Ensayo Bruce Trigger y Margarita Díaz Andreu

 

Dasbyj mdn nhkrj Ehstjrhb mdn Ydasb`hdatj Brqudjn÷ Brqudjn÷chgj, chgj, mdn butjr Krugd ]rhccdr y mdn brtàgunj Abghjabnhs`j da Brqudjnjcàb, dn Gjatdxtj Yjnàthgj md Audstrb Mhsghpnhab, md nb butjrb, @brcbrhtb Màbz Bamrdu?

Mdn nhkrj Ehstjrhb mdn Ydasb`hdatj Brqudjn÷chgj, Brqudjn÷chgj, mdn butjr Krugd ]rhccdr? Ybrb d`pdzbr, dn butjr, Krugd ]rhccdr, dxpnhgb, da dn gbpàtunj 29 md dstd nhkrj, qud dn jkodthvj gj`j tbn md ua brqud÷njcj ds trbkbobr gja mbtjs, ds mdghr aj mdkd hr bn gb`pj, shaj babnhzbr  njs rdchstrjs. Bquà dn butjr ‗ brqud÷njcj, Wgehffdr (2836), trbtb dn `hs`j td`b, mjamd mhgd qud sd mdkd dstumhbr nb gunturb gunturb gj`j pbrtd mdn gj`pjrtb`hdat gj`pjrtb`hdatj j eu`baj y qud nb gunturb gunturb `btdrhbn mdkd sdr dstumhbmb aj sjnj mdsmd dn prdsdatd ebghb dn pbsbmj, shaj tb`khèa da dn prjphj  prdsdatd.

Bncuajs jtrjs butjrds gj`j Mdbcba (285;, p. 263) y Khafjrm (2852. Y. ;5), dxpnhgba qud dn rdch rdchst strj rj md dstbs dstbs phdz phdzbs bs ba bath thcu cubs bs da dagj gjat atrb rbmb mbss da dn gb`pj gb`pj pj pjrr jt jtrj rjss ha havd vdsth sthcb cbmj mjrds rds y bn`bgdabmbs, aj gjathdad sufhghdatd hafjr`bgh÷a, j pjr bsà mdghrnj ds aunb nb hafjr`bgh÷a qud md dstjs rdchstrjs rdchstrjs sd mdkdràb mdkdràb dxtrbdr. Dn Brqud÷njcj, Brqud÷njcj, Mbahd Mbahdnn (2834, pp. 739 ‗ 736), dxpnhgb dxpnhgb qud sh s÷nj sd dstumhba jkodtjs da uab havdsthcbgh÷a brqudjn÷chgb, ds mdghr sh s÷nj sd hagnuyda  phdzbs md gunturb `btdrhbn `btdrh bn y aj md gunturb ha`btdrhbn, gj`j nb vhsh÷a qud tdaàba nbs sjghdmbmds mdn pbsbmj sjkrd dstjs jkodtjs, sd dstbràb ebghdamj uab sudrtd md gjndgghjahs`j md jkodtjs bathcujs. Da uab ghtb edgeb b dstd `hs`j butjr, Krugd ]rhccdr, sd pnbatdb? „…Nb `byjràb md njs brqud÷njcjs gjathaÿba gjatd`pnbamj nb brqudjnjcàb gj`j ua `dmhj pbrb dstumhbr dn gj`pjrtb`hdatj eu`baj y dn gb`khj gunturbn da dn pbsbmj, buaqud dstâa ndojs md gjhaghmhr da nj qud dstj h`pnhgb…‐ (]rhccdr, 288;? 7==).

Da dstd puatj dxpnhgb, dn butjr ]rhccdr, qud sd pjmràb rdbnhzbr ua dstumhj mdsmd dn prdsdatd gja sjghdmbmds bgtubnds, uab dspdghd md brqudjnjcàb dtajcrâfhgb dxpdrh`datbn, pbrb gjajgdr `dojr  dn gj`pjrtb`hdatj eu`baj. J gj`j nj mhgd bquà nb ghtb mdn butjr `hs`j, ]rhccdr?

„…]rbmhghjabn`datd, nb brqudjnjcàb sd eb dquhpbrbmj gja nb   rdgupdrbgh÷a, dn baânhshs y nb hatdrprdtbgh÷a md njs rdstjs   `btdrhbnds mdn pbsbmj. Ydrj nb brqudjnjcàb eb trbsgdamhmj   dsjs nà`htds. Abmhd eb gudsthjabmj nb brqudjnjcàb dxpdrh  `datbn, qud buaqud aj dstumhb, dstrhgtb`datd ebknbamj, `btdrhbnds mdn pbsbmj, thdad uab crba h`pjrtbaghb pbrb nb

 

  hatdrprdtbgh÷a brqudjn÷chgb…‐ (]rhccdr, 288;? 7==).

B tjmj dstj sd pudmd mdghr, qud ua dstumhj mdn prdsdatd ds `âs ua dstumhj pshgjn÷chgj ‗ sjghbn, qud ua dstumhj brqudjn÷chgj, yb qud nb brqudjnjcàb thdad gj`j fuagh÷a dstumhbr dn pbsbmj pbrb rdgjastruhrnj y gja dstj datdamdr dn prdsdatd< bejrb khda, sh dstumhb`js dn prdsdatd mdsmd dn  prdsdatd `hs`j aj dstbràb`js ebghdamj brqudjnjcàb, dstbrd`js ebghdamj uab dspdghd md  pshgjbaânhshs b trbvès mdn shcahfhgbmj md njs jkodtjs pbrb sjghdmbmds mdn prdsdatd, ds mdghr, babnhzb`js g÷`j sd gj`pjrtb nb cdatd, da vdz md guânds sja njs rbscjs md gunturb (khda sdb `btdrhbn j ha`btdrhbn) qud mdfhada prjphb`datd uab gj`uahmbm j sjghdmbm< yb qud da sà nb gunturb sja njs shcahfhgbmjs, nbs hmdbs, dn pdasb`hdatj, qud thdada njs eu`bajs, b gdrgb md bncj da pbrthgunbr y aj s÷nj dn gj`pjrtb`hdatj.

Da jtrb ghtb mdn butjr ]rhccdr, sd dxpnhgb?

  „…]rbmhghjabn`datd nb rdnbgh÷a gja nb ehstjrhb eb shmj `ugej `âs dstrdgeb da bqudnnjs `j`datjs da qud njs brqud÷njcjs dstumhbkba nj qud grdàba drba njs rdstjs md sus prjphjs bagdstrjs j md ghvhnhzbghjads pbrb nbs qud sd mhspjaàb md `ugeb mjgu`datbgh÷a dsgrhtb. Wha d`kbrcj sd bgdrgbkb `âs b nb batrjpjnjcàb gubamj dn jkodtj md dstumhj drb dn Ybndjnàthgj, j khda gunturbs `âs rdghdatds pdrj `dajs bvbazbmbs tdgajn÷chgb`datd…‐ (]rhccdr, 288;? 7=4).

               

]jmj dstj sd pudmd jkodtbr yb qud nb brqudjnjcàb, vhstb mdsmd ejy da màb, bn `dajs, aj ds s÷nj dn dstumhj md nb prdehstjrhb, shaj `âs khda, ds dn dstumhj mdn pbsbmj, mdsmd nb prdehstjrhb, qud ds gubamj eby uab hadxhstdaghb md dsgrhturb, uab ehstjrhb, qud ds gubamj gj`hdazba nbs prh`drbs dsgrhturbs y nudcj dn surch`hdatj md nb gunturb, nbs dstrugturbs y nbs gj`uahmbmds. Bquà sd dvhmdaghb dstj da uab ghtb edgeb bn butjr ‗ brqud÷njcj Hrvhac [jusd, da dn nhkrj Hatrjmuggh÷a b nb Yrdehstjrhb, mjamd mhgd da su dxpnhgbgh÷a mdn gukj md nbs drbs md nb thdrrb? „…2. Drb cdjn÷chgb ‗ dn pdràjmj trbasgurrhmj mdsmd nb fjr  `bgh÷a md nb thdrrb, b trbvès mdn mdsbrrjnnj md nb vhmb ebstb nb prh`drb bpbrhgh÷a mdn ej`krd.   ;. Drb Yrdehst÷rhgb ‗ dn pdràjmj qud vb mdsmd nb prh`drb

 

 

   

bpbrhgh÷a md nb eu`bahmbm ebstb dn mdsbrrjnnj md nb ehstjrhb dsgrhtb. 7. Drb ehst÷rhgb ‗ dn pdràjmj b pbrthr mdn gubn dn ej`krd

 

   

fud gbpbz md prjmughr tdsth`jahjs ehst÷rhgj shcahfhgbthvjs…‐ ([jusd, 2837? 7).

Bquà da dstd puatj dn butjr, ]rhccdr da dstd nhkrj md Ehstjrhb mdn Ydasb`hdatj Brqudjn÷chgj, da dn `hs`j gbpàtunj 29, dxpjad qud, tjmbs dstbs mdsgrhpghjads md thpjs y `jmjs, ds mdghr md nbs gbrbgtdràsthgbs prjphbs md njs jkodtjs, aj gjanndvba b `âs abmb qud uab mdsgrhpgh÷a sh`pnd,  pjgj prjfuamb y qud aj nndvd b `âs bnnâ, md uabs sh`pnds gubnhmbmds vhshknds, ds mdghr bn jkodtj gj`j jkodtj, y aj bn suodtj gj`j grdbmjr md dstbs tdgajnjcàbs md fbkrhgbgh÷a md jkod jkodtj tjs, s, da qud qud pr prha hagh ghpb pbn` n`da datd td ds dstâ tâ dn suod suodtj tj.. Dxpj Dxpjad ad bm bmd` d`âs âs,, qu qudd aj sd eb ebgd gda a rdgjastrugghjads ehst÷rhgbs prjphb`datd gja dstjs mbtjs y mdsgrhpghjads md thpjs y `jmjs md njs jkodtjs, nndvâamjnjs b ua tèr`haj ua pjgj ruhmjsj md „sukodthvhmbm‐. Bquà nj mhgd nb ghtb bn `hs`j butjr, ]rhccdr?

„…Cdadrbn`datd sd bgdptb qud nbs thpjnjcàbs sja grdbghj  ads md md njs brqud÷njcjs `âs qud rdgjastrugghjads md md nbs gbtdcjràbs md njs qud gjastruydrja j uthnhzbrja  dn `btdrhbn qud dstumhb, buaqud `ugebs vdgds sd eb dxhchmj su dquhvbndaghb. (…) Wja sukodthvjs hagnusj   bqudnnjs dsfudrzjs pjr gnbshfhgbr „jkodthvb`datd‐ `d  mhbatd nb kÿsqudmb md bcrupbghjads „abturbnds‐ md btrh kutjs mdatrj md crbamds `btrhgds md mbtjs…‐ (]rhccdr, 288;? 74=).

B nj qud sd rdspjamd, qud sha nb dxhstdaghb md dstjs mbtjs j gbrbgtdràsthgbs b hatdrprdtbr, rdbn`da rdbn `datd td què tba prjfua prjfuamb mb ds uab havdsth havdsthcbg cbgh÷a h÷a brqudj brqudjn÷c n÷chgb hgb,, sh nb brqudj brqudjnjc njcàb àb sd kbsb kbsb  prhaghpbn`datd da dn dstumhj md gunturb `btdrhbn, sh aj sd dstumhbrba nbs gubnhmbmds, usjs fuaghjads, gbrbgtdràsthgbs, md njs jkodtjs y md quhdads njs fbkrhgbrja, sdràb `âs khda uab dtajcrbfàb.

Da ua ÿnth`j puatj md dstd butjr, Krugd ]rhccdr, mdn nhkrj da gudsth÷a, sd dxpjad uab hmdb md qud nb sukodthvhmbm mdatrj md uab havdsthcbgh÷a brqudjn÷chgb (brqudjnjcàb gj`j pbrtd shd`prd md nb batrjpjnjcàb) auagb pudmd jkvhbrsd, ah sdpbrbrsd md nb jkodthvhmbm, puds dn havdsthcbmjr  vhvdaghbnhzb u jksdrvb mhrdgtb`datd njs jkodtjs da ua ybgh`hdatj, pbrb rdgjcdr dstjs mbtjs da dn gb`pj< pjr nj qud shd`prd vb b dstbr ha`drsb nb gudsth÷a `âs qud sdath`datbn, sd mhràb nb gunturb, da brbs mdn pdasb`hdatj prjphj mdn havdsthcbmjr. Md nb `hs`b fjr`b dxpjad qud nb gj gjao aoua uagh gh÷a ÷a md br brqu qudj djnj njcà càbb gj gja a dtaj dtajcr crbf bfàb àb sh shd` d`pr prdd sdràb sdràb ÿt ÿthn hn pb pbrb rb rd rdfj fjrzb rzbrr td÷rh td÷rhgj gj ‗ 

 

`dtjmjn÷chgb`datd, dstjs baânhshs md mbtjs, rdgjchmjs da dn gb`pj, bpnhgbamj md hcubn fjr`b dstb tègahgb md rdgjndggh÷a (nb dtajcrbfàb) bn gb`pj. Bquà nj dxpnhgb `dojr, dn butjr, ]rhccdr, da dstb ghtb mjamd mhgd?

„…Aj eby cbrbatàbs md qud dsbs hafdrdaghbs aj dstèa gja         

 

tb`habmbs pjr fbgtjrds sukodthvjs. Ydrj dn mdsbrrjnnj md audvjs y `âs au`drjsjs bncjrht`js pbrb nb hafdrdaghb mdn gj`pjrtb`hdatj b pbrthr md mbtjs brqudjn÷chgjs y pbrb dspdghfhgbr nb vbnhmdz md nbs babnjcàbs dtajcrâfhgbs prjpjrghjaba njs `dmhjs pbrb `bxh`hzbr nbs gjamhghjads md nb dvhmdaghb brqudjn÷chgb md da dstjs fbgtjrds sukodthvjs…‐ (]rhccdr, 288;? 766).

Mdn brtàgunj md Abghjabnhs`j da Brqudjnjcàb, dn Gjatdxtj Yjnàthgj md Audstrb Mhsghpnhab, md nb butjrb, @brcbrhtb Màbz Bamrdu? Ybrb Ybrb gj gj`d `daz azbr, br, da ua uabb ghtb ghtb md dstb dstb bu butj tjrb, rb, @brc @brcbrh brhtb tb Màbz Màbz Bamr Bamrdu du,, sd dv dvhm hmda dagh ghbb nj batdrh bat drhjr` jr`datd datd mhgej sjkrd sjkrd qud nb brqudj brqudjnjc njcàb àb dstumhb dstumhb da sà ds bn pbsbmj pbsbmj,, qud `dmhbatd `dmhbatd rdgjastrugghjads ehst÷rhgbs mdfhada gunturbs dspdgàfhgbs< nb ghtb mhgd?

„…]jmb mhsghpnhab ghdatàfhgb thdad uab ehstjrhb trbs md sà   qud mdtdr`habmjs `hd`krjs mdatrj md uab gj`uahmbm   ghdatàfhgb sd eba mdmhgbmj b havdsthcbr y mdsgrhkhr. Ruhda   sd hatdrdsb pjr dn pbsbmj md nb brqudjnjcàb pudmd bgumhr    b nbs `bcahfhgbs jkrbs md gbrâgtdr cdadrbn prjmughmbs pjr         

Cnya Mbahdn (Mbahdn, 2834), Brabnmj @j`hcnhbaj (@j`hcnhbaj, 2844 (2849) (shg), Krugd ]rhccdr (]rhccdr 2858), j Bnbha Wgeabpp (Wgeabpp, 2887) pjr ghtbr b njs `âs gjajghmjs…‐ (Màbz, ;992? 7).

Datrd njs shcnjs UHV y UV sdcÿa, dstb butjrb, Màbz Bamrdu, ds gubamj sd gj`hdazb b prjmughr  dn hatdrè hatdrèss pjr jkodtjs jkodtjs mdn pbsbmj, pbsbmj, nbs pdrsja pdrsjabs bs md gnbsds gnbsds sjghbn sjghbnds ds dndvbmb dndvbmbs, s, md nb èpjgb èpjgb `dmhdvbn durjpdb vjngbrja sus hatdrdsds da jkodtjs dxtrbòjs y bathcujs, `âs qud abmb pjr su vb vbnj njrr dstèt dstèthg hgj j ‗ br brtà tàsth sthgj gj,, nndv nndvâa âamj mjnbs nbs b ua `drj `drj rd rdgu gudrm drmj j md nj qu qudd ds dn gj gjag agdp dptj tj md Bathgubrhj.

 

]jmj nj qud qudràba rdprdsdatbr da dstbs jkrbs md brtd drb su pjmdràj y su dstbtus gja rdspdgtj b nbs gnbsds `dajs pumhdatds, yb qud da sà nbs gnbsds `âs pumhdatds drba ajknds j `hd`krjs mdn gnèrhcj (nb hcndshb Gbt÷nhgb). Da uab ghtb md nb `hs`b butjrb, Màbz Bamrdu, sd dxpnhgb `dojr dstd puatj?

„…nj ghdrtj ds qud sjnb`datd b pbrthr md shcnjs UHV y UV  

 

fud gubamj pjr prh`drb vdz b mdtdr`habmjs hamhvhmujs md nb sjghdmbm sd nds pdr`hth÷ dspdghbnhzbrsd md uab `b  adrb `âs mdfhahthvb y gjathaubmb da dn dstumhj mdn pbsbmj y md sus rdstjs `btdrhbnds. (…) Da dstb Durjpb da trbas  fjr`bgh÷a nbs ènhtds gj`dazbrja gj`dazbrja b hatdrdsbrsd pjr njs   jkodtjs bathcujs md uab `badrb auagb gjajghmb batds, ah sh quhdrb murbatd dn pdràjmj rj`baj, `j`datj da dn gubn nbs dstbtubs crhdcbs ebkàba btrbàmj crba btdagh÷a…‐ (Màbz, ;992? 4).

Dstb butjrb, Màbz, dxpnhgb da jrj puatj, qud dn gjagdptj md abghjabnhs`j dstâ mhvhmhmj da mjs gjagdpghjads mhfdrdatds pdrj gjrrdnbghjabmjs datrd sà, gj`j ds dn md abghjabnhs`j gàvhgj j  pjnàthgj y abghjabnhs`j gunturbn j ètahgj. B pbrtd nb butjrb, gj`datb qud nb pbnbkrb abgh÷a shcahfhgb dth`jn÷chgb`datd, nucbr md jrhcda, tbatj md gj`uahmbmds, rdchjads, gj`brgbs j  pbàsds.

Mbamj dstd gjagdptj ds h`pjrtbatd mdghr, qud nb ehstjrhb mdn pbsbmj, shdamj dstumhbmb mdsmd dn  prdsdatd, ajs pdr`htd bprdamdr md audstrjs bagdstrjs gjajgh`hdatjs qud bÿa ejy shcuda vhcdatds, bsà aj sdba mdn tjmj jkodthvjs j d`pàrhgjs, gj`j nbs ghdaghbs abturbnds.

Gja tjmj dstj dxpjad, nb butjrb, Màbz Bamrdu, qud b trbvès md dstd hatdrès pjr dn abghjabnhs`j sd surchdrja njs `usdjs, mdkhmj bn grdghdatd hatdrès md rdsgbtbr y gjasdrvbr dstjs `jau`datjs y jkodtj jkodtjss md guntur gunturbb `btdrhb `btdrhbnn y bsà mdkhdrj mdkhdrja a njs mhrhcd mhrhcdatd atdss md Dstbmj Dstbmj,, kusgbr kusgbr pdrsja pdrsjabs bs dspdghbnhzbmbs da bgthvhmbmds md dstd thpj, gja nj gubn surchdrja da nbs uahvdrshmbmds nbs gb gbrrd rrdrbs rbs md br brqu qudj djnj njcà càbb (g (gjr jrrd rdsp spja jamh mhda datd td b nb dsgud dsgudnb nb kr krht htâa âahg hgb) b) y md ba batrj trjpj pjnj njcà càbb (gjrrdspjamhdatd b nb dsgudnb ajrtdb`drhgbab). Ds mdghr dstd abghjabnhs`j gàvhgj prjmuoj qud sd bfhbazbrb nb brqudjnjcàb gj`j ghdaghb. Da uab ÿnth`b ghtb edgeb b dstb btjrb, Màbz Bamrdu, sd dvhmdaghb dstj?

„…Ydrj bmd`âs nb audvb gjashmdrbgh÷a mbmb b nb dmugbgh÷a h`pnhg÷ nb bpdrturb md `usdjs mjamd dxpjadr jkodtjs prj-

 

         

vdahdatds md nb bathcþdmbm gnâshgb y dstj nndv÷ b nb adgdshmbm md tdadr prjfdshjabnds qud sd jgupbrba md dnnjs y pjr  tbatj b nb md hagnuhr b nb brqudjnjcàb datrd md njs sbkdrds h`pbrthmjs da nb uahvdrshmbm j da nbs dsgudnbs md dmugbgh÷a supdrhjr…‐ (Màbz, ;992? 6).

 

Khknhjcrbfàb?

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Màbz, B. @. (;992).  (;992).   Abghjabnhs`j y Brqudjnjcàb? dn gjatdxtj pjnàthgj md audstrb mhsghpnhab.. [dvhstb mj @usdu Bruqudjnjchb d Dtajnjchb Wbj Ybunj. Vjn. 22. pp. 7 ‗ ;9. mhsghpnhab



[jusd, [ju sd, H. (2837) (2837)..  Hatrjmuggh÷a b nb prdehstjrhb? ua dafjqud shstd`âthgj. shstd`âthgj . Kdnnbtdrrb? Kbrgdnjab, Dspbòb.

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]rhc ]rhccd cdr, r, K. (2 (288 88;) ;)..  Ehstjrhb mdn Ydasb`hdatj Brqudjn÷chgj. Brqudjn÷chgj. Gràthg Gràthgb? b? Kbrgdnj Kbrgdnjab, ab, Dspbòb.

 

Tahvdrshmbm Gdatrbn md Vdadzudnb Fbguntbm md Ghdaghbs Dgja÷`hgbs y Wjghbnds Dsgudnb md Batrjpjnjcàb Mdpbrtb`datj md Brqudjnjcàb y Batrjpjnjcàb Ehst÷rhgb @btdrhb? ]djràb y @ètjmjs Brqudjn÷chgjs H

[DNBGH×A EHW]×[HGB MD NB BFHBA_BGH×A MD NB B[RTDJNJCÀB GJ@J GHDAGHB WJGHBN.

Cbkrhdnb Md Crdcjrhhs

Gbrbgbs, jgtukrd mdn ;923.