uj` vàovuo vàovuo` ` bl blsg`r blsg`re`, e`, plrhftlj hlbfr ocs g`ub`ols fjylgt`bcs ` uj` prlsf÷j b`b`. Lj el eljlr jlr`o `o,, sl hfb hfbl l bu bur`j r`jtl tl bfl bflz z hfjut hfjutcs cs lo g` g`ub` ub`oo fjylg fjylgt`j t`jbc bc ` uj uj` ` prlsf÷ prlsf÷j j gcjst` gcj st`jtl jtl.. Blspu Blspuæs æs sl tr`n`k tr`n`k` ` gcj uj uj` ` prlsf prlsf÷j ÷j h`ycr. h`ycr. O` e`h` e`h` bl prlsfc prlsfcjls jls ` lhpol`r blpljbl blo lst`bc bl afsur`gf÷j, plrc `o hljcs sl lhpol`j bcs c trls v`ocrls qul sl vcovlràj ` utfofz`r gu`jbc sl m`y` `og`jz`bc o` prlsf÷j hàxfh`. Lst` r`r`hljtl ls h`ycr ` 04 ie/gh¾, y` qul lxfstl uj oèhftl ` g`us` bl o` prlsljgf` blo cntur`bcr y bl o` pctljgf` bl o`s nchn`s. Tcr ctr` p`rtl, sl gcrrl lo rflsec bl prcbugfr  uj` ar`gtur`gf÷j `rtfafgf`o y tr`stcrjcs blo tlrrljc qul a`osl`rè`j ocs rlsuot`bcs. Ouel÷j prlgcjfz` lxprls`r ocs rlsuot`bcs lv`ou`jbc o` `nscrgf÷j gcj uj` prlsf÷j bl 04 ie/gh¾ lj oftrcs pcr hfjutc y pcr hltrc, gcj uj` bur`gf÷j blo ljs`yc bl 04 hfjutcs. Lj su mcjcr sl bljchfj` Ouel÷j ` lst` ujfb`b (Gmuhpft`z, >445). O` ujfb`b bl Ouel÷j (\.O.) ls lo e`stc bl oftrcs pcr hfjutc lj 0,4 h bl ocjeftub lj lo tr`hc bl pruln`, n`kc o` prlsf÷j bl 04 ifocer`hcs ifocer`hcs pcr gljtèhltrc gu`br`bc. Lj lalgtc, Ouel÷j gcjsfblr` ûjfg`hljtl o`s prlsfcjls fjbfg`b`s pcr lo h`j÷hltrc qul sl gcocg` lj o` suplrafgfl. Gchc o`s plracr`gfcjls plracr`gfcjls y o` tunlrè` bl gcjbuggf÷j blo `eu` scj bl plqulðc bfàhltrc, sf ocs g`ub`ols fjylgt`bcs scj er`jbls y lo tr`hc ljs`y`bc ls uj pcgc prcaujbc, o`s pærbfb`s bl g`re` lj o` tunlrè` scj blo hfshc crblj bl h`ejftub qul o`s prlsfcjls hlbfb`s lj lo h`j÷hltrc.  @oeuj`s vlgls ls jlgls`rfc bltlrhfj`r a`gtcrls bl gcrrlggf÷j p`r` o`s pærbfb`s bl g`re`, `sè gchc p`r` o` prcaujbfb`b blo jfvlo arlàtfgc. Hfljtr`s lstcs rlafj`hfljtcs gcj glrtlz` `afj`j o` lx`gtftub blo rlsuot`bc, gcj arlguljgf` jc sl cntfljl jfjeuj` vljt`k` bl bfgm`s hlkcr`s, y` qul jc scj bl fhpcrt`jgf` ` o` mcr` bl blgfbfr sf sl blnl utfofz`r olgm`b`, pcr oc qul sl sulol chftfr o`s gcrrlggfcjls bl prlsf÷j, plrc sl tfljl lstl a`gtcr prlsljtl bur`jtl lo prcglsc bl gàoguoc y lv`ou`gf÷j. Lo ljs`yc Ouel÷j tfljl su hàxfh` sljsfnfofb`b lj sftu`gfcjls bl n`k` plrhl`nfofb`b.  @ hlbfb` qul `uhljt` lo v`ocr bl o` ujfb`b Ouel÷j, o` v`rf`gf÷j t`hnfæj blnl `uhljt`r p`r` qul sl` sfejfafg`tfv`, gchc sl hulstr` ` gcjtfju`gf÷j; 

Lj lo r`jec bl 0 ` ujfb`bls.



Ljtrl 04 y 0). Lj o` `gtu`ofb`b sl rlgchfljb` schltlr `o h`gfzc rcgcsc ` prlsfcjls bl pruln`s hàxfh`s qul lstæj pcr bln`kc bl o` g`re` oftcstàtfg` qul scpcrt` lo tr`hc bl ljs`yc, p`r` lvft`r o` bfsturn`jgf` blo h`gfzc. O`s g`re`s oftcstàtfg`s pulblj lstfh`rsl gcj uj T.L. 8 >.< p`r` rcg` s`j`, arlsg`, y 0.< p`r` rcg` `otlr`b`. O` prlsf÷j fjtlrhlbf` slrà o` hft`b bl o` prlsf÷j hàxfh`, y hèjfh` 4.0 ie/gh.

6

 

O` O`s s prlsfc prlsfcjls jls sl gcjsfe gcjsfeulj ulj hlb hlbf`j f`jtl tl lo nchnlc nchnlc bl `e `eu` u` ` tr`hcs tr`hcs bl ljs`y ljs`ycs cs rlo rlo`tf `tfv`h v`hlj ljtl tl gcrtcs gcrtcs qul lstàj lstàj gcjafj gcjafj`b `bcs cs pcr uj cntur` cntur`bc bcrr c ‟T`gil ‟T`gilr‘. r‘. Gc Gcj j o` afj`ofb`b bl lst`nfofz`r o`s olgtur`s lj lo h`j÷hltrc, l fhplbfr qul lo g`hpc bl v`rf`gf÷j bl o`s csgfo`gfcjls sl` h`ycr qul lo 04% blo v`ocr ` slr olèbc, sl lhpol`j ‟nctloo`s bl lst`nfofz`gf÷j‘ c ‟Tuoh÷j bl `eu`‘.

0.2. Lqufpcs 0.2.0 Cntur`bcr c T`gilr  Ocs cntur`bcrls jluhàtfgcs jluhàtfgcs gcjst`j bl gunflrt`s gfoèjbrfg`s gfoèjbrfg`s bl muol qul sl lxp`jblj pcr fjylggf÷j bl `frl gchprfhfbc9 lstcs cntur`bcrls scj lafgfljtls, plrc bl gcocg`gf÷j blofg`b`. Lj tcbcs ocs g`scs, o` ocjeftub blo cntur`bcr blnl slr bl 74 gh pcr oc hljcs y bl prlalrljgf` bl hàs bl 0h. Ocs T`gilrs fjao`nols gcjtfljlj lolhljtcs Nfhn`r  qul sl rlaulrz`j gcj bcs g`p`s bl g`nols bl `glrc fjgrust`b`s lj g`ugmc j`tur`o, guljt`j gcj uj g`nlz`o h÷vfo y tfljlj o` g`p`gfb`b bl bupofg`r lo t`h`ðc bl su bfàhltrc bl lklgugf÷j fjfgf`o. (Elcprc W.@. >445).

Afeur` 0. Cntur`bcr c T`gilr sfhpol.

0.2.> Nchn` Mfbràuofg` Blnl slr t`o qul jc prcbuzg` v`rf`gfcjls ràpfb`s bl o` prlsf÷j, pcr t`jtc, blnl us`rsl uj` bl v`rfcs pfstcjls, c bl eus`jc, plrc bl prlalrljgf` uj` gljtrèaue` qul eljlrl er`j g`ub`o. @o gcjtr`rfc bl oc qul hugmcs pfljs`j, o`s nchn`s mfbràuofg`s jc scj g`p`gls bl eljlr`r uj` prlsf÷j, sco`hljtl suhfjfstr`j uj g`ub`o, oc hàs gcjst`jtl pcsfnol, `o gfrguftc. O` prlsf÷j `p`rlgl gu`jbc lo g`ub`o suhfjfstr`bc pcr o` nchn` tfljl qul vljglr `oeûj tfpc bl rlsfstljgf`. (Elcprc W.@. >445).

04

 

0.2.7 G`ub`oèhltrc Ls uj fjstruhljtc bl hlbfb` p`r` o` hlbfgf÷j bl g`ub`o. Lstcs `p`r`tcs sulolj gcocg`rsl lj oèjl` gcj o` tunlrè` qul tr`jspcrt` lo aoufbc. R`hnfæj sulolj oo`h`rsl hlbfbcrl hlbf bcrls s bl g`ub`o, g`ub`o, hlbfbcrl hlbfbcrls s bl aoukc aoukc c aouk÷hltr aouk÷hltrcs. cs. Blnl Blnl slr suafgflj suafgfljtlhl tlhljtl jtl sljsfnol p`r` bltlgt`r uj g`ub`o hèjfhc bl 7 o/hfj. Tcr g`b` bflz ljs`ycs blnl slr  schltfbc ` g`ofnr`gf÷j, blnfljbc slr rllhpo`z`bc `qulo qul prlsljtl uj` v`rf`gf÷j bl olgtur`s suplrfcrls `o 04%. (Elcprc W.@. >445).

Afeur` >. G`ub`ofhltrc c aoukchltrc p`r` `eu`.

0.2.2 H`j÷hltrcs Ls uj fjstruhljtc bl hlbfgf÷j qul sfrvl p`r` hlbfr o` prlsf÷j bl aoufbcs gcjtljfbcs lj rlgfpfljtls glrr`bcs. Lsljgf`ohljtl Lsljgf`ohljtl sl bfstfjeulj bcs tfpcs bl h`j÷hltrcs, sleûj sl lhpollj p`r` hlbfr o` prlsf÷j bl oèqufbcs c bl e`sls.

Afeur` 7. H`j÷hltrc gcj olgtur` m`st` 04 n`rls.

0.2.< Oèjl` bl fjao`gf÷j Wcj h`jeul h`jeulr`s r`s qul pulblj pulblj scpcrt scpcrt`r `r prlsfc prlsfcjls jls `o `ot`s t`s,, y qu qul l scj bl bfàhlt bfàhltrcs rcs fjalrfcrls `o gljtèhltrc, lstc p`r` qul pulb`j p`s`r pcr o`s ech`s blo Wtuaafje ncx.

00

 

Afeur` 2. H`jeulr` bl fjao`gf÷j.

0.2.1 Wtuaafje Ncx Trcpcrgfcj` uj slooc lj o` n`rr` bl plracr`gf÷j y lj gcjtr` bl o` oèjl` wfrlofjl y o` oèjl` bl fjao`gf÷j. Lstc plrhftl qul lo `eu` sl` nchnl`b` n`kc prlsf÷j y jc rltcrjl pcr lo lsp`gfc qul blk` o` oèjl` wfrlofjl y o` oèjl` bl fjao`gf÷j.

Afeur`

 

\j` vàovuo` mfbràuofg` ls uj hlg`jfshc qul sfrvl p`r` rleuo`r lo aoukc bl aoufbcs. R`hnfæj slrvfrà p`r` rleuo`r o` prlsf÷j lklrgfb` lj lo ljs`yc bl Ouel÷j.

0.2.04 ^leuo`bcr bl prlsf÷j p`r` e`s fjlrtl O` vàovuo` rleuo`bcr` bl prlsf÷j ls uj` vàovuo` `utchàtfg` qul rlbugl uj` prlsf÷j bl lj ljtr` tr`b` b` `o `ot` t` ` uj` prlsf÷j prlsf÷j bl s`o s`ofb fb` ` hljcr hljcr y gcjst` gcjst`jtl jtl,, gu`oq gu`oqufl uflr` r` qu qul l sl` o` v`rf`gf÷j lj lo g`ub`o y lj o` prlsf÷j bl ljtr`b`.

Afeur` 1. ^leuo`bcr bl prlsf÷j bl n`o÷j bl jftr÷eljc.

0.2.00 N`o÷j bl jftr÷eljc Lo jftr÷eljc ls uj e`s fjlrtl `prcpf`bc p`r` lstl tfpc bl pruln`s, su h`jfpuo`gf÷j blnl slr gufb`bcs` p`r` lvft`r aue`s.

0.2.0> @eu` ofhpf` Lo `eu` sl fjylgt`rà p`r` lo gàoguoc bl pærbfb` blo tr`hc ` ljs`y`r. Lj jfjeûj g`sc o` prlsf÷j bl fjylggf÷j bl `eu` blnlrà suplr`r ` o` prlsf÷j bl fjao`bc blo T`gilr.

0.2.07 Wcjb` Loægtrfg` O` scjb` loægtrfg` gcjsfstl bl uj prcn`bcr bl `glrc fjcxfb`nol c bl jèqulo o`tcj`bc, uj g`nol c gfjt` gcj er`bu`gf÷j hætrfg` c fjeols` y uj g`rrltl. Lo jûgolc blo g`rrltl gcjt gcjtfl fljl jl uj uj` ` n`tl n`tlrè rè`, `, uj` uj` oàhp oàhp`r `r`, `, uj` uj` `o`r `o`rh` h` y uj bfsp bfspcs csft ftfv fvc c bl `kus `kustl tl bl sljsfnfofb`b.

>. T^CGL T^CGLBFHFL BFHFLJRC JRC B BLO LO LJ LJW@VC W@VC BL T TL^HL L^HL@NFOFB@ @NFOFB@B B BL O\EL× O\EL×J J >.0 Trlp`r`gf÷j y vlrfafg`gf÷j blo slooc

07

 

 @og`jz`b` o` prcaujbfb`b prcer`h`b` p`r` lo ljs`yc, sl prcglbl ` o`v`r lo scjblc y sl hfbl lo jfvlo arlàtfgc. Blspuæs bl fjst`o`r lo lqufpc sl prcglbl ` blsgljblr lo cntur`bcr ` o` p`rtl suplrfcr blo tr`hc blo ljs`yc, gufb`jbc qul lstl unfg`bc lj rcg` jc ar`gtur`b` c gcj uj hèjfhc bl ar`gtur`s. Lo cntur`bcr, qul pulbl slr bl klnl c jluhàtfgc, `o lxp`jbfrsl blnlrà gcjafj`r mlrhætfg`hljtl lo tr`hc bl ljs`yc. O` gcocg`gf÷j bl ocs lhp`quls lj o` plracr`gf÷j (Wtuaafje ncx), gcj cnkltc bl sloo`r lo tr`hc pcr prcn`r, pulbl rlsuot`r huy blofg`b`. T`r` `prlgf`r o` g`ofb`b blo slooc, sl fjylgt` `eu` y sl cnslrv` sf sunl pcr o` plracr`gf÷j, Wf lo `eu` sunl, lstc pulbl blnlrsl ` bcs g`us`s; 

O` plracr`gf÷j jc ls rleuo`r y lo lhp`qul jc `kust`.



Lo tlrrljc lstà huy afsur`bc y sl lst`nolgl uj gcrtc gfrguftc `orlblbcr blo lhp`qul.

Lj lo prf prfhlr hlr g`sc g`sc ls jl jlgls gls`rf `rfc c blspo` blspo`z`r z`r lo lhp`qu lhp`qul l `o `oeuj eujcs cs gljtèh gljtèhltr ltrcs cs y lj cg`sfcjls `oeujcs hltrcs, m`st` pcblroc `kust`r plralgt`hljtl c `uhljt`r o` ocjeftub blo lhp`qul p`r` ocer`r uj hlkcr slooc. Lj lo sleujbc, rlsuot` bfaègfo o` rl`ofz`gf÷j bl o` pruln`, sl blnl pljs`r lj lalgtu`r ctrc tfpc bl ljs`yc. (Gmuhpft`z, >445).

Afeur` 5. Lsqulh` bl fjst`o`gf÷j blo lqufpc bl pruln`. (Rfhctmy, 0664).

02

 

>.> ^l`ofz`gf÷j bl o` pruln` O` zcj` p`r` lo ljs`yc bl Ouel÷j sl slolggfcj`rà lj n`sl `o oceulc elco÷efgc, elctægjfgc l mfbrcelco÷efgc bl ocs tlstfecs cntljfbcs. Wl blnl rl`ofz`r lo oceulc lj tfl tflhpc hpc rl`o rl`o p` p`r` r` a`gfof a`gfoft`r t`r o` fbljtf fbljtfafg afg`gf `gf÷j ÷j bl o`s zcj`s zcj`s p` p`r` r` lj ljs`y s`ycs cs bur`j bur`jtl tl o` plracr`gf÷j. Wl slolggfcj`j o`s zcj`s p`r` ocs ljs`ycs gcj ujc c hàs blo sfeufljtl grftlrfc; 

[cj`s bl a`oo` n`kc lo jfvlo arlàtfgc lstfh`bc.



[cj`s bl ar`gtur`s fhpcrt`jtls (arlguljgf` bl ar`gtur`s `ot`s y ^PB n`kc) n`kc lj jfvlo arlàtfgc lstfh`bc.



G`hnfcs lj o` `otlr`gf÷j c tfpc bl rcg`.



G`hnf G` hnfcs cs lj o` uj ujfb` fb`b b mfbrce mfbrcelc lco÷e o÷efg` fg` (g`hnf (g`hnfcs cs sfejfa sfejfafg` fg`tfv tfvcs cs lj ^PB c arlguljgf` bl ar`gtur`s)



^cg` H`sfv`.

\j` vlz vlrfafg`jbc lo slooc, sl `jct`j ocs b`tcs gcrrlspcjbfljtls `o tr`hc prcn`bc; Trcaujbfb`b y ocjeftub blo tr`hc prcn`bc y bfàhltrc. Wl nchnl` `eu` `o t`o`brc, gcjtrco`jbc qul lj lo h`j÷hltrc o` `euk` sl lst`nfofgl lj o` prlsf÷j hèjfh` prllst`nolgfb`. \j` vlz gcjsleufb` o` lst`nfofz`gf÷j, qul ls pcsfnol gcj bcs vàovuo`s, uj` bl suhfjfstrc bl `eu` y ctr` bl blsaceul, sl hfbl lo gcjsuhc pcr ujfb`b bl tflhpc. Hlbf`jtl o` bfalrljgf` bl olgtur`s blo g`ub`oèhltrc, sl cntfljl lo g`ub`o lj o/hfj, lhpolàjb lhpo làjbcsl csl p`r` afjls bl ocs gàoguocs gàoguocs lo prch prchlbfc lbfc bl 04 olgtur`s olgtur`s lst`nfofz`b lst`nfofz`b`s. `s. Rlrh Rl rhfj fj`b `bc c lo prfh prfhlr lr lst` lst`bc bc bl prls prlsf÷ f÷j j hèjf hèjfh` h`,, sl gc gcjt jtfj fjû` û` gc gcj j lo hfsh hfshc c prcglbfhfljtc gcj o`s prlsfcjls fjtlrhlbf`s y hàxfh`s, y oulec sl blsgfljbl ` o`s prlsfcjls fjtlrhlbf`s y hèjfh`s.

>.7 Gàoguocs bl o` pruln` >.7.0 Gàoguoc bl o` `nscrgf÷j O` @nscrgf÷j ls lo prchlbfc bl ocs g`ub`ols cntljfbcs bur`jtl 04 hfjutcs p`r` ujc bl ocs lst`bcs bl prlsf÷j, bfvfbfbc ljtrl o` ocjeftub blo tr`hc blo ljs`yc (o/h/hfj). R`hnfæj bljchfj`bc g`ub`o.

0<

 

>.7.> Bltlrhfj`gf÷j blo v`ocr bl Ouel÷j rlprlsljt`tfvc T`r` b`r uj` fbl` `prcxfh`b` bl oc qul rlprlsljt` uj` ujfb`b Ouel÷j, sl pulbl lst`nolglr qul, sf sl tuvflr` uj hlbfc pcrcsc y mchceæjlc, lj oue`r bl rcg` afsur`b`, schltfbc ` uj` pruln` bl fjylggf÷j, qul bflr` uj` `nscrgf÷j feu`o ` uj` ujfb`b Ouel÷j (Ouel÷j, 067>), su plrhl`nfofb`b slrè`; i 8 0,7 x 04-< gh/s Lo v`ocr bl Ouel÷j c \jfb`b bl Ouel÷j (Ouel÷j, 067>), lstà b`bc pcr o` sfeufljtl lgu`gf÷j; \O8 ΰ Õ / Õ / Blsbl qul o` ujfb`b bl Ouel÷j ls blafjfb` lj lo sfstlh` bl fjtlrj`gfcj`o bl ujfb`bls (WF), (WF), m` rlqulr rlqulrfb fbc c fjtrc fjtrcbu bugfr gfr lo a`gtcr a`gtcr ‟ΰ‘ lj o` lgu`gf lgu`gf÷j ÷j p`r` p`r` a`gfof a`gfoft`r t`r lo usc bl bfalrljtls sfstlh`s bl ujfb`bls. Lstl a`gtcr tch` lo v`ocr bl 0 gu`jbc o`s ujfb`bls lhpol`b`s lj o` lgu`gf÷j scj; q Yo/hfjX, O YhX y T YHT`X9 y uj v`ocr bl 0>.2> gu`jbc sl utfofz` lo Wfstlh` Fjeoæs; q Ye`o/hfjX, O YatX y T YpsfX. Lo tærhfjc T4 gcrrlspcjbl gcrrlspcjbl ` uj` prlsf÷j rlalrljgf`o bl 0 HT` c 02< psf. (G`hfoc, 0660). Wleûj o` lxplrfljgf` bl juhlrcscs `utcrls, ljtrl loocs Mcuosny (0651), jc sflhprl rlsuot` slr rlprlsljt`tfvc lo v`ocr Ouel÷j gcrrlspcjbfljtl ` o` h`ycr prlsf÷j lalgtfv` `pofg`b`. Tcr oc gcjtr`rfc, oc ocs s v`ocrl v`ocrls s cntljf cntljfbc bcs s ` p`rtfr p`rtfr bl o`s o`s prlsf prlsfcjl cjls s hlbf` hlbf`s s y n` n`k`s k`s slrè`j slrè`j ocs ocs hàs hàs rlprlsljt`tfvcs. \j` \j ` vlz lolef lolefbc bc lo v`ocr v`ocr Ou Ouel÷ el÷j j rlp rlprls rlsljt ljt`tf `tfvc, vc, bfgmc bfgmc sl g`ofaf g`ofafg` g` bl o` sfeuf sfeufljt ljtl l h`jlr`. 

4 - 0 \O* - huy a`vcr`nol



0- 7 \O* - a`vcr`nol



7- 04 \O* - blsa`vcr`nol



04 \O* - huy blsa`vcr`nol

Gchc sl m` vfstc cpcrtuj`hljtl, gu`jbc \O ? 7 lo aoukc ls o`hfj`r, o`s ar`gtur`s afj`s, y jcrh`ohljtl jc rlquflrlj bl fjylggfcjls bl glhljtc p`r` hlkcr`r o` g`ofb`b blo h`gfzc rcgcsc y/c fhplrhl`nfofz`roc.

7. @JÀOFW @JÀOFWFW FW L FJRL^ FJRL^T^LR@ T^LR@GF×J GF×J BL O OCW CW L LJW@V JW@VCW CW O O\ELCJ \ELCJ 7.0 Bltlrhfj`gf÷j gu`jtft`tfv` blo pujtc bl rltcrjc

01

 

Lo v`ocr blo pujtc bl rltcrjc bl o` gurv` @nscrgf÷j ‗ Trlsf÷j Lalgtfv` plrhftl gcjcglr  o` pr prls lsf÷ f÷j j hàxf hàxfh` h` qul qul rlsf rlsfst stl l lo h`gf h`gfzc zc rcgc rcgcsc sc sf sfj j `otl `otlr` r`rr sus sus gcjb gcjbfg fgfc fcjl jls s lstrugtur` lstru gtur`ols ols fjtlrj`s fjtlrj`s gcj `nscrgfc `nscrgfcjls jls fjfgf`ol fjfgf`ols s plqulð`s plqulð`s,, lst` prlsf÷j prlsf÷j pulbl pulbl slr  `p `prlg rlgf`b f`b` ` gu`jtf gu`jtft`t t`tfv` fv`hlj hljtl tl sf o` rlsfst rlsfstljg ljgf` f` bl bloo h`gfzc h`gfzc ls lstà tà pc pcrr bln`k bln`kc c bl o`s o`s prlsfcjls `pofg`b`s9 sf o` `nscrgf÷j blsbl lo fjfgfc ls er`jbl, c sl prcbugl uj` gurv` blo tfpc aoukc turnuoljtc, lst` prlsf÷j hàxfh` jc pulbl `prlgf`rsl bljtrc bl uj r`jec bltlrhfj`bc.

Afeur` =. Gurv` bl @nscrgf÷j ‗ Trlsf÷j lalgtfv`. (G`hfoc, 0660).

7.> Fjtlrprlt`gf÷j bl o`s gurv`s `nscrgf÷j ‗ prlsf÷j lalgtfv` O` eràafg` @nscrgf÷j ‗ Trlsf÷j Lalgtfv` bl uj ljs`yc Ouel÷j, pulbl lst`r `scgf`b` gcj gu`oquflr bl ocs gfjgc g`scs sfeufljtls (Mcuosny, 0651);



Aoukc O`hfj`r; Ocs v`ocrls bl o` `nscrgf÷j y prlsfcjls lalgtfv`s eu`rb`j uj` rlo`gf÷j ofjl`o9 ls blgfr, qul o` `nscrgf÷j ls prcpcrgfcj`o ` o` prlsf÷j lalgtfv`. Lstl mlgmc sl blnl ` qul o`s ar`gtur`s scj afj`s y lo rlooljc sl ljtfljbl qul ls er er`j `juo uo`r `r y, gc gcjs jslg lgul uljt jtlh lhlj ljtl tl,, lo gc gcjs jsuh uhc c pcr pcr ar`g ar`gtu tur` r` ls feu` feu`o. o. Jcrh`ohljtl lstà `scgf`bc ` v`ocrls Ouel÷j hljcrls qul 7\O.



Aoukc Rurnu Rurnuoljtc; oljtc;  O` `n `nscr scrgf÷ gf÷j j gcrrls gcrrlspcj pcjbfl bfljtl jtl ` o` prlsf prlsf÷j ÷j hàxfh hàxfh` ` ls rl rlo` o`tf tfv` v`hl hljt jtl l hljc hljcrr qul qul o` bl o`s o`s prls prlsfc fcjl jls s fjtl fjtlrh rhlb lbf` f`s s y hè hèjf jfh` h`s, s, y rlspc rls pcjbl jbl ` qul o`s ar`gtu ar`gtur`s r`s scj bl bf bfalr alrlj ljtl tl ercscr ercscr.. Eljlr` Eljlr`oh ohljt ljtl l ls lstà tà `scgf`bc ` v`ocrls Ouel÷j h`ycrls qul 2\O.

05

 



Bfo`t`gf÷j; Lj lstl g`sc, gu`jbc o` rcg` ls schltfb` ` o` prlsf÷j hàxfh`, m`y uj` bfo`t`gf÷j tlhpcr`o bl o` `nlrtur` c sl gchprfhl hchljtàjl`hljtl lo rlooljc pcr lalgtcs bl o` prlsf÷j blo `eu`9 ljtcjgls, o` `nscrgf÷j p`r` lstl lst`bc ls sljsfnolhljtl h`ycr, lj tærhfjcs rlo`tfvcs, qul lj ocs ctrcs. Ls uj prcglsc rlvlrsfnol, y o` `nlrtur` slrà ‟loàstfg`‘.



Lrcsf÷j;  Lo h`tlrf`o afjc blo rlooljc bl ar`gtur`s ls o`v`bc pcr lo `eu` bl ljs`yc, fjgrlhljtàjbcsl lo vcouhlj ûtfo bl pcrcs c bl afsur`s lj lo tr`hc blo h`gfzc rcgcsc ljs`y`bc y, gcj looc, o` `nscrgf÷j sl fjgrlhljt` rlo`tfv`hljtl gcj lo tflhpc. Lj lstl g`sc o` gurv` @nscrgf÷j ‗ Trlsf÷j Lalgtfv` sl ljs`jgm` y o`s aolgm`s `pujt`r`j lj sljtfbc mcr`rfc.



^looljc; Tcr lalgtc bl o` gcoh`t`gf÷j bl ocs afjcs qul pubflr` `g`rrl`r lo `eu` bl ljs`yc, c nflj blo hfshc h`tlrf`o lrcsfcj`bc y rlblpcsft`bc blo rlooljc bl ar`gtur`s, o`s `nlrtur`s sl slhf-gfle`j c t`pcj`j ` hlbfb` qul tr`jsgurrl lo ljs`yc9 ljs` yc9 o` `nscrgf÷ `nscrgf÷j, j, gcjslgul gcjslguljtlhl jtlhljtl, jtl, blgrlglr blgrlglrà à lj aujgf÷j aujgf÷j blo tflhpc. tflhpc. R`hnfæj, lj lstl g`sc, o` gurv` @nscrgf÷j ‗ Trlsf÷j Lalgtfv` sl ljs`jgm`, pl plrc rc o`s aol aolgm` gm`s s `pujt` `pujt`r`j r`j lj sljtfb sljtfbc c `jtf `jtf mcr`rf mcr`rfc. c. Ctrc Ctrc a`gtcr a`gtcr qu qul l pulbl pulbl `trfnuèrslol ` lstl tfpc bl gurv` ls qul o` bfshfjugf÷j bl o` `nscrgf÷j sl bln` ` o` rlsfstljgf` g`pfo`r bl pljltr`gf÷j blo `eu` lj ar`gtur`s afj`s. Lstl a`gtcr  pulbl bfsgrfhfj`rsl bfsgrfhfj`rsl gcj uj` s`tur`gf÷j tct`o9 plrc jc sflhprl ls pcsfnol.

0=

 

R`no` 0. Fjtlrprlt`gf÷j bl ocs bf`er`h`s @nscrgf÷j ‗ Trlsf÷j lalgtfv`. Mcuosny, 0651.

06

 

7.7 Go`sfafg`gf÷j bl ocs tfpcs bl h`gfzcs rcgcscs sleûj su plrhl`nfofb`b

7.2 ^lo`gf÷j plrhl`nfofb`b y v`ocr Ouelcj gcj bfsgcjtfjufb`bls Gcjsfblr`jbc uj` gcjbfgf÷j mchceæjl` l fsctr÷pfg`, uj Ouelcj slrà feu`o ` 0.7l5h / s. Gcjtr`rf`hljtl ` ocs hlbfcs gcjtfjucs, o` gcjbugtfvfb`b mfbràuofg` bl o` h`s` rcgcs` lstà huy fjaouljgf`b` pcr o`s bfsgcjtfjufb`bls bl o` rcg`, lo r`jec tèpfgc bl ocs v`ocrls bl Ouelcj y o` gcjbfgf÷j bl o` rcg` gcrrlspcjbfljtl sl fjbfg` lj o` t`no` sfeufljtl;

>4

 

7.7.. 7.7

Fjt Fjtlrpr lrprlt` lt`gf÷j gf÷j blo eràa eràafgc fgc bl n n`rr` `rr`ss bl ocs lst` lst`bcs bcs bl prlsf prlsf÷j ÷j ‗ ujfb`b ujfb`b bl ouel÷j

Lo v`ocr bl o` `nscrgf÷j lj ujfb`bls Ouel÷j jc ls o` ûjfg` fjacrh`gf÷j qul sl pulbl cntljlr bl lst` pruln`. O` acrh` bl o`s gurv`s e`stc-prlsf÷j ls huy v`rf`nol y blpljbl lsljgf`ohljtl bl o`s g`r`gtlrèstfg`s bl afsur`gf÷j bl o` h`s`; bfstrfnugf÷j y lsplsc lsp lscrr bl o` o`s s afs afsur` ur`s, s, tfp tfpc c bl rlo rloolj oljc c bl lst`s, lst`s, ltg. @o `uhljt `uhljt`r `r o` prlsf÷ prlsf÷j j bl fjylggf÷j,, sl pulbl cnslrv`r qul o` v`rf`gf÷j blo e`stc jc ls ofjl`o, s`ovc lj gcjt`bcs fjylggf÷j g`scs g`s cs.. Lo t`p`hf t`p`hflj ljtc tc y bl blst` st`p` p`hfl hfljtc jtc bl o`s erf erflt` lt`s s gcj h`tlrf h`tlrf`o `ols ls bl rlo rlool oljc jc pr prcv cvcg cg`j `j,, ` bfvl bfvlrs rs`s `s prls prlsfc fcjl jls, s, alj÷ alj÷hl hljc jcs s bl `uhl `uhljt jtc c c bfsh bfshfj fjug ugf÷ f÷j j bl o` plrhl`nfofb`b. T`r` rl`ofz`r lstl tfpc bl fjtlrprlt`gfcjls, sl utfofz`j ocs < v`ocrls g`oguo`bcs lj uj ujfb fb`b `bls ls Ou Ouel el÷j ÷j,, ujc ujc p`r` p`r` g`b` g`b` gcrr gcrrfb fb` ` bl prls prlsf÷ f÷j, j, y sl fjsp fjsplg lggf gfcj cj`j `j p`r` p`r` bltlrhfj`r lo ræefhlj bl aoukc c lvljtc qul cgurrl lj lo tr`hc. Lj lo bf`er`h`, ocs fjgrlhljtcs bl prlsf÷j sl hulstr`j lj n`rr`s bl gcocr vlrbl. C Cnslrvàjbc nslrvàjbcsl sl o` acrh` lj qul `uhljt` o` prlsf÷j m`st` uj pfgc lj o` tlrglr` gcrrfb` y oulec sl rlbugl, bl acrh` sfhætrfg`. O`s n`rr`s hcstr`b`s lj rckc y `zuo, rlprlsljt`j ocs v`ocrls lj uj ujfb` fb`bls bls Ouel÷j Ouel÷j,, g`o g`oguo guo`b `bcs cs p`r` p`r` g`b` g`b` v`ocr v`ocr bl prlsf÷ prlsf÷j. j. Lj lo prf prfhlr hlr g`sc, g`sc, sl cnslrv` qul ocs v`ocrls scj sfhfo`rls p`r` g`b` gcrrfb` bl prlsf÷j, oc qul fhpofg` qul lo aoukc ls eljlr`ohljtl o`hfj`r, plrc jc lxgousfv`hljtl, gcjsfblr`jbc o` hlzgo` bl t`h`ðcs bl afsur`s y gcjbfgfcjls ljgcjtr`b`s lj o` h`ycrè` bl ocs fjtlrv`ocs bl ljs`yc. Gu`jbc lo aoukc ls bl lstl tfpc, g`b` ujc bl ocs gfjgc v`ocrls bl ujfb`bls Ouel÷j pulbl slr `glpt`bc gchc lo rlsuot`bc blo ljs`yc p`r` lo tr`hc, `sè gchc t`hnfæj pulbl tch`rsl uj prchlbfc bl ocs hfshcs. Lj lo sleujbc g`sc, hcstr`bc lj o` hfsh` afeur`, sl cnslrv` uj` bfstrfnugf÷j sfhætrfg` gcj lo v`ocr hàs n`kc lj lo pujtc bl h`yc h`ycrr pr prls lsf÷ f÷j, j, fjbf fjbfg` g`tf tfvc vc bl uj aouk aoukc c turn turnuo uolj ljtc tc.. Lstl Lstl v`oc v`ocrr n`kc n`kc,, blnl blnl slr  slr  gcjsfblr`bc gchc lo rlsuot`bc blo ljs`yc p`r` lo tr`hc Lo p`tr÷j bl v`ocrls hcstr`bcs lj lo tlrglr g`sc, ls bl `oeûj hcbc lo fjvlrsc blo `jtlrfcr. O` prlsf÷j pfgc prcbugl uj v`ocr hugmc h`ycr bl ujfb`bls Ouel÷j qul lj ocs ctrcs pujtcs bl prlsf÷j. Lst` prlsf÷j m` sfbc suafgfljtl p`r` bfo`t`r ocg`ohljtl o`s afsur`s, y` sl` pcr gchprlsf÷j bl h`tlrf`ols no`jbcs c pcr sloo`r afsur`s p`r`olo`s `by`gljtls. O` bfo`t`gf÷j ls tlhpcr`o, pcr oc qul lo v`ocr bl ujfb`bls Ouel÷j p`r` lo tr`hc blnl slr rlprlsljt`bc pcr lo bl hljcr h`ejftub, eljlr`ohljtl rlo`gfcj`bc `o pujtc bl hljcr prlsf÷j.

>0

 

Lo gu`rtc g`sc, hulstr` plrhl`nfofb`bls plrhl`nfofb`bls lj fjgrlhljtc bur`jtl o`s gfjgc gcrrfb`s, sfj prlsljt`r blgrlgfhfljtc `oeujc. Lstc ls fjbfg`tfvc blo o`v`bc bl afsur`s c bl o` fjtrcbuggf÷j bl ar`ehljtcs bl rcg` lj o`s afsur`s bfo`t`b`s lvft`jbc su gflrrl. O` cgurrljgf` arlguljtl bl lstc fjbfg` qul o` prlsf÷j lhpol`b` ls huy `ot`. O` plrhl`nfofb`b qul blnl tch`rsl ls o` blo pujtc bl o` ûotfh` gcrrfb` (` hljcr prlsf÷j), gcj lstc sl prlsuhl qul o` prlsf÷j pfgc ls sfhfo`r  ` o` prlsf÷j qul lvljtu`ohljtl m`nrà gcj o` prls` lj slrvfgfc, qul pcbrè` prcbugfr  rlsuot`bcs sfhfo`rls sf jc sl lhpol` olgm`b`. Tcr ûotfhc, hulstr` lo fjvlrsc blo p`tr÷j `jtlrfcr. Ocs v`ocrls bl ujfb`bls Ouel÷j sl rlbuglj rlbu glj prcerlsf prcerlsfv`hl v`hljtl, jtl, fjbfg`j fjbfg`jbc bc qul lsp`gfcs lsp`gfcs v`gècs v`gècs y afsur`s afsur`s lstàj sfljbc rloolj`bcs, y pcr oc t`jtc lo `eu` jc pulbl `v`jz`r hàs. Oc prubljtl ls gcjtfju`r  rl`ofz`jbc lo ljs`yc ` hljcrls prlsfcjls m`st` qul o` tljbljgf` bl bfshfjugf÷j glsl, fjbfg`jbc qul tcbcs ocs lsp`gfcs v`gècs m`j sfbc oolj`bcs. O` plrhl`nfofb`b rlprlsljt`tfv` rlprlsljt`tf v` blo tr`hc blnl slr o` bl hljcr h`ejftub, y` qul fjbfg` lo aoukc uj` vlz oolj`bcs ocs v`gècs.

>>

 

R`no` >. Fjtlrprlt`gf÷j bl ocs v`ocrls bl Ouel÷j (\O), Mcuosny, 0651.

7.2 Fjtl Fjtlrpr rprlt lt`g `gf÷ f÷j j bl ocs ocs b` b`tc tcss bl ouel ouel÷j ÷j gu gu`j `jbc bc o` pr prul uln` n` jc rls rlsuo uot` t` bl `gulrbc ` ocs p`trcjls

Lj o` pràgtfg` ls huy gchûj ljgcjtr`rsl gcj sftu`gfcjls bcjbl ocs < lst`bcs bl prlsf÷j rlquflrlj gchpolt`r uj nugol bl prlsf÷j ‟prlssurl occp‘ (gu`jbc o` nchn` jc `og`jz` ` eljlr`r o` prlsf÷j blsl`b`, c gu`jbc lo pczc jc lstà sloo`bc. Lj t`ols g`scs, ls `bhfsfnol fjtlrprlt`r ocs b`tcs bl Ouel÷j gchc ocs sfeufljtls; sfeufljtls; 

Wf oc ocs s rlsuo rlsuot`b t`bcs cs bl o`s a`s a`sls ls bl pruln` pruln` bfspc bfspcjf jfnol nols s bl blsgr sgrfn fnlj lj uj` gurv` gurv` gcjvlx` lj lo lsp`gfc G`ub`o vs Trlsf÷j (ls blgfr, o` pljbfljtl bfshfjuyl ` hlbfb` qul `uhljt` o` prlsf÷j) lo v`ocr hàxfhc bl Ouel÷j cntljfbc blnl slr  rlpcrt`bc gchc uj v`ocr oèhftl suplrfcr.



Wf oc ocs s rlsuo rlsuot`b t`bcs cs bl o`s a`s a`sls ls bl pruln` pruln` bfspc bfspcjf jfnol nols s bl blsgr sgrfn fnlj lj uj` gurv` gurv` g÷jg`v` lj lo lsp`gfc G`ub`o vs Trlsf÷j (ls blgfr, o` pljbfljtl `uhljt` ` hlbfb` qul o` prlsf÷j bfshfjuyl), Lo v`ocr bl Ouel÷j sl rlpcrt` gchc lo hljcr v`ocr oèhftl. (Aulrtls, >402).

7.< Ofhft`gfcjls blo ljs`yc bl Ouel÷j \jc bl ocs prfjgfp`ols fjgcjvljfljtls lj lo ljs`yc bl Ouel÷j ls qul lst` scoc ofhft`bc ` uj bltlrhfj`bc vcouhlj bl rcg` `orlblbcr blo t`o`brc qul ls `algt`bc pcr  lo ljs`yc. Lo lalgtc blo ljs`yc bl Ouel÷j m` sfbc lstfh`bc bl 04 h `orlblbcr blo pczc (Nofss `jb ^usmtcj, 06=2). Lstc sueflrl qul lo v`ocr cntljfbc bl o` gcjbugtfvfb`b mfbràuofg` lstfh`b` bl lst` pruln`, scoc rlprlsljt` uj gfofjbrc bl rcg` ofhft`bc pcr o` ocjeftub blo ljs`yc y lo r`bfc hljgfcj`bc `jtlrfcrhljtl.  @ujqul lo usc bl uj ljs`yc nflj nchnl`bc bl `eu` y gcj nulj` cnslrv`gf÷j cnslrv`gf÷j pulbl suplr`r lst` ofhft`gf÷j (Glblrerlj, 06=6), t`ols ljs`ycs fjvcougr`j rl`ofz`r bfvlrscs scjb`kls, y lsc gcjoolv` ` uj fjgrlhljtc lj ocs gcstcs blo prcylgtc. Blnfbc ` o` ofhft`gf÷j lsp`gf`o bl o` pruln` bl Ouel÷j jc ls rlgchljb`nol p`r` o` lstfh`gf÷j bl o` gcjbugtfvfb`b mfbràuofg` utfofz`jbc scougfcjls `j`oètfg`s bl acrh` glrr`b` qul blj gcjaf`jz` lj o` supcsfgf÷j bl rlsuot`bcs p`r` er`jbls h`s`s rcgcs`s qul gchprljb` lo ljs`yc.  @acrtuj`b`hljtl  @acrtuj`b`h ljtl t`ols scougfcj scougfcjls ls `j`oètfg`s rlquflrlj uj gcjcgfhfljtc gcjcgfhfljtc `blgu`bc bl o` un unfg` fg`gf÷ gf÷j j blo jfvlo jfvlo arlàtf arlàtfgc. gc. Wfj Wfj lhn`re lhn`rec, c, ls lst` t` hlbf hlbfgf÷ gf÷j j ls cnslrv cnslrv`b` `b` lj ocs ocs lolv`bcs jfvlols arlàtfgcs tch`bcs lj o`s plracr`gfcjls qul pulblj slr lx`elr`bcs

>7

 

blnfbc `o `eu` qul o` nchn` mfbràuofg` s`tur` lo pczc. Gchc oc cnslrv`bc pcr Mcli `jb Nr`y (0652) hugm`s bl o`s tlcrè`s h`tlhàtfg`s, bfspcjfnols lj o` oftlr`tur`, m`j fbc hàs `ooà bl ocs oèhftls bl o` `pofg`gf÷j pràgtfg`. Lj hugmcs g`scs pràgtfgcs, o` supcsfgf÷j lhpol`b` pcr ocs hætcbcs `j`oètfgcs jc gcrrlspcjbl ` o`s gcjbfgfcjls `gtu`ols blo h`gfzc rcgcsc lstubf`bc (ls blgfr, aoukc o`hfj`r lj mchceæjlc, fsctr÷pfgc, hlbf` gcjtfju`) c ocs p`ràhltrcs rlqulrfbcs lj lst`s lgu`gfcjls pulblj jc slr rl`ohljtl lstfh`bcs y gu`jtfafg`bcs. Blnfbc ` lst`s of ofhft hft`gf `gfcj cjls ls ls rlgch rlgchlj ljb`n b`nol ol lvft`r lvft`r o` lxglsf lxglsfv` v` bl blplj pljbl bljgf jgf` ` bl t`ols t`ols hætcb hætcbcs cs `j`oètfgcs y ofhft`r su lhpolc p`r` rl`ofz`r `jàofsfs bl sljsfnfofb`b qul pulblj slr  us`bcs us`b cs p`r` lv`ou`r lv`ou`r o` v`ofb`gf v`ofb`gf÷j ÷j bl ocs rlsuot`bcs rlsuot`bcs cntljfb cntljfbcs cs bl o` lgu`gf÷j lgu`gf÷j bl Ouel÷j. (Rfhctmy, 0664)

>2

 

><

 

R`no` 7.  Wl b` hàs blt`ools scnrl lo tfpc y gcjbfgf÷j bl o` rcg` lsplgèafg` y lj loo` sl rlo`gfcj`j hàs sftfcs bl prls`.

>1

 

GCJGO\WFCJLW Wl gcjgouyl qul lo usc bl uj` prlsf÷j t`j `ot` gchc 04 N`rls jc sflhprl ls rl rlgc gchl hljb jb`n `nol ol,,

p`rt p`rtfg fguo uo`r `rhl hljt jtl l

p`r` p`r` rcg` rcg`s s

supl suplraf rafgf gf`o `ols ls y

rcg` rcg`s s

ar ar`g `gtu tur` r`b` b`s. s.

^lsuot`bcs `hpof`hljtl s`tfsa`gtcrfcs scj cntljfbcs gcj prlsfcjls lhfjljtlhljtl n`k`s. Lo rlpcrtl p`r` hlbfr o` plrhl`nfofb`b sl hfbl usu`ohljtl gchc lo qul sl bltlgt` gcj o` prlsf÷j hàs n`k` afj`o (v`ocr hàs `otc), sl `suhl `bfgfcj`ohlj `bfgfcj`ohljtl tl qul o` prlsf÷j `ot` pulbl cg`sfcj`r slrfcs prcnolh`s lj lo lalgtc blo o`v`bc blo h`tlrf`o qul oolj` o`s bf`go`s`s blo h`gfzc rcgcsc. Fhplr` uj aoukc "o`hfj`r" gu`jbc lo r`jec ls 0, > c 7 Ouelcjls, y qul p`r` 2 c hàs lo aoukc ls gchûjhljtl "turnuoljtc". Lstcs v`ocrls scj gchp`tfnols p`r` erflt`s afj`s gchûjhljtl m`oo`b`s lj bcjbl o` plrhl`nfofb`b ls 0, > c 7 Ouelcjls y p`r` zcj`s hfxt`s (eljlr`ohljtl lxtljs`s) bcjbl lxplrfhljt`ohljtl o` plrhl`nfofb`b sflhprl lxglb lxg lbl l 2 c hàs hàs Ouelcj Ouelcjls. ls. M` M`glr glr fjylg fjylggf÷ gf÷j j lj zcj`s zcj`s ar`gtu ar`gtur`b r`b`s `s lj bc bcjbl jbl o` plrhl`nfofb`b ls h`ycr bl 7 Ouelcjls prlsljt`j sflhprl aoukc "turnuoljtc". T`r` ocs hugmcs tfpcs bl rcg` lj qul lo hætcbc m` sfbc fhpolhljt`bc sl m` oole`bc ` o` gcjgousf÷j bl qul lo hætcbc ls `pofg`nol, fjblpljbfljtlhljtl bl o` gcjbfgf÷j blo h`gfzc. Wfj lhn`rec, sl blnl tljlr hlsur` y prlvljgf÷j gu`jbc sl ljarljt` uj a`gtcr  elco÷efgc pcgc usu`o lj qul su h`jlkc ls bl aujb`hljt`o fhpcrt`jgf`. O` pruln` bl Ouelcj plrhftl bltlrhfj`r, `blhàs bl o` plrhl`nfofb`b blo tlrrljc, lo er`bc bl ar`gtur`gf÷j blo h`gfzc rcgcsc y su gchpcrt`hfljtc. gchpcrt`hfljtc.

>5

 

NFNOFCE^@AF@  @. G. Mcuosny, ^cutfjl fjtlrprlt`tfcj fjtlrprlt`tfcj ca tml Ouelcj w`tlr-tlst, Rml Elcocefg`o Wcgfl Wcgflty, ty, Ocjbcj 0651. G`hfoc Pufðcjls-^czc, Pufðcjls-^czc, Ouelcj Rlst Fjtlrprlt`tfcj, ^lvfsftlb, \^W Gcrpcr`tfcj, Gcrpcr`tfcj, 0660. Gmuhpft`z G`rf Gæs`r, Lstubfc Elctægjfgc y Elcej÷stfgc blo Wun Wuloc Hlbf`jtl Tlracr`gf÷j Bf`h`jtfj`, \jfvlrsfb`b ^fg`rbc T`oh`, Ofh` >445. Aulrtls G`rhcj` Ufoaalr G`hfoc, Lv`ou`gf÷j bl o` v`ofblz bl ocs rlsuot`bcs bl ocs ljs`ycs Ouel÷j lj uj h`gfzc rcgcsc ar`gtur`bc, pcr hlbfc bl uj ljacqul tljscrf`o bl o` gcjbugtfvfb`b mfbràuofg`, \jfvlrsfb`b J`gfcj`o bl Gcochnf`, Hlblooèj >402. Elcprc Elcp rc W.@., CNR\^@B CNR\^@BC^LW C^LW NFHN@^ NFHN@^ FJAO@NOLW FJAO@NOLW H`ju`o H`ju`o Blo \su`rfc \su`rfc,, Lbfgf÷j Lbfgf÷j Jcv. >445, Næoefg`. Ouel÷j H`urfgl, N`rr`els lteæcocefl, lteæcocefl, Nuooltfj tlgmjfqul bl o` Wufsslrch`jbl, 067>. Rfhctm Rfh ctmy y ^. ^clp ^clplr, lr, Ufoof Ufoof`h `h E. Wcuiu Wcuiup, p, `jb ^cnlr ^cnlrtt O. C‖Jlfo C‖Jlfo,, @ppof @ppofg`n g`nfof fofty ty ca tml Ouel÷j Hltmcb ca T`gilr Rlst @j`ofsys tc Mybrcelcocefg Fjvlstfe`tfcjs, ^cgmlstlr, Jlw Vcri 0664. mttp;//rlpcsftcrfc.ujs`.lbu.pl/n mttp;//rlpcsftcrf c.ujs`.lbu.pl/nftstrl`h/m`jbo ftstrl`h/m`jbol/\JW@/7>=4 l/\JW@/7>=4/EOeualfk4