Ensayo Administración Del Siglo XXI

 

Xlm. Ali. (Cgjajñi iÿ`. ;6) Tlm. 1, Il 2 Oumjl ;865, pp. 46;-4;3 JQQI? ;338 - 45;U GLJ? 68.;1532/pa.v1j2.324

[cacpajñi? 82 / 87 / ;865

Ajciajfs caliñ`jafs y c`prcsfrjfmcs

Facptfajñi? 81 / 84 / ;865

Frtàauml gc Jivcstjbfajñi

Xukmjafajñi? 8; / 82 / ;865

Mf iucvf fg`jijstrfajñi gcm sjbml UUJ Wec icw fg`jijstrftjli ld tec UUJ  acitury F ilvf fg`jijstr fg`jijstrfâál fâál gl sêauml ;6 Jkctt @. Oæal`c-Mfrf J jkctt.ofal`cHuta.cgu.ca @frmli [. Wjifocrl-Oj`êicz JJ `frmli.tjifocrlHuta.cgu.ca Jvæi @. Quærcz-Bucvfrf JJJ jvfi.sufrczHuta.cgu.ca

Alrrcspligciajf? jkctt.ofal`cHuta.cgu.ca J

@fbjstcr ci Bcstjñi C`prcsfrjfm, Cspcajfmjstf ci Bcstjñi Fvfizfgf gc Lpcrfajlics, Lpcrfajlics, Jibcijcrl Al`crajfm, Glacitc gc mf Sijvcrsjgfg Wêaijaf gc Altlpfxj, Mftfauibf, Caufglr.

JJ

@fbjstcr ci Bcstjñi gc C`prcsfs @ciajñi Xcqucöfs y @cgjfifs C`prcsfs, Jibcijcrl Al`crajfm, Glacitc gc mf Sijvcrsjgfg Wêaijaf gc Altlpfxj, Mftfauibf, Caufglr.

JJJ

@fbjstcr ci Bcstjñi gc C`prcsfs @ciajñi Xcqucöfs y @cgjfifs C`prcsfs, Jibcijcrl gc C`prcsfs, Glacitc gc mf Sijvcrsjgfg Wêaijaf gc Altlpfxj, Mftfauibf, Caufglr.

ettp?//plmlgcmalilaj`jcitl.al`/l ettp?//plmlgc malilaj`jcitl.al`/los/jigcx.pep/cs os/jigcx.pep/cs

 

Jkctt @. Oæal`c Mfrf, @frmli [. Wjifocrl Oj`êicz, Jvæi @. Quærcz Bucvfrf

[csu`ci Mls alitjiuls af`kjls gcm `uigl lrbfijzfajlifm rcprcscitfi ui gcsfdàl pfrf cm êxjtl gc mfs c`prcsfs, cstl alimmcvf f quc su fg`jijstrfajñi tcibf uif cstruaturf afgf vcz `æs dmcxjkmc, quc mc pcr`jtf fgfptfrsc f mfs ajrauistfiajfs ajrauistfiajfs fatufmcs fatufmcs c jiamusl jiamusl prcgcajr iucvls csacifrjls csacifrjls pfrf uif bcstjñi cdjajcitc gc afrf f ml quc rcstf gc sjbml UUJ. Cm prcscitc trfkfol, pmfs`f uif scrjc gc aliacptls, aliacpt ls, lpjijlics y fiæmjsjs fiæmjsjs rcmfajlifgls rcmfajlifgls ali cm `lgcml gc fg`jijstrfajñi fg`jijstrfajñi pfrf cm duturl. duturl. Cm `js`l sc rcfmjzñ `cgjfitc uif rcvjsjñi gc tjpl glau`citfm plr mf ifturfmczf gc sus ducitcs, ci su `fylràf `fylr àf gjbjtfmcs. gjbjtfmcs. Mfs c`prcsfs gckci fgqujrjr fgqujrjr mfs cstrftcbjfs cstrftcbjfs icacsfrjfs icacsfrjfs fitc mls alistfitcs alistfitcs af`kjls gcm sjstc`f, cm cstugjl gc mls rctls quc sc mc prcscitf f mf fg`jijstrfajñi gcm sjbml UUJ cs duig duigf` f`ci citf tfmm pfrf pfrf cm iucvl iucvl `lgcm `lgcml l fg`ji fg`jijs jstr trft ftjv jvl. l. Cm Cmc` c`cit citls ls al al`l `l mf bm bmlk lkfm fmjz jzfa fajñ jñi, i, mf futl`ftjzfajñi gc mls prlacsls, cm gcsfrrlmml lrbfijzfajlifm, citrc ltrls, sli vjtfmcs pfrf mfs  prlycaajlics gc sus afrfatcràstjafs duigf`citfmcs. Mf trfisdlr`fajñi gc mf fg`jijstrfajñi cs j`pcrjlsf pfrf bfrfitjzfr cm fmafiac gc mfs `ctfs y mf pcr`ficiajf gc su cdcatjvjgfg y cdjajciajf ci cm duturl. Xfmfkrfs amfvc? iucvf> fg`jijstrfajñi> sjbml> `lgcml> trfisdlr`fajñi.

Fkstrfat Wec alitjiulus aefibcs ld tec lrbfijzftjlifm lrbfijzftjlifm wlrmg rcprcscit rcprcscit f aefmmcibc aefmmcibc dlr tec suaacss ld tec al`pfijcs, tejs citfjms teft tecjr fg`jijstrftjli efs fi jiarcfsjibmy dmcxjkmc struaturc, wejae fmmlws jt tl fgfpt tl aurrcit ajrau`stfiacs fig cvci prcgjat icw sacifrjls dlr fi cddjajcit `fifbc`cit ji lrgcr tl weft rc`fjis ld tec ;6st acitury. Wec prcscit wlrn afpturcs f scrjcs ld  aliacpts, lpjijlis aliacpts, lpjijlis fig fifmyzcs fifmyzcs rcmftcg rcmftcg tl tec `fifbc`cit `fifbc`cit `lgcm dlr tec duturc. duturc. Jt wfs afrrjcg lu lutt terl terlube ube f glau` glau`cit citfr fry y typc typc rc rcvj vjcw cw gu gucc tl tec tec ift iftur urcc ld jt jtss sl slur urac acs, s, `lst `lstmy my gj gjbj bjtf tfm. m. Al`pfijcs `ust faqujrc tec icacssfry strftcbjcs ji tec dfac ld alistfit aefibcs ji tec systc`, tec stugy ld tec aefmmcibcs prcscitcg tl tec fg`jijstrftjli ld tec ;6st acitury js duigf`citfm dlr  tec icw fg`jijstr fg`jijstrftjvc ftjvc `lgcm. Cmc`cits Cmc`cits suae fs bmlkfmjzftjli, bmlkfmjzftjli, tec futl`ftjli futl`ftjli ld prlacsscs, prlacsscs, lrbfijzftjlifm gcvcmlp`cit, f`lib ltecrs, frc vjtfm dlr tec prlocatjlis ld tecjr duigf`citfm aefrfatcrjstjas. Wec trfisdlr`ftjli ld tec fg`jijstrftjli js j`pcrftjvc tl bufrfitcc tec rcfae ld  tec blfms fig tec pcr`ficiac ld jts cddcatjvcicss fig cddjajciay ji tec duturc. Ncywlrgs? icw> fg`jijstrftjli> acitury> `lgcm> trfisdlr`ftjli. 461 Xlm. Ali. (Cgjajñi iÿ`. ;6) Tlm. 1, Il 2, oumjl ;865, pp. 46;-4;3, JQQI? ;338 - 45;U

 

[csu`l Fs `ugfiâfs alitàiufs gl `uigl lrbfijzfajlifm rcprcscitf` u` gcsfdjl pfrf l suacssl gfs c`prcsfs, l quc j`pmjaf quc suf fg`jijstrfâál tc` u`f cstruturf afgf vcz `fjs dmcxàvcm, quc  pcr`jtc fgfptfr-sc ès ajrauistëiajfs ftufjs c ftê prcvcr ilvls aciærjls pfrf u`f bcstál cdjajcitc, f dj` gc l quc rcstf gl sêauml ;6. L prcscitc trfkfmel afpturf u`f sêrjc gc aliacjtls, lpjijócs c fiæmjscs rcmfajlifgfs fl `lgcml gc bcstál pfrf l duturl. Dlj rcfmjzfgl ftrfvês gc u`f rcvjsál gl tjpl glau`citfm, gcvjgl è ifturczf gc sufs dlitcs, prjiajpfm`citc gjbjtfm. Fs c`prcsfs gcvc` fgqujrjr fs cstrftêbjfs icacssærjfs gjfitc gc alistfitcs `ugfiâfs il sjstc`f, l cstugl gls gcsfdj gcs fdjls ls fprcsc fprcscitf itfgls gls è fg`jij fg`jijstr strfâál fâál gl sêauml sêauml UUJ ê duigf` duigf`cit citfm fm pfrf pfrf l ilvl `lgcml `lgcml fg`jij fg` jijstr strftj ftjvl. vl. Cmc`cit Cmc`citls ls al`l al`l bmlkfm bmlkfmjzf jzfâál âál,, futl`f futl`fâál âál gc prlacs prlacssls sls,, gcs gcsciv civlmv lmvj`c j`citl itl lrbfijzfajlifm, citrc lutrls, sál vjtfjs pfrf fs prlocâócs gc sufs afrfatcràstjafs duigf`citfjs. F trfi trfisd sdlr lr`f `fâál âál gf fg`ji fg`jijs jstr trfâ fâál ál ê j` j`pc pcrf rftj tjvf vf pf pfrf rf bfrfi bfrfitj tjrr l fm fmaf afia iacc gl glss lk lkoc octj tjvls vls c f  pcr`fiïiajf gc suf cdjaæajf c cdjajïiajf il duturl. Xfmfvrfs aefvc? ilvl> fg`jijstrfâál> sêauml> `lgcml> trfisdlr`fâál.

Jitrlguaajñi Mf fg`jijst fg`jijstrfa rfajñi jñi cs `uy fitjbu fitjbuf, f, y cstæ cstæ rcmfaj rcmfajlif lifgf gf ali cm el`krc el`krc gcsgc quc êstc êstc usñ cm rfzlif`jcit rfzlif `jcitl, l, yf quc sc kusañ mf `ficrf gc gcmj`jtfr gcmj`jtfr tfrcfs, tfrcfs, tcicr ui màgcr, tl`fr gcajsjlics, gcajsjlics,  pmficfr y mmcvfr f afkl faajlics ciaf`jifgfs f mlbrfr fmbÿi lkoctjvl tfitl slajfm al`l jigjvjgufm. Cm rcalilaj`jcitl al`l ajciajf gc mf Fg`jijstrfajñi sc vjcic f gfr `uael tjc`pl gcspuês, fuiquc sjc`prc f ml mfrbl gc mf cvlmuajñi ejstlrjf gcm el`krc gàf f gàf cxjstc mf icacsjgfg gc pmfijdjafr, lrbfijzfr, gjrjbjr y alitrlmfr quc sjc`prc efi cstfgl, pcrl quc efi sjgl cidlaf cid lafgfs gfs gc `ficrf `ficrfss gjstji gjstjitfs tfs,, yf quc afgf afgf puckml puckml l slajcg slajcgfg fg duc fpmjaæigl fpmjaæiglmfs mfs scbÿi scbÿi mfs icacsjgfgcs y alitcxtls quc sc prcscitfkfi ci csls `l`citls rfzñi plr mf quc efi jgl cvlmuajlifigl mfs dlr`fs gc fg`jijstrfr. Ely ci gàf ecrrf`jcitfs gc gcsfrrlmml, jiilvfajñi, bcstjñi, arcftjvjgfg, al`pctciajfs, prlacsls, cstrftcbjfs efi sjgl j`pmc`citfgfs pfrf `colrfr mf fg`jijstrfajñi y lptj`jzfr mls tjc`pls y rcaursls pfrf lktcicr cm `colr kcicdjajl gc cmmls y fmafizfr mls lkoctjvls. (Tjmmfrrcfm, ;861) Aejfvciftl (;887), gcdjic mf fg`jijstrfajñi, al`l ”cm prlacsl gc pmficfr, lrbfijzfr, gjrjbjr y alitrlmfr cm usl gc mls rcaursls pfrf mlbfr mls lkoctjvls lrbfijzfajlifmcs‐. (p. 68)

 

Ci tfm scitjgl, plgc`ls vcr, gc `ficrf bcicrfm, al`l mf fg`jijstrfajñi gc c`prcsfs cs ui  prlacsl gjrjbjgl f au`pmjr mfs `ctfs lrbfijzfajlifmcs. Cm prlkmc`f sc prcscitf fitc mls alistfitcs af`kjls quc surbci ali cm fvfiac gcm tjc`pl, ml quc alivjcrtc f mf c`prcsf ci uif citjgfg af`kjfitc y fgfptfkmc f mfs ajrauistfiajfs quc mf rlgcfi. Ci cm sjstc`f fatufm, gc afrf fm sjbml UUJ, cstf tclràf pmfitcf uif jitcrrlbfitc? ¼quê efacr pfrf fg`jijstrfr gc mf `colr `ficrf< Qc rcqujcrci cstugjls tcñrjals, quc pcr`jtfi f mfs lrbfijzfajlics fifmjzfr mls af`kjls ji`jicitcs y su alrrcatf fgfptfajñi f mls `js`ls, ali mf djifmjgfg gc cidrcitfr gc `ficrf vjatlrjlsf mls rctls gcm sjbml UUJ, cm prcscitc trfkfol cs csf ecrrf`jcitf quc fplrtf ui cidlquc gc mf vjsjñi gc mf iucvf fg`jijstrfajñi, gc añ`l sc cstæi y sc cstj`f, sc prcscitfræi mls gjdcrcitcs rctls quc mfs lrbfijzfajlics gckci fsu`jr y alidrlitfr, fsà al`l mfs prjiajpfmcs afrfatcràstjafs quc mfs c`prcsfs gckci fglptfr gc afrf fm duturl y ci prl gc mf lktciajñi gc mls `colrcs rcsumtfgls ci cm fmafiac gc sus lkoctjvls.

@ftcrjfmcs y `êtlgls Cm prcscitc cstugjl sc acitrñ ci gcsfrrlmmfr fspcatls rcmfajlifgls ali mf fg`jijstrfajñi gcm sjbml UUJ, cspcaàdjaf`citc mls rctls quc cidrcitfræ gjaef gjsajpmjif gc afrf fm duturl y mfs afrfatcràstjafs quc mfs c`prcsfs gckci fglptfr pfrf cidrcitfr tfmcs gcsfdàls, tlgl cmml ali mf djifmjgfg gc pmfs`fr ci kfsc f lpjijlics vfrjfgfs gc cxpcrtls gcm tc`f y aliamujr ui fiæmjsjs aràtjal gc mf plsjajñi quc gckci fsu`jr mfs c`prcsfs gcm sjbml UUJ pfrf fgfptfrsc f mls af`kjls ji`jicitcs gcm `uigl lrbfijzfajlifm. Cm prcscitc cstugjl sc rcfmjzñ f trfvês gc uif jivcstjbfajñi gc tjpl glau`citfm, sustcitfgf plr  ducitcs gjbjtfmcs, mfs aufmcs sc rcafkfrli f trfvês gc `ltlrcs gc kÿsqucgf tfmcs al`l Bllbmc Fafgê`jal y Bllbmc pfrf bfrfitjzfr cm prjiajpjl gc fatufmjgfg y vcrfajgfg gc mf ducitc. Qc rcvjsf rcv jsfrli rli glau`c glau`citl itlss y frtàau frtàaumls mls ajcità ajcitàdja djals ls y gc lpjijñ lpjijñi, i, prl prlvci vcijci jcitcs tcs gc pæbjifs pæbjifs wck, sc rcfmj rcf mjzñ zñ ui al`pfr al`pfrftj ftjvl vl gc mls gftls rcalpj rcalpjmfg mfgls, ls, pfrf pfrf al`pci al`pcigjf gjfrr y rcsfmt rcsfmtfr fr mls gc `fylr  `fylr  j`plrtfiajf.

 

[csumtfgls Mf Fg`jijstrfajñi gcm Qjbml UUJ

Xfrf (@cmbfr Afmmcofs, s.d.), ci mf fg`jijstrfajñi c`prcsfrjfm? Qc efi fglptfgl iucvfs djmlsldàfs, sc efi rltl pfrfgjb`fs, `uaefs têaijafs y iucvls `lgcmls cstæi surbjcigl, quc prl`ctci af`kjfr `lgcrijzfr mf Fg`jijstrfajñi tfitl Xÿkmjaf al`l Xrjvfgf. Mf êplaf gc mf al`uijafajñi ils pcr`jtc ci mf fatufmjgfg scr `æs acrtcrls ci mf slmuajñi gc prlkmc`fs quc fitcs crfi gjdàajmcs gc citcigcr. Cm usl gc mf jitcmjbciajf frtjdjajfm ci cm duturl gc mf c`prcsf, efac prcgcajr quc mls [caursls Eu`fils al`l al`plicitc prj`lrgjfm tjcici quc cspcajfmjzfrsc pfrf mlbrfr fvfiacs sjbijdjaftjvls. Mls af`kjls sli jicvjtfkmcs pfrf mf cvlmuajñi gc mfs c`prcsfs, sñml fqucmmls quc fglptci mfs iucvfs ecrrf`jcitfs al`pctjræi citrc mls `colrcs gcm `uigl. Qc fvcajif uif iucvf crf, cm sjbml UUJ ali su prjiajpfm fvfiac, mf tcailmlbàf, lkmjbf fm cstugjl gcm iucvl `crafgl bmlkfm, ali mf djifmjgfg gc scmcaajlifr y plicr ci usl fqucmmfs ecrrf`jcitfs quc bfrfitjaci cm fmafiac gc mfs `ctfs gc mf lrbfijzfajñi. Ci cstc scitjgl, mf fg`jijstrfajñi gcm sjbml UUJ gckcræ scr tfi dmcxjkmc al`l mls rctls quc sc mc  prcscitfræi> f alitjiufajñi, sc pmfs`fi mls prjiajpfmcs gcsfdàls quc mfs c`prcsfs cidrcitfræi ali al i mf djifmjgfg gc rcfmjzfr ui pcrdjm gcm sjstc`f fg`jijstrftjvl gcm duturl. [ctls 

Mf Bmlkfmjzfajñi.

Mf bmlkfm bmlkfmjzf jzfajñ ajñi i cs ui prlacs prlacsl l gjiæ`j gjiæ`jal al gc arcajc arcajcitc itc mjkcrt mjkcrtfg fg c jitcbr jitcbrfaj fajñi ñi `uigjf `uigjfmm gc mls `crafgls gc trfkfol, kjcics, scrvjajls, tcailmlbàf y afpjtfmcs. Ely ci gàf mfs c`prcsfs gckci gc  pcisfr ci brfigc, plrquc cs præatjaf`citc jifugjtl scbujr pcisfigl ci scr cm `colr gc uif aufgrf l ui puckml. puckml. Gckci gc pcisfr ci scr cm `colr gcm `uigl, yf quc mf bmlkfmjzfajñi bmlkfmjzfajñi ef rclrjcitfgl rclrjcitfgl mls csducrzls gc mfs c`prcsfs f mf afmjgfg. Xfrf plgcr al`pctjr il cs icacsfrjl scr gc ui kmlquc cspcaàdjal, cspcaà djal, sj il tcicr mf afpfajgfg pfrf rcjivcitfrs rcjivcitfrsc, c, fgfptf fgfptfrsc rsc y gcajgjr. gcajgjr. Mf bmlkfmjzfajñi bmlkfmjzfajñi sc lrjcitf fm amjcitc, lmvjgf mls `lilplmjls y lmjblplmjls pfrf fkrjr mls `crafgls y al`pctjr ali tlgl cm `uigl, felrf pucgc lpcrfr f uif c`prcsf gcsgc ui lrgcifglr plrtætjm ci mf al`lgjgfg

 

gcm elbfr 

 

l f trfvês gc ui BXQ ci cm træisjtl gc fmbuif brfi `ctrñplmj. Mf bmlkfmjzfajñi cs mf rcvlmuajñi quc cm `uigl gc mls icblajls cspcrfkf. ([f`àrcz Tcmfzal, ;86;) Ci cstc lrgci gc jgcfs, cm iucvl `lgcml gc fg`jijstrfajñi cidrcitf `uaels `æs gcsfdàls, ali mf bmlkfmjzfajñi sc f`pmàf cm sjstc`f lrbfijzfajlifm, sjcigl `æs vumicrfkmc fitc mf al`pctciajf `uigjfm, rcsumtfigl j`pcrjlsl cm fu`citl gc afmjgfg y mf fglpajñi gc mf futl`ftjzfajñi, sji gcsaujgfr cm rcaursl eu`fil al`l kfsc gc tlgls mls prlacsls. 

Mf futl`ftjzfajñi gc mls prlacsls.

Mf futl`ftjzfajñi gc prlacsls c`prcsfrjfmcs sc rcdjcrc f mf rfajlifmjzfajñi y lptj`jzfajñi gc  prlacsls amfvc, quc fyugfi f mfs c`prcsfs f rcguajr mls alstls `cgjfitc mf jitcbrfajñi gc slmuajlics tcailmñbjafs. Mf futl`ftjzfajñi gc prlacsls gc icblajl cs ui prlycatl `umtjdfatlrjfm. Xlr uif pfrtc, cs ui prlycatl gc icblajl, gcspuês uil gc tcailmlbàf y djifm`citc uil gc rcaursls eu`fils. Cstl, plrquc prj`crf`citc sc gcdjici mls prlacsls gc icblajl f scbujr ci afgf ærcf,  pfrf scbujgl, futl`ftjzfrmls ali tcailmlbàf kfsfgf ci efrgwfrc> al`uijafajlics y sldtwfrc quc, icacsfrjf`citc> scræi cocautfgls y fg`jijstrfgls plr pcrslifs ciafrbfgfs gc `ftcrjfmjzfr mls  prlacsls gcitrl gc mf c`prcsf. (@ciglzf, ;865) Efkmfr gc tcigciajfs pfrf cm duturl cs afsj j`plsjkmc, plr aufitl mf tcailmlbàf fvfizf f pfsls fbjbfi fbj bfitfg tfgls, ls, `cs f `cs mfs tcigcia tcigciajfs jfs vfràfi vfràfi,, sj sji i c`kfrb c`kfrbl, l, rcs rcsumt umtff jit jitcrc crcsfi sfitc tc cstugj cstugjfr fr mfs tcigciajfs fatufmcs f cdcatls gc cstfkmcacr uif prlycaajñi gc ml quc plgràf vjsmu`krfrsc ci cm sjbml UUJ pfrf mfs lrbfijzfajlics. Qcbÿi (Ftfmfjt, ;862) mfs tcigciajfs pfrf prlacsls c`prcsfrjfmcs sc rcsu`ci gc mf sjbujcitc `ficrf? F pfrtjr gc quc mf tcailmlbàf al`cizñ f ldrcacrils afgf vcz `æs dlr`fs y gjsplsjtjvls pfrf al`pfrtjr jidlr`fajñi, mfs c`prcsfs sc vjcrli ji`crsfs ci tlgl cstc prlacsl gc `lvjmjzfajñi (prlac (pr lacsls sls quc sc rcfmj rcfmjzfi zfi f trfvês trfvês gc mls gjsplsjt gjsplsjtjvl jvlss `ñvjmc `ñvjmcs) s) fm aufm aufm sc su`frl su`frli i `ÿmtj `ÿmtjpmc pmcss  prlacsls jitcrils gc mfs lrbfijzfajlics. Xlr ltrf l trf pfrtc, f pfrtjr gc felrf y ci cm duturl sc gckci arcfr cstrftcbjfs fgcaufgfs f rcsbufrgfr mf jidlr`fajñi gc mfs c`prcsfs. Gc cstf dlr`f cs al`l sc pucgc lktcicr scburjgfg f ijvcm bmlkfm. Fsj`js`l, mls gjsplsjtjvls cxtcrils gcsfpfrcajcrli al`l `cgjl gc rcsbufrgl gc mf jidlr`fajñi pfrf plgcr faacgcr f mls gftls gcsgc aufmqujcr sjtjl.

 

Xlr 

 

ÿmtj`l, krjigfrmcs jidlr`fajñi f mls almfklrfglrcs y ecrrf`jcitfs pfrf rcfmjzfr mls prlacsls cs tlgl ml quc sc icacsjtf pfrf au`pmjr mf `fylràf gc mls lkoctjvls. Cs duigf`citfm pfrf mf fg`jijstrfajñi cm cstugjl gc mfs iucvfs tcigciajfs ci tcailmlbàf y mls gcsfdàls quc j`pmjaf su fglpajñi f mls djics gc scmcaajlifr mf fgcaufgf pfrf su prlpñsjtl y sfafr  cm `fylr prlvcael gc cstf ecrrf`jcitf jidlr`ætjaf. 

Mf prcscrvfajñi gc mls rcaursls ifturfmcs.

Cs gc vjtfm j`plrtfiajf, cm rctl quc rcprcscitf pfrf mfs c`prcsfs mf aliscrvfajñi gc mls rcaursls ifturfmcs y ali `jrfs fm duturl, af`kjfr cm pfilrf`f fatufm ci kcicdjajl gc mf calil`àf `uigjfm y, plr cigc, mf sustcitfkjmjgfg gc mfs c`prcsfs. Fm rcspctl, (Afifm Amj`f, ;867) al`citf? Mf rcmfajñi quc sc cstfkmcac citrc af`kjl amj`ætjal y arjsjs caliñ`jaf il rcsumtf slrprcsjvf. Mf cxtrfaajñi gc rcaursls ifturfmcs cs `cicstcr ci `uaefs ifajlics y mls rcsumtfgls icbftjvls yf  pucgci `cgjrsc ci mls kfmfiacs djifiajcrls. Cm fvfiac fvfsfmmfglr gc c`prcsfs cxtrfatlrfs y gjstrjkujglrfs gc al`kustjkmc il cs afsufmjgfg ci ui `lgcml gc gcsfrrlmml kfsfgl ci mls rcaursls dñsjmcs, dñsjm cs, jiamusl fitc mf fgvcrt fgvcrtciajf ciajf gc su prlitf afguajgfg y ml ilajvl gc su prlacsf`jcitl prlacsf`jcitl pfrf mf ift ifturf urfmcz mczf. f. Mf alivcr alivcrbci bciajf ajf gc tlgls tlgls cstls cstls cmc`ci cmc`citls tls vjiaum vjiaumff gc `ficrf `ficrf jigjsl jigjslmuk mukmc mc fm afmcitf`jcitl bmlkfm ali mf arjsjs caliñ`jaf `uigjfm. - Cm iucvl Xfrfgjb`f gc mf [cstruaturf gc mls [caursls Eu`fils. Mfs iucvfs alrrjcitcs rcqucrjræi gc uif rfgjafm cstruaturfajñi gc mf Fg`jijstrfajñi gc [caursls Eu`fils, gligc gcoc gc scr uif cstruaturf elrjzlitfm, ci quc cm fg`jijstrfglr scf ui dfajmjtfglr, il ui gcdcislr gc prjvjmcbjls pjrf`jgfmcs> quc gc bcrcitc pfsc f scr ui màgcr trfisdlr`fajlifm l scf quc trfisdlr`c cm pltciajfm, ci rcfmjgfg ali al i mjgcrfzbl rcfmjgfg ali mjgcrfzbl `umtjgj`cisjlifm quc cstê prcstl f mf cvcitufmjgfg. Qu fatjtug gckcræ scr gc faajñi y il gc rcfaajñi pfrf prlvlafr y arcfr mfs lplrtuijgfgcs y `fitcicr sjc`prc mf lrbfijzfajñi ci cm tjc`pl y cspfajl, sjc`prc djr`c y puofitc. Mf tcigciajf cs f jispjrfr pfrf quc gê ml `colr gc sà y il f  pcisfr, plr ml tfitl gckcræ gcgjafrsc f brfigcs csducrzls, jgcfs y fifmlbàfs, amfsjdjafajlics y aliacpt alia cptls ls al`pmc al`pmctf` tf`cit citcc iucvls, iucvls, gligc gligc mf j`fbji j`fbjifaj fajñi ñi y mf arcftj arcftjvjg vjgfg fg scr scrææ mf amfvc amfvc pfrf pfrf cidrcitfr cidrc itfr cm sfmtl aufitjtftjvl aufitjtftjvl f quc cidrcitf mf Fg`jijstr Fg`jijstrfajñi fajñi gc [caursls [caursls Eu`fils. Eu`fils. (@cmbfr  (@cmbfr 

 

Afmmcofs, s.d.)

 



 Iucvls `lgcmls gc rcjibcijcràf.

(@ficic, ;86;) ajtf f @fibficmmj, aufigl sc rcdjcrc f mf rcjibcijcràf al`l ”cm rcgjscöl ræpjgl y rfgjafm gc mls prlacsls cstrftêbjals gc vfmlr fbrcbfgl y gc mls sjstc`fs, mfs plmàtjafs y mfs cstruaturfs lrbfijzfajlics quc mls sustcitfi, pfrf lptj`jzfr mls dmuols gcm trfkfol y mf  prlguatjvjgfg gc uif lrbfijzfajñi‐. Fsj`js`l, rcdjcrc quc cm aliacptl gc rcjibcijcràf cs uif lpajñi lpaj ñi pfrf pfrf rcfaaj rcfaajlifr lifr fitc fitc mf sjt sjtufaj ufajñi ñi fatufm fatufm y sus af`kjls. af`kjls. Mf rcjibcij rcjibcijcrà cràf, f, cidlafg cidlafgff ci  prlacsls cdjajcitcs quc sc kfsci ci mf sftjsdfaajñi gcm amjcitc, mlbrf cmj`jifr mf fitjbuf dlr`f gc duiajlif`jcitl gc mfs c`prcsfs. Wlgls cstls gcsfdàls gcm sjbml UUJ sc ciaucitrfi àitj`f`citc rcmfajlifgls, plr coc`pml, cs duigf`citfm fitc mf fglpajñi gc iucvfs tcailmlbàfs rclrjcitfr mls prlacsls y mls sjstc`fs, cstl ml af af`k `kjf jf tlgl, tlgl, al`l al`l al alis isca cauc uciaj iajf, f, iu iucv cvls ls prlac prlacsl sls, s, iucvf iucvfss plmàt plmàtja jafs fs,, iu iucvf cvf cs cstr trua uatu turf rf lrbfijzfajlifm, cs cm `lgcml gc c`prcsf af`kjfitc, gc fg`jijstrfajñi dmcxjkmc, quc sfaf  prlvcael gc mf cvlmuajñi gcm sjstc`f lrbfijzfajlifm y mls gjdcrcitcs cmc`citls quc mf afrfatcrjzfi. 

Alistfitcs Kcae`frnjib.

([ ([lo lofs fs Butj Butjcr crrc rcz, z, ;8 ;864) 64) aj ajtf tf f mf Al`j Al`jsj sjñi ñi Gj Gjrc rcat atjv jvff gc gcmm Ji Jitc tcri rift ftjl jlif ifmm Kcia Kciae` e`fr frnj njib ib Amcfrjibelusc, gcm F`crjafi Xrlguatjvjty & Vufmjty Acitcr, aufigl sc rcdjcrc fm kciae`frnjib al`l cm ”prlacsl gc cvfmufajñi alitjiul y sjstc`ætjal, ui prlacsl `cgjfitc cm aufm sc fifmjzfi y al`pfrfi pcr`ficitc`citc mls prlacsls c`prcsfrjfmcs gc uif lrbfijzfajñi drcitc f mls prlacsls gc mfs al`pföàfs màgcrcs ci aufmqujcr pfrtc gcm `uigl, f dji gc lktcicr jidlr`fajñi quc pucgf fyugfr f mf lrbfijzfajñi f `colrfr su pcrdlr`fiac y rcigj`jcitl‐. @uaefs lrbfijzfajlics usfi mfs têaijafs gc Kciae`frnjib aufigl qujcrci j`pmc`citfr ui af`kjl rfgjafm ci ui gctcr`jifgl prlacsl fmtf`citc mjbfgl f mf aliscauajñi gc cstæigfrcs gc afmjgfg y `colrcs præatjafs cstj`fgfs f csafmf bmlkfm. Cstl, su`fgl fm rjt`l gc mfs jiilvfajlics y `col `colrf rfss pc pcr` r`fi ficit citcs cs ci mls mls prlac prlacsl slss tc tcail ailmñ mñbj bjal alss y gc sc scrv rvja jajl jls, s, al aligj igjaj ajlif lif quc cm Kciae`frnjib sc alistjtuyf ci uif præatjaf gc pcr`ficitc cvlmuajñi y fmafiacs jifafkfgls. (@ficic, ;866) 

Gcsfrrlmml Lrbfijzfajlifm.

 

(Fibuml Mñpcz, ;868) ajtf f Aejfvcifttl, aufigl `fijdjcstf quc cm gcsfrrlmml lrbfijzfajlifm cs ui prlacsl pmfijdjafgl gc `lgjdjafajlics aumturfmcs aumturfmcs y cstruaturfmcs, quc vj vjsufmjzf sufmjzf mf

 

jistjtuajlifmjzfajñi gc uif scrjc gc tcailmlbàfs slajfmcs, gc tfm `ficrf quc mf lrbfijzfajñi qucgc efkjmjtfgf pfrf gjfbilstjafr, pmfijdjafr c j`pmc`citfr csfs `lgjdjafajlics ali fsjstciajf gc ui alisumtlr. Cs ui csducrzl cguafajlifm `uy al`pmcol, gcstjifgl f af`kjfr mfs fatjtugcs, vfmlrcs, mls al`plrtf`jcitls y mf cstruaturf gc mf lrbfijzfajñi, gc `lgl quc cstf pucgf fgfptfrsc `colr  f mfs iucvfs alyuiturfs, `crafgls, tcailmlbàfs, prlkmc`fs y gcsfdàls quc surbci alistfitc`citc. Cm gc gcsf sfrr rrlm lmml ml lrbfi lrbfijz jzfa fajl jlifm ifm cs ui ci cidl dlqu qucc f mf mfrb rbl l pm pmfz fzl l quc il sl slml ml tj tjci cicc cm lkoct lkoctjv jvl l gc jiarc`citfr cm gcsc`pcöl gc mf c`prcsf, sjil tf`kjêi `colrfr mf sftjsdfaajñi gc mls c`pmcfgls. Xlr ui mfgl, cm af`kjl sjstc`ætjal pcr`jtc f tlgf mf c`prcsf gcsc`pcöfrsc gc uif dlr`f cspcrfgf. Xlr ltrl mfgl, trfkfof ali mls c`pmcfgls rcspcatl gc añ`l pucgci fgfptfrsc f mls af`kjl af` kjlss j`pucs j`pucstls tls.. Cm `êtlgl `êtlgl cs ml quc dfajmjtf dfajmjtf cm af`kjl af`kjl y cm gcsfrr gcsfrrlmm lmml l ci têr têr`ji `jils ls gc tcailmlbàf, prlacsls y cstruaturfs, `jcitrfs sc tjcic prcvjstl mf cdcatjvjgfg y mf cdjajciajf gc tlgl cm icblajl. Ci aliscauciajf, mjgjf ali mf `colrf gcm gcsc`pcöl y mf sfmug bcicrfmcs gc mf c`prcs c`p rcsff pfrf pfrf prlguaj prlguajrr `colrc `colrcss rcsumt rcsumtfgls fgls>> il icacsfr icacsfrjf` jf`cit citcc ali ui `jc`kr `jc`krl l jigjvj jigjvjguf gufm. m. (Nrubcr Alrplrftjli, ;862) [cprcscitf uil gc mls rctls kfsc gc mf rccstruaturfajñi gcm `lgcml fg`jijstrftjvl, yf quc trftf cm rcaursl gc `fylr j`plrtfiajf gc mf c`prcsf, su rcaursl eu`fil, cstc djof mfs kfscs pfrf quc cm rcstl gc mls af`kjls quc rcqujcrf mf lrbfijzfajñi cstêi kjci fscitfgls, sc fsjcitci ali kfscs sñmjgfs slkrc mf cstruaturf prjiajpfm gc mf lrbfijzfajñi. 

Fugjtlràf fg`jijstrftjvf.

Mf fugjtlràf fg`jijstrftjvf sc pucgc alisjgcrfr al`l ui cxf`ci jitcbrfm gc mf cstruaturf gc uif lrbfijzfajñi, yf scf uif c`prcsf, jistjtuajñi l gcpfrtf`citl bukcrif`citfm l aufmqujcr ltrf citjgfg. Wf`kjêi sli cvfmufgls mls `êtlgls gc alitrlm, mls `cgjls gc lpcrfajñi y cm c`pmcl gc sus rcaursls eu`fils y `ftcrjfmcs. Qji c`kfrbl, cxjstci gjdcrcitcs gcdjijajlics gc fugjtlràf fg`jijstrftjvf gc gjvcrsls cxpcrtls ci cm tc`f. (Alicxjlicsfi, ;862) Citrc mls lkoctjvls prjlrjtfrjls pfrf jistru`citfrmf gc `ficrf alisjstcitc tcic`ls mls sjbujcitcs? Gc alitrlm, gcstjifgls f lrjcitfr mls csducrzls ci su fpmjafajñi y plgcr cvfmufr cm al`plrtf`jcitl lrbfijzfajlifm ci rcmfajñi ali cstæigfrcs prccstfkmcajgls. Gc prlguatjvjgfg. Ciafuzfi mfs faajlics pfrf lptj`jzfr cm fprlvcaef`jcitl gc mls rcaursls. Gc lrbfijzfajñi. Gctcr`jifi quc su aursl fplyc mf gcdjijajñi gc mf cstruaturf, al`pctciajf, duiajlics y prlacsls 4;8 Xlm. Ali. (Cgjajñi iÿ`. ;6) Tlm. 1, Il 2, oumjl ;865, pp. 46;-4;3, JQQI? ;338 - 45;U

 

f trfvês gcm `ficol

4;6 Xlm. Ali. (Cgjajñi iÿ`. ;6) Tlm. 1, Il 2, oumjl ;865, pp. 46;-4;3, JQQI? ;338 - 45;U

 

cdcatjvl gc mf gcmcbfajñi gc futlrjgfg y cm trfkfol ci cqujpl. Gc scrvjajl. [cprcscitfi mf `ficrf ci quc sc pucgc alistftfr quc mf lrbfijzfajñi cstæ ji`crsf ci ui prlacsl quc mf vjiaumf aufitjtftjvf y aufmjtftjvf`citc ali mfs cxpcatftjvfs y sftjsdfaajñi gc sus amjcitcs. Gc afmjgfg. Gjsplici quc tjcigf f cmcvfr mls ijvcmcs gc fatufajñi gc mf lrbfijzfajñi ci tlgls sus alitcijgls y æ`kjtls. Gc af`kjl. Mf trfisdlr`fi ci ui jistru`citl quc efac ef ac `æs pcr`cfkmc y rcacptjvf f mf lrbfijzfajñi. Gc fprcigjzfoc. Xcr`jtci quc sc trfisdlr`c ci ui `cafijs`l gc fprcigjzfoc jistjtuajlifm. Gc tl`f gc gcajsjlics. Wrfguaci su pucstf ci præatjaf y rcsumtfgls ci ui sñmjgl jistru`citl gc slplrtc fm prlacsl gc bcstjñi gc mf lrbfijzfajñi. (Bcrciajc.al`, ;862) Mf rcvjsjñi gc mls prlacsls j`pmc`citfgls plr mf c`prcsf, cs duigf`citfm pfrf cvfmufr mls rcsumt rcs umtfgl fglss y `fitci `fitcicr cr l fglptfr fglptfr mfs `lgjdj `lgjdjafaj afajlics lics icacsf icacsfrjf rjfss pfrf pfrf bfrfit bfrfitjzf jzfrr mls `colrc `colrcss rcsumtfgls. Afrfatcràstjafs

F alitjiufajñ alitjiufajñi, i, sc prcscitf ui fiæmjsjs fiæmjsjs gc mfs gjdcrcitcs gjdcrcitcs afrfatcràst afrfatcràstjafs jafs l jiamjifajli jiamjifajlics cs efajf cm duturl quc mf fg`jijstrfajñi gc c`prcsfs al`jcizf f sudrjr. Afkc gcstfafr quc mfs `js`fs surbci gc mls ji`jicitcs rctls quc alidrlitfræi mfs c`prcsfs gcm duturl. 

Gc`lbrfdàf.

(Tjmmfbrfsf, ;86;) ajtf f Xctcr Gruancr, fifmjstf gc calil`àf y pfgrc gc mf fg`jijstrfajñi `lgcrif, qujci ci kfsc f mfs aligjajlics gc`lbrædjafs rcdjcrc? Mfs iucvfs aligjajlics gc`lbrædjafs vfi f prlguajr cilr`cs af`kjls ci mls prñxj`ls ;3 föls, cspcajfm`citcc ci mls pfàscs `æs gcsfrrlmmfgls cspcajfm`cit gcsfrrlmmfgls,, yf quc sc prcvê ui civcocaj`jcitl civcocaj`jcitl rcmftjvl gc mf  plkmfajñi. Cstl trfcræ al`l aliscauciajf mf j`plsjkjmjgfg gc `fitcicr mls fatufmcs sjstc`fs  prcvjsjlifmcs, ml quc lkmjbfræ f scbujr trfkfofigl `æs föls, fuiquc il ci mf dlr`f fatufm gc c`pmcls f tjc`pl al`pmctl. Qc prcvê quc mfs pcrslifs `fylrcs gc 38 föls pfrtjajpci ci cm duturl gc gjdcrcitcs gjdcrcitcs `ficrfs, `ficrfs, yf scf al`l tc`plrcrls, tc`plrcrls, alisumtlrcs, alisumtlrcs, f tjc`pl tjc`pl pfrajfm, pfrajfm, citrc ltrfs. ltrfs. Qc fbrcbfi, fgc`æs, mls af`kjls ci cm `crafgl, quc fatufm`citc cstæ lrjcitfgl f mls oñvcics, aufigl mls al`prfglrcs gcm duturl scræi, prjiajpfm`citc, pcrslifs `fylrcs.

 



Mf Iucvf Ducrzf gc Wrfkfol.

Xfrf Gruancr, cm alilaj`jcitl scræ cm dfatlr prcgl`jifitc ci mls föls plr vcijr. Gc ecael, yf ml cs fatufm`citc ci brfi `ficrf, pcrl ci mf iucvf slajcgfg scræ cm prjiajpfm rcaursl. Citrc sus rfsbls afrfatcràstjals sc pucgc `ciajlifr? quc il tcigræ drlitcrfs> prlvlafræ fgc`æs uif brfi `lvjmjgfg slajfm quc pcr`jtjræ cm fsacisl gc mls jigjvjguls ali tfmcitl, quc plr ltrf pfrtc scræ dfajmjtfgl dfajm jtfgl plr cm `colr faacsl faacsl f mf cguafajñi> cguafajñi> quc prlguajræ prlguajræ drfafsls y il slml êxjtls, êxjtls, yf quc `uaels tcigræi mf afpfajgfg y tfmcitl, pcrl il tlgls plgræi aliscbujr ml `colr. Fatufm`citc sc citjcigc citjc igc al`l trfkfofglrcs trfkfofglrcs gcm alilaj`jcitl alilaj`jcitl f pcrslifs pcrslifs `uy prcpfrfgfs prcpfrfgfs ci sus cspcajfmjgfgcs cspcajfmjgfgcs,, ali brfi kfbfoc tcñrjal> pcrl ml quc sc fvcajif pfrf cm duturl scræ tf`kjêi ml quc sc plgràf gcil`jifr tcaiñmlbls gcm alilaj`jcitl. (Tjmmfbrfsf, ;86;) 

Mls af`kjls gc scatlr.

Cm sjbml UUJ vcræ cm gcamjifr rcmftjvl gc mf `fiudfaturf. Cm pcsl rcmftjvl gc mf `fiudfaturf cstæ gcsacigjcigl ci tlgls mls pfàscs gcsfrrlmmfgls, cspcajfm`citc ci CC SS, gligc ef pfsfgl gc rcprcscitfr cm 13% f `cgjfgls gcm sjbml pfsfgl, f `cils gc mf `jtfg ci mf fatufmjgfg. Ci tlgls cstls pfàscs, cs cm scatlr scrvjajls cm quc ef arcajgl y ldrcac fm `crafgl mfklrfm cm `fylr iÿ`crl gc pucstls gc trfkfol. (Tjmmfbrfsf, ;86;) 

Qupcrvjvciajf gc mfs alrplrfajlics.

Cm duturl gc mfs alrplrfajlics tf`kjêi laupf mf ftciajñi gc Gruancr. Cstc dciñ`cil lrbfijzftjvl quc fpfrcac y sc gcsfrrlmmf ci mf prj`crf `jtfg gcm sjbml UU, yf ef sudrjgl uif brfi cvlmuajñi ci mf scbuig scbuigff `jtfg `jtfg gc csc sjbml. sjbml. Mfs Mfs quc jijajf jijajfm`c m`citc itc crfi crfi citjgf citjgfgcs gcs ifajli ifajlifmc fmcs, s, ali fmbuifs fmbuifs suksjgjfrjfs ducrf, afgf vcz sc ducrli trfisdlr`figl ci citjgfgcs lrbfijzfgfs bmlkfm`citc scbÿi màicfs mài cfs gc prlgua prlguatls tls l scrvja scrvjajls jls.. Mfs Mfs `umtji `umtjifaj fajlifm lifmcs cs gc ;8;3 sc prcvê prcvê quc cstfræ cstfræi i uijgfs uijgfs y alitrlmfgfs plr cstrftcbjf, il plr prlpjcgfg al`l efstf felrf. Qcbujræ efkjcigl prlpjctfrjls,  pcrl prcgl`jifræi mfs fmjfizfs, alivcijls gc alilaj`jcitl, citrc ltrls, quc efræi quc sc vjsufm vjs ufmjac jaci i al`l al`l kmlquc kmlqucss gc alidcgc alidcgcrfa rfajli jlics. cs. Jigugfk Jigugfkmc` mc`cit citcc rcqucr rcqucrjr jræi æi ui iucvl iucvl tj tjpl pl gc bcrciajf, gjstjitl gcm fatufm. (Tjmmfbrfsf, ;86;)

 



 Iucvf cstruaturf gc mls rcaursls eu`fils.

Ltrl fspcatl quc tcigræ quc tcicrsc ci aucitf, ci mf iucvf slajcgfg gcm alilaj`jcitl, cs cm trfkfol ali fslajfgls, il suklrgjifgls, ml quc lkmjbfræ f rcpmfitcfrsc tlgf mf fg`jijstrfajñi gc  pcrslifm, pcrslifm quc fgc`æs scræ prcgl`jifitc`citc `fylr, il olvci. (Tjmmfbrfsf, ;86;) Djburf 6. Afrfatcràstjafs gc mf fg`jijstrfajñi gcm sjbml UU Ts sjbml UUJ  Qjbml UU

Qjbml UJ

Wrfkfofglr

@fiufm

Wcaiñmlbl gcm alilaj`jcitl

Skjafajñi

Citjgfgcs ifajlifmcs

Citjgfgcs lrbfijzfgfs bmlkfm`citc

Alecsjñi

Xrlpjcgfg jigjvjgufm

Fmjfizfs cstrftêbjafs

Cstruaturf gc mls rcaursls eu`fils

Xcrslifm suklrgjifgl

Xcrslifm fslajfgl

Olvci

Xrcgl`jifitc`citc `fylr  

@fiudfaturf

Qcrvjajls

@crafgls

Mlafmcs

Qji drlitcrfs

Al`prfglrcs

Oñvcics

Xrjiajpfm`citc `fylrcs

Brupl ctfrjl Qcatlrcs  prcgl`jifitcs

Ducitc? cmfklrfajñi prlpjf jidlr`fajñi tl`fgf gc (Tjmmfbrfsf, (Tjmmfbrfsf, ;86;)

Aliamusjlics Mf fg`jijstrfajñi gcm sjbml UUJ gckc scr tfi dmcxjkmc al`l mls rctls quc sc mc fvcajifi, citrc mls  prjiajpfmcs c ji`jicitcs gcsfdàls tcic`ls mf bmlkfmjzfajñi, dciñ`cil fatufm ci arcajcitc gc gcsf sfrr rrlm lmml ml quc quc vjci vjcicc gf gfgl gl gc mf `fil `fil gc mls mls fv fvfi fiac acss tc tcai ailm lmñb ñbja jals ls,, ml qu qucc rc rclr lrjc jcit itff mf fg`jijstrfajñi f mls prlacsls jitcbrfmcs, dlr`æiglsc uif c`prcsf quc sfmc gc su `crafgl ifajlifm pfrf fkfrafr cm `crafgl `uigjfm, fglptfigl al`l prjiajpfm ecrrf`jcitf mf tcailmlbàf. Xrcajsf`citc, cstf ecrrf`jcitf rcprcscitf ltrl gcsfdàl, yf quc su alistfitc gcsfrrlmml lkmjbf f mfs c`prcsfs f fglptfr mls `cgjls jidlr`ætjals gjsplijkmcs pfrf lptj`jzfr mf afmjgfg y rcitfkjmjgfg gc sus prlguatls, mf futl`ftjzfajñi gc mfs c`prcsfs alimmcvf f mf trfisdlr`fajñi gc mf fg`jij fg` jijstr strfaj fajñi, ñi, afpfz afpfz gc `ficof `ficofrr mfs aliscau aliscaucia ciajfs jfs gc cstc cstc rctl, rctl, citrc citrc mfs prjiaj prjiajpfm pfmcs, cs, mf cvlmuajñi gc mf cstruaturf gc mls rcaursls eu`fils, ali mf djifmjgfg gc sfafr cm `fylr kcicdjajl.

 

Mf Xrcscrvfajñi gcm f`kjcitc cs ltrl rctl quc cidrcitf mf fg`jijstrfajñi gcm iucvl sjbml, afgf vcz sli `æs mfs c`prcsfs quc sc uici f mf alrrjcitc f`kjcitfmjstf y cs quc il efy ltrf dlr`f gc  pcrajkjr cstc kcicdjajl al`ÿi, ci pfmfkrfs sciajmmfs, ali ui f`kjcitc gctcrjlrfgl l ci cm pclr gc mls afsls, sji pmfictf, il plgrc`ls slkrcvjvjr, cm fg`jijstrfglr gcm sjbml UUJ gckc aliackjr cstc aliacptl al`l kæsjal pfrf cm gcsfrrlmml lrbfijzfajlifm. Mls iucvls `lgcmls gc rcjibcijcràf,  kciae`frnjib,

gcsfrrlmml

lrbfijzfajlifm

y

fugjtlràf

fg`jijstrftjvf,

sli

jbufm`citc

duigf`citfmcs pfrf cm iucvl `lgcml gc fg`jijstrfajñi gcm sjbml UUJ. Ci ui sjstc`f c`prcsfrjfm bmlkfmjzfgl, ali uif sÿpcr plkmfajñi c`prcsfrjfm y `crafgls `æs f`pmjls, cs vjtfm pfrf mfs c`prcsfs quc su fg`jijstrfajñi sc trfisdlr`c c jitcbrc mfs iucvfs ecrrf`jcitfs tcailmñbjafs quc mc pcr`jtfi `fitcicrsc ci mf al`pctciajf. Cstfr ftcitl f mls cstugjls gc mls gcsfdàls gcm duturl, iucvls sjstc`fs, iucvfs plmàtjafs y tlgls fqucmmls af`kjls quc rcqujcrf mf lrbfijzfajñi, ci ui `uigl gligc mls tjc`pls gc faajñi sli duigf`citfmcs pfrf bfifr tcrrcil, sji gcofr gc mfgl cm plsjajlif`jcitl y mf rcjivciajñi gc prlguatls y scrvjajls. Cm al`crajl `uigjfm lkmjbf f mfs c`prcsfs f fgfptfrsc f sus alistfitcs af`kjls, plr tfitl cs rcsplisfkjmjgfg gc mf fg`jijstrfajñi fglptfr mfs iucvfs afrfatcràstjafs y tl`fr ci aucitf mls vcijgcrls gcsfdàls f lkoctl gc bfrfitjzfr cm fmafiac gc mfs `ctfs lrbfijzfajlifmcs.

[cdcrciajfs Kjkmjlbrædjafs Fibuml Mñpcz, C. (8: gc Qcptjc`krc gc ;868). Cu`cg.ict. [caupcrfgl cm 61 gc `fyl gc ;865, gc ettp?//www.cu`cg.ict/tcsjs-glatlrfmcs/;86;/cfm/gcsfrrlmml\lrbfijzfajlifm.et`m Ftfmfjt. (84 gc Qcptjc`krc gc ;862). Ftfmfjt. [caupcrfgl cm 61 gc `fyl gc ;865, gc ettps?//www.ftfmfjt.al`/kmlb/futl`ftjzfajli-gc-prlacsls-c`prcsfrjfmcs ettps?// www.ftfmfjt.al`/kmlb/futl`ftjzfajli-gc-prlacsls-c`prcsfrjfmcs Afifm Amj`f. (;5 gc Qcptjc`krc gc ;867). Afifm Amj`f. [caupcrfgl cm 61 gc `fyl gc ;865, gc ettp?//www.afifmamj`f.al`/mf-slkrccxpmltfajli-gc-rcaursls-ifturfmcs-bcicrf-mfs-arjsjs-   ettp?//www.afifmamj`f.al`/mf-slkrccxpmltfajli-gc-rcaursls-ifturfmcs-bcicrf-mfs-arjsjscalil`jafs/ Aejfvciftl, J. (;887). Jitrlguaajñi f mf Wclràf Bcicrfm gc mf Fg`jijstrfajñi (Qêptj`f cg.). @aBrfw-Ejmm Jitcrf`crjafif.

 

Alicxjlicsfi. (;2 gc Dckrcrl gc ;862). alicxjlicsfi. [caupcrfgl cm 61 gc `fyl gc ;865, gc ettps?//www.csfi.cgu.pc/fpuitcs-c`prcsfrjfmcs/;862/8;/mf-fugjtlrjf-fg`jijstrftjvf-uif-faajliettps?// www.csfi.cgu.pc/fpuitcs-c`prcsfrjfmcs/;862/8;/mf-fugjtlrjf-fg`jijstrftjvf-uif-faajlijigjspcisfkmc/ Bcrciajc.al`. (83 gc Ilvjc`krc gc ;862). Bcrciajc.al`. [caupcrfgl cm 61 gc `fyl gc ;865, gc ettps?//www.bcrciajc.al`/fugjtlrjf-fg`jijstrftjvf.et`m ettps?// www.bcrciajc.al`/fugjtlrjf-fg`jijstrftjvf.et`m Nrubcr Alrplrftjli. (;; gc Dckrcrl gc ;862). [caupcrfgl cm 61 gc `fyl gc ;865, gc ettps?//www.nrubcralrplrftjli.al`/kmlb-jiilvfajli/gcsfrrlmml-lrbfijzfajlifm/ ettps?// www.nrubcralrplrftjli.al`/kmlb-jiilvfajli/gcsfrrlmml-lrbfijzfajlifm/ @ficic, M. @. (63 gc Fkrjm gc ;866). mujs`jbucm`ficic. [caupcrfgl cm 61 gc `fyl gc ;865, gc

ettp?//www.mujs`jbucm`ficic.al`/;866/87/63/kciae`frnjibgcdjijajlics-fpmjafajlics-

tjpls-y- dfscs-gcm-prlacsl/ tjpls-y dfscs-gcm-prlacsl/ @ficic, M. @. (;1 gc Cicrl gc ;86;). mujs`jbucm`ficic. [caupcrfgl cm 61 gc `fyl gc ;865, gc ettp?//www.mujs`jbucm`ficic.al`/;86;/86/;1/rcjibcijcrjf-gc-prlacsls-c`prcsfrjfmcs-y-su-   ettp?//www.mujs`jbucm`ficic.al`/;86;/86/;1/rcjibcijcrjf-gc-prlacsls-c`prcsfrjfmcs-y-subcstjli-;/ @cmbfr @cm bfr Afmmco Afmmcofs, fs, O. @.

(s (s.d. .d.). ). udb.cgu udb.cgu.sv .sv.. [caupcr [caupcrfgl fgl cm 6; gc `fyl `fyl gc ;865, ;865, gc

ettp?//www.udb.cgu.sv/udb/teclrctejnls/Cicrl:5/frt66.et`m @ciglzf, F. (16 gc Cicrl gc ;865). BK Fgvlslrs. [caupcrfgl cm 61 gc `fyl gc ;865, gc ettp?//www.bk-fgvjslrs.al`/cs/futl`ftjzfajli-gc-prlacsls-c`prcsfrjfmcs/ [f`àrcz Tcmfzal, F. (85 gc Ilvjc`krc gc ;86;). F`êrjaf Calil`àf. [caupcrfgl cm 61 gc `fyl gc

;865,

gc

ettps?//www.f`crjafcalil`jf.al`/icblajls-jigustrjfs/mf-bmlkfmjzfajli-y-cm-

j`pfatl-ci-cm-`uigl-c`prcsfrjfm [lofs Butjcrrcz, N. (6: gc @fyl gc ;864). Bcstjlplmjs. [caupcrfgl cm 61 gc `fyl gc ;865, gc ettps?//www.bcstjlplmjs.al`/kciae`frnjib-ecrrf`jcitf-gcsfrrlmml-c`prcsfrjfm/ ettps?// www.bcstjlplmjs.al`/kciae`frnjib-ecrrf`jcitf-gcsfrrlmml-c`prcsfrjfm/ Tjmmfbrfsf, [. (83 gc Gjajc`krc gc ;86;). Nlfmfsldt. [caupcrfgl cm 61 gc `fyl gc ;865, gc ettp?//www.nlfmf-sldt.al`/mf-fg`jijstrfajli-ci-cm-sjbml-xxj Tjmmfrrcfm, F. A. (;: gc Latukrc gc ;861). Bcstjlplmjs. [caupcrfgl cm 61 gc `fyl gc ;865, gc ettps?//www.bcstjlplmjs.al`/ejstlrjf-af`kjls-y-cvlmuajli-gc-mf-fg`jijstrfajli/ ettps?// www.bcstjlplmjs.al`/ejstlrjf-af`kjls-y-cvlmuajli-gc-mf-fg`jijstrfajli/