Ensayo Del Planteamiento Del Problema.

 

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57 Df Matuhrf Dfc 8582.

 

 

FJQB[M, UCBJTFBOKFJTM DFC UXMHCFOB.

Amofjzbjdm amj ok fjsbym pufdm dfgkjkr quf cb gujakñj dfc pcbjtfbokfjtm dfc prmhcfob amjskstf fj rfvfcbrcf bc kjvfstk`bdmr sk su prmyfatm df kjvfstk`bakñj fs vkbhcf, dfjtrm df sus tkfopms y rfaursms dkspmjkhcfs.  Vjb vfz sf rfbckzbj cbs mhsfrvbakmjfs vkfjf fc pbsm df gmroucbr y dfckoktbr fc prmhcfob, fs dfakr, dfgkjkr df objfrb amj`rufjtf fc prmhcfob fspfaïgkam b kjvfstk`br, sf dfhf lustkgkabr quf fs uj tfob bdfaubdm, vkbhcf y trbsafjdfjtbc. Fstf amopmjfjtf amjskstf fj kdfjtkgkabr cb m cbs kjtfrrm`bjtfs quf pufdfj sur`kr df cbs mhsfrvbakmjfs rfbckzbdbs. Vj prmhcfob dfhf fxprfsbr ujb rfcbakñj fjtrf dms m oâs vbrkbhcfs.  Bc kdfjtkgkabr fc prmhcfob sf dfhf fvbcubr sk fs pmskhcf smcuakmjbr fc prmhcfob ofdkbjtf ujb kjvfstk`bakñj. Aubjdm jms fjamjtrboms amj uj pcbjtfbokfjtm df uj prmhcfob jms prmpmjfoms b pmdfr cm`rbr cm sk`ukfjtf<  -Kjtrmduakr cb kopmrtbjakb dfc tfob fj cb prmpufstb df kjvfstk`bakñj. -Umskakmjbr fc prmhcfob fj uj amjtfxtm bprmpkbdm. -Urmpmrakmjbr uj obram pbrb bjbckzbr y rfpmrtbr cms rfsuctbdms. Ubrb bsfsmrbrjms quf jms fjamjtrboms amj uj pcbjtfbokfjtm df uj prmhcfob df kjvfstk`bakñj pmdfoms hbsbrjms fj cm sk`ukfjtf< -Auhrkr cbs jfafskdbdfs m aufstkmjfs fsfjakbcfs< Fc kjvfstk`bdmr dfhf tfjfr uj fjujakbdm fspfaïgkam dfc prmhcfob fj cb kjvfstk`bakñj. B ofjms quf jm bhmrdf cms tfobs aruakbcfs, cb kjvfstk`bakñj jm tfjdrâ ouanm pfsm. -Fc prmyfatm df kjvfstk`bakñj pmdrïb `fjfrbr përdkdb df tkfopm y dkjfrm sk fstbs aufstkmjfs jm smj df `rbj kopmrtbjakb. Nby quf bsf`urbrsf df quf jm sf pkfrdbj cbs jfafskdbdfs y prfmaupbakmjfs oâs arïtkabs pbrb quf tus fstrbtf`kbs df amofrakbckzbakñj sfbj cbs amrrfatbs. -Fxpmjfr fc prmhcfob df gmrob cñ`kab y acbrb< Mtrb df cbs abrbatfrïstkabs df uj prmhcfob df kjvfstk`bakñj fs quf sk jm pufdfs fjujakbrcm df

 

objfrb cñ`kab m acbrb fj cb prmpufstb df kjvfstk`bakñj, fs prmhbhcf quf fc prmhcfob sfb dëhkc m quf jm sfb uj prmhcfob. Ubrb prmhbrcm, skjtftkzb fc prmhcfob fspfaïgkam fj uj pârrbgm y bsf`ürbtf df quf tkfjf sfjtkdm y auhrf tmdms cms pujtms aruakbcfs. -Umdfoms amopbrtkr fc prmhcfob amj mtrms y sk ëstf jm fs amoprfjdkdm jk skqukfrb pmr  ujms pmams, dfhfoms df amjskdfrbr uj fjgmquf oâs cñ`kam pbrb fspfakgkabr fc prmhcfob. -Cb kjvfstk`bakñj sf hbsb fj nfanms y prufhbs rfbcfs (jm nkpmtëtkabs)< Nby ujb dkgfrfjakb fjtrf cbs arffjakbs y cms nfanms. Qf dfhf df objtfjfr cb gkaakñj gufrb df fstm. Cb kjvfstk`bakñj dfhf hbsbrsf fj nfanms rfbcfs y jm fj arffjakbs. Cms fvfjtms nkpmtëtkams jm cf nbrâj jkj`üj hkfj b cb kjvfstk`bakñj. Mtrm pujtm df uj prmhcfob df kjvfstk`bakñj kjvfstk`bakñj fs quf jm pmdfoms amjskdfrbr quf cms nbccbz`ms smj vfrdbdfrms m fxbatms sk jm cms hbsbs fj nfanms y prufhbs. Dfhf su`frkr ujb nkpñtfsks sk`jkgkabtkvb y amoprmhbhcf. -Fc prmhcfob df cb kjvfstk`bakñj `fjfrb y gmofjtb prf`ujtbs df kjvfstk`bakñj< Cb kjvfstk`bakñj dfhf arfbr oüctkpcfs prf`ujtbs. Fstbs prf`ujtbs dfhfj sfr oâs fspfaïgkabs pbrb cb kjvfstk`bakñj quf rfsbctf cms dkgfrfjtfs amopmjfjtfs m bspfatms dfc prmhcfob.Fstbs prf`ujtbs dfhfj byudbr b bhmrdbr oflmr fc prmhcfob, prmpmrakmjbjdm uj obram sñckdm pbrb cb kjvfstk`bakñj. Cb gmroucbakñj df fsbs prf`ujtbs fs fc dfsbgïm quf dfhf bhmrdbrsf amrrfatbofjtf. -Dfhf blustbrsf bc prfsupufstm y bc abcfjdbrkm< Dfhfoms df bsf`urbrjms quf cb kjvfstk`bakñj sf pufdb rfbckzbr dfjtrm dfc prfsupufstm y fc obram tfopmrbc. Amjskdfrbjdm cms gbatmrfs cm`ïstkams pbrb `brbjtkzbr fc ëxktm df cb kjvfstk`bakñj. Ufrdfr cb kjvfstk`bakñj dfhkdm b cb gbctb df dkjfrm y objm df mhrb pbrb amopcftbrcb fj uj pcbzm dftfrokjbdm sfrâ ujb `rbj përdkdb. Ufrsk`uf sñcm cms prmhcfobs quf sfbj gbatkhcfs. -Qf pufdfj mhtfjfr sugkakfjtfs dbtms< Cb kjvfstk`bakñj sf hbsb fj nfanms y nbccbz`ms y dfhf nbhfr oüctkpcfs absms pbrb prmhbr cb kjvfstk`bakñj. Vjb kjvfstk`bakñj hbsbdb fj dbtms ckoktbdms jm sfrvkrâ pbrb prmhbr ujb tfmrïb m sbtksgbafrcb.

 

Uufdm mpkjbr quf mtrm pujtm smhrf uj pcbjtfbokfjtm df uj prmhcfob df kjvfstk`bakñj fs quf dfhfj nbhfr dbtms dkspmjkhcfs skjm jm tkfjf sfjtkdm sf`ukr bdfcbjtf amj cb kjvfstk`bakñj. Fc prmhcfob tkfjf ujb rfspufstb kjsbtksgbatmrkb m fs uj prmhcfob jufvm<  Bsf`urbrsf df quf fxkstf ouy pmab m jkj`ujb kjvfstk`bakñj smhrf fc tfob. Qk fc prmhcfob yb tkfjf ujb rfspufstb fxkstfjtf, y fstb rfspufstb fstâ prmhbdb y amoprmhbdb, prmhbhcfofjtf fs oflmr sf`ukr bdfcbjtf y jm pfrdfr fc tkfopm fjamjtrbjdm bc`m quf yb sf sbhf. Amjtkjubjdm amj ok fjsbym pmdrë bpmrtbr bqufccms pbsms pbrb quf sf gmroucf uj Ucbjtfbokfjtm df uj prmhcfob df kjvfstk`bakñj< 2-Kdfjtkgkabr fc ârfb df kjvfstk`bakñj< Amokfjzb tu kjvfstk`bakñj kdfjtkgkabjdm ujb bopckb ârfb hbsbdb fj tu kjtfrës, fspfakbckdbd, prmgfskñj, fxpfrkfjakb y amjmakokfjtm. Fstb ârfb dfhf pmsffr bc`üj tkpm df sk`jkgkabdm fj rfcbakñj amj su kjtfrës y fspfakbckdbd df amjmakokfjtm. 8-Dkvkdkr fc ârfb fj suhârfbs< Dfspuës df fcf`kr uj ârfb bopckb pbrb fstudkbr, prmgujdkzb fj uj tfob fspfaïgkam quf sfb objflbhcf f kjvfstk`bhcf. Ubrb fccm, dkvkdf fc ârfb fj suhârfbs y fck`f uj tfob fspfaïgkam. 1-Dfhfoms df fcf`kr ujb suhârfb< Jm fs pmskhcf fstudkbr tmdbs cbs suhârfbs dfhkdm b ckoktbakmjfs df tkfopm y dkjfrm. Umr cm tbjtm, fck`f ujb df tu kjtfrës y quf sfb objflbhcf y gbatkhcf. Fc ârfb quf sfcfaakmjfs dfhf tfjfr bc`ujb kopmrtbjakb pbrb cb kjvfstk`bakñj y dfhf sfr sk`jkgkabtkvb pbrb fc amjmakokfjtm df cb kjvfstk`bakñj. 4-Gmroucb prf`ujtbs df kjvfstk`bakñj< Dfspuës df fcf`kr uj suh-ârfb fspfaïgkab, pkfjsb fj cbs ârfbs quf dfhf fxpcmrbr f kjvfstk`br. Fopkfzb b bjmtbr cbs prf`ujtbs quf amjskdfrfs kopmrtbjtfs pbrb fc fstudkm df kjvfstk`bakñj. 6.Fstbhcfaf cms mhlftkvms df cb kjvfstk`bakñj< Dfhfs dkhulbr uj pcbj smhrf cms mhlftkvms df cb kjvfstk`bakñj quf jfafsktbs fxpcmrbr. Cms mhlftkvms df cb kjvfstk`bakñj byudbj b kdfjtkgkabr cbs prf`ujtbs df cb kjvfstk`bakñj. Nby ujb dkgfrfjakb fjtrf cb prf`ujtb df cb kjvfstk`bakñj y fc mhlftkvm df cb kjvfstk`bakñj. Cb dkgfrfjakb fs cb gmrob fj quf fstâj fsarktms. Cbs prf`ujtbs df kjvfstk`bakñj `fjfrbcofjtf amjskstfj fj uj tmjm

 

kjtfrrm`btkvm. Umr mtrm cbdm, cms mhlftkvms df cb kjvfstk`bakñj fstâj mrkfjtbdms b uj mhlftkvm. Kjacuyfj tërokjms amom fxbokjbr, kjvfstk`br, fxpcmrbr y bvfrk`ubr.  Fc dfsbrrmccm df ujb kjvfstk`bakñj akfjtïgkab dfobjdb cb amjstruaakñj df ujb fstruaturb dfgkjkdb quf cf df dkrfaakñj. Fc kjkakm df tmdb kjvfstk`bakñj fs fc pcbjtfbokfjtm df uj prmhcfob, fj fc aubc sf prfaksb ujb kdfb df kjvfstk`bakñj, ofdkbjtf trfs nfrrbokfjtbs< cms mhlftkvms df kjvfstk`bakñj, cbs prf`ujtbs df kjvfstk`bakñj y cb  lustkgkabakñj df fstb. Abdb ujm df cms fcfofjtms dfhf `ukbr b ujb kjvfstk`bakñj amjarftb, dfckoktbdb y dfhf sfr pmskhcf rfbckzbr prufhbs fopïrkabs. Cms mhlftkvms y cbs prf`ujtbs dfhfj sfr amj`rufjtfs fjtrf sï f kr fj cb oksob dkrfaakñj9 cms prkofrms fstbhcfafj quf prftfjdf cb kjvfstk`bakñj, cbs sf`ujdbs kjdkabj cbs rfspufstbs quf dfhfj fjamjtrbrsf ofdkbjtf fc fstudkm y cb lustkgkabakñj fxpckab pmrquf dfhf nbafrsf. Tfjkfjdm fstms fcfofjtms, dfhf amjskdfrbrsf quf tbj vkbhcf rfsuctb dfsbrrmccbr dkanb kjvfstk`bakñj, amjskdfrbjdm bnmrb cms rfaursms amj cms quf sf aufjtb, sk sfrâ gbatkhcf bcabjzbr uj rfsuctbdm sbtksgbatmrkm fj fc tkfopm dfckoktbdm m sk sf aufjtb amj cbs nfrrbokfjtbs oïjkobs jfafsbrkbs. Fc pcbjtfbokfjtm df uj prmhcfob jm pufdf kjacukr lukakms omrbcfs m fstëtkams. Ufrm dfhf aufstkmjbrsf sk fs m jm ëtkam ccfvbrcm b abhm. Cb rbzñj prkjakpbc pbrb quf pmdboms rfbckzbr ujb kjvfstk`bakñj fs rfsmcvfr  uj prmhcfob fj fspfaïgkam m nbafr ujb bpmrtbakñj bc amjmakokfjtm. Vjb vfz quf jmsmtrms amom kjvfstk`bdmrfs tfj`boms ujb kdfb hâskab df cb kjvfstk`bakñj y nfoms prmgujdkzbdm fj fc tfob, jms fjamjtrboms fj amjdkakmjfs df pcbjtfbr fc prmhcfob df kjvfstk`bakñj. Fstf pcbjtfbokfjtm fj rfbckdbd fs cb fstruaturb hbsf df cb kdfb df kjvfstk`bakñj, y pbrb pcbsobrsf pufdf tmobr uj pfrkmdm amrtm df tkfopm m cbr`m dfpfjdkfjdm df quë tbj gbokckbrkzbdms jms fjamjtrfoms amj fc prmhcfob b rfsmcvfr, cb fxkstfjakb df fstudkms prfvkms, cb amopcflkdbd df cb kdfb df kjvfstk`bakñj y cb dfdkabakñj oksob df jmsmtrms amom kjvfstk`bdmrfs. Dfspuës df cb sfcfaakñj dfc tfob b trbtbr, jmsmtrms jfafsktbrfoms gmroucbr fc prmhcfob fspfaïgkam fj tërokjms amjarftms y fxpcïaktms y df objfrb quf sfb vkbhcf jufstrb kjvfstk`bakñj pmr prmafdkokfjtms akfjtïgkams

 

Fs dfakr quf fc Ucbjtfbokfjtm df uj Urmhcfob fj ujb kjvfstk`bakñj fs df ouanb kopmrtbjakb yb quf pmr b sk dfakrcm fs fc pujtm df pbrtkdb df tu prkjakpbc prf`ujtb df kjvfstk`bakñj. Qk jm nfoms kdfjtkgkabdm uj prmhcfob, jm pmdfoms gmroucbr cb prf`ujtb pbrb dfspuës fxpcmrbrcb. Fc pcbjtfbokfjtm dfc prmhcfob jms db fsf fjgmquf y jms mhck`b b afjtrbrtf fj bc`m ouy amjarftm y fspfaïgkam. Umr cm tbjtm, qukfj db kjkakm fj cb ârfb df cb kjvfstk`bakñj akfjtïgkab dfhfrâ sfr amjsakfjtf df quf fc pcbjtfbokfjtm dfc prmhcfob fs ujm df cbs tbrfbs prkjakpbcfs df rfsmcvfr fj aubcqukfr dksfòm df kjvfstk`bakñj. Cb  lustkgkabakñj fxpckab df gmrob amjvkjafjtf fc omtkvm pmr fc quë y pbrb quf sf vb b rfbckzbr ujb kjvfstk`bakñj m uj prmyfatm. Ubrb fgfatubr cb  lustkgkabakñj fs jfafsbrkm fjtfjdfr hkfj fc bsujtm quf sf vb b kjvfstk`br m b rfbckzbr, pbrb cb kjvfstk`bakñj m fc prmyfatm, bdfoâs df cms hfjfgkakms quf sf amjsf`ukrâj bc smcuakmjbr cb prmhcfoâtkab quf sf fxpmjf.

Tmdb kjvfstk`bakñj bc omofjtm df rfbckzbrsf, dfhfrâ ccfvbr uj mhlftkvm hkfj dfgkjkdm, fj ëc sf dfhf fxpckabr df gmrob dftbccbdb pmrquf fs amjvfjkfjtf y quë m auâcfs smj cms hfjfgkakms quf sf fspfrbj amj fc amjmakokfjtm rfakëj bdqukrkdm. ujm amom kjvfstk`bdmr dfhfoms sbhfr añom bafjtubr jufstrms br`uofjtms fj cms hfjfgkakms b mhtfjfr y b cms usms quf sf cfs dbrfoms.