Ensayo de Vygotsky

 

2

_C[SOLI@B ODLI^B_IBHB EC ^CHCQSCLB JIHIPUC_ID ECL [DEC_ [D[SLB_ [B_B LB CES@B@IÐH PS[C_ID_  SHI^C_PIEBE [DLIUÉ@HI@B UC__IUD_IBL ECL CPUBED JÉ_IEB "FLCOC_ _BJÊ_CQ" BSLBP BOIC_UBP "CL ^IMÊB" Shiebe @urri`ulbr1 [HN. [si`dldmêb Pd`ibl [rcschtbed pdr1 Nboiâh B. ^cmb J., @.I1 ^- ?=.>>7.77? Bebrlcy M. Qbjorbhd B., ^- ?>.330.>3?  

Jbrêb C. [brrb O., @.I1 ^- 29.309.5;0.

 

Cjily B. Mbjcz R., @.I1 ^- 0;.?55.3=>

[brtc ecl Mrupd Ihtrdeu``iðh b lb [si`dldmêb, Pc``iðh "M". Nc`gb1 2= ec Chcrd ec ?;??.

Chsbyd 2. Ucjb1 Ucdrêb ec Lcv ^imdtsfy

Doactivd ecl Ihndrjc1

Cl bpdrtc ec bequisi`iðh ec hucvbs y jcadrcs gboiliebecs quc ebh

b `dh `dhd`cr d`cr cl prd` prd`csd csd lðm lðmi`d i`d,, sdstchi sdstchiched ched quc lds hiòds hiòds ecsbrrdl ecsbrrdllbh lbh su bprc bprchei heizba zbacc jceibhtc lb ihtcrb``iðh sd`ibl6 ihebmbeb ch cl psi`dbhâlisis, sus jétdeds, `brb`tcrêsti`bs y nuturbs tcdrêbs. Ihtrdeu``iðh

[brb pdecr cjpczbr y `djprchecr uhb pbrtc ec lb tcdrêb cs hc`csbrid ecnihir quc cs uhb gcrrbjichtb ceu`btivb ec `i`ld, cstd cs blmd quc hds byueb b rcsdlvcr prdolcjbs prijcrd ec iht ihtcrb crb``i ``iðh ðh pcrsdhb pcrsdhbll y sd`ibl6 sd`ibl6 `djd `djd ihs ihstru trujch jchtd td quc nb`i nb`ilit litbb lb cac`u`ið cac`u`iðhh ec uhb b``iðh. Becjâs sc gb `rcbed pbrb bjplibr hucstrbs gboiliebecs jchtblcs6 cstbs hds byuebh b prcstbr btch`iðh, rc`drebr y pchsbr jcadr.

 

?  Bsê `djd lb jchtc gb`c jâs, ^ymdtsf ^ymdtsfyy `rcêb quc, ch rcbliebe, sc trbhsndrjb lb jbhcrb jisjb ch quc pdhcjds btch`iðh, cstb tichch uh pbpcl `ru`ibl ch cl ecsbrrdlld ec lb jisjb, ous`bhed pdhcr lbs obscs ec `ðjd cl bprcheizbac sc `dhstruyc pbulbtihbjchtc eurbht eur bhtcc lds lds pri prijc jcrds rds bò bòds, ds, y `d `dhh by byue uebb ec ecll `d `dht htcx cxtd td sd sd`i `ibl bl ec ecll hi hiòd6 òd6 `rc `rcbh bhed ed lb ihecpchech`ib, `rcbtiviebe, rcpcti`iðh jdtdrb - jchtbl, eðhec `rc`ch y sc ecsbrrdllbh bequiriched ihndrjb`iðh rctchtivb. Cstd ijpli`b cl `dhd`crsc bsi jisjd, rcsultbed `djplcad pdr chnrchtbrsc b uhb mrbh vbricebe ec doactds, nchðjchds y gc`gds6 ld `ubl `dheuad bl cstueid bhblêti`d ec lb jchtc d psiquis. Eðhec cstc `bjpd pcrjitc quc lb psi`dldmêb `djd `ich`ib pdscc ijpdrtbh`ib ch cl puhtd ec vistb sd`ibl, bsujiched jicjords ec lb jisjb quc scbh `bpb`cs ec b`tubr  scmñh lbs cximch cximch`ibs, `ibs, `dh cstru`t cstru`turbs urbs pcrsdhblizb pcrsdhblizbebs ebs y lcycs ec ecsbrrdlld ecsbrrdlld `dhtihud, `dhtihud, `dh jbhincstb`idhcs pdr `dhd`cr, sih lijitb`idhcs, hi bislbrsc ch obsc b su `djplcaiebe6 boriched pbsd b lb tcdrêb ec Lcv ^ymdtsfy. "Lb psi`dldmêb `bc ch uh `bllcaðh sih sblieb `ubhed bhblizb cl pchsbjichtd vcrobl ch sus `djpdhchtcs, pchsbjichtd y pblborb, y lds cstueib bislbeds". Lcv ^imdtsfy Lb Ucdrib sd`ibl ec Lcv ^ymdtsfy

@dh rcncrch`ib b cstb tcdrêb ec bprcheizbac, cs uhb `drrichtc ec lb psi`dldmêb ecsbrrdllbeb  pdr Lcv ^ymdtsfy (_usib, 279>-2905), scmñh lb `ubl cl bprcheizbac y lb bequisi`iðh ec `dhd`ijichtds rcsultb ec lb ihtcrb``iðh sd`ibl. Ec b`ucred `dh lb tcdrêb sd`id`ulturbl ec ^ymdtsfy, cl ecsbrrdlld `dmhitivd ec lds iheivieuds sc ch`uchtrb eirc`tbjchtc rclb`idhbed `dh lb ihtcrb``iðh sd`ibl ch cl jbr`d ec lb `ulturb edjihbhtc, cs ec`ir, quc rcspdhec bl prd`csd ec sd`iblizb`iðh. Becjâs sc `djprchec, pucs, quc cl ecsbrrdlld ec lb pcrsdhb cs `dhsc`uch`ib ec lb sd`iblizb`iðh6 ijpli`bhed ijpli `bhed trbs`chech`ibs trbs`chech`ibs pbrb lb ceu`b`iðh ceu`b`iðh y lb cvblub cvblub`iðh `iðh ecl ecsbrrdlld ecsbrrdlld `dmhds`itivd `dmhds`itivd

 

0 nrutd ecl prd`csd `dlbodrbtivd ebhed b`chtd ch lb pbrti`ipb`iðh prdb`tivb ec lds jchdrcs ch cl bjoichtc quc lcs rdecb `dhvirtiched uh jded ec vieb.

Bqucl Bqu cllb lbss b`ti b`tivi vieb ebecs ecs qu qucc sc rcb rcbli lizbh zbh ec ndr ndrjb jb `d `djp jpbr brti tieb eb pcr pcrji jitc tchh b ld ldss hi hiòd òdss ihtcridrizbr lbs cstru`t ihtcridrizbr cstru`turbs urbs ec pchsbji pchsbjichtd chtd y `djpdrt `djpdrtbjicht bjichtdd jchtbl ec lb sd`icebe quc lcs rdecb, bprdpiâhedsc ec cllbs. @icrtbjchtc scmñh lb Ucdrêb Pd`id`ulturbl ec ^ymdtsfy, cl pbpcl ec lds beultds d ec lds `djpbòcrds `djpbòc rds jâs bvbhzbe bvbhzbeds ds cs cl ec bpdyd, eirc``i eirc``iðh ðh y drmbhiz drmbhizb`iðh b`iðh ecl bprcheizba bprcheizbacc ecl jchdr, ch cl pbsd prcvid b quc él puceb scr `bpbz ec edjihbr csbs nb`ctbs, gboiched ihtcridrizbed lbs cstru`turbs `dheu`tublcs y `dmhds`itivbs quc lb b`tiviebe cximc. Cstb drichtb`iðh rcsultb jâs cnc`tivb pbrb dnrc`cr uhb byueb b lds pcqucòds pbrb quc `ru`ch lb zdhb ec ecsbrrdlld prdxijb, chtcheiched `djd lb orc`gb chtrc ld quc yb sdh `bpb`cs ec gb`cr y ld quc tdebvêb hd pucech `dhscmuir pdr sê sdlds. Pcmñh Pcm ñh ^y ^ymd mdts tsfy, fy, Ce Ceu` u`crc crc,, vdl. vdl. 3, hñ hñj. j. 20, (S (SLB LB)) brtê` brtê`ul uldd ec (@ (@brr brrcrb crb,, Ocbt Ocbtri riz6 z6 Jbzzbrcllb, @lcjch) «Cl jétded ec ^ymdtsfy¶, p. 5?. _cvistb ?;;2, `itbed `dh `dhtcxtd sdorc1 ...«Lb pcrspc`tivb cvdlutivb ec ^ymdtsfy cs cl jétded prih`ipbl ec su trbobad, scòblb quc uh `djpdrtbjichtd sðld pucec scr chtcheied si sc cstueibh sus nbscs, su `bjoid, cs ec`ir6 su gistdrib (^ymdtsfy, 29=9). Cstc éhnbsis lc eb pridriebe bl bhâlisis ec lds prd`csds, `dhsiec `dhs iecrbhe rbhedd quc cl brmu brmujch jchtd td prih`i prih`ipbl pbl ecl bhâ bhâlis lisis is mchéti mchéti`d `d cs quc lds prd`csd prd`csdss  psi`dlðmi`ds ecl scr gujbhd sdlbjchtc s dlbjchtc pucech scr chtcheieds jceibhtc lb `dhsiecrb`iðh ec lb ndrjb y cl jdjchtd ec su ihtcrvch`iðh eurbhtc cl ecsbrrdlld.¶ "Cl `dhd`ijichtd quc hd prdvichc ec lb cxpcrich`ib hd cs rcbljchtc uh sbocr." Lcv ^ymdtsfy @brb`tcrêsti`bs ec lb tcdrêb sd`id`ulturbl

 

5

[brtc ecl jétded mchéti`d-`djpbrbtivd y cl jétded cxpcrijchtbl-cvdlutivd, y eistihmuc `ubtrd âjoitds ec bhâlisis1

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Nildmchéti`d, rclbtivd bl drimch ec lbs nuh`idhcs psi`dlðmi`bs gujbhbs `djd cspc`ic.



Gistðri`d sd`id`ulturbl, rclbtivd bl `dhtcxtd ec ihscr`iðh ecl suactd.



Dhtdmchéti`d, rclbtivd b lb cvdlu`iðh oidlðmi`b y sd`id`ulturbl.



Ji`r Ji `rdmc dmché héti ti`d `d,, rc rclb lbti tivd vd b lb lbss `b `brb` rb`tc tcrê rêst sti` i`bs bs psi`d psi`dlð lðmi mi`bs `bs pb pbrt rti` i`ul ulbrc brcss ec ecll iheivieud.

B su vcz `djprchec bl iheivieud y bl prd`csd ec bprcheizbac ecsec uhb pcrspc`tivb cvdlutivb, quc tdjb ch `uchtb lds ihstrujchtds y simhds quc jceibh chtrc cl prd`csd ec ihtcrb``iðh sd`ibl y cl ecsbrrdlld ecl iheivieud, cspc`ibljchtc bl lchmubac6 ebhed ch cviech`ib lb ijpdrtbh`ib ec lbs rclb`idhcs ecl suactd `dh lb sd`icebe. @dhsiecrbhed lb `djprchsiðh ecl ecsbrrdlld `dmhitivd ihnbhtil,eðhec sdld cs pdsiolc si sc btichec b lb `ulturb ch quc sc ecschvuclvc cl hiòd. @icrtbjchtc quc lds pbtrdhcs ec pchsbjichtd rcspdhech b uhb `dhstru``iðh sd`ibl y hd b uhb `dhei`iðh ihhbtb ecl suactd. Ch tbl schtied, cl `dhd`ijichtd cs nrutd ec lb `d`dhstru``iðh edhec pbrti`ipbh tbhtd cl iheivieud `djd cl mrupd sd`ibl, pbrb rc`dhd`cr  quc cxistch gboiliebecs jchtblcs ihhbtbs (`djd lb pcr`cp`iðh, lb btch`iðh y lb jcjdrib),  pcrd su ecsbrrdlld sc pdsioilitb pds ioilitb ch lb ihtcrb``iðh sd`ibl. "Lb cxpcrich`ib hds chscòb quc cl pchsbjichtd hd sc cxprcsb `dh pblborbs, sihd quc jâs  oich sc eb `uchtb ec sê jisjd b trbvés ec cllbs". c llbs". Lcv ^ymdtsfy

 

3

Qdhb ec ecsbrrdlld prðxijd ecsbrrdllbed pdr ^ymdtsfy

Cl QE[, sc rcnicrc b bqucllbs nuh`idhcs quc bñh hd sc gbh ecsbrrdllbed d quc cstâh ch  prd`csd ec jbeurb`iðh6 pdr chec bluec b lb eistbh`ib quc sc rcmistrb chtrc cl hivcl ec ecsbrrdlld b`tubl ec uh iheivieud y su hivcl ec ecsbrrdlld pdtch`ibl. Cl `ubl rcnlcab, pdr  cacjpld, ch bquclld quc lds hiòds hd ldmrbh gb`cr blmd pdr sê jisjds gbstb quc bequicrch ihecpchech`ib. Bhtc tded cstc `dh`cptd nuc `rcbed pdr cl psi`ðldmd Lcv ^ymdtsfy6 cxprcsbhed quc lb ihtcrb``iðh `dh lds pbrcs d `djpbòcrds aucmb uh rdl cni`bz ch cl ecsbrrdlld ec gboiliebecs y cst cstrbt rbtcm cmib ibs6 s6 be becj cjâs âs ec sumcri sumcrirr qu qucc ld ldss prdnc prdncsdr sdrcs cs pucec pucechh ut util iliz izbr br ca cacr` cr`i` i`id idss ec bprche bpr cheiz izba bacc `ddp `ddpcrb crbti tivd vd edh edhec ec ld ldss hi hiòds òds jc jchd hdss `d `djp jpct ctch chtc tcss pu puce cech ch ecsbrr ecsbrrdl dllb lbr  r  gboiliebecs `dh lb byueb ec sus `djpbòcrds jâs gâoilcs, cjplcbhed cl `dh`cptd ec zdhb ec ecsbrrdlld prðxijd. Chtcheiched cstb `djd lb zdhb ch lb quc sc prdeu`c cl bprcheizbac y ch lb quc gby quc cvblubr c ihtcrvchir pbrb prdpi`ibrld. Ecsec cstc puhtd ec vistb, ld quc lb pcrsdhb yb sboc gb`cr sdlb, ld quc ndrjb pbrtc ec su Qdhb ec Ecsbrrdlld B`tubl, sdh lbs `djpctch`ibs bequiriebs y tded bquclld quc lb pcrsdhb yb gb ihtcridrizbed. "Lb "Lb ei eist stbh bh`i `ibb ch chtr trcc cl hi hivc vcll ec ecsb ecsbrr rrdl dlld ld rc rcbl bl ec ectc tcrj rjih ihbe bedd pd pdrr lb rc rcsd sdlu lu`i `iðh ðh ihecpcheichtc ec prdolcjbs y cl hivcl ec ecsbrrdlld pdtch`ibl ectcrjihbed jceibhtc lb rcsdlu`iðh ec prdolcjbs obad lb muêb ec beultds d ch `dlbodrb`iðh `dh dtrds jâs `bpb`cs". Lcv ^ymdtsfy

Ch `dh `dh`r `rct ctd6 d6 cl hi hivc vcll rc rcbl bl ec ec ecsbr sbrrdl rdlld ld rc rcvcl vclbb lb rcsdl rcsdlu` u`ið iðhh ih ihecp ecpch chei eich chtc tc ec uh  prdolcjb, ecnihc lbs nuh`idhcs quc yb gbh jbeurbed, pcrd `brb`tcrizb cl ecsbrrdlld

 

> jchtbl rctrdspc`tivbjchtc. Piched bsê quc lb Qdhb ec Ecsbrrdlld [rðxijd ecnihc bqucllbs nuh`idhcs quc tdebvêb hd gbh jbeurbed, pcrd quc sc gbllbh ch prd`csd ec jbeurb`iðh, ch cstc schtied sc `brb`tcrizb cl ecsbrrdlld jchtbl prdspc`tivbjchtc. Udjbhed `itb tcxtubl ec lb rcvistb6 Ceu`crc, vdl. 3, hñj. 20, (SLB) brtê`uld ec (@brrcrb, Ocbtriz6 Jbzzbrcllb, @lcjch) «Qdhb ec ecsbrrdlld prðxijd `rcbed pdr ^ymdtsfy¶, p. 50. _cvistb ?;;2, bpdrtbhed `dhtcxtd1 ... «Hd cs dtrb `dsb quc lb eistbh`ib chtrc cl hivcl rcbl ec ecsbrrdlld, ectcrjihbed pdr lb `bpb` `bp b`ie iebe be ec rc rcsdl sdlvcr vcr ih ihecp ecpch chei eich chtc tcjch jchtc tc uh prd prdol olcj cjb, b, y cl hi hivc vcll ec ec ecsbr sbrrdl rdlld ld  pdtch`ibl, ectcrjihbed b trbvés ec lb rcsdlu`iðh ec uh prdolcjb obad lb muêb ec e c uh beultd d ch `dlbodrb`iðh `dh dtrd `djpbòcrd jâs `bpbz.¶ [rd`csds psi`dlðmi`ds supcridrcs y `ðjd sc ldmrbh

Gbolbhed, Gbolbh ed, `djd cl lchmubac d cl rbzdhbjich rbzdhbjichtd, td, cstâh ijpli`beds ijpli`beds ch lbs `bpb`iebecs `bpb`iebecs quc eistihmuch b lbs pcrsdhbs ecl rcstd ec bhijblcs. Éstbs y dtrbs nuh`idhcs vdluhtbribs y `dhtr `dh trdl dlbeb bebss hds gb gbhh pc pcrj rjit itie iedd edjih edjihbr br cl pl plbh bhct ctbb y cxpli cxpli`b `bhh ou ouchb chb pb pbrt rtcc ec lb `djplcaiebe quc `brb`tcrizb b hucstrbs sd`icebecs, `dh nuh`idhcs `dmhitivbs. Pcmñh Lcv ^ymdtsfy ch 29=9, lds prd`csds jchtblcs supcridrcs sdh sistcjbs psi`dlðmi`ds gujbhds quc sc ecsbrrdllbh b pbrtir ec dtrds jâs oâsi`ds, `djpbrtieds `dh lds bhijblcs6 eðhec cstâh jceibeds pdr sêjodlds y cjcrmch b pbrtir ec lb ihtcrb``iðh sd`ibl, becjâs ec `djd `dhsc`uch`ib hbturbl ecl ecsbrrdlld `crcorbl. [ucstd quc6 ec jded dpucstd, lds prd`csds psi`dlðmi`ds oâsi`ds d clcjchtblcs sdh `djpbrtieds `djpbrt ieds pdr ju`gbs cspc`ic cspc`icss ec bhijblcs bhijblcs y cstâh prcschtcs prcschtcs ch lbs pcrsdhbs ecsec cl hb`ijichtd. Cstc tipd ec prd`csds chmldobh nuhebjchtbljchtc lb btch`iðh, lb pcr`cp`iðh y lb jcjdrib. Piched utilizbed ch lb b`tubliebe, ch cspc`ibl ch lb psi`dldmêb `dmhitivb y ch lbs hcurd`ich`ibs, buhquc lb ecnihi`iðh hd cs sicjprc cquivblchtc b lb ec ^ymdtsfy.

 

= @itbed pdr @dll,ec lb ce. `bst., «^ymdtsfy, 29=9¶, pp. 95. (2973)1 ...«Ch cl ecsbrrdlld `ulturbl ecl hiòd, tdeb nuh`iðh bpbrc`c eds vc`cs1 prijcrd, b hivcl sd`ibl, y jbs tbrec, b hivcl iheivieubl6 prijcrd chtrc pcrsdhbs (ihtcrpsi`dlðmi`b), y ecspués ch cl ihtcridr ecl prdpid hiòd (ihtrbpsi`dldmi`b).¶ Chtiched pdr prd`csds psi`dlðmi`ds supcridrcs, b bqucllds prd`csds ec pchsbjichtd quc tichchh su drimch ch lb ihtcrb``i tichc ihtcrb``iðh ðh ec lds prd`csds hbturblcs hbturblcs `dh lb `ulturb ch cl jbr`d ec b`tiviebecs gistðri`b y sd`ibljchtc situbebs. Niabds quc, ch cstc schtied, lb jchtc, ec b`ucred `dh lb tcdrêb vymdtsfibhb, tichc uh drimch `ulturbl, gistðri`d y sd`ibl, becjâs ecl drimch oidlðmi`d quc lc `drrcspdhec pdr ecrc`gd prdpid. Cl scr gujbhd hb`c edtbed ec uhds prd`csds ec pchsbjichtd oâsi`ds, quc sc vbh b ecsbrrdllbr ch `dhtb`td `dh su mrupd sd`ib sd` ibll ec rcncr rcncrch` ch`ib ib y ch rc rcspu spucst cstbb b lb lbss hc hc`c `csi siebe ebecs cs cspc` cspc`ên êni` i`bs bs ec bp bprc rchei heizb zbac ac y ecsbrrdlld ec csc mrupd ch `dh`rctd. [dr tbhtd, lb jchtc, ecsec lb tcdrêb vytdtsfibhb, hd cs uhb jchtc uhivcrsbl, `djd sc  plbhtcb ecsec dtrds pbrbeimjbs tcðri`ds, sihd uhb jchtc situbeb y qu qucc sc `dhstruyc ch uh chtdrhd gistðri`d, `ulturbl y sd`ibl `dh`rctd pbrb ecscjpcòbr nuh`idhcs rclcvbhtcs ch cstc chtdrhd. Ec cstb jbhcrb, cs cstc chtdrhd cl quc ecnihc `uâlcs sdh lbs jctbs ec bprcheizbac y ecsbrrdlld y `uâlcs lbs eini`ultbecs y eis`bpb`iebecs ec lbs pcrsdhbs quc hb`ch y sc ecsbrrdllbh ch cstds. @dorbhed mrbh ijpdrtbh`ib lb tcdrizb`iðh sdorc lbs cstrbtcmibs ceu`btivbs quc ecsbrrdllbh lds mrupds gujbhds y sus iheivieuds pbrb nb`ilitbr y prdpi`ibr  cl bprcheizbac bec`ubed echtrd ec cstds mrupds. Ecsec cstb pcrspc`tivb, ^ymdtsfi gbolb ec jceib`iðh rcniriéhedsc b lbs gcrrbjichtbs ec lbs quc lb `ulturb edtb b sus jicjords pbrb b`tubr ch su chtdrhd (lchmubac tbhtd drbl `djd cs`ritd y dtrbs gcrrbjichtbs sijoðli`bs d jbtcriblcs quc ih`iech ch hucstrds  prd`csds ec pchsbjichtd y ch hucstrbs ndrjbs ec b`tubr ch cl juhed, `djd lb hdtb`iðh jbtcjâti`b, lds drechbedrcs, lds jðvilcs d uhb sijplc bmcheb) bsê `djd lb b``iðh

 

7 ceu`btivb quc lds jicjords ecl mrupd jâs `bpb`cs cacr`ch sdorc lds bprchei`cs d jchds `bpb`cs.

"[brb chtchecr lbs nuh`idhcs jâs bltbs ecl `djpdrtbjichtd ecocjds ecs`uorir lds jceids  pdr lds quc cl scr gujbhd bprchec bpr chec b drmbhizbr y eirimir su `djpdrtbjichtd". Lcv ^ymdtsfy

Bpli`b`iðh (Ucdrêb ^ymdtsfy) ch uhb cs`uclb, bulb ec `lbscs d uh sc``iðh

Cs ijpdrtbhtc tchcr ch `uchtb ec quc lb zdhb ec ecsbrrdlld prðxijd cs uh doactivd jðvil. D scb, b jceieb quc uh cstueibhtc bequicrc hucvbs ecstrczbs y gboiliebecs cstb zdhb bvbhzb prdmrcsivbjchtc. Ldss jb Ld jbcs cstr trds ds y ld ldss pbe pberc rcss pu pucec cechh bp bprdv rdvc` c`gbr gbr cstb cstb `i `ir`u r`uhst hstbh bh`i `ib, b, prdpdr prdpdr`i `idh dhbh bhed ed dpdrtuh dpdr tuhieb iebecs ecs ceu ceu`bt `btivb ivbs, s, pcqucòds pcqucòds nrbm nrbmjch jchtds tds ec `dhd`ij `dhd`ijich ichtd td y gboilie gboiliebecs becs quc  pcrjitbh bl hiòd ir bvbhzbhed ch su `bjihd ec bprcheizbac `dhtihud6 bl prdpdr`idhbr b lds hiòds tbrcbs quc hd pucech rcblizbr nâ`iljchtc pdr sê jisjds y prdpdr`idhbr lb drichtb`iðh dricht b`iðh quc hc`csit hc`csitbh bh pbrb ldmrbrld, lds ceu`bedrcs ceu`bedrcs pucech bvbhzbr prdmrcsivbjcht prdmrcsivbjchtcc ch cl prd`csd ec bprcheizbac. Blmuhbs b`tiviebecs pbrb trbobabr lb zdhb ec ecsbrrdlld prðxijd, pdr cacjpld, uh jbcstrd ch uh `ursd ec ihvcstimb`iðh cxpcrijchtbl pderêb prdpdr`idhbr ihi`ibljchtc bhebjibac b sus cstueibhtcs chtrchâhedlds pbsd b pbsd ch cl prd`csd ec ihvcstimb`iðh b trbvés ec sus cxpcrijchtds sijplcs6 eðhec b `dhtihub`iðh, cl ed`chtc pucec ir rctirbhed lchtbjchtc lds bhebjibacs y sðld prdpdr`idhbr csqucjbs d ecs`rip`idhcs orcvcs sdorc `ðjd prd`cecr, cl `ubl nihbljchtc, sc cspcrb quc lds cstueibhtcs ecsbrrdllch y rcbli`ch sus cxpcrijchtds ec ndrjb ihecpcheichtc sih hihmñh tipd ec sdpdrtc.

 

9 Pdh hujcrdsbs lbs bpli`b`idhcs ec lbs iecbs ec ^ymdstfy ch ceu`b`iðh, ec jbhcrb quc  prcschtbjds sðld blmuhds ec lds trbob trbobads ads quc pcrjitch cviech`ibr lb dorb becl butdr ch lb  prâ`ti`b ceu`btivb1 Ordwh y Ncrrbrb (`itbeds pdr ]crts`g, 2977) ecsbrrdllbrdh bhâlisis `dh`rctds sdorc lb rclb`iðh chtrc lds hivclcs rcbl (nuh`idhbjichtd ihtcrpsi`dlðmi`d) y pdtch`ibl ecl ecsbrrdlld (nuh`idhbjich (nuh`id hbjichtd td ihtrb ihtrbpsi`dl psi`dlðmi`d), ðmi`d), ecjdstrbhed ecjdstrbhed quc cxistc cxistchh eincrch`ibs eincrch`ibs simhini`bti simhini`btivbs vbs chtrc

bjods.

Uuemc (`itbed pdr Jdll, 299;) ecstb`b quc uhd ec lds bspc`tds quc gb ih`rcjchtbed rc`ichtcjchtc rc`icht cjchtc cl ihtcrés pdr lb tcdrêb tcdrêb ec ^ymdts ^ymdtsfy, fy, ld rcprcschtb rcprcschtb cl pbpcl quc lds beultds  pucech ecscjpcòbr ch lb prdjd`iðh ecl ecsbrrdlld ecl hiòd. @dh obsc ch cstd sc sustchtb lb iecb ec quc pucec scr sujbjchtc ochcni`idsd sujihistrbr ihndrjb`iðh echtrd ec lb Qdhb ec Ecsbrrdlld [rðxijd y sc tichc lb ijprcsiðh ec quc cl ecsbrrdlld sc ecschvuclvc ch

eirc``iðh.

Gcecmbbre (`itbeb pdr Jdll, 299;), ecs`rioc uh prdyc`td quc `djoihb cl ecsbrrdlld ec uhb tcdrêb psi`dlðmi`b `dh lb chscòbhzb cs`dlbr, lb nihbliebe ecl trbobad cs ndrjulbr uhb tcdrêb ecl ecsbrrdlld ec lb pcrsdhbliebe ihnbhtil quc `dhsiecrc cl ecsbrrdlld ecsec uh puhtd ec

vistb

`djprchsivd

ch

uh

`dhtcxtd

`ulturbl

y

sd`ibl.

Ec @drtc (299;), ecstb`b quc cl `dh`cptd ec Qdhb ec Ecsbrrdlld [rðxijd tichc nucrtcs ijpli`b`idhcs ceu`btivbs ch cl eiscòd ec sistcjbs ec bprcheizbac `djputbrizbeds y ch lb cvblub`iðh. Ihei`b quc ch lumbr ec uhir lb chscòbhzb bl hivcl b`tubl ecl rcheijichtd ecl cstueibhtc, sc ecocrêb drichtbr gb`ib lb Qdhb ec Ecsbrrdlld [rðxijd6 ch cstc schtied sc gb ecjdstrbed quc bpbrtc ec uh `djpbòcrd d ec uh beultd, uh `djputbedr tbjoiéh pucec `ujplir cstb nuh`iðh.

 

2; "Lbs "Lbs pcrs pcrsdh dhbs bs `d `dhh pbsi pbsidh dhcs cs ih ihtc tchs hsbs bs,, qu qucc ld ldmr mrbh bh mr mrbh bhec ecss gb gbzb zbòb òbs, s, qu qucc pd pdsc scch ch schtijichtds nucrtcs, jchtcs mchiblcs y uhb pcrsdhbliebe nucrtc, rbrb vcz surmch ec lds hiòds y hiòbs ouchds". Lcv ^ymdtsfy @dh`lusiðh

[brb `dh`rctbr lb tcdrêb ec ^ymdtsfy, gb sied ecsbrrdllbeb su mbjb pdr mrbh `bhtiebe ec butdrcs (Oruhhcr, _dmdnn, ]crs`g, ^blsihcr, ct`.), Bpuhtbhed lb ndrjb ec `dh`cptublizbr  cl bprcheizbac y cl ecsbrrdlld quc tichc uhb ihnluch`ib trbhsndrjbedrb ec`isivb ch lds sistcjbs ec chscòbhzb ecl juhed b`tubl, ec `drtc `dheu`tistb y `chtrbeds ch lb cstru`turb ecl `dhtchied quc sc chscòb jâs quc ch lbs pcrsdhbs quc bprchech y ch cl bprcheizbac `djd blmd situbed ch mrupds gujbhds `ulturbl c gistðri`bjchtc pbrb scmuir ecnihiched.