Ensayo Seguridad Alimentaria

 

 

RL@XBS^@EJE ^JL OJSNM^ JEO@L@^USJN@ÞL EB BO[SB^J^ CN:5-3: OJNSMBNMLMO@J OJNSMBNMLMO@J >-3;3: D 5 -E 

Jnt`v`eje blsjym. Uboj1  Ij ^bdur`eje Ji`obltjr`j bl Nmstj S`nj y sus `opjntms smn`jibs y bnmlþo`nms.

Bstue`jltb1 Ojrïj Njrobl Bi`zmlem ^mtm

Xjimr pmrnbltuji1 :;% - [ultujn`þl eb tmtji1 :; pultms @@@ NRJUS@OB^USB, 3;3:

 

@LUSMERNN@ÞL Bi dmc`brlm eb Nmstj S`nj, jsï nmom ims dmc`brlms eb mtrms pjïsbs prmnurjl prmomvbr qub tmejs ijs pbrsmljs tbldjl jnnbsm j sus ji`obltms y qub bstms sbjl eb cublj nji`eje, jeboês eb qub mctbldj ij njlt`eje suh`n`bltb qub sjt`shjdj sus lbnbs`ejebs ji`obltjr`js. Cjam im jltbr`mr s` gjcijoms eb Ebrbngms Guojlms, ij ji`obltjn`þl bs ul ebrbngm guojlm, y s` obln`mljoms ij Jdblej 3;>; y ims mcabt`vms eb Ebsjrrmiim ^mstbl`cib, bi pr`obrm mcabt`vm bs ’gjocrb nbrm‟ y ebltrm eb bstb sb blnubltrj ij ^bdur`eje  Ji`obltjr`j.  Ji`obl tjr`j. Rlj hmroj eb djrjlt`zjr djrjlt`zjr bstj sbdur`eje sbdur`eje ji`obltjr`j ji`obltjr`j bs j trjvàs ebi ebsjrrmiim jdrjr`m ebi pjïs, y bstm lm bs smim ulj rbspubstj j ij djrjltïj eb ims ji`obltms s`lm ul ebcbr ebi Bstjem. Bstb blsjym prbtblebr ebsnr`c`r eb qub sb trjtj ij ^bdur`eje Ji`obltjr`j ebseb bi nmltbxtm eb lubstrm pjïs, j su vbz nmlmnbr nmom `opjntj bl ij bnmlmoïj nmstjrr`nblsb, jsï nmom su rbijn`þl bl im smn`ji. Ij Nuocrb Oule`ji eb ij ^jiue (:008), jh`roþ qub ij sbdur`eje ji`obltjr`j bx`stb nujlem tmejs ijs pbrsmljs t`blbl, bl tmem omobltm, jnnbsm hïs`nm, smn`ji y bnmlþo`nm j ji`obltms suh`n`bltbs, `lmnums y lutr`t`vms qub sjt`shjnbl sus lbnbs`ejebs blbrdàt`njs e`jr`js y prbhbrbln`js ji`obltjr`js pjrj iibvjr ulj v`ej jnt`vj y sjlj. Bl Nmstj S`nj bi tàro`lm ’pmcrbzj bxtrboj‟ bs usjem pjrj eblmo`ljr ij s`tujn`þl eb ims gmdjrbs, nuym `ldrbsm pmr pbrsmlj bs oblmr ji nmstm eb ij Njljstj Cês`nj  Ji`obltjr`j  Ji`obl tjr`j (NCJ) ebtbro`ljej ebtbro`ljej pmr bi @lst`tutm Ljn`mlji Ljn`mlji eb Bstjeïst`nj y Nblsm bl jebijltb @LBN, bs ul omltm qub jinjlzj pjrj pjrj nucr`r ñl`njobltb ims ji`obltms qub rbqu`brb nmlsuo`r ulj pbrsmlj pjrj nucr`r su lbnbs`eje cês`nj eb ji`obltjn`þl, ims ñit`oms ejtms e`spml`cibs bl ij pêd`lj wbc ebi ebi @LB^, `le`njl qub bi omltm pjrj ij zmlj urcjlj bs eb ₪2: >;4 y pjrj ij rurji`eje, ₪5> 74: ji obs. Im jltbr`mr supmlb ulj rbijn`þl bltrb ij djrjltïj eb ims ji`obltms, y ij ojlbrj bl qub sb e`str`cuybl ims `ldrbsms qub gjrïjl pms`cib bi jnnbsm j biims.

 

 J pjrt`r eb ijs `ebjs jltbr`mrbs sb rbji`zjrê rbji`zjrê bi ebsjrrmiim eb bstb blsjym, qub jeboês nmrrbspmleb j pjrtb eb ijs js`dljn`mlbs ebi nursm Ojnrmbnmlmoïj eb ij njrrbrj eb Cjng`iibrjtm bl Jeo`l`strjn`þl eb Boprbsjs eb ij Rl`vbrs`eje ^jl Ojrnms.

 

Ij ^bdur`eje Ji`obltjr`j bl Nmstj S`nj y sus `opjntms smn`jibs y bnmlþo`nms. [jrj `l`n`jr bstb blsjym bs `opmrtjltb ebh`l`r bi tàro`lm ^bdur`eje Ji`obltjr`j, qub sb gj ebh`l`em eb e`vbrsjs hmrojs j trjvàs ebi t`bopm. Bl ij Nmlhbrbln`j Oule`ji eb ij Ji`obltjn`þl eb :045, ebh`l`þ ij sbdur`eje ji`obltjr`j nmom ij ’e`spml`c`i`eje bl tmem omobltm eb suh`n`bltbs suo`l`strms oule`jibs eb ji`obltms cês`nms pjrj smstblbr bi juobltm nmlstjltb ebi nmlsuom eb ji`obltms y nmopblsjr ijs hiuntujn`mlbs bl ij prmeunn`þl y ims prbn`ms‟ (Nmoo`ttbb ml Tmrie Hmme ^bnur`ty, 3;:3, p. 2). Ujoc`àl, ij HJM (3;::), `le`nj qub ij sbdur`eje ji`obltjr`j bx`stb nujlem ’tmejs ijs pbrsmljs t`blbl, bl tmem omobltm, jnnbsm hïs`nm, smn`ji y bnmlþo`nm j ji`obltms suh`n`bltbs, `lmnums y lutr`t`vms qub sjt`shjnbl sus lbnbs`ejebs blbrdàt`njs e`jr`js y prbhbrbln`js ji`obltjr`js pjrj iibvjr ulj v`ej jnt`vj y sjlj‟ (p. :). Ebseb bstj ebh`l`n`þl ij ^bdur`eje Ji`obltjr`j, t`blb nujtrm cjsbs `opmrtjltbs, y bstjs sml1 ij e`spml`c`i`eje hïs`nj eb ims ji`obltms, bi jnnbsm bnmlþo`nm y hïs`nm j ims ji`obltms, ij ut`i`zjn`þl eb ims ji`obltms y ij bstjc`i`eje eb ims s`stbojs eb prmeunn`þl y e`str`cun`þl eb ji`obltms. Bl ij jntuji`eje njs` ij tmtji`eje eb ims pjïsbs ebi oulem t`blbl nmom obtj jsbdurjr j su pmcijn`þl ims rbnursms lutr`n`mljibs lbnbsjr`ms pjrj ij v`ej pmr obe`m eb ims ji`obltms eb nmlsuom nmoñl. Ijobltjcibobltb, lm tmems gjl imdrjem ul prmdrbsm nmls`ebrjcib, pjrj bi njsm eb Nmstj S`nj sï gjy ul ebsjrrmiim pr`v`ibd`jem bl ij g`stmr`j eb ij sjiue pñci`nj, lm smim bl nmopjrjn`þl nml bi `stom nbltrmjobr`njlm, s`lm qub tjoc`àl j l`vbioule`ji. (Sjoïrbz, Ngjnþl & Eïjz, 3;:0, p. 23) Nmstj S`nj gj s`em rbnmlmn`em nmom ul tbrr`tmr`m eb Joàr`nj Ijt`lj nml `opmrtjltbs `le`njemrbs eb ebsjrrmiim bl ojtbr`j eb beunjn`þl, sjiue pñci`nj, brrje`njn`þl ebi baàrn`tm, bltrb mtrms. [bsb j bstm, bl ojtbr`j eb ji`obltjn`þl, lm bsnjpj ji nmopmrtjo`bltm dblbrji`zjem dblbrji`zje m eb jcjlemlm ebi ebi sbntmr jdrmpbnujr`m eb mtrms pjïsbs.

 

Bi O`l`stbr`m eb ^jiue pmr obe`m eb ij E`rbnn`þl eb [ijl`h`njn`þl [ijl`h`njn`þ l Bstrjtàd`nj eb ijs Jnn`mlbs bl ^jiue y ij ^bnrbtjrïj eb [miït`njs eb Ji`obltjn`þl y Lutr`n`þl (^B[JL) , nmom `lstjln`j rbspmlsjcib eb ij [miït`nj bl bstb tboj, t boj, ebsjrrmiiþ ul prmnbsm eb hmrouijn`þl eb ij [miït`nj Ljn`mlji eb ^bdur`eje  Ji`obltjr`j  Ji`obl tjr`j y Lutr`n`mlji, Lutr`n`mlji, nml jopi`j pjrt`n`pjn`þl pjrt`n`pjn`þl y nmlnbrtjn`þl nmlnbrtjn`þl eb ims e`hbrbltbs sbntmrbs eb ij smn`beje n`v`i eb l`vbi ljn`mlji, rbd`mlji y imnji `lvmiunrjems bl bstb njopm, nuym prmpþs`tm bs `eblt`h`njr y jrt`nuijr ijs jnn`mlbs lbnbsjr`js qub nmltr`cuyjl j obamrjr bi bstjem lutr`n`mlji eb ij pmcijn`þl. (O`l`stbr`m eb ^jiue, 3;::, p. 4) [jrt`blem eb ijs cjsbs `opmrtjltbs pjrj djrjlt`zjr ij ^bdur`eje Ji`obltjr`j, lm smim sb ebcb vbijr pmr obamrjr bi bstjem lutr`n`mlji eb ij pmcijn`þl, s`lm sb ebcb nmoprblebr qub ij e`spml`c`i`eje hïs`nj eb ims ji`obltms tjoc`àl ebcb pmlbrsb bl ij obsj, eb bstb omem sb ebcb bltblebr qub, ij ^bdur`eje Ji`obltjr`j, ’ jcmrej ij  pjrtb nmrrbspmle`bltb j ij ’mhbrtj‟ ebltrm ebi tboj eb sbdur`eje ji`obltjr`j y bs huln`þl ebi l`vbi eb prmeunn`þl eb ji`obltms, ims l`vbibs eb ijs bx`stbln`js y bi nmobrn`m lbtm.‟  (HJM,  (HJM, 3;::, p. :)

Rl ebsbopbúm pms`t`vm bl tàro`lms eb e`spml`c`i`eje eb ji`obltms, bl lubstrm pjïs sb rbijn`mlj j ijs jnt`v`ejebs ebi sbntmr jdrmpbnujr`m, bspbnïh`njobltb ij prmeunn`þl eb hrutjs, vbreurjs, tucàrnuims, gmrtji`zjs, ibngb y njrlb. [brm, lm smim sb ebcb j ij prmeunn`þl `ltbrlj ebi pjïs, s`lm tjoc`àl ji nmobrn`m `ltbrljn`mlji. ’Ij jpbrturj nmobrn`ji tjoc`àl jpmyj ij sbdur`eje ji`obltjr`j bl ims pjïsbs pbqubúms ji juobltjr ij e`spml`c`i`eje eb ji`obltms j oblmrbs prbn`ms.‟ (^jijzjr & Ouúmz,

3;:0, p. 32). Ij jpbrturj ji nmobrn`m `ltbrljn`mlji, prmpmrn`mlj j ims pjïsbs ul nrbn`o`bltm bnmlþo`nm, bi o`som trjb `ln`ebln`j bl ij rbeunn`þl eb ij pmcrbzj, y pjrj ij `lsbdur`eje ji`obltjr`j. Bi jnnbsm bnmlþo`nm y hïs`nm j ims ji`obltms, sbdñl ij HJM (3;::) ’ulj mhbrtj jebnujej eb ji`obltms j l`vbi ljn`mlji m `ltbrljn`mlji bl sï lm djrjlt`zj ij sbdur`eje ji`obltjr`j j l`vbi eb ims gmdjrbs. Ij prbmnupjn`þl jnbrnj eb ulj `lsuh`n`bln`j bl bi jnnbsm j ims ji`obltms gj nmleun`em ji e`sbúm eb pmiït`njs nml

 

ojymr blhmqub bl ojtbr`j eb `ldrbsms y djstms, pjrj jinjlzjr ims mcabt`vms eb sbdur`eje ji`obltjr`j.‟ (p. :)

^bdñl bi ^bojljr`m Rl`vbrs`eje (3;3:) ij Blnubstj Ljn`mlji eb Gmdjrbs (BLJGM 3;3:) blnubstj rbji`zjej pmr bi @LBN bl bstb júm, gjy >8.347 gmdjrbs qub ebajrml eb bstjr bl s`tujn`þl eb pmcrbzj cês`nj, o`bltrjs qub 7.5>5 gmdjrbs yj lm hmrojl pjrtb eb ij bstjeïst`nj eb pmcrbzj bxtrboj, im jltbr`mr s`dl`h`nj qub ij pmcrbzj cês`nj bl bi pjïs, obe`ej pmr bi `ldrbsm, cjaþ eb 38.3% j 3>%, o`bltrjs qub ij pmcrbzj bxtrboj sb rbeuam eb 4% j 8,>%. [jrt`blem eb im jltbr`mr gjy qub tblbr bl nubltj qub bl jrjs eb djrjlt`zjr ij nmcbrturj j lbnbs`ejebs cês`njs eb ims gmdjrbs bl pmcrbzj y pmcrbzj bxtrboj pjïs, bi dmc`brlm nmstjrr`nblsb ebst`lj rbnursms bnmlþo`nms nmom sucs`e`m j ims gmdjrbs m pbrsmljs bl bstj nmle`n`þl. Nml bstm ulj hmroj eb djrjlt`zjr ij ^bdur`eje Ji`obltjr`j. Bs jsï nmom ij rbijn`þl eb ij ^bdur`eje Ji`obltjr`j nml im bnmlþo`nm y smn`ji eb ul pjïs, bs im rbijn`mljem j ij e`spml`c`i`eje eb ji`obltms y bi jnnbsm j biims.    Jntujiobltb  Jntujio bltb bi bi pjïs pjïs v`vb ulj bobrdbln`j ebc`em j ij ij pjlebo`j pjlebo`j eb ij Nmv`e-:0y Nmv`e-:0y bsj nmyulturj j vuilbrjem ij sbdur`eje ji`obltjr`j y lutr`n`mlji eb ij pmcijn`þl ebc`em j ij njïej bl ims `ldrbsms eb n`bltms eb o`ibs eb gmdjrbs. Nmstj S`nj ebcb njo`ljr j sbr ul pjïs `eþlbm bl ij jpi`njn`þl eb ij ^bdur`eje  Ji`obltjr`j,  Ji`obl tjr`j, ebcb sbr njpjz eb prmeun`r prmeun`r suh`n`bltbs suh`n`bltbs ji`obltms ji`obltms m e`spmlbr e`spmlbr eb suh`n`bltbs e`v`sjs pjrj pbro`t`rib `opmrtjr ji`obltms, s`blem jsï ij `emlb`eje bs ul njo`lm ijrdm pmr rbnmrrbr, blhmnjem bl ij sjivjdujrej, prmtbnn`þl b `ltbrnjoc`m eb sbo`iijs, obamrbs prênt`njs jdrïnmijs, bnmlmoïj smi`ejr`j. Jeboês, djrjlt`zjr ijs hjo`i`js `ldrbsms suh`n`bltbs, sbj obe`jltb cblbh`n`ms bstjtjibs m ij dblbrjn`þl eb hubltbs eb bopibm. Bi dmc`brlm nmstjrr`nblsb t`blb jspbntms eb ij ^bdur`eje Ji`obltjr`j qub sb trjtjl pmnm y bs im rbhbrbltb ji hmrtjibn`o`bltm ebi sbntmr jdrmpbnujr`m, y nml bstm djrjlt`zjr ’bi jnnbsm j ji`obltms‟. Bi pjïs ebcb `r gjn`j ij sblej eb ij ^bdur`eje  Ji`obltjr`j,  Ji`obl tjr`j, j trjvàs eb ul jpmym nmlstjltb nmlstjltb ji sbntmr jdrïnmij, jdrïnmij, pmiït`njs qub

 

prmp`n`bl ij sbdur`eje ji`obltjr`j, jeboês eb jpmym j pbqubúms y obe`jlms jdr`nuitmrbs.  

NMLNIR^@MLB^ Ij sbdur`eje ji`obltjr`j ul tboj qub ebcb tblbrsb bl nmlmn`o`bltm pmr tmej ij pmcijn`þl ebi pjïs, y rbnmlmnbr su rbijn`þl nml bi tboj ojnrmbnmlþo`nm, rbnmlmnbr rbn mlmnbr qub bi jnnbsm j ims ji`obltms bs ul rbqu`s`tm bsbln`ji pjrj ij ^bdur`eje Ji`obltjr`j. Lm smijobltb bi jnnbsm j ims ji`obltms bs ul `le`njemr `opmrtjltb, ij ^bdur`eje  Ji`obltjr`j  Ji`obl tjr`j bs im rbijn`mljem rbijn`mljem j ij e`spml`c`i`eje e`spml`c`i`eje eb ji`obltms y bi jnnbsm j biims. [brm nml ij e`spml`c`i`eje `ltbrv`blbl tbojs nmom ij njpjn`eje eb prmeunn`þl m ij e`spml`c`i`eje eb e`v`sjs pjrj ij `opmrtjn`þl. Nmstj S`nj lm sb bsnjpj j ijs e`h`nuitjebs eb jnnbsm j ulj ji`obltjn`þl sbdurj y lutr`n`mljiobltb jebnujej pjrj ulj pjrtb eb ij pmcijn`þl, rbijn`mljej rbi jn`mljej j ij pmcrbzj bxtrboj, j pbsjr eb qub bi dmc`brlm nmstjrr`nblsb gj ebst`ljem jnn`mlbs pjrj nmocjtb eb ij pmcrbzj bxtrboj qub e`h`nuitj e`h`nuit j bi jnnbsm j ims ji`obltms, tmejvïj rbst rbstj j oungm pmr gjnbr. Ebcb sbr ulj lbnbs`eje eb ims dmc`brlms jntujr pjrj obamrjr bi ojlbam eb ims ji`obltms bs bv`ebltb yj qub sbdñl ul ouy n`tjem `lhmrob eb ij HJM prmlmst`nj qub, s` ijs tblebln`js jntujibs pbrs`stbl, ij ebojlej eb ji`obltms sb `lnrbobltjrê bl ul 4;% bl 3;2; y eb ijs 0 o`i o`iimlbs eb pbrsmljs. Ij sbdur`eje ji`obltjr`j ebcb eb sbr nmls`ebrjej ebseb bi blhmqub eb Ebrbngms Guojlms nmom ul jsultm hulejobltji bl ijs jdblejs pjïs, ebseb bstj pbrspbnt`vj pbrspbnt `vj ebcb sbr bltble`ej nmom ul ebrbngm hulejobltji smcrb bi nuji ijs pbrsmljs pubebl gjnbr bx`d`cib ji Bstjem bi jsbdurjo`bltm j ulj ji`obltjn`þl jebnujej.

 

SBHBSBLN@J^ Nmoo`ttbb ml Tmrie Hmme ^bnur`ty. (3;:3). Bl cublms tàro`lms nml ij tbro`lmimdïj. Sbnupbrjem

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gttp1//www.hjm.mrd/hslhmruo/s`tbs/ebhjuit/h`ibs/h`ib/Ubro`lmimdy/OE448^(NH^]]]Nm o `ld]tm]tbros]w`tg]Ubro`lmimdy);:%2C:%2E.peh Hmme jle Jdr`nuiturb Mrdjl`zjt`ml (HJM). (3;::). Rlj `ltrmeunn`þl j ims nmlnbptms cês`nms eb ij sbdur`eje ji`obltjr`j. Sbnupbrjem bi 8 eb lmv`bocrb eb 3;3: eb1 gttps1//www.hjm.mrd/>/ji0>8s/ji0>8s;;.peh Nmremcj, A. (3: eb mntucrb, 3;3:). [mcrbzj bl Nmstj S`nj cjaj eb 38.3% j 3>% sbdñl Blnubstj eb Gmdjrbs. ^bojljr`m Rl`vbrs`eje. Sbnupbrjem bi 4 eb lmv`bocrb eb 3;3: eb1 gttps1//sbojljr`mul`vbrs`eje.nmo/pj`s/pmcrbzj-bl-nmstjr`nj-cjaj-eb-38-3-j-3>-sbdul-blnubstj-eb-gmdjrbs/ O`l`stbr`m eb ^jiue. (3;::). [miït`nj Ljn`mlji pjrj ij ^bdur`eje Ji`obltjr`j y Lutr`n`mlji 3;::-3;3:.- :ª be. - ^jl Amsà, Nmstj S`nj1 Bi O`l`stbr`m, 3;::. Sbnupbrjem bi :8 eb lmv`bocrb eb 3;3:, eb1 gttps1//www.o`l`stbr`mebsjiue.dm.nr/`lebx.pgp/c`ci`mtbnj-eb-jrng`vms/smcrb-bi o`l`stbr`m/pmi`tnjsy-pijlbs-bl-sjiue/pmi`t`njs-bl-sjiue/::;8-pmi`t`nj-ljn`mlji-eb sbdur`eje-ji`obltjr`j-ylutr`n`mlji-3;::-3;3:/h`ib