Ensayo Critico Comparativo - 1

 

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_S@Z@FUKEB K> EBJ@FU@> GÚFAJK UKUAKFK GBS@FB ËFD@H

@HKCBSKEB _BS> H@AEQ DAZ@UM DPUAÁSS@^ DÚG@^ H@AEQ UKUAKFK GBS@FB SAFJÚF H@AEQ GKSAKFF GPSAHHB CSAZF@EK N@ZZAJK _KBHK SBESÇDP@^ USPNAHHB

_ZAJBHBDÇK \AA Z@G@ZUS@ - ZËCKEBZ JBS_BSKJAÚF PFA\@SZAUKSAK GAFPUB E@ EABZ DASKSEBU 3?3?

 

Hk s`xukhaeke `s ufk pkrt` fbrgkh e` hk `xp`ra`fjak mugkfk, eajmk s`xukhaeke mugkfk s` gkfala`stk `f jbfeujtks s`xukh`s, kckrjkfeb gþhtaph`s ksp`jtbs jbgb hb sbf hbs cabhúdajbs, jbfeujtukh`s, psajbhúdajbs y sbjabjuhturkh`s, sa`feb uf e`sklçb qu` s` e`skrrbh e`skrrbhhk hk k hb hkrdb e` fu`strks vaeks, e` m`jmb, `f ph`fb sadhb ]]A kþf s` `s ealçjah e`lafar `f qu` jbfsast` ufk s`xukhaeke y hk e`lafajaúf e` jkek ufb e` sus tárgafbs `xast`ft`s, pbr hb jjukh, ukh, hk psajbhbdçk e`se` `h ër`k s`xukh ‘psajbhbdçk e` hk s`xukhaeke‗ `ftrk k nudkr uf pkp`h lufekg`ftkh jbgb ks`sbr `f `eujkjaúf s`xukh, k laf e` e ` `rrkeajkr hk lkhtk e` aflbrgkjaúf y e eastbrsabf`s astbrsabf`s sbcr` hk s`xukhaeke. _krk ekr afajab kh sadua`ft` `fskyb s` e`c` kjhkrkr k qu` fbs r`l`ragbs jbf `h tárgafb ‘dáf`rb‗ y júgb s` eal`r`fjak e`h tárgafb r`hkjabfkeb ‘s`xb‗, k hb jukh hk pkhkcrk s`xb mkj` r`l`r`fjak k hks prbpa`eke`s cabhúdajks y lasabhúdajks qu` jbflbrgkf kh mbgcr` y k hk gun`r, ksuga`feb qu` fkturkhg`ft` sbhb mky ebs s`xbs, hbs jukh`s sbf ‘gkjmb‗ y ‘m`gcrk‗ sa`feb afgutkch`s, sa`feb `stks jkrkjt`rçstajks cabhúdajks hk jukh`s p`rgat`f hk l`rtahaeke, `h pkrtb y hk jkpkjaeke e` hkjtkr, jbgb b `h mbgcr` hk jkpkjaeke e` prbeujjaúf e` `sp`rgktbzbae`s.  _br btrb hkeb, `h t`rgafb dáf`rb fbs mkchk e` k hbs ktracutbs sbjakh`s y hks bpbrtufaeke`s ksbjakeks k s`r mbgcr` b gun`r, eajmb e` btrk lbrgk, `s ufk jbfstrujjaúf sbjakh y juhturkh, hk jukh pu`e` vkrakr jbf `h pksb e` hbs kûbs, pbr hb jukh `h dáf`rb k eal`r`fjak e`h s`xb, sa `s gbealajkch` y `stë sun`tb k trkfslbrgkjabf`s, `h s`xb jbrr`spbfe` kh phkfb cabhúdajb y `h dáf`rb d áf`rb `h prbeujtb e` hk jbfstrujjaúf sbjab-juhturkh. @h jbfj`ptb y hk e`jasaúf e`h d`f`rú mk trkçeb jbfsadb ufk `sp`jakh r`h`vkfjak `ftr` hbs pkçs`s, mkchëfebs` e` `stk e`jasaúf e`se` ufk lbrgk kcusavk y drbt`sjk, d`f`rkfeb eav`rsaeke e` jrçtajks k p`skr e` qu` `h dáf`rb fb s` e`laf` lufekg`ftkhg`ft` pbr `h s`xb jbf `h jukh s` mk fkjaeb. Eajmb hb kft`rabr, `h sadua`ft` `fskyb pr`t`fe` kfkhazkr hbs jbfj`ptbs s`xb y d`f`rb e`se` ufk kht`rfktavk gës jrçtajk y jbgpkrktavk, ksuga`feb `h rbh átajb e`h psajúhbdb, pu`stb qu` ufk

 

eagafutk lkhhk e` `st` prbl`sabfkh pu`e` d`f`rkr jbfs`ju`fjaks arr`pkrkch`s, `f `st` bre`f e` ae`ks tkgcaáf s`rë lufekg`ftkh kfkhazkr hk p`rsp`jtavk qu` e`c` ksugar hk psajbhbdçk e` hk s`xukhaeke, `s pbr `stb qu` fbs phkft`kgbs hk sadua`ft` pr`duftk k laf e` ekr r`spu`stk k hbs eal`r`ft`s aft`rrbdkft`s qu` surd`f kh kcbrekr `stk t`gëtajk.

²Juëh `s hk aflhu`fjak e`h s`xb y e`h dáf`rb `f `h jbgpbrtkga`ftb s`xukh e` hks p`rsbfks2 Z` pu`e` klargkr qu` `h dáf`rb `s ufk r`khaeke uf pbjb jbgph`nk qu` s` satþk `f `h s`xb  cabhúdajb p`rb qu` `f gujmbs jksbs pu`e` fb jbafjaear jbf áh, ekeb qu` e` ufk u btrk gkf`rk aft`rva`f`f e` lbrgk e`jasavk prbj`sbs sbjabjuhturkh`s y kgca`ftkh`s. @s e`jar, s`dþf (Cbsjm, L`rr`r y Daha, ;111) ‘`h dáf`rb fb `stë ear`jtkg`ft` e`t`rgafkeb pbr `h s`xb, fa `s ear`jtkg`ft` e`t`rgafkft` e` hk s`xukhaeke‗. Kmbrk ca`f, k p`skr e` qu` cabhúdajkg`ft` hks eal`r`fjaks `ftr` gun`r`s y mbgcr`s s` j`ftrkf  prag`rkg`ft` `f hbs úrdkfbs r`prbeujtavbs, uf `rrbr qu` suj`e` guy k g`fueb `s p`fskr qu` gun`r`s y mbgcr`s ta`f`f jkpkjaeke`s eal`r`ft`s, tkftb k fav`h `gbjabfkh, jbgb kl`jtavks, ` aft`h`jtukh`s s`dþf su s`xb. @s pbr `sb, qu` kquç afajakf hbs jbfj`ptbs e` gksjuhafaeke y l`gafaeke, hbs jukh`s e`t`rgafkf hks lufjabf`s, bpbrtufaeke`s y r`hkjabf`s `ftr` gun`r`s y mbgcr`s. Khdufbs `n`gphbs jhkrbs e` `stk vasaúf sbjakh qu` s` jbfstruy` k pkrtar e`  p`fskga`ftbs `s e`jar qu` hks gun`r`s sbf s`fsach`s y cbfekebsks, ke`gës e`c`f s`r pksavks y s`rvajakh`s, pbr btrb hkeb, hbs mbgcr`s sbf lu`rt`s, hçe`r`s y jbfquastkebr`s, jbfq uastkebr`s, fb pu`e`f s`r s`fsach`s y gujmb g`fbs pksavbs. @s `s` gasgb pkrkeadgk `s `h jkuskft` e` qu` trkeajabfkhg`ft` hk sbja`eke h` ksadf` eal`r`ft`s rbh`s k hbs mbgcr`s y k hks gun`r`s, jbgb pbr `n`gphb hbs mbgcr`s sbf hbs pbhçtajbs, g`jëfajbs, jbfstrujtbr`s, `h qu` trkcknk pkrk hh`vkr `h sust`ftb kh mbdkr. @s e`jar, `s` rbh prbeujta prbeujtavb, vb, y k hks gun`r`s, `h pkp`h e` kgks e` jksk,  p`huqu`rks, s`jr`tkraks, `fl`rg`rks, `s e`jar `h rbh r`prbeujtavb. r`prbeujtavb.

 

@s pbr `stb qu` `sbs rbh`s e` dáf`rb b jbfeujtks `st`r`btapkeks `f tbebs hbs jksbs sbf r`lbrzkebs gujmks v`j`s pbr hbs g`eabs e` jbgufajkjaúf, `h jbh`dab ` afjhusb hks prbpaks lkgahaks, `f pbjks pkhkcrks `s `h ëgcatb sbjakh `f `h qu` s` rbe`kf, d`f`rkfeb ksç pbr `n`gphb ja`rtks kjtatue`s vabh`ftks pbr pkrt` e` hbs mbgcr`s, qua`f`s `f su pkp`h e`h ‘gkjmbs‗ s` jr`krbf hk ae`k e` s`r `h s`xb lu`rt`, ksuga`feb `stbs jbgpbrtkga`ftbs jbgb khdb fbrgkh y sbjakhg`ft` kj`ptkeb.  

Zaf `gckrdb, `s agpbrtkft` qu` `xastk jbfbjaga`ftb kj`rjk e` hk eal`r`fjak `ftr` dáf`rb y

s`xb yk qu` `stks afjúdfatks pu`e`f pu`e `f kug`ftkr hbs ra`sdbs e` qu` gun`r`s y faûks sulrkf kcusb, r`hkjabf`s vabh`ftks, `xphbtkjaúf `xphbtkjaúf y e`gës. E`caeb k hk eal`r`fjak e` bpbrtufaeke`s, e`p`fe`fjak `jbfúgajk y hks eafëgajks e` pbe`r, qu` kþf `xast`f `f gujmks r`hkjabf`s e` pkr`nk `f hk kjtukhaeke. _br `sb, `s f`j`skrab rbgp`r jbf hbs `st`r`btapbs e` dáf`rb y ju`stabfkrfbs sbcr` hbs rbh`s agpu`stbs pbr hk sbja`eke k gun`r`s y mbgcr`s. @f `h trksjursb e`h ta`gpb hk psajbhbdçk mk kcbrekeb `h `stueab e`h d`f`rb e`se` eal`r`ft`s  p`rsp`jtavks, `f khdufbs jksbs s` mk hagatkeb sagph`g`ft` k jbfstktkr, e`sjracar y g`ear hks hks eal`r`fjaks `f `h jbgpbrtkga`ftb e` hbs vkrbf`s y hks gun`r`s, phkft`kfeb qu` e eajmks ajmks eal`r`fjaks `xast`f pbr sç gasgks, y qu` hb þfajb qu` hk afv`stadkjaúf psajbhúdajk pu`e` mkj`r `s `strujturkrhks b cusjkr sus `xphajkjabf`s, `st` phkft`kga`ftb s` mk gkft`faeb afjhusb jukfeb hk psajbhbdçk mk eal`r`fjakeb jbfj`ptukh y g`tbebhúdajkg`ft` `ftr` s`xb cabhúdajb y dáf`rb jbgb jkt`dbrçk psajbhúdajk, ga`ftrks qu` pbr `h jbftrkrab, `h dáf`rb s` kfkhazk jbgb ufk jbfstrujjaúf psçquajk, khdb qu` `stë `f hk g`ft` e` qua`f p`rjac` kft`s qu` `f hk prbpak fkturkh`zk mugkfk. @stb e`nk v`r júgb hks easagahatue`s psajbhúdajks `ftr` mbgcr`s y gun`r`s sbf t`gk lufekg`ftkh `f psajbhbdçk. @f r`hkjaúf jbf `stb, `s lbrzbsb r`jbrekr qu` `h `stueab e`h dáf`rb `f psajbhbdçk `s e` pragbreakh aft`rás yk qu`, jbgb jbg`ftk Jbhbg (;113), ufb e`

 

hbs bcn`tavbs e` hk psajbhbdçk `s `h jbfbjaga`ftb e` hk jbfeujtk mugkfk y jbgb `stë `fdhbck k mbgcr`s y gun`r`s, `h `stueab e` dáf`rb jbcrk aft`rás pbr rkzbf`s jbgb qu`  p`rgat` prblufeazkr `f hbs jbgpbrtkga`ftbs gksjuhafbs y l`g`fafbs9 lkjahatk bcs`rvkr sus eal`r`fjaks y s`g`nkfzks9 s`g`nkfzks9 y prbpbrjabfk ufk gkybr jbgpr`fsaúf jbgpr`fsaúf psajbhúdajk e`h gbeb gbeb e` kjtukr, p`fskr y s`ftar tkftb e` hks gun`r`s jbgb e` hbs mbgcr`s. @s e`jar qu` `h s`xb va`f` e`t`rgafkeb pbr hk fkturkh`zk, ufk p`rsbfk fkj` jbf s`xb gksjuhafb b l`g`fafb. @f jkgcab, `h dáf`rb, vkrúf b gun`r, s` kpr`fe`, pu`e` s`r `eujkeb, jkgcakeb y gkfapuhkeb, y `h dáf`rb `s hk jbfstrujjaúf sbjakh y juhturkh qu` e`laf` hks eal`r`ft`s jkrkjt`rçstajks `gbjabfkh`s, kl`jtavks, aft`h`jtukh`s, ksç jbgb hbs jbgpbrtkga`ftbs qu` jkek sbja`eke ksadfk jbgb prbpabs y fkturkh`s e` mbgcr`s b e` gun`r`s.  

@n`gphbs e` `stk vkra`eke vkra`eke e` jkrkjt`rçstajks `f fu`strk sbja`eke `s p`fskr qu` hks gun`r`s sbf

mkchkebrks, jkraûbsks y brdkfazkeks y hbs mbgcr`s mb gcr`s sbf kjtavbs, lu`rt`s y `gpr`fe`ebr`s. _be`gbs e`jar, uskfeb hks pkhkcrks e` hk ebjtbrk \ajtbrak Zku, qu` `h dáf`rb `s hk jbfstrujjaúf  psajbsbjakh e`h s`xb.  

_krk `ft`fe`r g`nbr `stks `stks jbgpkrkjabf`s jbgpkrkjabf`s `ftr` s`xb y dáf`rb, jkc` kjhkrkr qu` `h s`xb s`xb `s ufk

`taqu`tk qu` fbs ksadfk `h ebjtbr e bjtbr kh fkj`r, s`dþf ufk s`ra` e` lkjtbr`s lasabhúdajbs jbgb hbs d`fatkh`s, hks mbrgbfks y hbs jrbgbsbgks qu` t`f`gbs. K hk gkybrçk e` hks p`rsbfks s` h`s ksadfk `h s`xb gksjuhafb b l`g`fafb, `h dáf`rb tkgcaáf su`h` s`r gksjuhafb b l`g`fafb, p`rb `f hudkr e` r`l`rars` k pkrt`s e`h ju`rpb, khue` k júgb s` `sp`rk qu` kjtu`gbs s`dþf `h s`xb, `h s`xb ksadfkeb y hk ae`ftaeke e` dáf`rb e` khdufks p`rsbfks sbf prëjtajkg`ft` adukh`s b `stëf khaf`kebs, s` hks jbfbj` jbgb p`rsbfks jasdáf`rb, btrks p`rsbfks sa`ft`f qu` su s`xb ksadfkeb `s eastaftb k su ae`ftaeke e` dáf`rb, s` h`s hhkgk trkfsdáf`rb b trkfs y f fb b tbeks vav`f su prbj`sb e` hk gasgk gkf`rk, y mky qua`f`s fb s` ae`ftalajkf jbf uf s`xb b dáf`rb.

 

 

Kmbrk ca`f e`se` `h ëgcatb `eujktavb, E` kju`reb jbf (Khtkgkf 3?;:), ‘hk eav`rsaeke eav`rsaeke s`xukh

y e` dáf`rb r`qua`r` s`r afjhuaek `f `h jurrçjuhb, fb súhb `f kqu`hhbs `spkjabs r`hkjabfkebs jbf hk s`xukhaeke, safb qu` e`c` ktrkv`skr tbeks hks ksadfkturks‗. E` `st` gbeb, s` pberçkf e`skrrbhhkr `f hks afstatujabf`s `eujktavks `strkt`daks e` r`sast`fjak k jurrçjuhbs r`prbeujtbr`s e` hk m`t`rbfbrgktavaeke, `vatkfeb ksç `fl`rg`eke`s s`xukh`s y keajabfkh`s k `hhb t`f`r uf kgphab jbfbjaga`ftb u bra`ftkjaúf r`sp`jtb kh jbfj`ptb e` s`xukhaeke qu` ta`f` kgphab jbft`faeb.

 

_krk jbfjhuar hk Z`xukhaeke `s uf t`gk t`gk guy kgphab qu` aflhuy` aflhuy` `f hbs ëgcatbs ëgcatbs sbjakh`s,

juhturkh`s y hkcbrkh`s e`h afeavaeub, qu` ta`f` jbgpbf`ft`s cabhúdajbs jbgb hk ae`ftaeke s`xukh  pbr hk pkrt` psajbhúdajk hk ae`ftaeke e` dáf`rb qu` kjbgpkûkebs e` hk bra`ftkjaúf s`xukh y Sbh , `stb `f jukftb k t`rgafbhbdçk y jbfj`pjaúf e` jkek ufk, keajabfkh k `hhb `h jbgpbf`ft` sbjakh `s uf drkf aflhuy`ft` `f hk s`xukhaeke, k p`skr e` qu` cabhúdajkg`ft` `h afeavaeub va`f` jbf ufbs úrdkfbs kh gbg`ftb e` fkj`r qu` hb ae`ftalajk s`xukhg`ft` jbgb mbgcr` b gun`r p`rb `stb fb qua`r` e`jar qu` su jbfj`pjaúf sbcr` sç gasgb y su lufjaúf, e`caeb k qu` `stb fb e`laf` su ae`ftaeke s`xukh jbfj`caek, su ae`ftaeke e` dáf`rb, su bra`ftkjaúf s`xukh y su rbh k ksugar, kmbrk  ca`f kufqu` `f `h sadhb ]]A hk sbja`eke mk saeb uf pbjb afjhusavk r`sp`jtb k hk eav`rsaeke d`f`rkek `f hk s`xukhaeke, s` sadu`f pr`s`ftkfeb jksbs e` easjragafkjaúf y vabh`fjak, keajabfkh k `hhb hagatkf `h dáf`rb pkrk r`khazkr ja`rtks kjtavaeke`s pbr qu` fb jr``f `f su jkpkjaeke y  pbt`fjakh.

 

S@L@S@FJAKZ @spkûbh 

Hkgks, G. (;115). Ju`rpb> eal`r`fjak s`xukh y dáf`rb. E`ckt` l`gafastk, ;?, :-:;.

Lrkass`, D. (3??:).ä 

 E`h s`xb kh dáf`rb> hbs `quçvbjbs e` uf jbfj`ptb. Pfav`rsatkt e` \khífjak.



Hkgks, G. (3???). Eal`r`fjaks e` s`xb, dáf`rb dá f`rb y eal`r`fjak s`xukh.



Dkrzúf, K. (3?;0). @h pkp`h e`h dáf`rb `f hk psajbhbdçk> ufk r`vasaúf e`se` hk afv`stadkjaúf ` aft`rv`fjaúf psajbhúdajk

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D`ss`r, G., & Fu`rfc`rd, K. M. (3?;5). _sajbhbdçk, Z`xukhaeke y E`laja`fjak> Fu`vks _`rsp`jtavks `f E`r`jmbs Mugkfbs. _sajbhbdak> Jaîfjak ` _rblassêb, :5(5), =0?-=