English

ENGLISH GRAMMER BACK BONE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Definition of Grammar  The definition of grammar is as follows: Grammar applies rules for  standard use of words and how their component parts combine to form sentences. A grammar is also a system for classifying and analyzing the elements of  language including inflections, functions, rules and relations in the sentence.

ALPHABETS

WORDS The group of alphabets

THE SENTENCE A GROUP OF WORDS THAT MAKE COMPLETE SENSE

GROUP OF WORDS :The east in rises the sun. SENTENCE:The sun rises in the east.

STRUCTURE OF A SENTENCE

THE SENTENCE RULES :---

1. The first first word of a sentence sentence alway always s begins begins with with a capital capital letter. letter. 3. A full full stop stop (.) must must be place place at at the the end of of a senten sentence. ce.

THE PHRASE The group of words that make sense but not complete sense.

At ten o’clock , for two hours , in the west , in the east , by day , by night , at night , on a table.

The sentence has a

VERB in it; but a phrase hasn’t.

The sentence has a

VERB in it; but a phrase hasn’t.

EXAMPLE SENTENCE: I will be giving you a presentation. PHRASE: For an hour.

EXAMPLE SENTENCE: I will be giving you a presentation. PHRASE: For an hour. VERB

HAS NO VERB

EXAMPLE SENTENCE: I will be giving you a presentation. PHRASE: For an hour. VERB

VERB HAS NO VERB

A verb is a word which says something about a subject.

KINDS OF SENTENCES DECLARATIVE SENTENCES INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES IMPERATIVE SENTENCES EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

KINDS OF SENTENCES DECLARATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE THAT DECLARES SOMETHING.

KINDS OF SENTENCES DECLARATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE THAT DECLARES

EXAMPLE:>>

SOMETHING.

1. The boys were swimming in the river. 2. The sun rises in the east.

KINDS OF SENTENCES INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE CAN ASK A QUESTION.

KINDS OF SENTENCES INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE CAN ASK A

EXAMPLE:>>

QUESTION.

1. Who has broken the glass? 2. Where is the aero plane?

KINDS OF SENTENCES IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE THAT EXPRESSES A COMMAND, A REQUEST OR A DESIRE.

KINDS OF SENTENCES IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE THAT EXPRESSES

EXAMPLE:>>

A COMMAND COMMAND,, A REQUEST OR

1. Peter, shut the door.

A DESIRE.

2. Please bring me a glass of water. 3. I wish to play chess.

KINDS OF SENTENCES EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

A SENTENCE CAN EXPRESS SOME STRONG OR SUDDEN FEELING.

KINDS OF SENTENCES EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

A SENTENCE CAN EXPRESS

EXAMPLE:>>

SOME STRONG OR SUDDEN

1. How beautiful this rose is!

FEELING.

2. What a noise they are making!

PARTS OF A SENTENCE SUBJECT

PREDICATE

THE PERSON OR THING WE SPEAK ABOUT.

PARTS OF A SENTENCE SUBJECT

PREDICATE

WHAT IS SAID ABOUT THE SUBJECT.

PARTS OF A SENTENCE SUBJECT

PREDICATE

The cow is grazing in the field.

we are talking about cow

PARTS OF A SENTENCE SUBJECT

PREDICATE

The cow is grazing in the field.

we say about cow that it is grazing in the field.

PARTS OF SPEECH

THE PARTS OF SPEECH Every name is called a NOUN, NOUN, As field and fountain, fountain, street and town In place of noun the PRONOUN stands As he and she can clap their hands The ADJECTIVE describes a thing, As magic wand and bridal ring The VERB means action, something done To read, read, to write, write, to jump to jump,, to run How things are done, the ADVERBS tell, As quickly, quickly, slowly, slowly, badly, badly, well The PREPOSITION shows relation, As in the street, or at or  at the station CONJUNCTIONS join, in many ways,

EXAMPLE

TENSES

TYPES OF TENSES SIMPLE PRESENT  SIMPLE PAST  SIMPLE FUTURE PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS FUTURE CONTINUOUS PRESENT PRFECT  PAST PERFECT  FUTURE PERFECT  PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

SIMPLE & PERFECT TENSES

SIMPLE TENSES Simple present

Bill walks his dog.

Simple Past

Bill walked his dog.

Simple future

Bill will walk his dog.

PERFECT TENSES Present Perfect

Bill has walked his dog.

Past Perfect

Bill had walked his dog.

Future Perfect

Bill will have walked his dog.

CONTINUOUS TENSES CONTINUOUS TENSES Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense Future Continuous Tense

Bill is walking his dog. Bill was walking his dog. Bill will be walkin w alking g his dog.

PERFCT CONTINUOUS Present Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Bill has been walking his dog. Bill had been walking his dog. Bill will have been walking

ACTIVE VOICE Active voice In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by the verb verb.. These examples show that the subject is doing the doing the verb action.

PASSIVE VOICE One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct object) object) so that the subject is no longer active longer active,, but is, instead, being acted upon by the verb - or  passive.  passive. Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship has changed.

ACTIVE TO PASSIVE 1. Move the active sentence's direct object into the sentence's subject slot

2. Place the active sentence's subject into a phrase beginning with with the preposition by 

ACTIVE TO PASSIVE 3. Add a form of the auxiliary verb be to the main verb and change the main verb's form

PASSIVE TO ACTIVE To change a passive voice sentence into an active voice sentence, simply reverse the steps shown above. 1. Move the passive sentence's subject into the active sentence's direct object slot

2. Remove the auxiliary verb be from the main verb and change main verb's form if needed

PASSIVE TO ACTIVE

•

3. Place the passive sentence's object of the preposition by into the subject slot.

NARRATION Direct Speech / Quoted Speech Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech) Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word. For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations." or  "Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

NARRATION Indirect Speech / Reported Speech Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word. When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

NARRATION For example:

NARRATION Tense change As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right): Direct speech

Indirect speech

Present simple

Past simple

She said, "It's cold."

She said it was cold.

Present continuous

Past continuous

She said, "I'm teaching

She said she was teaching English

English online."

online.

NARRATION Present perfect simple

Past perfect simple

She said, "I've been on the

She said she had been on

web since 1999."

the web since 1999.

Present perfect

Past perfect continuous

continuous She said she had been She said, "I've been teaching teaching English for seven English for seven years.“

years.

NARRATION Past simple

Past perfect

She said, "I taught online

She said she had taught

yesterday."

online yesterday.

Past continuous

Past perfect continuous

She said, "I was teaching

She said she had been

earlier."

teaching earlier.

NARRATION Past perfect

Past perfect

She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived. "

NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.

Past perfect continuous

Past perfect continuous

She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."

NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

NARRATION Modal verb forms also sometimes change: Direct speech

Indirect speech

will

would

She said, "I'll teach

She said she would teach

English online tomorrow."

English online tomorrow.

can

could

She said, "I can teach

She said she could teach

English online."

English online.

NARRATION must

had to

She said, "I must have a

She said she had to have

computer to teach English

a computer to teach English

online."

online.

may

might

She said, "May I open a

She asked if she might open

new browser? "

a new browser.

NARRATION Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to. Direct speech

Indirect speech

"I might go to the cinema",

He said he might go to the

he said.

cinema.

You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something s omething is still true i.e. my name has always been and will always be Lynne so:-

NARRATION Direct speech

Indirect speech

"My name is Lynne" ,

She said her name was

she said.

Lynne. or 

She said her name is Lynne.

You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event. Direct speech (exact quote) Indirect speech (not exact) "Next week's lesson is on

She said next week's lesson

NARRATION • Time change • If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting. • For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting. Today

+ 24 hours - Indirect speech

"Today's lesson is on

She said yesterday's lesson

presentations."

was on presentations.

NARRATION Expressions of time if reported on a different day this (evening)

›

that (evening)

today

›

yesterday ...

these (days)

›

those (days)

now

›

then

(a week) ago

›

(a week) before

last weekend

›

the previous weekend

here

›

there

next (week)

›

the following (week)

tomorrow

›

the next/following day

NARRATION Reporting Verbs Said, told and told and asked are asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech. We use asked to report questions:For example: example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started. We use told with an object. For example: example: Lynne told me she felt tired. There are many other verbs we can use us e apart from said, told and asked. These include:accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologized, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, i nvited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought .

NARRATION Use of 'That' in reported speech In reported speech, the word that is often used. For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich. However, that is that is optional. For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich. !Note - That is never used in questions, instead we often

use if. For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.