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@hst`tutf [dbhfifcçj Kd Rjhtf Kfg`hcf (@H[DB) @hcdh`drçjs Crjkf

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Kds`rdd Kdi _fsjr`f [dgj=

 

 

Fr`cdh kd ij `kdht`kjk kfg`h`bjhj

 

Ji trjtjr di tdgj kd ij `kdht`kjk kfg`h`bjhj hfs rdg`t`gfs `hgdk`jtjgdhtd j vjr`fs dsbdhjr`fs= di buiturji, di sfb`ji y ejstj di pdrsfhji, pfr if qud àstd dhsjyf t`dhd bfgf fomdt`vf dxpi`bjr di  prfbdsf e`stòr`bf, ifs jbfhtdb`g`dhtfs kd hudstrj e`stfr`j e `stfr`j qud gjrbjh gfgdhtfs `gpfrtjhtds dh ij bfhstrubb`òh kd hudstrj `kdht`kjk, jsç bfgf dxpfhdr ijs k`ldrdhtds v`s`fhds qud e`stòr`bjgdhtd sd ejh gjhdmjkf sford hudstrfs frçcdhds.  Ij `kdht`kjk ds di rdbfhfb`g`dhtf kd ij guit`ijtdrji`kjk kd hudstrf sdr buiturji, pdrf tjgo`àh ds di pr`hb`p`f kd ij jitdr`kjk, bfh rdijb`òh j if k`bef, dstf ds, j ijs bfsjs qud td k`ldrdhb`jh kd ifs kdgês. Bujhkf Buj hkf ejoi ejoijgf jgfss kd bfhbdpt bfhbdptfs fs bfgf bfgf buitur buiturjj hjb`fhji hjb`fhji,, lfinif lfinifrd rd kfg`h` kfg`h`bjh bjhff f `kdht` `kdht`kjk kjk kfg`h`bjhj, sd t`dhkd j bjdr dh uhj k`scrdcjb`òh kd kdl`h`b`fhds qud jojrbjh gubefs jspdbtfs, y qud huhbj iidcjh j sdr bfgpidtjs h` tftji`zjkfrjs. Rubdkd qud ij e`stfr`j kd ifs pudoifs dstê s`chjkj pfr uhj dvfiub`òh bfhstjhtd, `hbiusf dh àpfbjs rdgftjs, bujhkf ifs v`jmds dhtrd ijs `sijs qud bfgpfhdh ifs k`ldrdhtds jrbe`p`àijcfs kdi Bjr`od drjh gês o`dh dspfrêk`bfs pfr ijs dhfrgds k`l`buitjkds qud dhtrjújoj kdsjl`jr ji gjr, yj ejoçj `htdrbjgo`fs kd `hliudhb`js, sdj pfr ij sug`s`òh kd uhj tr`ou pfr ftrj gês pfkdrfsj f j vdbds pfr  s`gpid bfhtjbtf pjbçl`bf. Ij iidcjkj kd ifs bfhqu`stjkfrds dspjúfids, ij dstjhkjr`zjb`òh kd guit`tuk`hjr`fs bfht`hcdhtds kd dsbijvfs, bujhkf ijs pfoijb`fhds hjt`vjs ludrfh k`dzgjkjs dh uhf kd ifs cdhfb`k`fs gês `gpijbjoids d `hmust`l`bjoids kd ij e`stfr`j, kdmjrfh tjgo`àh su `gprfhtj dh ij lfrgjb`òh kd ij buiturj y dh ij kdl`h`b`òh prfcrds`vj kd uhj `kdht`kjk. Kdsk Kd skdd ds dstd td puht puhtff kd v` v`st stjj rd rdsu suit itjj dv dv`k `kdh dhtd td qud qud ij `k `kdh dht` t`kj kjkk ds bf bfhs hsdb dbud udhb hb`j `j kd uh uhjj trjhslf trjhslfrgj rgjb`ò b`òhh y pfr if tjht tjhtff tjgo`à tjgo`àhh dvf dvfiub iub`fh `fhj, j, bfgf ds iòc`bf iòc`bf qud subdk subdkjj bfh tfkj tfkj b`v`i`zjb`òh qud dstê v`vj, qud sulrd bjgo`fs y sd jkjptj j ifs prfbdsfs cdhdrjkfs pfr di r`tgf kd ifs t`dgpfs. Ij gdzbij kd dspjúfi y jgdr`hk`f bfhsfi`kò ij `kdj rfgêht`bj kdi `hk`f hfoid. Rd trjtjoj kd brdjr brd jr uhj `kd `kdht` ht`kjk kjk prf prfp`j p`j,, qud `hb `hbiuy iuydrj drj uhj `kd `kdht` ht`l`b l`bjb` jb`òh òh durfpdj durfpdj,, pdrf pdrf dxbiuy dxbiuydrj drj uhj `kdht`l`bjb`òh jlr`bjhj. "Ds gês sford sdr kfg`h`bjhf qud sdr jlr`bjhf f `hkçcdhj.". [rum`iif bfgdhzò j jpi`bjr uhj `kdfifcçj ojsjkj dh ij E`spjh`kjk. Ifs ej`t`jhfs ludrfh jsfb`jkfs bfh di

 

’fsburdb ’fsb urdb`g `g`dht `dhtf‗ f‗ kd ij _dp _dpýoi ýoi`bj `bj Kfg Kfg`h` `h`bjh bjhjj y, jsç jsç,, sd bfhv`rt bfhv`rt`dr `drfh fh dh ifs `hg`cr `hg`crjht jhtds ds `hkdsdjkfs Rd k`bd qud di kdsjrrfiif kd ij `kdht`kjk buiturji kfg`h`bjhj sd rdgfhtj j ejbd gês kd 411 júfs, bfh di ¨dhbudhtrf¨ kd trds rjzjs y buiturjs. [jhtf ifs `hkçcdhjs, bfgf dspjúfids y jlr`bjhfs ifcrjrfh lfrgjr uhj bfguh`kjk qud bfh di pjsf kd ijs cdhdrjb`fhds drj uhj guy k`st`htj ji kd sus jhtdpjsjkfs. Dstfs hudvfs `hk`v`kufs ejoçjh bfhlfrgjkf uhj hudvj buiturj y tdhçjh hudvjs jsp`rjb`fhds. ’Ijs rdijb`fhds kdi `hk`f y kdi dspjúfi hf sòif dh di trjojmf dhbfgdhkdrf s`hf tjgo`àh j trjvàs kdi gjtr`gfh`f y kdi bfhbuo`hjtf pdrg`t`drfh p drg`t`drfh ji bjof kd trds kàbjkjs bfhst`tu`r uh ludrtd hýbidf kd pfoijb`òh y buiturj gdst`zj k`ldrdhtd ji qud dx`stçj dh :;0?. Ij iidcjkj kd ifs jlr`bjhfs dh kfhkd di sdxf gjsbui`hf prdkfg`hò ji pr`hb`p`f, ji `cuji qud dh ifs dspjúfids, `htrfkumf uhj hudvj gfkji`kjk dthfbuiturji= ij gdzbij kdi jlr`bjhf y kdi `hkçcdhj. Kd gjhdrj qud bjs` bjs` `hgdk`jtjgdhtd di `hk`f, di hdcrf y di dspjúfi ejoçjh bdk`kf sus rjscfs o`fiòc`bfs  y buiturjids pjrj lfrgjr uh hudvf efgord gdst`zf kfg`h`bjhf‗.( Bruz Bruz Gàhkdz, :005, p.3)

Dh dstd prfbdsf, ij gumdr `hkçcdhj lud kd sugj `gpfrtjhb`j, yj lud ij dhbjrcjkj kd bfguh`bjr ijs bfstugords kd ifs tjçhfs, qud dh dstd sdht`kf hf ludrfh dxtdrg`hjkfs pfr bfgpidtf, yj qud qudkò bfgf edrdhb`j buiturji= ijs tàbh`bjs kd buit`vfs, tàbh`bjs jcrçbfijs, tàbh`bjs dh ij bfhldbb`òh kd ji`gdhtfs y ij jrtdsjhçj. Ifs dsbijvfs trjçkfs prfbdkçjh kd k`vdrsjs zfhjs kd Êlr`bj y, pfr tjhtf, pdrtdhdbçjh j buiturjs k`ldrdhtds. Ds tjhtf jsç qud ij pfoijb`òh hdcrj y guijtj dx`stdhtd ds di rdsuitjkf kd k`vdrsjs g`crjb`fhds= Ijs prfbdkdhtds k`rdbtjgdhtd kd Êlr`bj, ijs g`crjb`fhds kd dsbijvfs luc`t`vfs kdskd ij bfifh`j lrjhbdsj kd ij pjrtd fbb`kdhtji kd ij `sij, di trêl`bf kd trjojmjkfrds hdcrfs kdskd ijs Jht`iijs `hcidsjs, ij `hg`crjb`òh kd dx dsbijvfs hfrtdjgdr`bjhfs. [fkjs dsjs g`crjb`fhds ejh bfhtr`ou`kf crjhkdgdhtd j ifs prfbdsfs kd trjhsbuiturjb`òh fpdrjkfs kdskd ifs pr`gdrfs kçjs kd ij dsbijv`tuk. Ij e`stfr`j kd uh pudoif dstê bfhlfrgjkj pfr tfkfs ifs prfbdsfs kd iubejs, kd kfifr, kd trjojmf lfrzfsf, kd sfi`kjr`kjk, kd tr`uhlfs, dtb. Bfh di hjb`g`dhtf kd dstj hudvj cdhdrjb`òh kd pdrsfhjs, hjb`drfh hudvfs `kdjids, hudvfs vjifrds y hudvjs jsp`rjb`fhds. Dstfs kdsbdhk`dhtds kd ifs tjçhfs,

 

dspjúfids y jlr`bjhfs sd bfhs`kdrjojh k`st`htfs j sus jhtdpjsjkfs, dstf k`f `h`b`f ji kdsjrrfiif kd uhj `kdht`kjk hjb`fhji. R` o`dh ds b`drtf qud hudstrj bfhb`dhb`j e`stòr`bj surcd bfgf uhj hdbds`kjk kd dhlrdhtjr ji  pudoif qud hfs fbupjoj dh dsd dhtfhbds, Ej`tç, hf ds gdhfs b`drtf qud dstf sd k`stfrs`fhf kdskd di gfgdhtf g`sgf dh qud di dsludrz dsludrzff pfr k`ldrdhb`jgfs k`ldrdhb`jgfs kd hudstrfs fbupjhtds. jcrdcò vjifrds kd t`pf buiturji, qud bfgdhzjrfh j k`stjhb`jgfs kdi rdstf kd ij rdc`òh bjr`odúj bfgf s` luàrjgfs `gpfrtjkfs tdrr`tfr`ji y buiturjigdhtd kd Dspjúj bfgf uh kdsprdhk`g`dhtf kd ij pdhçhsuij, fov`jhkf hudstrjs rjçbds, hudstrjs e`stfr`js bfguhds, hudstrjs dspdrjhzjs y lrustrjb`fhds. ¨Di dsludrzf pfr bfhs`kdrjrhfs dspjúfids h`dcj hudstrj dsdhb`j kd pudoif bjr`odúf qud ej br`fii`zjkf dh di kdvdh`r e`stòr`bf sus edrdhb`js buiturjids. Dsj br`fii`zjb`òh prfkubd di sdr  buiturji kfg`h`bjhf. R`h prdkfg`h`f kd hjk`d, juhqud bfh jspdbtfs kdi edbef buiturji gjrbjkfs  pfr uhj qud ftrj kd dsjs edrdhb`js, bfgf pfkdgfs vdr bfh ij idhcuj, ij rdi`c`òh y ftrjs dxprds`fhds kd hudstrj buiturj, kfhkd ds dv`kdhtd uhj `hliudhb`j kd Dspjúj. R`h dgojrcf, dh ftrfs jspdbtfs kd ij v`kj kdi pudoif kfg`h`bjhf dhbfhtrjgfs prdsdhb`j kd fr`cdh jlr`bjhf bfgf dh ij kjhzj, ij gýs`bj, ij dsp`r`tuji`kjk, ij bfg`kj¨. Ij `kdht`kjk hf ds jicf kdi`g`tjkf, ds jo`drtf j vjr`jb`fhds y bjgo`fs. Di `hk`v`kuf hf t`dhd uhj sfij `kdht`kjk, pudkd tdhdr gubejs `kdht`kjkds. Ij `kdht`kjk hf ds uhj hfb`òh dstêt`bj, s`hf qud dstê dh gfv`g`dhtf. Àstj hf sd rdb`od sfijgdhtd kd gjhdrj pjs`vj, s`hf qud ds tjgo`àh ds  prfkubtf kd ij bfhstrubb`òh bfhsb`dhtd y kdi`odrjkj. Ij `kdht`kjk ds bfhbdo`kj bfgf uh prfbdsf kd bfhstjhtd jbfhk`b`fhjg`dhtf kd ijs k`ldrdhb`js, `hbiuydhkf j ifs bfhtrjr`f `hbiuydhkf bfhtrjr`fs. s. Ij `kdht`kjk `kdht`kjk ds uhj dstrubturj kfhkd ij k`vdrs`kjk y ijs k`ldrdhb`j k`ldrdhb`jss sfh bfhstjhtdgdhtd `htdcrjkjs j uh bfhmuhtf bfedrdhtd. Di kfg` kfg`h` h`bj bjhf hf ds uh uhjj ji jidj djb` b`òh òh kd k` k`vd vdrs rsjs js bu buit itur urjs js y ej ed edrd rdkj kjkf kf uh s` s`hh hhýg ýgdr drff kd bjrjbtdrçst`bjs kd buiturjs pjsjkjs qud kd uhj lfrgj u ftrj dstuv`drfh prdsdhtds dh di tdrr`tfr`f hjb`fhji, bfgf tjgo`àh uhj sdr`d kd dvdhtfs y edbefs hjb`fhjids ejh gjrbjkf di sdht`g`dhtf kd `kdht`kjk kd ifs kfg`h`bjhfs dh ijs ýit`gjs kàbjkjs y tji vdz dsj sdj ij bjusj kd bfhbdptfs dr drròh ròhdfs dfs bfh bfh ifs ifs buj bujid idss hf hfss ed edgf gfss qudkj qudkjkf kf crjb` crjb`js js j ij ed edrdh rdhb` b`jj e` e`st stòr` òr`bj bj qu qudd hfs ejh trjhsg`t`kf kurjhtd dstfs júfs.

 

Ij `kdht`kjk buiturji kd uh pudoif pudkd bjgo`jr y kd edbef bjgo`j bfht`hujgdhtd, y gês jefrj bfh ij `hliudhb`j kd pdrsfhjs dh di dxtrjhmdrf y ij crjh ijofr kd ifs gdk`fs kd bfguh`bjb`òh. Di s`hbrdt`sgf buiturji ds uhj rdji`kjk jquç y tfkjs pjrtds. Dstd kdsjrrfiif kd ij `kdht`kjk buiturji k`f `h`b`f j ij `kdht`l`bjb`òh bfh uh tdrr`tfr`f y ij hdbds`kjk kd kdldhkdrif. Dstd kdsdf kd prftdbb`òh kd ifs kfg`h`bjhfs j su tdrr`tfr`f y sus bfstugords, k`f `h`b`f ji kdsjrrfiif kd uhj `kdht`kjk hjb`fhji. Ifs cfo`drhfs kfg`h`bjhfs kd ifs ýit`gfs 31 júfs hfs ejh sfgdt`kf j uhj `hbdsjhtd prfpjcjhkj rjb`stj qud h`dcjh hudstrjs rjçbds jlr`bjhjs y di pudoif kfg`h`bjhf ijs ej jbjtjkf. Dstf hf qu`drd kdb`r qud tfkfs ifs kfg`h`bjhfs hfs hdcjgfs j sdr pjrtd kd ij jbdptjb`òh kd hudstrjs vdrkjkdrjs rjçbds. Dh ij gdk`kj qud ij `hdstjo`i`kjk y ij g`sdr`j dh Ej`tç jugdhtjrfh, tjgo`àh brdb`ò di kdsdf ej`t`jhf kd dg`crjr, y _dpýoi`bj Kfg`h`bjhj, pfr uo`bjb`òh cdfcrêl`bj, ds di kdst`hf g`crjtfr`f hjturji. R`h bfhtrfids lrfhtdr`zfs jkdbujkfs y s`h rdqudr`g`dhtfs idcjids pjrj kjr dgpidf, ij _dpýoi`bj Kfg`h`bjhj s`cu`ò rdb`o`dhkf ej`t`jhfs, y bfh di pjsf kdi t`dgpf, hf euof vfiuhtjk cuodrhjgdhtji pjrj bfhtrfijr h` jkdbdhtjr di prfbdsf g`crjtfr`f.

 

O`oi`fcrjlçj 

Jhkýmjr, Jhkýmj r, B. (:005). Ij `kdht`kjk kfg`h`bjhj y sus ljhtjsgjs . p.;5;-0:. _dbupdrjkf kd= ettp=//rdpfs`tfr`fo`oi`ftdbj.`htdb.dku.kf/ejhkid/:?2;4