English Through Art
March 4, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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@hljgdh Fmrtglsjh Bmo`hl
Nmrjlh Bhrbu
Irhlnjsnm Qgrgz Orhnjh
@gvgdmpjlo Glodjsf tfrmuof HRt-mrjgltg` HRt-mrjgltg` hntjvjtjgs QdmjgȚtj, 218? 8
GLODJ^F PFRMWOF HRP @gvgdmpjlo Glodjsf nmkpgtglngs tfrmuof HRt-mrjgltg` HRt-mrjgltg ` hntjvjtjgs jl hl JNP-bhsg` glvjrmlkglt glvjrmlkglt
@.G.H.R. „ Grhskus+ ^trhtgojn Qhrtglgrsfjp imr ^nfmmds Mldy, 2187-218? Nyprus, Nrmhtjh, Qmrtuohd, Rmkhljh, ^dmvgljh, ^phjl, Puregy, tfg WE QdmjgȚtj, 218? —Pg Gurmpghl Nmkkjssjml suppmrt imr tfg prm`untjml mi tfjs pubdjnhtjml `mgs lmt nmlstjtutg hl gl`mrsgkglt mi tfg nmltglts wfjnf rgflgnts tfg vjgwsmldymi tfg tfg hutf hutfmrs, mrs,hl` tfg Nmkkjssjm jssjml l nhllmt nhllmtbg fgd` fgd` rgsp rgspmlsj mlsj¬bdg ¬bdgimr hlyusg wfjn wfjnf f khy khy bg bg kh`g kh`g mi tfg tfg jlimr jlimrkht khtjml jml nml nmlthjlg thjlg` ` tfgrgj tfgrgjl. l.‛ >
2
Glodjsf tfrmuof Hrt „ @gvgdmpjlo Glodjsf nmkpgtglngs tfrmuof Hrt-mrjgltg` hntjvjtjgs jl hl JNP-bhsg` glvjrmlkglt. Nurrjnudh imr hl mptjmlhd nmursg imr gdgkglthry, dmwgr hl` uppgr-sgnml`hry snfmmd stu`glts, hnnmkphljg` by h tghnfgr‚s ouj`g. Pfjs bmme js lmt imr nmkkgrnjhd gxpdmjthtjml hl` jt nhl bg usg` mldy imr g`unhtjmlhd purpmsgs hs jt prmkmtgs mpgl hnngss tm hdd khtgrjhds. —Pfg mpgl hnngss rgqujrgkglt js wjtfmut prgcu`jng tm tfg jltgddgntuhd prmpgrty rjofts mi tfg orhlt bglgnjhrjgs.‛ (Grhskus+ Qrmorhkkg Ouj`g imr 2187, p.82) J^BL :?6-:?>-1-2006>-1 Nmmr`jlhtmrs3 @hljgdh Fmrtglsjh Bmo`hl, Nmrjlh Bhrbu, @r. Irhlnjsnm Qgrgz Ohrnjh (tgnflmdmojnhd nmmr`jlhtmr) Qrmmirgh`jlo3 ^tgvg Eggdjlo Nmvgrs, dhymut, `gsjol hl` phojlhtjml3 Judjh Khrjh Jolht Hutfmrs (nurrjnudh hl` tghnfgr‚s ouj`g)3 NRMHPJH M^LMYLH ^EMDH BJDCG
KJRLH QRW^JLH PGH DJMYJN FMDH^ JYHL IRGKGN NZQRW^ @JKMPJEM ^NFMDGJM @HDJMW 2
LJEJ QHQ QHQHGI^PHPFJMW HGI^PHPFJMW RGLH KGOHDGKMW QJP QJPH H ^HDMKG QHLH QHLHZJMPMW ZJMPMW KHRJLH KJNFHGD QGPRM^ ^MDMKMW HL@RJ NFRJ^PMIJ KHRJH @GKGPRJMW GYHLOGDM^ GYHLOGD M^ OGMROJH@G^ EDJPM^ ^FGLOH^ QMRPWOHD HORWQHKGLPM HORWQHKG LPM @G G^NMDH^ G^NMDH^ Lm 2 @G GYMRH
HLH PGRG^H ^MW^H GDJ^H YGR@H^NH K. J^HBGD NHRRGJRH K. CMÎM KHNFH@M K. KHLWGDH OÞJ^ K. FGDGLH NHY NHYHDFGJRM HDFGJRM ^W^HLH QHRGLPG DJLH BMDH^ K. CM^Ê @JMOM RJPH @HYJ@
NMRLGDJH BĂ@JDĂ DMRGLH GSHRW NMRJLH BHRBW ^MRJL KJ^NFJG LJNMDGPH @JNFGJ ^DMYGLJH M^LMYLH ^MDH BGDPJLNJ
KJFHGDH CHLN CHLCH FMRYHP LHPH^H BGDGN HL@RGCH SHDJE ERHLCGN HDGE^HL@GR YGRHN QMDMLNH EMDBD JYHCL^JN JRJ^ YJNHR PH@GCH PH@GC H FHD H^ ^JKMLH YW^JN ^QHJL JL^PJPWP —QMKQGW IHBRH IHBRH‛ ‛
QGRG LHYHRRM NHRRH^NM^H RHXWGD BH^HLPG IGRLHL@GS IRHLNJ^NM QGRGS OHRNJH I. VHYJGR CM^GQF BGLGP QG@RM DÞQGS PMDM^HLH WLJPG@ EJLO@MK ^PMNEPML 9tf IMRK NMDDGOG
^PGGYG EGGDJLO ^MQFJG NRH_IMR@
RMKHLJH 2 „ NMDGOJWD LHPJMLHD KJDJPHR —@JKJPRJG NHLPGKJR‛, BRGHSH
PWREGZ BHFNGDJGYDGR JDEMEWDW
HWRGD NML^PHLPJL ^MHRG
KGRP BHDDJ
0
NMLPGLP
FHNGR BHFH@JR EWBRH EJDJN KWZG^^GR QHRJDPHL RMKHLJH 8 „ “NHRKG L ^ZDYH‛ HRP FJOF^NFMMD, QDMJGȖPJ
RJPH BĂ@WDG^NW @HLJGDH FMRPGL^JH BMO@HL JDGHLH BRHȖMY H@RJHLH BRĂJDGHLW GNHPGRJLH BWPHN NRJ^PJHL @WNH JWDJH KHRJH JOLHP JWDJH LJNMDGPH JMLG^NW DHWRH JRJKG^NW OHBRJGDH CWRHYDG HDGVHL@RW DGW DJDJHLH KHRJL IDMRGLPJLH KHVJK OJLH QMQG^NW NHKGDJH QRMIJRG^NW GKHLWGDH QRMIJRG^NW RM@JNH RĂ@WDG^NW YHDGLPJLH OHBRJGDH ^PHPG
NFHQPGR 8 PFG LG_ NWRRJNWDWK - PFGMRGPJNHD HQQRMHNF - ]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
7
NFHQPGR 2 HWOKGLPG@ RGHDJPZ RG^MWRNG^ RG^MWRNG^ ]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]] >> NFHQPGR > MWR HQQRMHNF PM PFG LG_ NWRRJNWDWK - DG^^ML @G^NRJQPJML^ GDGKGLPHRZ GDGKGLP HRZ DGYGD ]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]] >: DM_GR ^GNML@HRZ DGYGD ]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]] 9? WQQGR ^GNML@HRZ ^GNML@HRZ DGYGD DGYGD ]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] :7
Nmddhbmrhtmrs
IDMRJLH NMPMRHLW NMRJLH NRJ^PG^NW IDMRGLPJLH IJDJQG^NW HLNH IDMRG^NW RMVHLH IWRPWLĂ NRJ^PJLH JMLG^NW PGRGSH ^HL@W KHRJH KHO@HDGLH YĂDGHLW 7
NFHQPGR 8
PFG LG_ NWRRJNWDWK - PFGMRGPJNHD HQQRMHNF -
9
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OGLGRHD QRG^GLPH QRG^GLPHPJML PJML
Pfjs mptjmlhd nmursg nurrjnuduk prmpmsgs h nmkpgtglng-ngltgrg` tghnfjlo hpprmhnf jl mr`gr tm `gvgdmp Glodjsf nmkkuljnhtjml sejdds imr gdgkglthry/ dmwgr-sgnml`hry/ dmwgr-sgnm l`hry/ uppgr sgnml`hry snfmmd stu`glts tfrmuof Hrt-mrjgltg` hntjvjtjgs hl` usjlo JNP jl mr`gr tm nrghtg h fjofdy jltgrhntjvg hl` kmtjvhtjlo dghrljlo glvjrmlkglt. Pfg nmursg nurrjnuduk js `gsjolg` imr ghnf mi tfg tfrgg ul`grorh`uhtg g`unhtjml dgvgds, lhkgdy imr gdgkglthr y, dmwgrsgnml`hry hl` uppgr-sgnml`hry snfmmd stu`glts, tfus fhvjlo tfrgg sgntjmls, mlg imr ghnf stu`y dgvgd. Jt fhs h tfgmrgtjnhd phrt nmlsjstjlo mi h oglgrhd prgsglthtjml, hl hroukglt, oglgrhd nmkpgtglngs, spgnjn nmkpgtglngs hl` gxhkpdgs mi dghrljlo hntjvjtjgs, dghrljlo nmltglts, gvhduhtjml strhtgojgs hl` h prhntjnhd phrt nmlsjstjlo mi sfmrt dgssml `gsnrjptjmls wfjnf nhl bgnmkg h tghnfgr‚s ouj`g jl jkpdgkgltjlo tfg mptjmlhd nmursg ht gdgkglthry/dmwgr mr uppgr-sgnml`hry uppgr-sgnml` hry snfmmd ndhssgs. Oglgrhd nmkpgtglngs rgigr tm h nmkbjlhtjml mi elmwdg`og, sejdds hl` httjtu`gs nmllgntg` wjtf dhlouhog dghrljlo, hrt hl` JNP h`hptg` tm stu`glts mi `jgrglt hogs. ^pgnjn nmkpgtglngs hrg `grjvg` irmk tfg oglgrhd mlgs hl` tfgy nhl bg rghnfg` stgp-by-stgp `urjlo h wfmdg snfmmd-yghr. Pfg gxhkpdgs mi dghrljlo hntjvjtjgs hrg mldy suoogstjmls hs ghnf tghnfgr js irgg tm usg fjs mwl nrghtjvjty hl` tghnfjlo gxpgrtjsg wfgl pdhlljlo fmw tm fgdp
6
HROWKGLP
stu`glts rghnf tfg `gsjrg` nmkpgtglngs. _fgl pdhlljlo tfg dghrljlo hntjvjtjgs, h tghnfgr wjdd hdwhys theg jltm hnnmult spgnjn nml`jtjmls, sunf hs stu`glts‚ hog, jltgrgst hl` kmtjvhtjml, tghnfjlo rgsmurngs hl` khtgrjhds. Pfg dghrljlo nmltglts wgrg nfmsgl sm hs tfgy nmud` ojvg tghnfgrs tfg pmssjbjdjty mi thejlo h nrmss-nurrjnudhr hpprmhnf hl` fgdp stu`glts prhntjng tfgjr Glodjsf jl vhrjmus djig-rgdhtg` nmltgxts. Pfus, hpphrgltdy spgnjhdjzg` subcgnts sunf hs “Lukbgrs‛ wfjnf mlg nhl nmlsj`gr tm bg spgnjn imr khtfgkhtjns mldy wjdd bgnmkg hl jltrjoujlo sthrtjlo pmjlt jl iurtfgr `jsnussjmls hl` `gkmlstrhtjmls hbmut fmw lhturhd djig jlndu`gs khtfgkhtjnhd sgquglngs (sgg tfg Ijbmlhnnj lukbgrs prgsglng jl bjmdmojnhd sgttjlos, tfg Omd`gl Rhtjm prgsglng jl hrt khstgrpjgngs hl` sm ml). Pfg tfgmrgtjnhd phrt mi tfg lgw nmursg nurrjnuduk hdsm mgrs smkg oglgrhd suoogstjmls imr nurrglt hl` sukkhtjvg gvhduhtjml wfjnf nhl bg usg` jl mr`gr tm `gtgrkjlg tfg dgvgd mi stu`glts‚ nmkpgtglngs `gvgdmpkglt. Pfg tghnfgr‚s ouj`g prmvj`gs h nmddgntjml mi dgssml `gsnrjptjmls imr ghnf stu`y dgvgd, lhkgdy gdgkglthry, dmwgr hl` sgnml`hry dgvgd, rgspgntjvgdy, hl` h @Y@ prgsgltjlo hdd tfg dgssmls‚ dks. Kmrgmvgr, tfg ouj`g hdsm nmkpjdgs vhduhbdg tghnfjlo rgsmurngs hl` khtgrjhds hs jt jlndu`gs smkg >@ huokgltg` rghdjty phrts.
_fy Glodjsf= Bgnhusg jt js gvgrywfgrg. Kmrg tfhl >71 kjddjml pgmpdg spghe jt hs tfgjr rst dhlouhog. Glodjsf js sm wj`gdy spmegl tfht jt fhs mitgl bggl rgigrrg` tm hs h —odmbhd dhlouhog‛, tfg djlouh irhlnh mi tfg km`grl grh. Jl tgrks mi `gkmorhpfy, smkg prg`jnt tfht jl cust h igw yghrs tfgrg wjdd bg kmrg spghegrs mi Glodjsf hs h sgnml` dhlouhog tfhl lhtjvg bmrl Glodjsf spghegrs. By 2171, jt js prg`jntg`, fhdi mi tfg wmrd` wjdd bg kmrg mr dgss p rmnjglt jl jt. Jt js tfg dhlouhog mi odmbhdjzhtjml, mi jltgrlhtjmlhd busjlgss, pmdjtjns hl` `jpdmkhny hs wgdd hs smnjhd hl` nudturg hhjrs. Jt js tfg dhlouhog mi gltgrthjlkglt (kmvjg hl` kusjn jl`ustry), nmkputgr snjglng hl` tfg Jltgrlgt. Glodjsf js tfg khcmr dhlouhog mi lgws hl` jlimrkhtjml jl tfg wmrd`. Glodjsf js hdsm tfg kmst nmkkmldy usg` dhlouhog jl snjglngs. Jl 8::?, tfg ^njglng Njthtjml Jl`gx rgpmrtg` tfht :7 % mi jts hrtjndgs wgrg wrjttgl jl Glodjsf, gvgl tfmuof mldy fhdi mi tfgk nhkg irmk hutfmrs jl Glodjsfspghejlo nmultrjgs.
Mur hlswgr js tfht wg susthjl tfg j`gh tfht hrt js tfg khjl jlstrukglt tm nmllgnt tfg twm brhjl fgkjspfgrgs jl mr`gr tm jkprmvg jts iulntjmls. —Qdhyjlo‛ Hrt whs hdwhys sggl hs h kghls mi wjtf tfg jlstrukglts mr —pdhyjlo‛ elmwdg`og. Hdmlo wjtf khtfgkhtjns, wjtf `jgrglt khtgrjhds jl vjsuhd Hrt whs h kghls mi gxprgssjml gxprgssjml jl hrts js kmstdy hl hkbj`gxtrmu hkbj`gxtrmuss Hltjqujty5 ogmkgtry whs purg hrt, hrt hntjvjty wfjnf hdsm jkprmvgs hl` whs hs rjomrmus hs ogmkgtry. Wltjd `gvgdmps brhjl iulntjml. Yjsuhd km`grl tjkgs tfg rmdg mi hrt whsl‚t hl` pgrimrkjlo hrts hrg tfg bgst qugstjmlg` bgnhusg hrt `mgsl‚t jlstrukglt tm `gvgdmp nrghtjvjty hl` fhvg tm custjiy jts purpmsg, gjtfgr jl nmkpdgtjlo g`unhtjml mr jl nmkpdgtjlo tm uldghsf jt wfglgvgr pmssjbdg. Pfgrg js lmt mldy mlg smdutjml djig jtsgdi. imr h prmbdgk5 h omm` stu`glt Lmwh`hys tfgrg js h lgg` tm qugstjml js h stu`glt wfm l`s tfg kmst sujthbdg smdutjml mr kgtfm` imr h gvgrytfjlo5 lmtfjlo sggks tm l` ngrthjl nmltgxt, wfm elmws fmw h kghljlo jl jtsgdi. Jt `mgsl‚t kghl tm jkprmvjsg wjtfmut nfhlojlo tfht wg l` mursgdvgs bdmneg` jl tfg prmbdgk `hth. Hrt js bgst jl h —_fy…=‛ mr —_fht‚s tfg rghsml imr…=‛ phttgrl wjtfmut `mjlo hlytfjlo gxgkpdjiyjlo fmw tm l` `jgrglt whys imr rghnfjlo h ngrthjl smdutjml. hlykmrg5 tfg rghsml js cust tfht Hlmtfgr jkpmrthlt hspgnt wmud` wg lgg` tm bgttgr ul`grsthl` tfg bg tfht hrt tghnfgs mlg tm dmvg tfg purpmsg mi gvgrytfjlo wg `m, tfg cmurlgy hs kunf kunf hs jts purpmsg purpmsg jllgr kgnfhljsks tfgy trjoogr jl jtsgdi. Hrt js hdsm h kggtjlo tm kheg us hnt mr rghnt. Khybg pmjlt imr khly mtfgr `jsnjpdjlgs. lmwh`hys wg hrg kmrg prgmnnupjg` _g wmre wjtf smul`s, rfytfks, by tfg lhd `gstjlhtjml tfhl by tfg bghts, irgquglny, jltglsjty, nmdmrs, cmurlgy cmurl gy jl jtsgdi. Hitgr nfhddglojlo glojlo pjokglts, djofts hl` sfh`mws, wjtf jltgrrmohtjml fgrg nmkg tfg sub`jvjsjmls wfjnf kghl pfysjns, hlswgrs irmk hgstfgtjns, psynfmdmoy, khtfgkhtjns, nfgkjstry5 wg wmre smnjmdmoy, gvgl irmk tfg pmdjtjnhd wjtf luhlngs, sfhpgs, iggdjlos, wmrd`. Rgsukjlo, lmw wg kjoft l` j`ghs, dmojnhd hl` kghljloiud hlswgrs tm shtjsiy hly purpmsg, but stjdd mlg nmud` hse —_fy usjlo Hrt hs h —pfrhsgs‛, wjtf sjoljnhlng hl` kghls mi g`unhtjml, hs hl jlstrukglt whys mi gxprgssjlo hl` jltgrprgtjlo kgsshogs wfjnf kghl djtgrhturg, jl dghrljlo ji lmt fhvjlo tfg jltgltjml psynfmdmoy hl` pfjdmsmpfy. mi ormwjlo hrtjsts=‛
_fy Hrt=
_fy Hrt= Bgnhusg wg lgg` tfgk hdd.
:
_fy JNP hl` _fy Qrmorhkkjlo= Jlimrkhtjml hl` Nmkkuljnhtjml Pgnflmdmojgs (JNP) hpprmhnf jl tfjs prmcgnt js bhsg` ml mur gmrt tm tghnf mur stu`glts vhduhbdg elmwdg`og hl` sejdds hrmul` nmkputjlo hl` nmkkuljnhtjml nmkkuljnh tjml `gvjngs, tfg smitwhrg tfht mpgrhtgs tfgk, tfg hppdjnhtjml hppdjnhtjmlss tfht rul ml tfgk hl` tfg systgks tfht hrg bujdt wjtf tfgk. _fht hrg tfgsg tfjlos= Fmw `m tfgy wmre= Fmw `m ymu usg tfgk prm`untjvgdy jl hrts= Fmw hrg tfgy usg` jl hrt spgnjn busjlgss hl` jl`ustry sgttjlos= JNP js nmkpdgx hl` qujnedy nfhlojlo, hl` jt js nmliusjl nmliusjloo imr khly stu`glts. Jt js sm pgrvhsjvg jl tfg km`grl wmrd` tfht stu`glts fhvg smkg ul`grsthl`jlo mi jt, but tfht ul`grsthl`jlo lo js mitgl wjd`dy `jvgroglt. Bhsjn JNP / @jojthd Djtgrhny js lmt glmuof, bgnhusg gvgrymlg lgg`s h bhsjn ul`grsthl`jlo mi JNP hl` fmw tm kheg prm`untjvg usg mi jt, cust tm bg omm` wmregrs hl` njtjzgls, sjlng tfg hbjdjty tm wmre wjtf jlimrkhtjml hl` nmkkuljnhtjml tgnflmdmojgs js bgnmkjlo hs gssgltjhd tm g`unhtjml, djig hl` wmrepdhng sunngss hs ‖rgh`jlo, wrjtjlo hl` hrjtfkgtjn‚. Bgyml` h bhsjn usgr nmkpgtglny, mur smnjgty hdsm lgg`s kmrg elmwdg`oghbdg, nhphbdg hl` nrghtjvg stu`glts wjtf kmrg h`vhlng` tgnfljnhd nhphbjdjtjgs jl mr`gr tm nrghtg jllmvhtjvg hrt prmcgnts usjlo tfg lgwgst tgnflmdmojgs hs mpgl smurng fhr`whrg. Yjrtuhddy, jl hdd km`grl busjlgssgs hl` jl`ustrjgs, hl` jl mur km`grl smnjgty jl oglgrhd, JNP fhs egy strhtgojn rmdgs. But spgnjnhddy jl tfg hrt jl`ustry, jt js vjthddy jkpmrthlt tm `gvgdmp stu`glts wfm nhl nmkpgtgltdy hl` gnjgltdy mpgrhtg hl` h`` vhdug tm tfgsg systgks hl` glvjrmlkglts. Pfus, ji stu`glts `gvgdmp prmorhkkjlo sejdds, tfgy hrg hbdg tm nrghtg mrjojlhd hrtwmres usjlo lmt mldy JNP md` tgnflmdmojgs but hdsm tfg lgw mpgl smurng fhr`whrg pdhtimrks.
Qrmorhkkjlo js tfg hr t mi tgddjlo h Qrmorhkkjlo nmkputgr wfht tm `m tfrmuof h sgt mi jlstruntjmls. Pfmsg jlstruntjmls hrg wrjttgl jl h nmkputgr‚s dhlouhog, mr nm`g. Pm nm`g usjlo hrt prmcgnts js mlg mi tfg bgst whys tm fhvg hl jkphnt ml tfg hrt wmrd`, bgnhusg by usjlo hrtwmres ymu nhl jluglng sm khly pgmpdg‚s djvgs wjtf tfg tfjlos ymu kheg.
_fy nrmss-nurrjnudhr hpprmhnf= ‖_fgl ymu hrg mut whdejlo, lhturg `mgs lmt nmlirmlt ymu imr tfrgg quhrtgrs mi hl fmur mldy wjtf mwgrs hl` jl tfg lgxt mldy wjtf hljkhds.‚ (Djmlgd Gdvjl) Imr hdkmst 07 yghrs, tfg jltgrgst jl thejlo h fmdjstjn hpprmhnf jl g`unhtjml fhs jltglsjg` hs khly rgsghrnfgrs nhkg tm tfg nmlndusjml tfht mutsj`g snfmmd, djig nmlirmlts us wjtf vhrjmus sjtuhtjmls. Gvgry djig gxpgrjglng js lmt `jvj`g` jltm elmwdg`og gd`s hs tfg snfmmd nurrjnuduk js by hsejlo stu`glts hl` tghnfgrs tm phss irmk mlg subcgnt tm hlmtfgr gvgry 01/07/71 kjlutgs, `gpgl`jlo ml tfg dglotf mi h snfmmd ndhss. Pfg hbmvg-kgltjmlg` sthtgkglt nhl bg `gljg` by tfmsg hrkjlo tfg lgngssjty mi `jvj`jlo tfg nurrjnuduk jltm `jgrglt jlstruntjmlhd phnehogs hs hl jl`jvj`uhd lgg`s tm ohjl h `ggp jlsjoft mi spgnjn gdgkglts hl`/ mr hrghs mi elmwdg`og. Pfjs hpphrglt nmltrh`jntjml nhl bg smdvg` ji snfmmd wmud` nmlsj`gr bmtf pgrspgntjvgs hs jl`jspglshbdg nmkpmlglts mi g`unhtjml.
ndhssrmmk. Hnnmr`jlo tm Kjddgr, hl g`unhtjmlhd `gkghlmr nhl bg nmlsj`grg` fmdjstjn ji jt imnusgs ml stu`glts jltgddgntuhd, gkmtjmlhd, smnjhd, pfysjnhd, nrghtjvg, hgstfgtjn hl` spjrjtuhd pmtgltjhds. ^thrtjlo irmk tfg j`gh tfht g`unhtjml sfmud` `gvgdmp nrjtjnhd hl` nrghtjvg dghrlgrs, wg prmpmsg` h trhls-`jsnjpdjlhry hpprmhnf tm `gvgdmpjlo stu`glts‚ Glodjsf nmkpgtglngs by Hr t-mrjgltg` hntjvjtjgs wfjnf `ghds wjtf oglgrhd tfgkgs, sunf hs3 Lukbgrs, ^glsgs, Iggdjlos, Pjkg, ^fhpgs hl` Ymdukgs, Glvjrmlkglt, Fukhl bm`y, Ihkjdy. By kghls mi tfjs mptjmlhd nmursg, stu`glts mi `jgrglt hogs wjdd jkprmvg tfgjr Glodjsf nmkkuljnhtjml sejdds usjlo Hrt (vjsuhd hrts, kusjn) tm kheg nmllgntjmls bgtwggl Khtfgkhtjns, Djtgrhturg, Bjmdmoy, Nfgkjstry, Qfysjns, Qfjdmsmpfy, Fjstmry, Ogmorhpfy, pgrsmlhd `gvgdmpkglt, Njvjns jl hl jltgrhntjvg hl` kmtjvhtjlo dghrljlo glvjrmlkglt.
- OGLGRHD NMKQGPGLNG^ -
8
Jltgorhtjlo Gurmpghl nmkpgtglngs jl `jgrglt dghrljlo nmltgxts tfrmuof jllmvhtjvg hpprmhnfgs5
2
Jltgrhntjlo jl rghd nmkkuljnhtjml nmltgxts hnnmr`jlo tm mlg‚s pgrsmlhd lgg`s5
>
Gxpdmrjlo tfg kghljlo mi kgsshogs rgl`grg` tfrmuof `jgrglt imrks mi gxprgssjml5
0
Nmllgntjlo `jgrglt gd`s mi elmwdg`og tfrmuof `jojthd kghls5
LMPG3
Pfg 8st oglgrhd nmkpgtglng js jkpdjnjtdy htthjlg`. Hs imr `gvgdmpjlo tfg lgxt tfrgg nmkpgtglngs tfg stu`glts wjdd nrghtg `jgrglt prm`unts `urjlo tfg dghrljlo hntjvjtjgs5 Imr GLODJ^F, hdd spgnjn nmkpgtglngs wjdd bg `grjvg` irmk tfg 2l` oglgrhd nmkpgtglng5 Imr HRP, hdd spgnjn nmkpgtglngs wjdd bg `grjvg` irmk tfg >r` oglgrhd nmkpgtglng5 Imr JNP, hdd spgnjn nmkpgtglngs wjdd bg `grjvg` irmk tfg 0tf oglgrhd nmkpgtglng.
Fmdjstjn g`unhtjml hjks ht `gvgdmpjlo stu`glts‚ `jvgroglt, nrjtjnhd hl` nrghtjvg tfjlejlo, ht gkpfhsjzjlo tfg jkpmrthlng mi mpgl hl` nmddhbmrhtjvg rgdhtjmlsfjps jl tfg dghrljlo glvjrmlkglt, ht gxtgl`jlo tfg dghrljlo prmngss mutsj`g tfg
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88
GDGKGLPHRZ DGYGD ^QGNJIJN NMKQGPGLNG^ HL@ GVHKQDG^ MI DGHRLJLO HNPJYJPJG^
8.>. . • •
jlvmdvjlo stu`glts jl ohkgs hl` sjkudhtjmls sjkudhtjmls imr h bgttgr ul`grsthl`jlo ul`grsthl`jlo mi nmlngpts, egy pmjlts hl` hl` lgw nmltglts5 j`gltjiyjlo ulusuhd hspgnts mi sggkjlody nmkkml tfjlos/ nmltgxts imr nrghtjvg tfjlejlo (—Ijl` tfg fj``gl sfhpgs/ lukbgrs/ hljkhds/ pdhlts jl spml thlgmus imrks‛, —Ijl` hs khly ushogs hs pmssjbdg imr ojvg l >@ sfhpgs‛)5 nmkkuljnhtjlo tfg kghljlo mi spgnjn jlimrkhtjml tm mtfgrs hnnmr`jlo tm tfgjr hbjdjty tm ul`grsthl` hl` jltgrprgt tfg jlimrkhtjml tfgy fh` bggl prgsgltg` (khejlo nmkphrjsmls bgtwggl `jgrglt hspgnts mi djig, khejlo nmllgntjmls tm rghd-djig sjtuhtjmls imr j`gltjiyjlo phttgrls hl` rudgs, khejlo ndhssjnhtjmls hl` nhtgomrjsjlo tfjlos hnnmr`jlo tm spgnjn nrjtgrjh, brhjlstmrkjlo, j.g. —Dmme ht tfg jkhogs hl` wrjtg tfg gkmtjmls tfgy `gpjnt‛,
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8
Jltgorhtjlo Gurmpghl nmkpgtglngs jl `jgrglt dghrljlo nmltgxts tfrmuof jllmvhtjvg hpprmhnfgs3
8.8. Yhdmrjzjlo tfg gxpgrjglng stu`glts fhvg fhvg hnqujrg` jl imrkhd, jlimrkhd hl` lml-imrkhd lml-imrkhd g`unhtjmlhd nmltgxts5 • • •
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8.2. •
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82
gxprgssjlo pgrsmlhd mpjljml ml ojvgl tgxts/ wmres mi hrt/ kusjnhd nmkpmsjtjmls gtn. rgdhtg` tm h ojvgl tmpjn (“J djeg/ `jsdjeg ... bgnhusg ...‛)5 usg mi prjmr elmwdg`og hl` djig gxpgrjglng jl lgw dghrljlo nmltgxts (j.g. jltgrvjgws hl` irgg thdes hbmut ihkjdy, iggdjlos, sglsgs5 rmdg pdhy ml ihkjdy, iggdjlos5 brhjlstmrkjlo5 nmltglt-rgdhtg` ohkgs ml ojvgl t mpjns)5 hlhdyzjlo nmkkml djig gxpgrjglngs mi stu`glts nmllgntg` wjtf ojvgl tmpjns (j.g. —_fht `j` ymu iggd wfgl...=‛, —_fgl `j` ymu dhst usg lukbgrs imr h spgnjn rghsml hl` wfht whs tfjs rghsml= ‛, —Fmw nhl ymu `gsnrjbg ymursgdi hnnmr`jlo tm tfg imddmwjlo nrjtgrjh3...=‛, —_fht js ymur ihvmurjtg skgdd/ nmdmur/ smul`/ thstg=‛, —Fmw kunf tjkg `m ymu usuhddy spgl` ml ...=‛, —_fht `m ymu `m tm nmltrjbutg tm glvjrmlkglt prmtgntjml=‛, —Fmw nmud` ymu `gsnrjbg ymur ihkjdy=‛, —Ihkjdy —Ihkjdy djig ml Nfrjstkhs/ Ghstgr/ mtfgr rgdjojmus igstjvhds/ f mdj`hys/ wggegl`s/ wmre`hys‛)5 j`gltjiyjlo gdgkglts nmllgntg` tm ojvgl tmpjns jl ihkjdjhr nmltgxts hl` jl tfg lhturhd glvjrmlkglt (j.g. sfhpgs hrmul` us, rgspgntiud httjtu`gs tmwhr`s ndmsg glvjrmlkglt, —Lukbgrs, gdgkglts mi lhturhd glvjrmlkglt/ iggdjlos/ sglsgs/ ihkjdy hl` fukhl rgdhtjmls jl h tmys‚ phrty‛)5 hlhdyzjlo tfg nmlsgquglngs nmlsgquglngs mi smkg smkg hntjmls hl` sjkpdg sjkpdg pfglmkglh ml ihkjdy rgdhtjmls, gkmtjmlhd djig, fukhl fukhl fghdtf, glvjrmlkglt (j.g. —_fht `m ymu tfjle jt nmud` fhppgl ji hdd tfg kgkbgrs mi ormup wmud` bg hlory/sh`/ snhrg`=‛, —Fmw nmud` ymu djvg jl h bdhne-wfjtg/ smul`dgss glvjrmlkglt=‛, —Fmw wmud` h rgoudhr `hy mi ymur djig bg wjtfmut ndmnes hl` hly mtfgr `gvjngs wfjnf nmud` ojvg ymu jlimrkhtjml hbmut tjkg=‛)5 sgdgntjlo/ ormupjlo gdgkglts nmllgntg` wjtf ojvgl tmpjns hnnmr`jlo tm spgnjn nrjtgrjh (nrghtjlo pmstgrs hbmut gdgkglts mi lhturhd glvjrmlkglt wfjnf nhl fjofdjoft tfg nmllgntjml bgtwggl pdhlts hl` sglsgs, iggdjlos, sghsmls mr hljkhds hl` lukbgrs, fukhl fghdtf, ihkjdy mr ormup rgdhtjmls, iggdjlos5 khejlo `rhwjlos/ phjltjlos/ nmddhogs/ >@ mbcgnts tm `jspdhy ihnjhd gxprgssjmls/ hljkhds/ ihkjdy kg kbgrs/ ndmnes)5 pdhyjlo ohkgs imr bgttgr dhlouhog hnqujsjtjmls jl h kudtj`jsnjpdjlhry nmltgxt glsurg` by tfg ojvgl tmpjns (—Qhss tfg nhr`!‛, —Bhdd ohkg‛, —^jdglt mmr‛, —^mkgtfjlo sjkjdhr, smkgtfjlo `jgrglt‛, —Brmegl tgdgpfmlg/ wfjspgrs `mwl tfg dhlg/ Nfjlgsg wfjspgrs‛)5
Qrmvj`jlo h nmkpdgx nmkpdgx hl` uljthry hpprmhnf tm ojvgl jlput5 hnnmkpdjsfjlo h `jvgrsjg` rhlog mi thses hl` hntjvjtjgs ml ojvgl jlput irmk h kudtj`jsnjpdjlhry pgrspgntjvg (—Fmw `m ymu iggd wfgl spg l`jlo irgg tjkg jl ymur ihkjdy=‛5 —Pjkg khlhogkglt/ spgnjn skgdds/ smul`s/ thstgs/ nmdmurs mi sghsmls/ Nfrjstkhs/ Ghstgr/ mtfgr rgdjojmus igstjvhds/ fmdj`hys/ wggegl`s‛, wggegl`s‛, —Lukbgrs, gdgkglts mi lhturhd glvjrmlkglt/ iggdjlos/ sglsgs/ ihkjdy hl` fukhl rgdhtjmls jl h tmys phrty‛, —Nmdmurs, sfhpgs, lukbgrs, hog dgvgds, iggdjlos, fmbbjgs, imm` prgigrglngs hl` fukhl bm`y‛)5 nmddhbmrhtjlo wjtf wjtf pggrs irmk mwl mwl snfmmd mr irmk phrtlgr snfmmds snfmmds imr hnnmkpdjsfjlo hnnmkpdjsfjlo nmkkml nmkkml thses hl` hntjvjtjgs `urjlo trhlslhtjmlhd kggtjlos mr ht dmnhd dgvgd5 hssmnjhtjlo gdgkglts mi ojvgl tmpjns jl lgw nmltgxts mr jl rghd-djig sjtuhtjmls (—_fht `m ymu iggd wfgl sggjlo/ skgddjlo/ thstjlo/ fghrjlo …=‛, —Nmdmr tfg elgg/ hrk/ fhl` gtn. usjlo h whrk/ nmd` nmdmr hl` lhkg tfg nmdmr/ phrt mi tfg bm`y‛, —Nmdmr tfg gvgl/ m`` lukbgrs tm l` hl gdgkglt mi tfg glvjrmlkglt‛) nrghtjlo usgiud mbcgnts irmk rgnyndhbdg khtgrjhds (khejlo h ndmne irmk pdhstjn pdhtgs, nrghtjlo h >@ mbcgnt irmk rgnyndg` mbcgnts hl` khtgrjhds sunf hs nhls, bmxgs, bmttdgs, phpgr gtn.)5
—Jltgrprgt tfg gkmtjml wrjttgl j`jmk...=‛)5 ml tfg nhr`‛, —Lhkg tfg ggnt mi tfg ojvgl nmdmrs/ jkhogs/ smul`s ml ymu‛, —_fht js tfg kghljlo mi tfg shyjlo/ hsejlo qugstjmls hbmut thegl-imr-orhltg`-hssukptjmls (sykbmdjn nmdmrs imr iggdjlos, usuhd nmllgntjmls bgtwggl smul`s/ nmdmrs hl` gkmtjmlhd sthtgs, wj`gdy sprgh` pjntmorhks imr sglsgs/ iggdjlos/ gdgkglts mi lhturhd glvjrmlkglt/ lukbgrs/ tjkg/ ihkjdy)5 j`gltjiyjlo whys mi mi `jstjloujsfjlo `jstjloujsfjlo bgtwggl rgdjhbdg rgdjhbdg hl` lml-rgdjhbdg lml-rgdjhbdg smurngs smurngs mi jlimrkhtjml5 jlimrkhtjml5 tghnfjlo smkgtfjlo smkgtfjlo tfgy dghrlt dghrlt by jl`jvj`uhd jl`jvj`uhd mr ormup stu`y tm mtfgrs5 mtfgrs5 nrghtjlo smkgtfjlo smkgtfjlo lgw irmk irmk nmkkml nmkkml khtgrjhds khtgrjhds hl` mbcgnts5
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8.0. • • • • •
@gvgdmpjlo trhlsvgrshd trhlsvgrshd sejdds tfrmuof ihnjdjthtjlo elmwdg`og elmwdg`og trhlsigr5 trhlsigr5
Ihnjdjthtjlo `jvgroglt tfjlejlo tfrmuof jllmvhtjvg nmkbjljlo mi ojvgl jlput5 j`gltjiyjlo h`vhlthogs h`vhlthogs hl` hl` `jsh`vhlthogs/ `jsh`vhlthogs/ imr hl` hohjlst hroukglts hroukglts mr vjgwpmjlts5 vjgwpmjlts5 gxprgssjlo mpjljml/ pmjlt mi vjgw ml ojvgl tmpjns (gxprgssjlo mpjljml, suppmrt jt wjtf rgdgvhlt hroukglts hl` gxhkpdgs irmk `jgrglt gd`s mi hntjvjty)5 glohojlo stu`glts jl wgdd-strunturg` `jsnussjmls ml ojvgl tmpjns5 l`jlo nrghtjvg smdutjmls jl `jgrglt nmltgxts (brhjlstmrkjlo, prmbdgk smdvjlo gxgrnjsgs, ormup `jsnussjmls, prmcgnt wmre usjlo hrt, j.g.3 l`jlo tfg fj``gl sfhpgs/ lukbgrs/ hljkhds/ pdhlts jl spmlthlgmus imrks5 usjlo tfg ojvgl sfhpgs tm nrghtg h >@ mbcgnt5 sghrnfjlo imr `jgrglt whys mi dmmejlo ht tfjlos)5 nmllgntjlo ojvgl tmpjns jl lgw whys „ —Pjkg khlhogkglt/ spgnjn skgdds/ smul`s/ thstgs/ nmdmurs mi sghsmls/ Nfrjstkhs/ Ghstgr/ mtfgr rgdjojmus igstjvhds/ fmdj`hys/ wggegl`s‛, wggegl`s‛, —Lukbgrs, gdgkglts mi lhturhd glvjrmlkglt/ iggdjlos/ sglsgs/ ihkjdy hl` fukhl rgdhtjmls jl h tmys‚ phrty‛, —Nmdmurs, sfhpgs, lukbgrs, hog dgvgds, iggdjlos, fmbbjgs, imm` prgigrglngs hl` fukhl bm`y‛)5
2
Jltgrhntjlo jl rghd nmkkuljn nmkkuljnhtjml htjml nmltgxts hnnmr`jlo tm mlg‚s pgrsmlhd lgg`s3
2.8. Rgspml`jlo tm rgngjvg` kgsshogs, jl gjtfgr mrhd mr wrjttgl imrk (rgngptjvg sejdds3 Djstgljlo Nmkprgfglsjml & Rgh`jlo Nmkprgfglsjml)5 • • • • • • • • •
lursgry rfykgs, hntjml smlos5 ihjrythdgs wjtf rfytfk5 ohkgs sunf hs3 tgdgpfmlg, rgpghtjlo jl nfmrus, bjlom5 tfg usg mi puppgts5 rmdg-pdhys5 ohkgs mi mrhd nmkprgfglsjml g.o. y swht, cukp dgit/rjoft, djstgl hl` l`, djstgl hl` `rhw, tfukbs up/`mwl, djstgl hl` njrndg, bjlom5 ougssjlo ohkgs ‖^jkml shys‚5 lhrrhtjml mi h ihjrythdg (hpprmprjhtg dhlouhog/ hpprmprjhtg pjnturgs)5 jddustrhtjml mi tfg stmry „ jddustrhtjlo rgh`jlo, usjlo pjnturgs tm ul`grsthl` rgh` kgsshogs (g.o. ihvmurjtg snglg,
8>
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fgrmgs mi tfg ihjrythdg) mr`grjlo tfg pjnturgs pjnturgs tm nrghtg nrghtg h stmry5 rgh`jlo by djstgljlo3 tgddjlo mi h stmry hpprmprjhtg imr ghnf dgvgd (g.o. bjo bmmes) wjtf tfg hntjvg phrtjnjphtjml mi nfjd`rgl5 phrtjnjphtjml jl tfg lhrrhtjml mi tfg stmry (g.o. rgpghtjlo mi pfrhsgs wjtf rfykg, nmkpdgtjlo mi pfrhsgs wjtf rfykg)5 smlos hl` pmgks wjtf rfykg5 nrghtjlo `rhwjlos `rhwjlos hl`/mr hl`/mr bmmes wjtf `rhwjlos `rhwjlos bhsg` ml tfg stmry5 stmry5 prmcgnt wjtf tfg nmddgntjml mi wmr`s usjlo tfg Glodjsf hdpfhbgt (j.g. nrghtjlo h nmddhog)5 dghrljlo mi hdpfhbgt smlos5 rgnmoljzjlo ohkgs mi tfg Glodjsf hdpfhbgt (g.o. djstgl hl` l`, djstgl hl` njrndg, djstgl hl` nmdmur)5 spmttjlo tfg shkg dgttgr/wmr`s (g.o. njrndg hdd tfg —b‛s)5 ormupjlo mi wmr`s5 khtnfjlo mi wmr`s/dgttgrs wmr`s/dgttgrs wjtf tfg pjnturgs pjnturgs mr shkg wmr`s/dgttgrs5 wmr`s/dgttgrs5 dhlouhog ohkgs3 Qhss tfg nhr`, Qgdkhljsk ohkgs, y swht, sfjlo, bjlom5
> >.8. • • • •
2.2. Qrm`unjlo kgsshogs jl gjtfgr mrhd mr wrjttgl imrk (prm`untjvg sejdds3 spghejlo hl` wrjtjlo sejdds)5 • • • • •
`jshppghrjlo pjnturgs5 rgpghtjlo jl vhrjmus whys (g.o. dmu`dy, qujgtdy, fhppjdy,) gtn. phrts mi tgxts/ irhokglts5 rmdg pdhy h smlo5 usg mi smlos imr gvgry `hy rmutjlgs (sthrt hl` ljsf mi tfg dgssml)5 rmdg-pdhys wjtf khses mr puppgts5
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bhdd ohkg5 tfg usg mi hdpfhbgt bmme5 nmkpdgtjlo mi mi kjssjlo wmr`s wmr`s whtnfjlo whtnfjlo jt ml tfg bmhr`/bmme/ bmhr`/bmme/ nmkputgr gtn.5 nmpyjlo wmr`s wmr`s ml nhr`s tm kheg h kgkmry ohkg mr dhbgds imr khly khly tfjlos jl tfg ndhss mr mr hnnmr`jlo tm tfg subcgnt (`gse, `mmr, gtn.) 5 `rhwjlos wjtf tfg wmr`s tfht fhvg bggl thuoft5 thuoft5 nrghtg dgttgrs mr wmr`s usjlo smit khtgrjhds (ndhy mr pdhy `muof)5 ormup nrghtjml nrghtjml mi h bmme hnnmr`jlo hnnmr`jlo tm tfg subcgnt, subcgnt, `rhwjlos `rhwjlos wjtf wmr`s mr sgltglngs5 nrghtjml mi h pmstgr usjlo wmr`s mi tfg subcgnt thuoft (g.o. Pfjs js ky ihtfgr hl` tfg `rhwjlo mi tfg ihtfgr)5
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J`gltjiyjlo tfg sjoljnhlng mi hrtjstjn kgsshogs wjtfjl `jgrglt nmltgxts5
khtnfjlo nmdmurs/ sfhpgs/ vjsuhd mr kusjnhd kgsshogs wjtf `jgrglt mrhd kgsshogs5 khtnfjlo ohkgs (vjsuhd mr kusjnhd kgsshog wjtf wrjttgl kgsshog mr wjtf tfgjr djloujstjn sykbmd „ —dhkb „ tfg sykbmd mi jllmnglng‛, h bjr` hs h sykbmd mi irgg`mk gtn., wrjttgl kgsshogs wjtf orhpfjn sykbmds5 —Khtnf tfg hrtwmres wfjnf kheg ymu tfjle mi ihkjdy/glvjrmlkglt/iggdjlos hl` gkmtjmls/tjkg gtn.‛)5 ‛)5 hlswgrjlo tm sjkpdg qugstjmls kghlt tm `gpjnt tfg sjoljnhlng mi hl hrtjstjn kgsshog (—_fht `mgs tfjs pgrsml/ hljkhd iggd=‛, —_fgl/ _fgrg `j` tfjs fhppgl=‛ „ sghsml, km kglt mi tfg `hy, jlsj`g/ mutsj`g, jl tfg wmm`s/ gd`/ kmulthjls, ht tfg sghsj`g gtn.)5 ohkgs3 (wmr`s, jkhogs, smul`s) puzzdg, —Ijl` wfm‚s/wfht‚s kjssjlo!‛, —Ijl` tfg ` jgrglngs/ tfg jltru`gr!‛, —Qdhjl mr sphtjhd (2@, >@)=‛, >@)=‛, —^jkpdg vjsuhd mr hrtjstjn kg sshogs=‛, —^jkpdg sgquglng mi smul`s, bghts mr kgdm`y=‛5 j`gltjiyjlo irmk h sgquglng mi vjsuhd/kusjnhd kgsshogs wfjnf rgvghds h ngrthjl gdgkglt (nmdmur5 sfhpg5 djig imrks3 pdhlts, hljkhds, fukhl bgjlos5 lukbgrs5 gxprgssjmls mi iggdjlos hl` gkmtjmls5 glvjrmlkglthd gdgkglts5 tjkg rgigrglngs5 ihkjdy kgkbgrs5 gxprgssjmls mi sglsgs5 rgigrglngs tm tfg fukhl bm` y gtn.)5
>.2. •
Gxpdmrjlo tfg kghljlo mi kgsshogs rgl`grg` tfrmuof `jgrglt imrks mi gxprgssjml3
J`gltjiyjlo bhsjn vjsuhd hl`/mr kusjnhd nmlngpts jl vhrjmus nmltgxts5
ohkgs3 —Ijl` tfg djlgs/`mts/djofts/sfh`mws/tgxturgs/nmdmur ofts/sfh`mws/tgxturgs/nmdmurss hl` luhlngs/sfhpgs jl h pjnturg/phjl pjnturg/phjltjlo/`rhwjlo tjlo/`rhwjlo mi h imrgst/gd`/njtysnhpg/sghsnhpg, jl h `gnmrhtjvg mbcgnt mr jl tfg lhturhd glvjrmlkglt!‛, —Ormup tfg gdgkglts!‛ (hnnmr`jlo tm spgnjn vjsuhd mr kusjnhd nrjtgrjh, sunf hs3 nmdmurs, sfhpgs, tgxturgs hl`/ mr pjtnf, `urhtjml, bght, gtn.)5 ormupjlo gdgkglts hnnmr`jlo tm spgnjn vjsuhd mr kusjnhd nrjtgrjh, sunf hs3 nmdmurs, sfhpgs, tgxturgs hl`/ mr pjtnf, `urhtjml, bght, gtn.5 khejlo nrghtjvg nmllgntjmls bgtwggl vjsuhd/ kusjnhd hl` rghd djig gdgkglts (hoorgssjvg/ irjgl`dy/ `jsthlt/ nmd`/ ndmsg/ whrk sfhpgs/ nmdmurs/ smul`s)5 j.g. „ ohkg3 —Ijl` ulusuhd/nrghtjvg nmllgntjmls bgtwggl tfg ojvgl gdgkglts!‛ (vjsuhd/ kusjnhd hl` rghd djig gdgkglts3 hoorgssjvg/ irjgl`dy/ `jsthlt/ nmd`/ ndmsg/ whrk sfhpgs/ nmdmurs/ smul`s5 bgtwggl dgttgrs mi tfg hdpfhbgt/lukbgrs hl` djig imrks mr mbcgnts hrmul` us gtn.) 5 khtnfjlo ohkgs3 —Khtnf tfg nmkpmsjtjml (vjsuhd mr kusjnhd) wjtf tfg kmst sujthbdg wmr` jl tfg djst!‛5
Jltgrhntjlo jl throgt dhlouhog, khlhojlo sgdi hl` rgdhtjlo tm mtfgrs5
rgspml`jlo tm qugstjmls hl` rgqugsts5 thejlo hl` phssjlo ml sjkpdg khsshogs5 nhrryjlo mut sfmrt, sjkpdg jlstruntjmls5 phrtjnjphtjlo hl` nmltrjbutjlo nmltrjbutjlo tm ormup ormup wmre5 khejlo nmllgntjmls wjtf lhtjvg dhlouhog5 sfmwjlo smnjhd hwhrglgss wfgl jltgrhntjlo jltgrhntjlo wjtf mtfgrs5 mtfgrs5 gxprgssjlo mpjljmls hl` iggdjlos (`rhw, nmdmur, wrjtg hl` sfhrg)5 usjlo sjkpdg iulntjmlhd dhlouhog3 hsejlo imr/ ojvjlo mpjljml5 hsejlo imr/ ojvjlo jlstruntjmls, gtn.5 khejlo jligrglngs5 usjlo —horgg/ `jshorgg‛ mr —djeg/ `jsdjeg‛ sthtgkglts5 brhjlstmrkjlo5 khtnfjlo wmr`s wjtf pjnturgs5 rhlejlo hl` mr`grjlo/ sgquglnjlo5 rghntjlo tm mr`jlhry sjtuhtjmls/ rgspml`jlo tm jlsthlngs mi bhsjn nmkkuljnhtjml (kjkjlo/ lml -vgrbhd hlswgrjlo)5
>.>. Gxprgssjlo pgrsmlhd mpjljml hl` jltgrgst jl vhrjmus vhrjmus hrtjstjn kgsshogs (vjsuhd, kusjnhd mr mi hly mtfgr hrtjstjn imrk)5 •
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gxpdmrjlo tfg glvjrmlkglt mr usjlo jkhojlhtjml tm `jsnmvgr `jgrglt sfhpgs, nmdmurs, tgxturgs, smul`s, bghts, kgdm`jgs gtn. (—_fm nhl imul` hs khly rgnthlodgs/ squhrgs/ njrndgs, rg`/ bdug/orggl mbcgnts, skmmtf/ rmuof surihngs jl tfg ndhss/ snfmmdyhr` hs pmssjbdg=‛ „ tfjs nhl bg `mlg by kghls mi vj`gm ohkgs5 —_fm nhl j`gltjiy hs khly lmjsgs/ `jgrglt smul`s (fjof, dmw) (smit, dmu`, squghey)/ bghts/ kgdm`jgs hs pmssjbdg=‛ „ tfjs nhl bg `mlg by kghls mi hu`jm ohkgs mr kusjnhd jlstrukglts5 mbsgrvjlo `jgrglt whys mi gxprgssjlo tfg shkg j`gh/ iggdjlo/ tfmuoft (g.o.3 —Dhl`snhpg‛ by `rhwjlo, phjltjlo, ndhy km`gddjlo, nmddhog, usjlo `mts/ djlgs/ sthjls/ tgxturgs5 stu`glts nhl bg nfhddglog` tm nrghtg h dhl`snhpg usjlo lukbgrs, ogmkgtrjnhd sfhpgs, phrts mi tfg bm`y, ihnjhd gxprgssjmls hs vjsuhd gdgkglts5 njtysnhpg/ rurhd dhl`snhpg, nmskjn/ whtgr dhl`snhpg by kghls mi smul`s, bghts, rfytfk, kgdm`jgs)5 whtnfjlo sfmrt nhrtmmls, g`unhtjmlhd dks, puppgt sfmws, `hlng, kusjn mr tfghtrjnhd pgrimrkhlngs tm rgvghd tfgjr kgsshog5 pdhlljlo hl` usjlo vhrjhtjmls jl djlg, sfhpg/imrk, nmdmr, hl` tgxturg tm nmkkuljnhtg j`ghs mr iggdjlos jl wmres mi hrt5
80
87
>.0. •
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•
• • • • • •
usjlo bm`y phrts (logrs, fhl`s, iggt, lmsg, fhjr gl`s) mr ulusuhd jlstrukglts (phpgr/rubbgr/odhss bhdds, stjnes, sfhrp nmrlgrs mi `jgrglt mbcgnts) tm mbthjl `mts, djlgs tfrmuof `jgrglt tgnfljqugs (hnnj`glthd `rmppjlo/ spdhsfjlo/sprgh`jlo, nfhlojlo tfg prgssurg mvgr h surihng, kmvjlo h `yg` gdgkglt (phpgr/rubbgr/odhss bhdds, stjnes, sfhrp nmrlgrs mi `jgrglt mbcgnts) ml h surihng5 usjlo sjkpdg kusjnhd kusjnhd jlstrukglts hl` bm`y bm`y pgrnussjml tm prm`ung smul`s, smul`s, bghts, rfytfks mr mr sjkpdg kgdm`jgs5 km`gddjlo mr (sgg hssmnjhtjlo tfg spmlthlgmus imrksjl(`mts, djlgs) kghljloiud nmkpmsjtjmls ml h ojvgl subcgnt tfg dghrljlo nmltglts)5 —Prggs wjltgr‛, —Pfgjltm bdmssmk trgg‛, hl` —Pfgnrghtjvg rhjl jl ky ohr`gl‛, —Idyjlo buos‛, —^thrry sey‛, —Imddmw tfg bjr`s‛ (imr —Glvjrmlkglt‛ m r —Pjkg‛ uljts), — Pjkgdjlgs‛, —Nmskjn ndmnes‛ (imr —Pjkg‛ uljt), —Ihkjdjgs mi buttgrjgs/ irujts/ mwgrs‛, —Bjo ihkjdy rguljml sggl irmk hbmvg‛ (imr —Ihkjdy‛ uljt), —@hlnjlo lukbgrs/ sfhpgs hl` smdj`s‛, —Prhngs mi lukbgrs/sfhpgs hl` smdj`s‛ (imr —Lukbgrs‛ mr —^fhpgs hl` vmdukgs‛ uljts), —Fhppjlgss/ ^h`lgss/ Ighr/ Hlogr‛ (imr —Iggdjlos‛ uljt), —Khojn gyg‛, —^glsjtjvg ghr‛, —^ngltg` mwgrs‛, —@gdjnjmus nhegs‛ (imr —^glsgs‛ uljt)5 gxpdmrjlo whys mi mi gxprgssjlo mwl iggdjlos, tfmuofts, tfmuofts, j`ghs by usjlo vhrjmus vhrjmus tmmds, jlstrukglts, jlstrukglts, khtgrjhds hl` hl` tgnfljqugs5 —Hlogr jl hntjml‛ (spdhsfjlo, snrhtnfjlo h surihng, prm`unjlo lmjsgs mr sfhrp smul`s), —Bmrg`mk‛ (kmlmtmlmus rgmnnurrglng mi sfhpgs hl` nmdmurs by jkprjltjlo usjlo `jgrglt mbcgnts3 sthkps, dghvgs, irujts, vgogthbdgs gtn. mr smu l`s) „ imr —Iggdjlos‛, —Glvjrmlkglt‛, —Lukbgrs‛ mr —Pjkg‛ uljts, —Ky ihkjdy‛ (ndhy km`gddjlo), —Rmul`-`hlng‛ (fhl` prjlts, ogmkgtrjnhd sfhpgs, ndhy km`gddjlo „ nhl bg usg` imr —Fukhl bm`y‛, —Iggdjlos‛, —^fhpgs hl` vmdukgs‛, —Glvjrmlkglt‛, —Ihkjdy‛, —^glsgs‛, —Lukbgrs‛ uljts), —Kg wfgl J‚k fhppy/sh`/hlory/ irjoftglg`/hkhzg`‛ „ by dmmejlo jl h kjrrmr mr usjlo jkhojlhtjml5 sjlojlo sjkpdg smlos hnnmkphlyjlo tfgksgdvgs wjtf kusjnhd tmys mr jlstrukglts ml ojvgl subcgnts (sgg tfg dghrljlo uljts)5 nrghtjlo sfmrt pmgks ml h ojvgl subcgnt (sgg tfg dghrljlo uljts) hl` jddustrhtjlo tfgk by `rhwjlos/phjltjlos/ sjkpdg kgdm`jgs/kmvgk kgdm`jgs/kmvgkglts5 glts5 nrghtjlo h sgrjgs mi `rhwjlos (nhrtmmls) tm jddustrhtg h sfmrt stmry, hl gvglt by jl`jvj`uhd mr tghk wmre5 usjlo tfg gdgkglts mi hrt hrt tm nrghtg hl jkhog tfht nmkkuljnhtgs nmkkuljnhtgs smkgtfjlo hnnmr`jlo hnnmr`jlo tm tfg subcgnt mi `jsnussjml (sgg tfg dghrljlo uljts)5 pgrngjvjlo hl` `jsnussjlo `jgrglngs jl kmm` nrghtg` by whrk hl` nmmd nmdmrs, fjof hl` dmw smul`s, sdmw mr hdgrt sunngssjml mi smul`s gtn.5 nrghtjlo sjkpdg sjkpdg wmres mi hrt usjlo lo hnngssjbdg nmkputgr hppdjnhtjmls5 hppdjnhtjmls5
>.7. • • •
• •
89
0
Nrghtjlo hrtjstjn prm`unts tm gxprgss pgrsmlhd iggdjlos, j`ghs, tfmuofts5
Nrghtjlo hl hrt prm`unt prm`unt irmk irmk `jgrglt khtgrjhds mr usjlo h sgquglng mi mi smul`s5
usjlo `jgrglt tgnfljqugs hl` khtgrjhds (nuttjlo, nrukpdjlo, tghrjlo phpgr/tfrgh`s, km`gddjlo ndhy) tm mbthjl `jgrglt gdgkglts wfjnf nhl bg usg` jl nmddhogs mr mtfgr hrt wmres ml h ojvgl subcgnt (sgg tfg dghrljlo uljts)5 - jkprmvjsjlo sjkpdg rfytfkjn nmkbjlhtjmls nmkbjlhtjmls hnnmkphljg` hnnmkphljg` by bm`y bm`y kmvgkglts hs hl hl jddustrhtjml tm h ojvgl subcgnt3 —^mul`s mi tjkg phssjlo‛, —Wrbhl lmjsgs‛, —H fmrsg rul‛, —Ht tfg ihrk‛, —H wjl`y hl` rhjly `hy‛, —Pfg Iggdjlos hl` Gkmtjmls Nfmjr‛5 - khejlo sjkpdg iulntjmlhd mbcgnts usjlo `jgrglt tmmds, khtgrjhds hl` tgnfljqugs3 —Qglnjd fmd`gr‛ (mi h nrghtjvg sfhpg3 lukbgr, fhl`, hljkhd, pdhlt), —Ndmne‛ (`gpjntjlo h bhsjn gkmtjml3 hlogr, ighr, fhppjlgss, hkhzgkglt, `jsoust, sh`lgss, `gspjsg), Nfrjstkhs `gnmrhtjmls (usjlo ulusuhd sfhpgs3 lukbgrs, sghsmls‚ ndmne sfmwjlo wjltgr tjkg)5 - usjlo rgnyndhbdg khtgrjhds khtgrjhds tm nrghtg nrghtg tmys, hgstfgtjn mr iulntjmlhd iulntjmlhd mbcgnts5 - nrghtjlo khses wfjnf `gpjnt gxprgssjmls gxprgssjmls mi fukhl gkmtjmls5 gkmtjmls5
0.8. • • • • • • • •
Nmllgntjlo `jgrglt gd`s mi elmwdg`og tfrmuof `jojthd kghls3
@gvgdmpjlo mi km`grl usgr sejdds5 g`unhtjmlhd nmkputgr ohkgs wjtf sjkpdg sjkpdg ogmkgtrjn ogmkgtrjn gdgkglts5 gdgkglts5 phjltjlo smkg mbcgnts mbcgnts usjlo usjlo Qhjlt Qhjlt hppdjnhtjml5 hppdjnhtjml5 mpgljlo hl hppdjnhtjml, rgnmoljsjlo hl` sgttjlo smkg mbcgnts ml tfg `gsetmp(`rho &`rmp)5 g`unhtjmlhd nmkputgr ohkgs mi mi orhkkhr orhkkhr hl` puzzdg5 nrghtjml mi smkg dgs wfjnf nmlthjl dghrlg` ogmkgtrjn sfhpgs5 `gkmlstrhtg tfg hbjdjty jty tm usg h nmkputgr nmkputgr nmkpgtgltdy tm prm`ung prm`ung pmstgrs, bhllgrs, sjols, sjols, jlvjthtjml nhr`s, nhr`s, usjlo sjkpdg smitwhrg5 rgtrjgvg jlimrkhtjml by lhvjohtjlo, sghrnfjlo hl` sgdgntjlo jlimrkhtjml irmk tfg Jltgrlgt hl` tfg _mrd` _j`g _gb5 rgspml` tm tfg qugstjmls jl h Xujz5
0.2. Wl`grsthl`jlo mi nmllgntjmls bgtwggl tfg tgnflmdmoy mi jlimrkhtjml mr tfg nmkputgr‚s ushog hl` smnjgty hl` tfgjr h`hptjml tm tfg `ylhkjns mi nfhlogs `gtgrkjlg` by tfgsg nmllgntjmls5 • • • • • • •
jddustrhtjlo h stmry tfrmuof h xg` lukbgr mi jkhogs5 tfg pmrtrhjt mi h nmddghoug5 gxgrnjsgs mi nmrrgspml`glng bgtwggl jkhog jkhog hl` wmr`5 jddustrhtjlo h tgxt by `rhwjlo5 ul`grsthl` hl` nmkkuljnhtg nmkkuljnhtg wjtf nmkputgrs nmkputgrs mldjlg, wjtf smurngs smurngs mi jlimrkhtjml, mrkhtjml, hs wgdd hs wjtf mtfgr pgmpdg5 pgmpdg5 pdhyjlo h nmkputgr ohkg jl mr`gr tm l` tfg rjoft hlswgrs imr lukbgr wmr`s hl` tfg lukgrhds (gx. Ehfmmt)5 usjlo mi Zm ZmuPu uPubg bg vj`gms hl` hl` smlos tm dghrl lgw dhlouhog5 dhlouhog5
0.>. • • •
Elmwjlo fmw tm usg smkg nmkputjlo glvjrmlkglts mi wmre5
tfg ushog mi Mpgl Mng @rhw - usjlo vhrjmus spfgrjnhd ogmkgtrjn sfhpgs ( rgnthlodg, njrndg, gddjpsg , gtn.) 5 stu`glts nhl nrghtg lgw mbcgnts5 stu`glts wjdd nrghtg nrghtg h nmddhog nmlthjljlo ljlo hljkhds, hljkhds, usjlo nmddhog-khegr dhog-khegr hppdjnhtjml hppdjnhtjml ml tfg wgb5 wgb5 nrghtg hl Hl`rmj` hppdjnhtjml wfjnf nhl bg usg` imr tghnfjlo tfg lhkgs mi bm`y phrts (KJP hpp Jlvgltmr)5
8?
DM_GR-^GNML@HRZ DGYGD ^QGNJIJN NMKQGPGLNG^ HL@ GVHKQDG^ MI DGHRLJLO HNPJYJPJG^
8.>. . • • •
8
Jltgorhtjlo Gurmpghl nmkpgtglngs jl `jgrglt dghrljlo nmltgxts tfrmuof jllmvhtjvg hpprmhnfgs3
8.8. Yhdmrjzjlo tfg gxpgrjglng stu`glts fhvg fhvg hnqujrg` jl imrkhd, jlimrkhd hl` lml-imrkhd lml-imrkhd g`unhtjmlhd nmltgxts5 • • •
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•
gxprgssjlo pgrsmlhd mpjljml ml ojvgl tgxts/ wmres mi hrt/ kusjnhd nmkpmsjtjmls gtn. rgdhtg` tm h ojvgl tmpjn (“J djeg/ `jsdjeg ... bgnhusg ...‛)5 usg mi prjmr elmwdg`og hl` djig gxpgrjglng jl lgw dghrljlo nmltgxts (j.g. jltgrvjgws hl` irgg thdes hbmut ihkjdy, iggdjlos, sglsgs5 rmdg pdhy ml ihkjdy, iggdjlos5 brhjlstmrkjlo5 nmltglt-rgdhtg` ohkgs ml ojvgl t mpjns)5 hlhdyzjlo nmkkml djig gxpgrjglngs mi stu`glts nmllgntg` wjtf ojvgl tmpjns (j.g. —_fht `j` ymu iggd wfgl...=‛, —_fgl `j` ymu dhst usg lukbgrs imr h spgnjn rghsml hl` wfht whs tfjs rghsml= ‛, —Fmw nhl ymu `gsnrjbg ymursgdi hnnmr`jlo tm tfg imddmwjlo nrjtgrjh3...=‛, —_fht js ymur ihvmurjtg skgdd/ nmdmur/ smul`/ thstg=‛, —Fmw kunf tjkg `m ymu usuhddy spgl` ml ...=‛, —_fht `m ymu `m tm nmltrjbutg tm glvjrmlkglt prmtgntjml=‛, —Fmw nmud` ymu `gsnrjbg ymur ihkjdy=‛, —Ihkjdy —Ihkjdy djig ml Nfrjstkhs/ Ghstgr/ mtfgr rgdjojmus igstjvhds/ f mdj`hys/ wggegl`s/ wmre`hys‛)5 j`gltjiyjlo gdgkglts nmllgntg` tm ojvgl tmpjns jl ihkjdjhr nmltgxts hl` jl tfg lhturhd glvjrmlkglt (j.g. sfhpgs hrmul` us, rgspgntiud httjtu`gs tmwhr`s ndmsg glvjrmlkglt, —Lukbgrs, gdgkglts mi lhturhd glvjrmlkglt/ iggdjlos/ sglsgs/ ihkjdy hl` fukhl rgdhtjmls jl h tmys‚ phrty‛)5 hlhdyzjlo tfg nmlsgquglngs nmlsgquglngs mi smkg smkg hntjmls hl` sjkpdg sjkpdg pfglmkglh ml ihkjdy rgdhtjmls, gkmtjmlhd djig, fukhl fukhl fghdtf, glvjrmlkglt (j.g. —_fht `m ymu tfjle jt nmud` fhppgl ji hdd tfg kgkbgrs mi ormup wmud` bg hlory/sh`/ snhrg`=‛, —Fmw nmud` ymu djvg jl h bdhne-wfjtg/ smul`dgss glvjrmlkglt=‛, —Fmw wmud` h rgoudhr `hy mi ymur djig bg wjtfmut ndmnes hl` hly mtfgr `gvjngs wfjnf nmud` ojvg ymu jlimrkhtjml hbmut tjkg=‛)5 sgdgntjlo/ ormupjlo gdgkglts nmllgntg` wjtf ojvgl tmpjns hnnmr`jlo tm spgnjn nrjtgrjh (nrghtjlo pmstgrs hbmut gdgkglts mi lhturhd glvjrmlkglt wfjnf nhl fjofdjoft tfg nmllgntjml bgtwggl pdhlts hl` sglsgs, iggdjlos, sghsmls mr hljkhds hl` lukbgrs, fukhl fghdtf, ihkjdy mr ormup rgdhtjmls, iggdjlos5 khejlo `rhwjlos/ phjltjlos/ nmddhogs/ >@ mbcgnts tm `jspdhy ihnjhd gxprgssjmls/ hljkhds/ ihkjdy kg kbgrs/ ndmnes)5 pdhyjlo ohkgs imr bgttgr dhlouhog hnqujsjtjmls jl h kudtj`jsnjpdjlhry nmltgxt glsurg` by tfg ojvgl tmpjns (—Qhss tfg nhr`!‛, —Bhdd ohkg‛, —^jdglt mmr‛, —^mkgtfjlo sjkjdhr, smkgtfjlo `jgrglt‛, —Brmegl tgdgpfmlg/ wfjspgrs `mwl tfg dhlg/ Nfjlgsg wfjspgrs‛)5
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jlvmdvjlo stu`glts jl ohkgs hl` sjkudhtjmls sjkudhtjmls imr h bgttgr ul`grsthl`jlo ul`grsthl`jlo mi nmlngpts, egy pmjlts hl` hl` lgw nmltglts5 j`gltjiyjlo ulusuhd hspgnts mi sggkjlody nmkkml tfjlos/ nmltgxts imr nrghtjvg tfjlejlo (—Ijl` tfg fj``gl sfhpgs/ lukbgrs/ hljkhds/ pdhlts jl spml thlgmus imrks‛, —Ijl` hs khly ushogs hs pmssjbdg imr ojvg l >@ sfhpgs‛)5 nmkkuljnhtjlo tfg kghljlo mi spgnjn jlimrkhtjml tm mtfgrs hnnmr`jlo tm tfgjr hbjdjty tm ul`grsthl` hl` jltgrprgt tfg jlimrkhtjml tfgy fh` bggl prgsgltg` (khejlo nmkphrjsmls bgtwggl `jgrglt hspgnts mi djig, khejlo nmllgntjmls tm rghd-djig sjtuhtjmls imr j`gltjiyjlo phttgrls hl` rudgs, khejlo ndhssjnhtjmls hl` nhtgomrjsjlo tfjlos hnnmr`jlo tm spgnjn nrjtgrjh, brhjlstmrkjlo, j.g. —Dmme ht tfg jkhogs hl` wrjtg tfg gkmtjmls tfgy `gpjnt‛, —Jltgrprgt tfg gkmtjml wrjttgl ml tfg nhr`‛, —Lhkg tfg ggnt mi tfg ojvgl nmdmrs/ jkhogs/ smul`s ml ymu‛, —_fht js tfg kghljlo mi tfg shyjlo/ j`jmk...=‛)5 hsejlo qugstjmls hbmut thegl-imr-orhltg`-hssukptjmls (sykbmdjn nmdmrs imr iggdjlos, usuhd nmllgntjmls bgtwggl smul`s/ nmdmrs hl` gkmtjmlhd sthtgs, wj`gdy sprgh` pjntmorhks imr sglsgs/ iggdjlos/ gdgkglts mi lhturhd glvjrmlkglt/ lukbgrs/ tjkg/ ihkjdy)5 j`gltjiyjlo whys mi mi `jstjloujsfjlo `jstjloujsfjlo bgtwggl rgdjhbdg rgdjhbdg hl` lml-rgdjhbdg lml-rgdjhbdg smurngs smurngs mi jlimrkhtjml5 jlimrkhtjml5 tghnfjlo smkgtfjlo smkgtfjlo tfgy dghrlt dghrlt by jl`jvj`uhd jl`jvj`uhd mr ormup stu`y tm mtfgrs5 mtfgrs5 nrghtjlo smkgtfjlo smkgtfjlo lgw irmk irmk nmkkml nmkkml khtgrjhds khtgrjhds hl` mbcgnts5
8.0. • • •
@gvgdmpjlo trhlsvgrshd trhlsvgrshd sejdds tfrmuof ihnjdjthtjlo elmwdg`og elmwdg`og trhlsigr5 trhlsigr5
Ihnjdjthtjlo `jvgroglt tfjlejlo tfrmuof jllmvhtjvg nmkbjljlo mi ojvgl jlput5 gxprgssjlo mpjljml/ pmjlt mi mi vjgw ml ojvgl tmpjns5 l`jlo nrghtjvg smdutjmls jl `jgrglt nmltgxts (brhjlstmrkjlo, prmbdgk smdvjlo gxgrnjsgs, ormup `jsnussjmls, prmcgnt wmre usjlo hrt, j.g.3 l`jlo tfg fj``gl sfhpgs/ lukbgrs/ hljkhds/ pdhlts jl spmlthlgmus imrks5 usjlo tfg ojvgl sfhpgs tm nrghtg h >@ mbcgnt5 sghrnfjlo imr `jgrglt whys mi dmmejlo ht tfjlos)5 nmllgntjlo ojvgl tmpjns jl lgw whys „—Pjkg khlhogkglt/ spgnjn skgdds/ smul`s/ thstgs/ nmdmurs mi sghsmls/ Nfrjstkhs/ Ghstgr/ mtfgr igstjvhds/ fmdj`hys/ wggegl`s‛, wggegl`s‛, —Lukbgrs, gdgkglts mi lhturhd glvjrmlkglt/ iggdjlos/ sglsgs/ ihkjdy hl` fukhl rgdhtjmls jl hl mr`jlhry `hy/ djig gxpgrjglng‛, nmdmurs, sfhpgs, lukbgrs, hog dgvgds, iggdjlos, fmbbjgs, imm` prgigrglngs hl` fukhl bm`y)5
2
Jltgrhntjlo jl rghd nmkkuljn nmkkuljnhtjml htjml nmltgxts hnnmr`jlo tm mlg‚s pgrsmlhd lgg`s3
2.8. Rgspml`jlo tm rgngjvg` kgsshogs, jl gjtfgr mrhd mr wrjttgl imrk (rgngptjvg sejdds3 Djstgljlo Nmkprgfglsjml & Rgh`jlo Nmkprgfglsjml)5 8.2.
Qrmvj`jlo h nmkpdgx nmkpdgx hl` uljthry hpprmhnf tm ojvgl jlput5 •
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hnnmkpdjsfjlo h `jvgrsjg` rhlog mi thses hl` hntjvjtjgs ml ojvgl jlput irmk h kudtj`jsnjpdjlhry pgrspgntjvg (—Fmw `m ymu iggd wfgl spg l`jlo irgg tjkg jl ymur ihkjdy=‛5 —Pjkg khlhogkglt/ spgnjn skgdds/ smul`s/ thstgs/ nmdmurs mi sghsmls/ Nfrjstkhs/ Ghstgr/ mtfgr rgdjojmus igstjvhds/ fmdj`hys/ wggegl`s‛, wggegl`s‛, —Lukbgrs, gdgkglts mi lhturhd glvjrmlkglt/ iggdjlos/ sglsgs/ ihkjdy hl` fukhl rgdhtjmls jl hl mr`jlhry `hy/ djig gxpgrjglng‛, —Nmdmurs, sfhpgs, lukbgrs, hog dgvgds, iggdjlos, fmbbjgs, imm` prgigrglngs hl` fukhl bm`y‛)5 nmddhbmrhtjlo wjtf wjtf pggrs irmk mwl mwl snfmmd mr irmk phrtlgr snfmmds snfmmds imr hnnmkpdjsfjlo hnnmkpdjsfjlo nmkkml nmkkml thses hl` hntjvjtjgs `urjlo trhlslhtjmlhd kggtjlos mr ht dmnhd dgvgd5 hssmnjhtjlo gdgkglts mi ojvgl tmpjns jl lgw nmltgxts mr jl rghd-djig sjtuhtjmls (—_fht `m ymu iggd wfgl sggjlo/
•
skgddjlo/ —Ijl` wmr`s/ jkhogs jl ihkmus pfrhsgs/ smlos/ vj`gms/ wmres mi hrt hl` rghrrhlog/thstjlo/ h`hpt/ fghrjlo nmkbjlg…=‛, tfgk jltmojvgl lgw prm`unts‛)5 nrghtjlo usgiud mbcgnts irmk rgnyndhbdg khtgrjhds5
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•
• • • • • • • • • • •
djstgljlo tm rgnmr`g` tgxts ddjlo jl kjssjlo jlimrkhtjml, dhbgdjlo, khtnfjlo, sgquglnjlo, nfmmsjlo tfg rjoft tjtdg mr pjnturg hl` `jsnussjlo wfht nmud` fhppgl lgxt5 stmry tgddjlo5 nrghtjlo pmstgrs imr h stmry5 hntjvgdy phrtjnjphtjlo hl` glohojlo glohojlo jl tfg lhrrhtjml lhrrhtjml mi h stmry5 djstgl hl` `rhw, djstgl hl` hl` njrndg njrndg hntjvjtjgs5 puttjlo jkhogs mi tfg stmry jl tfg rjoft mr`gr5 mr`gr5 puttjlo kjxg` up sgltglngs jl tfg rjoft mr`gr tm nrghtg tfg stmry (cukbdg` sgltglngs/ phrhorhpfs)5 ddjlo jl ohppg` dyrjns5 puttjlo kjxg` up up dyrjns jl tfg rjoft mr`gr5 stmrytgddjlo ht hl hpprmprjhtg hpprmprjhtg dgvgd hl` wjtf hpprmprjhtg hpprmprjhtg jkhogs wjtf tfg hntjvg phrtjnjphtjml mi nfjd`rgl5 nfjd`rgl5 nmkpdgtjlo h thbdg mr h nfhrt bhsg` ml h stmry5 `rhwjlo bhsg` ml tfg stmry5
86
8:
• • • • • • •
`rhwjlo tfgjr ihvmurjtg ihvmurjtg fgrm fgrm mi mi tfg stmry5 `jhdmoug rgh`jlo jl ormups5 rgh`jlo imr smul` smul` rgnmr`jlo rgnmr`jlo mi h`vgrtjsgkglts, `jhdmougs `jhdmougs hl` phsshogs phsshogs g.o. imr h QmwgrQmjlt QmwgrQmjlt prgsglthtjml, prgsglthtjml, Ymjng Pfrgh` hl` vmej.nmk5 hntjlo mut h `jhdmoug, `jhdmoug, pdhyjlo h skhdd snglg mi h stmry5 usjlo rgnjpgs tm nmme nmme smkgtfjlo sjkpdg5 pdhy fj``gl trghsurg trghsurg ohkg imddmwjlo imddmwjlo jlstruntjmls jlstruntjmls jl ndhssrmmk ndhssrmmk mr jl snfmmdyhr`5 snfmmdyhr`5
2.2. Qrm`unjlo kgsshogs jl gjtfgr mrhd mr wrjttgl imrk (prm`untjvg sejdds3 spghejlo hl` wrjtjlo sejdds)5 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
bmhr` ohkgs, bjlom ohkgs, kjlj-wfjtgbmhr kjlj-wfjtgbmhr`s `s ohkgs5 ohkgs5 smlos, hntjml smlos5 prgsglthtjml mi tfgjr tfgjr `hy mr jkhojlhry jkhojlhry `hy mr mr j`ghd `hy5 rmdg pdhy5 kjkjlo ohkgs5 jlimrkhtjml-ohp jlimrkhtjml-o hp hntjvjtjgs5 trug mr ihdsg ohkgs, ohkgs, ougssjlo ougssjlo ohkgs, ohkgs, kgkmry ohkgs5 l` tfg sgnrgt mbcgnt5 survgy hl` prgsglthtjml ml ndhss ndhss bjrtf`htgs, bjrtf`htgs, ihkjdjgs, ihkjdjgs, gtn.5 wrjtjlo sfmrt sfmrt phrhorhpfs hbmut tfgksgdvgs hl` sgl` tfgk tm g-phds5 s5 `gsnrjptjml mi tfgjr `hjdy rmutjlg5 wrjtjlo h phrhorhpf phrhorhpf imr h `gsnrjptjml mi mi hl hljkhd mr hl jkhojlhry jkhojlhry kmlstgr5 wrjtjlo h phrhorhpf bhsg` ml ml ojvgl pjnturgs/wmr pjnturgs/wmr`s5 `s5 wrjtjlo h pmgk bhsg` ml h km`gd km`gd g.o. hdpfhbgt hdpfhbgt pmgk, djst pmgk, pgrsmlh pgrsmlh pmgk5 ddjlo jl h sjkpdg imrk.(g.o. hppdjnhtjml imrk.)5 nmmpgrhtjvg wrjtjlo mi mi h stmry jl nmmpgrhtjml wjtf nfjd`rgl nfjd`rgl irmk mtfgr snfmmds snfmmds g.o. Grhskus+, Grhskus+, g-phds, g-Pwjlljlo5 lljlo5
> >.8.
• • • • • • • •
Jltgrhntjlo jl throgt dhlouhog, khlhojlo sgdi hl` rgdhtjlo tm mtfgrs5
gxprgss jlimrkhtjml hl` vjgws ggntjvgdy jl wrjtjlo hl` nmkkglt ml tfmsg mi mtfgrs5 nmkbjlg mr sukkhrjzg jlimrkhtjml irmk `jgrglt smurngs jl fjs/fgr mwl tgxts5 sfhrg hl` gxpdhjl tfgjr rghntjmls tm tgxts nmkkgltjlo ml ml jkpmrthlt hspgnts hl` khejlo jkhojlhtjvg jkhojlhtjvg djles tm tfgjr mwl gxpgrjglngs5 spghe wjtf ndhrjty hl` usg hpprmprjhtg hpprmprjhtg jltmlhtjml, hljkhtjml hljkhtjml hl` gxprgssjml gxprgssjml wfgl rgh`jlo lo hl` rgnjtjlo tgxts mr nmlvgyjlo jlimrkhtjml jlimrkhtjml55 gxpdhjl tfgjr mwl bgfhvjmur hl` vjgws5 jl ormup `jsnussjmls hl` jltgrhntjml stu`glts theg `jgrglt vjgws jltm hnnmult hl` ojvg rghsmls imr mpjljmls hl` hntjmls5 stu`glts nrghtg hl` susthjl susthjl rmdgs jl`jvj`uhddy jl`jvj`uhddy hl` wfgl wmrejlo wjtf mtfgrs mtfgrs wfgl phrtjnjphtjlo jl h rhlog mi `rhkh hntjvjtjgs5 stu`glts nmkprgfgl` `gthjds/ spgnjn jlim jl phrhorhpfs hl` phsshogs mi jlimrkhtjml mr gxp dhlhtjml ojvgl mrhddy hl` tfgy imddmw up mtfgrs‚ pmjlts hl` sfmw wfgtfgr tfgy horgg mr `jshorgg jl wfmdg ndhss `jsnussjml.(mvgrhdd spmegl jltgrhntjml, nmkprgfglsjml jl jltgrhntjml, ul`grsthl`jlo h lhtjvg spghegr jltgrdmnutmr, jltgrdmnutmr, irgg nmlvgrshtjml, imrkhd `jsnussjml, omhd-mrjgltg` nm-mpgrhtjml, mbthjljlo rgqujrg` jlim, jlimrkhtjml gxnfhlog, jltgrvjgwjlo & bgjlo jltgrvjgwg`, • mvgrhdd wrjttgl jltgrhntjml, nmrrgspml`glng, lmtgs, kgsshogs & imrks)5
`jsnussjlo hbmut hbmut tfg kgsshog smkg hrtjstjn hrtjstjn kgsshogs nmud` nmlvgy nmlvgy hl` whys mi gxprgssjlo gxprgssjlo pgrsmlhd pgrsmlhd pmjlts mi vjgw3 —Jl ky mpjljml...‛,‛, —J tfjle/bgdjgvg tfht tfjs `rhwjlo/phjltjlo/snudpturg/kgdm`y gtn. gxprgssgs ...‛5‛5
•
nmkphrjlo `jgrglt whys gxprgssjlo sjkjdhrmiiggdjlos, j`ghs, tfmuofts (g.o.3 byhl vjsuhd hrts3 hl gyg nmud` bg sjkpdy h phrt mi hmipmrtrhjt, h sykbmd (jl)sjoft/vjojdhlng/survgjddhlng, mrohl mi tfg tfg jkhog sglsmrymisystgk gtn.5 by pgrimrkjlo hrts3 g.o.3 whys mi gxprgssjlo iggdjlos hl` gkmtjmls by `hlng, kusjn, jl tfghtrg, dk5 by djtgrhturg5 by jltgrhntjvg kg`jh gtn.)5 khtnfjlo ohkgs (vjsuhd mr kusjnhd kgsshog wjtf wrjttgl kgsshog mr wjtf tfgjr djloujstjn sykbmd „ —dhkb „ tfg sykbmd mi jllmnglng‛, h bjr` hs h sykbmd mi irgg`mk gtn., wrjttgl kgsshogs wjtf orhpfjn sykbmds5 —Khtnf tfg hrtwmres wfjnf kheg ymu tfjle mi ihkjdy/glvjrmlkglt/iggdjlos hl` gkmtjmls/tjkg gtn.‛)5 ‛)5 prgsgltjlo `jgrglt whys mi gxprgssjlo iggdjlos, tfmuofts, j`ghs by kghls mi j`gmorhks/pjntmorhks/pfmlmorhks/ fjgrmodypfs hl` tryjlo tm —ougss‛ tfg kgsshog smkg mi tfgsg jnmls nhl nmlvgy5 j`gltjiyjlo irmk h sgquglng mi vjsuhd/kusjnhd kgsshogs wfjnf rgvghds h ngrthjl gdgkglt (hbstrhnt/rghdjty-djeg imrks5 djig imrks3 pdhlts, hljkhds, fukhl bgjlos5 gxhnt snjglngs „ lukbgrs5 gxprgssjmls mi iggdjlos hl` gkmtjmls5 glvjrmlkglthd gdgkglts5 tjkg rgigrglngs5 ihkjdy kgkbgrs5 gxprgssjmls mi sglsgs5 rgigrglngs tm tfg fukhl bm`y gtn.)5 tgddjlo h stmry by kghls kghls mi vjsuhd mr kusjnhd kgsshogs5 ohkgs3 (wmr`s, jkhogs, smul`s) puzzdg, —Ijl` wfm‚s/wfht‚s kjssjlo!‛, —Ijl` tfg ` jgrglngs/ tfg jltru`gr!‛, —Qdhjl mr sphtjhd (2@, >@)=‛, —^jkpdg vjsuhd mr hrtjstjn kgsshogs=‛, —^jkpdg sgquglng mi smul`s, bghts mr kgdm `y=‛, —Ijl` h sujthbdg tjtdg/kmttm imr tfjs hrtjstjn kgsshog!‛5
• • • • •
>.2.
• • • •
Wsjlo bhsjn vjsuhd hl`/mr kusjnhd nmlngpts nmlngpts jl nrghtjvg whys mi gxprgssjml5
ohkgs3 —Ijl` tfg djlgs/`mts/djofts/sfh`mws/tgxturgs/nmdmur ofts/sfh`mws/tgxturgs/nmdmurss hl` luhlngs/sfhpgs jl h pjnturg/phjl pjnturg/phjltjlo/`rhwjlo tjlo/`rhwjlo mi h imrgst/gd`/njtysnhpg/sghsnhpg, jl h `gnmrhtjvg mbcgnt mr jl tfg lhturhd glvjrmlkglt!‛, —Ormup tfg gdgkglts!‛ (hnnmr`jlo tm spgnjn vjsuhd mr kusjnhd nrjtgrjh, sunf hs3 nmdmurs, sfhpgs, tgxturgs hl`/ mr pjtnf, `urhtjml, bght gtn.)5 j`gltjiyjlo hrt nmlngpts (vjsuhd3 `mts, djlgs, sthjls, nmdmurs hl` luhlngs, sfhpgs, rgdjgi, vmdukgs, tgxturgs, djofts hl` sfh`mws, surihngs, fmdgs, sphngs mr kusjnhd3 pjtnf, `urhtjml, bght, rfytfk, kgdm`y, fhrkmly) jl hrtwmres mr jl tfg ihkjdjhr/ lhturhd glvjrmlkglt5 ohkg3 —Ijl` ulusuhd/nrghtjvg nmllgntjmls bgtwggl tfg ojvgl gdgkglts!‛ (vjsuhd/ kusjnhd hl` rghd djig gdgkglts3 hoorgssjvg/ irjgl`dy/ `jsthlt/ nmd`/ ndmsg/ whrk sfhpgs/ nmdmurs/ smul`s5 bgtwggl dgttgrs mi tfg hdpfhbgt/ lukbgrs hl` djig imrks mr mbcgnts hrmul` us gtn.)5 khtnfjlo ohkgs3 —Khtnf tfg nmkpmsjtjml (vjsuhd mr kusjnhd) wjtf tfg kmst sujthbdg wmr` jl tfg djst!‛5 - trhlsimrkjlo h spmlthlgmus imrk jltm hl hrtjstjn mlg by usjlo usjlo nrghtjvjty hl` jkhojlhtjml5
>.>. Gxprgssjlo pgrsmlhd mpjljml hl` jltgrgst jl vhrjmus vhrjmus hrtjstjn kgsshogs (vjsuhd, kusjnhd mr mi hly mtfgr hrtjstjn imrk)5 • • •
21
J`gltjiyjlo tfg sjoljnhlng mi hrtjstjn kgsshogs wjtfjl `jgrglt nmltgxts5
•
•
2.>.
Gxpdmrjlo tfg kghljlo mi kgsshogs rgl`grg` tfrmuof `jgrglt imrks mi gxprgssjml3
sghrnfjlo imr jlimrkhtjml hbmut ihkmus hrtjsts (phjltgrs, snudptmrs, pfmtmorhpfgrs, jddustrhtmrs, wrjtgrs, kusjnjhls, hrnfjtgnts, hntmrs, `gsjolgrs gtn.) hl` prgsgltjlo tfgk brjgy5 mbsgrvjlo hl` hlhdyzjlo vhrjmus wmres mi hrt (vjsuhd mr kusjnhd) hl` hrtjihnts5 nmkphrjlo `jgrglt wmres mi hrt tm l` sjkjdhrjtjgs hl` `jgrglngs jl tfg nmlvgyg` kgsshogs, jl tfg gdgkglts/tmmds/ 28
0
khtgrjhds/tgnfljqugs usg`5 (j.g. fttp3//www.hrtsmdmoy.nmk/gkmtjml-jl-hrt.pfp) pdhlljlo hl` usjlo vhrjhtjmls jl djlg, sfhpg/imrk, nmdmr, hl` tgxturg tm nmkkuljnhtg j`ghs mr iggdjlos jl wmres mi hrt5 usjlo tfg vmnhbudhry mi hrt tm thde hbmut wfht tfgy whltg` tm `m jl tfgjr mwl wmres wmres mi hrt hl` fmw tfgy sunngg`g`5 usjlo hpprmprjhtg hpprmprjhtg vmnhbudhry mi hrt tm `gsnrjbg `gsnrjbg tfg sunngssiud usg mi hl gdgkglt mi hrt jl h wmre mi hrt5
• • •
0.8.
>.0.
Gxprgssjlo pgrsmlhd iggdjlos, j`ghs, tfmuofts jl sjkpdg hrtjstjn prm`unts5
`gsnrjbjlo fmw `jgrglt khtgrjhds, tgnfljqugs, hl` prmngssgs nhusg `jgrglt rgspmlsgs wfgl usg` tm kheg wmres mi hrt5 usjlo tfg gdgkglts mi hrt hrt tm nrghtg hl jkhog tfht nmkkuljnhtgs nmkkuljnhtgs smkgtfjlo hnnmr`jlo hnnmr`jlo tm tfg subcgnt mi `jsnussjml (sgg tfg dghrljlo uljts)5 hsejlo hl` hlswgrjlo hlswgrjlo qugstjmls hbmut hbmut wfht h nmddghoug‚s nmddghoug‚s wmre wmre mi hrt nmlvgys jl mr`gr mr`gr tm ndhrjiy nmkprgfglsjml, nmkprgfglsjml, ohtfgr jlimrkhtjml, mr `ggpgl ul`grsthl`jlo mi h tmpjn mr jssug5 tgddjlo/nrghtjlo h stmry mr rgnmultjlo rgnmultjlo hl gxpgrjglng gxpgrjglng wjtf hpprmprjhtg hpprmprjhtg hl` rgdgvhlt ihnts imr imr tfg ojvgl tmpjn mr jssug, `gsnrjptjvg `gthjds, spghejlo jl nmfgrglt sgltglngs5 usjlo sjkpdg kusjnhd kusjnhd jlstrukglts hl` bm`y bm`y pgrnussjml tm prm`ung smul`s, smul`s, bghts, rfytfks mr mr sjkpdg kgdm`jgs5 km`gdjlo mr hssmnjhtjlo tfg spmlthlgmus imrks (`mts, djlgs) jltm kghljloiud hl` nrghtjvg nmkpmsjtjmls ml h ojvgl subcgnt (sgg tfg dghrljlo nmltglts)5 gxpdmrjlo whys mi mi gxprgssjlo mwl iggdjlos, tfmuofts, tfmuofts, j`ghs by usjlo vhrjmus vhrjmus tmmds, jlstrukglts, jlstrukglts, khtgrjhds hl` hl` tgnfljqugs5 nrghtjlo sfmrt pmgks ml h ojvgl subcgnt (sgg tfg dghrljlo uljts) hl` jddustrhtjlo tfgk by `rhwjlos/phjltjlos/ sjkpdg kgdm`jgs/kmvgk kgdm`jgs/kmvgkglts5 glts5 nrghtjlo h sgrjgs mi `rhwjlos (nhrtmmls) tm jddustrhtg h stmry, hl gvglt by jl`jvj`uhd mr tghk wmre pgrngjvjlo hl` `jsnussjlo `jgrglngs jl kmm` nrghtg` by whrk hl` nmmd nmdmrs, fjof hl` dmw smul`s, sdmw mr hdgrt sunngssjml mi smul`s, gtn.5 nrghtjlo sjkpdg sjkpdg wmres mi hrt usjlo lo hnngssjbdg nmkputgr hppdjnhtjmls hppdjnhtjmls „ JNP5
• • • • • • • • • • •
>.7.
Nrghtjlo hrtjstjn prm`unts prm`unts tm gxprgss pgrsmlhd iggdjlos, j`ghs, j`ghs, tfmuofts5 tfmuofts5
usjlo `jgrglt tgnfljqugs hl` khtgrjhds (nuttjlo, nrukpdjlo, tghrjlo phpgr/tfrgh`s, km`gdjlo ndhy) tm mbthjl `jgrglt gdgkglts wfjnf nhl bg usg` jl nmddhogs mr mtfgr hrt wmres ml h ojvgl tmpjn5 usjlo rgnyndhbdg rgnyndhbdg khtgrjhds khtgrjhds tm nrghtg hgstfgtjn mr iulntjmlhd iulntjmlhd mbcgnts5 mbcgnts5 nrghtjlo khses khses wfjnf `gpjnt gxprgssjmls gxprgssjmls mi mi fukhl fukhl gkmtjmls5 gkmtjmls5 usjlo ormup wmre tm kheg hl hrtjstjn prm`unt wfjnf sfmud` kjx hs khly whys mi hrtjstjn gxprgssjml (`rhwjlo/ phjltjlo, km`gdjlo, hrnfjtgnturg, kusjn, `hlng, tfghtrg, djtgrhturg, dk)5
• • • •
• • • • • • • •
Nmllgntjlo `jgrglt gd`s mi elmwdg`og tfrmuof `jojthd kghls3
@gvgdmpjlo mi km`grl usgr sejdds5 g`unhtjmlhd nmkputgr ohkgs wjtf sjkpdg sjkpdg ogmkgtrjn ogmkgtrjn gdgkglts5 gdgkglts5 phjltjlo smkg mbcgnts mbcgnts usjlo usjlo Qhjlt Qhjlt hppdjnhtjml5 hppdjnhtjml5 mpgljlo hl hppdjnhtjml, rgnmoljsjlo hl` sgttjlo smkg mbcgnts ml tfg `gsetmp(`rho &`rmp)5 g`unhtjmlhd nmkputgr ohkgs mi mi orhkkhr orhkkhr hl` puzzdg5 nrghtjml mi smkg dgs wfjnf nmlthjl dghrlg` ogmkgtrjn sfhpgs5 `gkmlstrhtg tfg hbjdjty jty tm usg h nmkputgr nmkputgr nmkpgtgltdy tm prm`ung prm`ung pmstgrs, bhllgrs, sjols, sjols, jlvjthtjml nhr`s, nhr`s, usjlo sjkpdg smitwhrg5 rgtrjgvg jlimrkhtjml by lhvjohtjlo, sghrnfjlo hl` sgdgntjlo jlimrkhtjml irmk tfg Jltgrlgt hl` tfg _mrd` _j`g _gb5 rgspml` tm tfg qugstjmls jl h Xujz5
0.2. Wl`grsthl`jlo mi nmllgntjmls bgtwggl tfg tgnflmdmoy mi jlimrkhtjml mr tfg nmkputgr‚s ushog hl` smnjgty hl` tfgjr h`hptjml tm tfg `ylhkjns mi nfhlogs `gtgrkjlg` by tfgsg nmllgntjmls5 • • • • • • •
jddustrhtjlo h stmry tfrmuof h xg` lukbgr mi jkhogs5 tfg pmrtrhjt mi h nmddghoug5 gxgrnjsgs mi nmrrgspml`glng bgtwggl jkhog jkhog hl` wmr`5 jddustrhtjlo h tgxt by `rhwjlo5 ul`grsthl` hl` nmkkuljnhtg nmkkuljnhtg wjtf nmkputgrs nmkputgrs mldjlg, wjtf smurngs smurngs mi jlimrkhtjml, mrkhtjml, hs wgdd hs wjtf mtfgr pgmpdg5 pgmpdg5 pdhyjlo h nmkputgr ohkg jl mr`gr tm l` tfg rjoft hlswgrs imr lukbgr wmr`s hl` tfg lukgrhds (gx. Ehfmmt)5 usjlo mi Zm ZmuPu uPubg bg vj`gms hl` hl` smlos tm dghrl lgw dhlouhog5 dhlouhog5
0.>. • • •
Elmwjlo fmw tm usg smkg nmkputjlo glvjrmlkglts mi wmre5
tfg ushog mi Mpgl Mng @rhw - usjlo vhrjmus spfgrjnhd ogmkgtrjn sfhpgs ( rgnthlodg, njrndg, gddjpsg , gtn.) 5 stu`glts nhl nrghtg lgw mbcgnts5 stu`glts wjdd nrghtg nrghtg h nmddhog nmlthjljlo ljlo hljkhds, hljkhds, usjlo nmddhog-khegr dhog-khegr hppdjnhtjml hppdjnhtjml ml tfg wgb5 wgb5 nrghtg hl Hl`rmj` hppdjnhtjml wfjnf nhl bg usg` imr tghnfjlo tfg lhkgs mi bm`y phrts (KJP hpp Jlvgltmr)5
22
2>
WQQGR-^GNML@HRZ DGYGD ^QGNJIJN NMKQGPGLNG^ HL@ GVHKQDG^ MI DGHRLJLO HNPJYJPJG^
8
Jltgorhtjlo Gurmpghl nmkpgtglngs jl `jgrglt
• • • • • •
hl` jltgrprgt tfg jlimrkhtjml tfgy fh` bggl prgsgltg` (khejlo nmllgntjmls bgtwggl `jgrglt hspgnts mi djig, nmkphrjlo/ hlhdyzjlo rghd-djig sjtuhtjmls imr j`gltjiyjlo phttgrls hl` rudgs, khejlo ndhssjnhtjmls hl` nhtgomrjzjlo tfjlos hnnmr`jlo tm spgnjn nrjtgrjh, brhjlstmrkjlo, gtn.)5 rgspml`jlo tm nmddhbmrhtjvg nmddhbmrhtjvg thses, wfjnf jlvmdvg jlvmdvg lgomtjhtjlo hl` hl` sfhrjlo jlimrkhtjml5 spghejlo ggntjvgdy hl` wrjtjlo nmlnjsgdy5 djstgljlo nhrgiuddy hl` prmvj`jlo igg`bhne5 gxprgssjlo j`ghs hl` iggdjlos nmlstruntjvgdy5 lgomtjhtjlo hl` pgrsuh`jlo mtfgrs5 `gvgdmpjlo rhppmrt wjtf mtfgrs5
dghrljlo nmltgxts tfrmuof jllmvhtjvg hpprmhnfgs3
8.8. Yhdmrjzjlo tfg gxpgrjglng stu`glts fhvg fhvg hnqujrg` jl imrkhd, jlimrkhd hl` lml-imrkhd lml-imrkhd g`unhtjmlhd nmltgxts5 • • • • • • • •
gxprgssjlo pgrsmlhd pgrsmlhd mpjljml ml ojvgl ojvgl tgxts/ wmres mi hrt/ kusjnhd nmkpmsjtjmls nmkpmsjtjmls gtn. rgdhtg` tm h ojvgl ojvgl tmpjn hl` suppmrtjlo pmjlt mi vjgw wjtf rgdgvhlt hroukglts hl` gxhkpdgs5 `jsnmvgrjlo nmllgntjml bgtwggl dghrljlo hl` tfgjr pgrsmlhd djig gxpgrjglng (nrghtjlo rmutjlg sjtuhtjmls hl` sjkjdhr glvjrmlkglt jl ndhss)5 usjlo prjmr elmwdg`og hl` djig gxpgrjglng jl lgw dghrljlo nmltgxts, ul`grdjljlo jllmvhtjml hl` nrghtjvjty (j.g. jltgrvjgws hl` irgg thdes hbmut ihkjdy, iggdjlos, sglsgs5 rmdg pdhy ml ihkjdy, iggdjlos, gtn.)5 l`jlo sjkjdhrjtjgs/ rgdhtjlo rgspmlsgs tm djtgrhry/ ntjmlhd nfhrhntgrs5 sfhrjlo gkmtjmls/ gkmtjmls/ iggdjlos/ httjtu`gs5 httjtu`gs5 jltgrhntjlo wjtf wjtf iggdjlos, sunf sunf hs hnngpthlng, tmdgrhlng mr sykphtfy5 sykphtfy5 j`gltjiyjlo hl` trhlsigrrjlo lgw nmltglt nmllgntg` wjtf ojvgl tmpjns jl lgw nmltgxts, rghd mr jkhojlhry (j.g. sfhpgs hrmul` us, rgspgntiud httjtu`gs tmwhr`s ndmsg g lvjrmlkglt, lukbgrs, lukbgrs, gdgkglts mi lhturhd glvjrmlkglt/ iggdjlos/ sglsgs/ ihkjdy hl` fukhl rgdhtjmls jl hl mr`jlhry `hy/ djig gxpgrjglng‛)5 sfhrjlo nmoljtjvg hl` hgntjvg gxpgrjglng hl` hlhdyzjlo tfg nmlsgquglngs mi hntjmls hl` pfglmkglh ml ihkjdy rgdhtjmls, gkmtjmlhd djig, fukhl fghdtf, glvjrmlkglt tfrmuof `gbhtjlo upml ojvgl sthtgkglts5 sgdgntjlo/ ormupjlo / nrghtjlo gdgkglts nmllgntg` wjtf ojvgl tmpjns hnnmr`jlo tm spgnjn nrjtgrjh (nrghtjlo pmstgrs hbmut gdgkglts mi lhturhd glvjrmlkglt wfjnf nhl fjofdjoft tfg nmllgntjml bgtwggl j.g. pdhlts hl` sglsgs, iggdjlos, sghsmls mr hljkhds hl` lukbgrs, fukhl fghdtf, ihkjdy mr ormup rgdhtjmls, iggdjlos5 khejlo `rhwjlos/ phjltjlos/ nmddhogs/ >@ mbcgnts tm `jspdhy ihnjhd gxprgssjmls/ hljkhds/ ihkjdy kgkbgrs/ ndmnes)5
8.2. •
8.0. • • • • • • • • • •
• • • 20
@gvgdmpjlo trhlsvgrshd trhlsvgrshd sejdds tfrmuof ihnjdjthtjlo elmwdg`og elmwdg`og trhlsigr5 trhlsigr5
dghrljlo by `mjlo5 j`gltjiyjlo ulusuhd hspgnts mi sggkjlody nmkkml tfjlos/ nmltgxts imr nrghtjvg tfjlejlo (—Ijl` tfg fj``gl sfhpgs/ lukbgrs/ hljkhds/ pdhlts jl spml thlgmus imrks‛, —Ijl` hs khly ushogs hs pmssjbdg imr ojvg l >@ sfhpgs‛)5 h`hptjlo hl` nmkkuljnhtjlo tfg kghljlo mi spgnjn jlimrkhtjml tm mtfgrs hnnmr`jlo tm tfgjr hbjdjty tm ul` grsthl`
Jltgrhntjlo jl rghd nmkkuljn nmkkuljnhtjml htjml nmltgxts hnnmr`jlo tm mlg‚s pgrsmlhd lgg`s3
2.8. Rgspml`jlo tm rgngjvg` kgsshogs, jl gjtfgr mrhd mr wrjttgl imrk (rgngptjvg sejdds3 Djstgljlo Nmkprgfglsjml & Rgh`jlo Nmkprgfglsjml)5 • • • • •
8.>. .
j`gltjiyjlo h`vhlthogs h`vhlthogs hl` hl` `jsh`vhlthogs/ `jsh`vhlthogs/ imr hl` hohjlst hroukglts hroukglts mr vjgwpmjlts5 vjgwpmjlts5 gxprgssjlo mpjljml/ pmjlt mi vjgw ml ojvgl tmpjns (gxprgssjlo mpjljml, suppmrt jt wjtf rgdgvhlt hroukglts hl` gxhkpdgs irmk jkkg`jhtg rghdjty)5 glohojlo stu`glts jl wgdd-strunturg` `gbhtgs ml ojvgl tmpjns5 tmpjns5 l`jlo nrghtjvg smdutjmls jl `jgrglt nmltgxts (brhjlstmrkjlo, prmbdgk smdvjlo gxgrnjsgs, ormup `jsnussjmls, prmcgnt wmre usjlo hrt, j.g.3 l`jlo tfg fj``gl sfhpgs/ lukbgrs/ hljkhds/ pdhlts jl spmlthlgmus imrks5 usjlo tfg ojvgl sfhpgs tm nrghtg h >@ mbcgnt5 sghrnfjlo imr `jgrglt whys mi dmmejlo ht tfjlos)5 oglgrhtjlo `jgrglt j`ghs ml ojvgl tmpjn jl h sfmrt pgrjm` mi tjkg5 `rhwjlo ulgxpgntg` ulgxpgntg` nmllgntjmls nmllgntjmls bgtwggl j`ghs oglgrhtg` jl h spmlthlgmus spmlthlgmus khllgr5 khllgr5 glnmurhojlo lmlnmlimr lmlnmlimrkjty, kjty, nurjmsjty, nurjmsjty, wjddjlolgss djlolgss tm theg rjses, rjses, hl` pgrsjstglng5 pgrsjstglng5 dmmejlo imr nmkbjlhtjmls nmkbjlhtjmls mi j`ghs `ghs tfht kjoft wmre wmre tmogtfgr5 nrghtjlo h tmdgrhlt glvjrmlkglt5 glnmurhojlo hutmlmky5
2
Qrmvj`jlo h nmkpdgx nmkpdgx hl` uljthry hpprmhnf tm ojvgl jlput5 nmddhbmrhtjlo wjtf wjtf pggrs irmk mwl mwl snfmmd mr irmk phrtlgr snfmmds snfmmds imr hnnmkpdjsfjlo hnnmkpdjsfjlo nmkkml nmkkml thses hl` hntjvjtjgs `urjlo trhlslhtjmlhd kggtjlos mr ht dmnhd dgvgd3 j`gltjiyjlo lgg`s hl` rgqujrg` rgsmurngs, sgttjlo omhds hl` j`gltjiyjlo nmursgs mi hntjml, ohtfgrjlo rgdgvhlt jlimrkhtjml hl` gvhduhtjlo rgsudts, hlhdyzjlo, jltgrprgtjlo hl` `jssgkjlhtjlo jlimrkhtjml, nmltrjbutjlo hl` glnmurhojlo tfg j`ghs mi mtfgrs, rgspgntjlo mtfgr mpjljmls, km`jiyjlo nmkkuljnhtjml nmkkuljnhtjml tm sujt tfg sjtuhtjml, khlhojlo tjkg hl` mrohljzjlo prjmrjtjgs5
Ihnjdjthtjlo `jvgroglt tfjlejlo tfrmuof jllmvhtjvg nmkbjljlo mi ojvgl jlput5
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djstgljlo hntjvgdy tm `jsnussjmls `jsnussjmls mr `gbhtgs hl` rgspml`jlo rgspml`jlo tm tfgk jl hl hpprmprjh hpprmprjhtg tg khllgr djstgljlo tm h vhrjgty mi pmgks, `rhkh, gtn. irmk `jgrglt nmultrjgs5 djstgljlo tm hl` hpprgnjhtjlo hpprgnjhtjlo hog hpprmprjh hpprmprjhtg tg stmrjgs, pmgks pmgks hl` pdhys5 pgrimrkg` by pggrs5 ul`grsthl`jlo djvg mr rgnmr`g`, rgnmr`g`, ndghrdy strunturg` strunturg` sthl`hr` `jhdgnt `jhdgnt jl hdd sjtuhtjmls jl smnjhd, hnh`gkjn hnh`gkjn hl` vmnhtjmlhd djig (jlndu`jlo imrkhd `jsnussjmls hl` hljkhtg` nmlvgrshtjmls bgtwggl lhtjvg spghegrs)5 nmkbjljlo nmkpdgx nmkpdgx hl` `gthjdg` jlimrkhtjml jlimrkhtjml irmk gxtgl`g` `jsnussjmls `jsnussjmls mr prgsglthtjmls prgsglthtjmls jl mr`gr tm nmkpdgtg nmkpdgtg `gkhl`jlo thses5 jligrrjlo jkpdjnjt jkpdjnjt httjtu`gs hl` smnjmnudturhd jkpdjnhtjmls kpdjnhtjmls hl` hl` nrjtjnhddy hssgss wfht wfht fg/sfg fhs fghr`5 fghr`5 ul`grsthl` ulihkjdjhr ulihkjdjhr spghegrs hl` dhlouhog dhlouhog imrks, wjtf nmlsj`grhbdg nmlsj`grhbdg bhneormul` lmjsg, lmjsg, djloujstjn fukmr fukmr hl` dmw-irgquglny j`jmks hl` nudturhd hddusjmls5 rgh`jlo jl`gpgl`gltdy imr h spgnjn purpmsg5 rgh`jlo lmvgds, sfmrt stmrjgs, gtn.5 27
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rgh`jlo nfhddglojlo tgxts jl wfjnf dhlouhog js usg` jkhojlhtjvgdy tm nrghtg lgw kghljlos hl` ggnts5 ul`grsthl`jlo dglotfy hl` nmkpdgx tgxts irmk h vhrjgty mi gd`s jl `gthjd5 h`hptjlo fjs/fgr stydg mi rgh`jlo hs hpprmprjhtg5 hpprmprjhtg5 rgh`jlo nrjtjnhddy, dy, hssgssjlo hssgssjlo stydjstjn luhlngs, luhlngs, hl` j`gltjiy tfg tfg wrjtgr‚s httjtu`gs hl` jkpdjnjt kghljlos kghljlos mi tfg tgxt5 dmnhtjlo hl` nmkbjljlo nmkbjljlo sgvgrhd hbstrhnt hbstrhnt `gthjds jl nmkpdgx tgxts, sukkhrjzjlo sukkhrjzjlo tfgsg hl` `rhwjlo `gkhl`jlo `gkhl`jlo nmlndusjmls irmk tfgsg5
> >.8. •
2.2. Qrm`unjlo kgsshogs jl gjtfgr mrhd mr wrjttgl imrk (prm`untjvg sejdds3 spghejlo hl` wrjtjlo sejdds)5 • • • • • • • • •
oglgrhtjlo hl` hl` fhrlgssjlo fhrlgssjlo lgw j`ghs j`ghs hl` `gvgdmpjlo `gvgdmpjlo tfgk jl tfgjr wrjtjlo5 wrjtjlo5 h`mptjlo stydg hl` hl` dhlouhog hpprmprjhtgdy imr h rhlog mi imruks, imruks, purpmsgs hl` rgh`grs5 strunturjlo tfgjr wrjtjlo tm suppmrt suppmrt tfg purpmsg purpmsg mi tfg thse hl` hl` ouj`g tfg rgh`gr5 usjlo ndghrdy ndghrdy `gkhrnhtg` `gkhrnhtg` phrhorhpfs phrhorhpfs tm mrohljzg kghljlos5 prgsgltjlo h tmpjn dmojnhddy5 `jsnussjlo h wj`g vhrjgty mi tmpjns tmpjns rgdgvhlt tm hog, jltgrgst hl` tfgkgs5 brmh`gljlo vmnhbudhry imr usjlo jt jl wrjtjlo jl jlvgltjvg whys5 usjlo h rhlog mi hpprmprjhtg strhtgojgs tm g`jt, prmmirgh` hl` nmrrgnt spgddjlo jl tfgjr mwl wmre, ml phpgr hl` ml snrggl5 hnnurhtgdy `gsnrjbjlo h vhrjgty gty mi tmpjns wjtfjl fjs/fgr fjs/fgr spfgrg mi gxpgrjglng, gxpgrjglng, thde hbmut jkprgssjmls jkprgssjmls hl` fjofdjoft fjofdjoft tfg pgrsmlhd sjoljnhlng mi gvglts hl` gxpgrjglngs5
•
sukkhrjzjlopmjlts hl` thejlo khjlthjljlo mi vjgwlmtgs5 jl ntjml hl` lml-ntjml wrjtjlo by usjlo jkhojlhtjvg vmnhbudhry hl` vhrjg` djloujstjn hl` djtgrhry tgnfljqugs tm hnfjgvg phrtjnudhr ggnts5 usjlo nmkpdgx nmkpdgx sgltglngs sgltglngs tm gxtgl`, djle hl` `gvgdmp `gvgdmp j`ghs5 `gvgdmpjlo dmojnhd hroukglts hroukglts hl` usjlo usjlo pgrsuhsjvg pgrsuhsjvg tgnfljqugs5 tgnfljqugs5
• •
2.>. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Jltgrhntjlo jl throgt dhlouhog, khlhojlo sgdi hl` rgdhtjlo tm mtfgrs5
`gvgdmpjlo nrjtjnhd ul`grsthl`jlo ul`grsthl`jlo wfgl tfgy gxhkjlg usgs mi dhlouhog dhlouhog hl` imrks imrks mi kg`jh hl` hl` nmkkuljnhtjml, nmkkuljnhtjml, jlndu`jlo djtgrhry tgxts, jlimrkhtjml tgxts hl` tfg spmegl wmrd`5 usjlo mi vhrjmus tgnfljnhd `gvjngs tm glnmurhog glnmurhog stu`glts tm usg usg kudtjkg`jh hs h tmmd mi dghrljlo5 `gvgdmpjlo JNP sejdds hnrmss hnrmss h rhlog mi prmorhkk prmorhkkgs gs hl` nmltgxts, nmlsj`grjlo nmlsj`grjlo hpprmprjhtg hpprmprjhtg `gsjol hl` dhymut5 dhymut5 thejlo vhrjg` rmdgs jl ormups ojvjlo tfgk mppmrtuljtjgs tm nmltrjbutg tm sjtuhtjmls wjtf `jgrglt `gkhl`s5 rgspml`jlo hpprmpr hpprmprjhtgdy jhtgdy tm mtfgrs, tfjlejlo tfjlejlo hbmut wfht wfht fhs bggl shj` hl` tfg dhlouhog dhlouhog usg`5 usjlo vmnhbudhry vmnhbudhry hl` sylthx tfht glhbdgs gs tfgk tm nmkkuljnhtg nmkkuljnhtg kmrg nmkpdgx kghljlos5 kghljlos5 j`gltjiyjlo tfg ojst mi hl hnnmult hnnmult mr egy pmjlts lts jl h `jsnussjml, `jsnussjml, hl` gvhduhtjml mi wfht tfgy fghr5 hsejlo rgdgvhlt rgdgvhlt qugstjmls, tm ndhrjiy, ndhrjiy, gxtgl` hl` hl` imddmw up j`ghs5 jl ormup `jsnussjmls hl` jltgrhntjml, `ghdjlo pmdjtgdy jtgdy wjtf mppmsjlo mppmsjlo pmjlts mi mi vjgw5 prmorgssjloo tm fjofgr dgvgds mi ul`grsthl`jlo prmorgssjl ul`grsthl`jlo hl` bgnmkjlo jl`gpgl`glt jl`gpgl`glt jl tfgjr usg mi dhlouhog5 dhlouhog5 pdhyjlo hl hntjvg rmdg jl tfg khcmrjty khcmrjty mi prhntjnhd hl` hl` smnjhd sjtuhtjmls hl` hl` jl ihjrdy imrkhd `jsnussjmls5 snussjmls5 jltgrhntjlo rgoudhrdy wjtf lhtjvg spghegrs5 usjlo h rhlog mi mi whys tm strunturg hl` hl` mrohljzjlo lo tfgjr spggnf tm suppmrt suppmrt tfgjr purpmsgs purpmsgs hl` ouj`g tfg djstglgr5 djstglgr5 khejlo `jgrglt ejl`s mi rgdgvhlt nmltrjbutjmls jl ormups, rgspml`jlo hpprmprjhtgdy tm mtfgrs, prmpmsjlo j`ghs hl` hsejlo qugstjmls5 thejlo `jgrglt rmdgs jl mrohljzjlo, pdhlljlo hl` susthjljlo thde jl ormups5
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Gxpdmrjlo tfg kghljlo mi kgsshogs rgl`grg` tfrmuof `jgrglt imrks mi gxprgssjml3
Wsjlo hrt tm suppmrt tfg hssgsskglt mi smkg smkg oglgrhd nmlngpts hl` fukhl vhdugs5
gxpdmrjlo tfg kghljlo kghljlo hl` `jkglsjmls `jkglsjmls mi nmlngpts nmlngpts sunf hs tjkg, lukbgrs, ihkjdy, ihkjdy, iggdjlos, iggdjlos, sglsgs, glvjrmlkglt, glvjrmlkglt, sfhpgs hl` vmdukgs, fukhl bm`y irmk `jgrglt pgrspgntjvgs (j.g.3 tjkg mr lukbgrs jl pfysjns, khtf, pfjdmsmpfy, fjstmry, fukhl djig, nfrmlmdm nfrmlmdmoy, oy, hstrmlmky, hstrmlmky, lhturhd snjglngs, kusjn, vjsuhd hrts, djtgrhturg gtn5 ihkjdy, iggdjlos, sglsgs mr fukhl bm`y jl pfjdmsmpfy, psynfmdmoy, fjstmry, bjmdmoy, djtgrhturg, hrt gtn.)5 j`gltjiyjlo tfg hbmvg-kgltjmlg` nmlngpts jl `jgrglt wmres mi hrt (`rhwjlos, phjltjlo, snudpturgs, pfmtms, kusjnhd nmkpmsjtjmls, djtgrhry wmres, hrnfjtgnturg, dk, tfghtrg, `hlng, vjsuhd nmkputgr prmorhk gtn.)5 oglgrhtjlo hroukglts mr vjgwpmjlts ml `jgrglt hspgnts mi tfg wmrd` nmllgntg` wjtf tfg khcmr tfgkgs mi tfg nmursg nurrjnudh (Pjkg, Lukbgrs, Ihkjdy, Iggdjlos, ^glsgs, Glvjrmlkglt, ^fhpgs hl` vmdukgs, Fukhl bm`y )5 usjlo `jgrglt kghls mi nmkkuljnhtjml hl` tgnfljqugs tm rgl`gr pgrsmlhd vjgwpmjlts ml tfg hbmvg-kgltjmlg` nmlngpts5 ul`grsthl`jlo hl` hl` nrjtjnhddy hssgssjlo tfg tfg gtfjnhd hl` kmrhd `jkglsjmls `jkglsjmls mi smkg smkg jssugs mi nmltgkpmrhry nmltgkpmrhry smnjgty sunf hs3 tjkg khlhogkglt hl` jts jkpdjnhtjmls mi pfysjnhd, kglthd, smnjhd hl` gkmtjmlhd djig5 glvjrmlkglthd prmtgntjml5 ihkjdy lmwh`hys5 hspgnts mi km`grl djig-stydg (gkm tjmlhd prmbdgks)5 gxpdmrjlo tfg lhturg lhturg mi tgnflmdmoy tgnflmdmoy hl` jts jkpdjnhtjmls imr fukhl djig „ JNP5 j`gltjiyjlo whys mi gxprgssjlo tfg ihjtf jl bhsjn vhdugs mi djig jl vhrjmus wmres mi hrt (j.g. djig, fhppjlgss, dmvg, lhturg, irgg`mk, fukhl fghdtf, gkphtfy, rgspgnt, tmdgrhlng, bghuty gtn.)5 `jstjloujsfjlo bgtwggl rghd rghd vhdugs hl` lml-vhdugs5 lml-vhdugs5 oglgrhtjlo hroukglts mr vjgwpmjlts ml `jgrglt hspgnts mi tfg km`grl smnjgty wfjnf fhs khjldy h khtgrjhdjstjn mutdmme hl`, tfus, hl jlndjlhtjml imr lml-vhdugs (j.g. tjkg hl` fukhl bm`y vs. tfg mbsgssjml mi gtgrlhd ymutf hl` jts nmlsgquglngs ml pfysjnhd, kglthd hl` gkmtjmlhd fghdtf, ml ihkjdy rgdhtjmls5 iggdjlos, sglsgs, sfhpgs, vmdukgs vs. tfg prmndjvjty imr ghsg hl` nmkimrt hl` jts nmlsgquglngs ml fukhl rgdhtjmls hl` lhturhd glvjrmlkglt5 lukbgrs vs. kmlgy kjl`g`lgss hl` lukgrmdmoy hs ouj`gdjlgs mi smkg km`grl pgmpdg‚s djig gtn.)5 usjlo `jgrglt kghls mi nmkkuljnhtjml hl` tgnfljqugs tm rgl`gr pgrsmlhd vjgwpmjlts ml bhsjn fukhl vhdugs5
>.2. J`gltjiyjlo tfg tfg `jvgrsjty mi hrtjstjn kgsshogs, tfg vhrjgty vhrjgty mi tfg imrks imrks mi mi gxprgssjml gxprgssjml hl` tfgjr hgstfgtjn, gkmtjmlhd, spjrjtuhd mr smnjhd sjoljnhlng5 • • •
• • • •
`jsnussjlo hbmut tfg kgsshog smkg hrtjstjn kgsshogs nmud` nmlvgy hl` whys mi gxprgssjlo pgrsmlhd pmjlts mi vjgw3 —Jl ky mpjljml...‛, —J tfjle/bgdjgvg tfht tfjs `rhwjlo/phjltjlo/snudpturg/kgdm`y gtn. gxprgssgs ...‛5 ul`grsthl`jlo hrt hs h nmkkml dhlouhog wfjnf nhl nmllgnt pgmpdg lm khttgr mi hog, sgx, gtfljn, rgdjojmus, nudturhd mr smnjhd bhneormul`5 nmkphrjlo `jgrglt whys mi gxprgssjlo sjkjdhr iggdjlos, j`ghs, tfmuofts (g.o.3 by vjsuhd hrts3 tfg jkhog mi hl gyg nmud` bg sjkpdy h phrt mi h pmr trhjt, h sykbmd mi (jl)sjoft/vjojdhlng/survgjddhlng, (jl)sjoft/vjojdhlng/survgjddhlng, hl mrohl mi tfg sglsmry systgk gtn.5 by pgrimrkjlo hrts3 g.o.3 whys mi gxprgssjlo iggdjlos hl` gkmtjmls by `hlng, kusjn, jl tfghtrg, dk5 by djtgrhturg5 by jltgrhntjvg kg`jh gtn.)5 `jstjloujsfjlo bgtwggl lhturhd hrtjstjn prm`unts (ogmdmojnhd imrkhtjmls, lhturhd smul`s) hl` tfmsg nrghtg` by fukhls by kghls mi hrt (kusjn, `rhwjlo/ phjltjlo, km`gddjlo, dk, djtgrhturg, bm`y kmvgkglt, tfghtrg, hrnfjtgnturg), bgtwggl imde hl` hnh`gkjn hrt5 khtnfjlo ohkgs (vjsuhd mr kusjnhd kgsshog wjtf wrjttgl kgsshog mr wjtf tfgjr djloujstjn sykbmd „ —dhkb „ tfg sykbmd mi jllmnglng‛, h bjr` hs h sykbmd mi irgg`mk gtn., wrjttgl kgsshogs wjtf orhpfjn sykbmds5 —Khtnf tfg hrtwmres wfjnf kheg ymu tfjle mi ihkjdy/glvjrmlkglt/iggdjlos ihkjdy/glvjrmlkglt/iggdjlos hl` gkmtjmls/tjkg gtn.‛)5 gtn.‛)5 prgsgltjlo `jgrglt whys mi gxprgssjlo iggdjlos, tfmuofts, j`ghs by kghls mi j`gmorhks/pjntmorhks/pfmlmorhks/ j`gmorhks/pjntmorhks/pfmlmorhks/ fjgrmodypfsirmk hl`htryjlo tm —ougs —ougss‛ s‛ tfg kgsshog smkg miwfjnf tfgsgrgvghds jnmls hnhl nmlvgy5 j`gltjiyjlo sgquglng mi vjsuhd/kusjnhd kgsshogs ngrthjl gdgkglt (hbstrhnt/rghdjty-djeg imrks5 djig imrks3 pdhlts, hljkhds, fukhl bgjlos5 gxhnt snjglngs „ lukbgrs5 gxprgssjmls mi iggdjlos hl` gkmtjmls5 glvjrmlkglthd gdgkglts5 tjkg rgigrglngs5 ihkjdy kgkbgrs5 gxprgssjmls mi sglsgs5 rgigrglngs tm tfg fukhl bm`y gtn.)5
29
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>.>. • • • •
Gxprgssjlo pgrsmlhd pmjlt mi vjgw hl` jltgrgst jl hrtjstjn kgsshogs5 kgsshogs5
rgnmoljzjlo nmkpdgx sjoljnhlngs mi vhrjmus wmres mi hrt wfmsg hrtjstjn kgsshogs hrg nmllgntg` wjtf tfg oglgrhd subcgnts mi `jsnussjml (sgg tfg dghrljlo nmltglts)5 mbsgrvjlo, hlhdysjlo hl` khejlo khejlo h nrjtjnhd gvhduhtjml mi mi rgnmkkgl`g` wmres mi hrt by hrtjnudhtg` hroukglts hroukglts mr vjgwpmjlts5 nmkphrjlo `jgrglt wmres mi hrt tm l` sjkjdhrjtjgs hl` `jgrglngs jl tfg nmlvgyg` kgsshogs, jl tfg gdgkglts/tmmds/ khtgrjhds/tgnfljqugs usg` ( j.g. fttp3//www.hrtsmdmoy.nmk/gkmtjml-jl-hrt.pfp )5 pdhlljlo hl` usjlo vhrjhtjmls jl djlg, sfhpg/imrk, sfhpg/imrk, nmdmr, nmdmr, hl` tgxturg tm nmkkuljnhtg nmkkuljnhtg j`ghs mr iggdjlos jl wmres mi mi hrt 5
0.2. Wl`grsthl`jlo mi nmllgntjmls bgtwggl tfg tgnflmdmoy mi jlimrkhtjml mr tfg nmkputgr‚s ushog hl` smnjgty hl` tfgjr h`hptjml tm tfg `ylhkjns mi nfhlogs `gtgrkjlg` by tfgsg nmllgntjmls5
• •
usjlo mi QmwgrQmjlt imr tfg prgsglthtjml mi irhnthds hl` usjlo tfg N++ prmorhk imr nhdnudhtjlo tfgjr hrgh hl` tfgjr pgrjkgtgr rgnrghtg h irhokglt irhokglt mi h phjltjlo usjlo h orhpfjnhd prmngssjlo prmngssjlo prmorhk5 prmorhk5
0.>. >.0. • • • • • • •
Nrghtjlo hrtjstjn prm`unts prm`unts tm gxprgss pgrsmlhd iggdjlos, j`ghs, tfmuofts5
usjlo tfg gdgkglts mi hrt tm nrghtg hl jkhog tfht nmkkuljnhtgs smkgtfjlo hnnmr`jlo tm tfg subcgnt mi `jsnussjml (sgg tfg dghrljlo uljts)5 km`gddjlo mr hssmnjhtjlo tfg spmlthlgmus imrks (`mts, djlgs) jltm kghljloiud hl` nrghtjvg nmkpmsjtjmls ml h ojvgl subcgnt (sgg tfg dghrljlo nmltglts)5 gxpdmrjlo whys mi mi gxprgssjlo mwliggdjlos, tfmuofts, j`ghs by usjlo vhrjmus tmmds, jlstrukglts, jlstrukglts, khtgrjhds hl` tgnfljqugs5 nrghtjlo sjkpdg wmres mi hrt usjlo hnngssjbdg nmkputgr hppdjnhtjmls hppdjnhtjmls „ JNP5 JNP5 nrghtjlo mrjojlhd prm`unts prm`unts sthrtjlo irmk tfg hbmvg-kgltjmlg` oglgrhd subcgnts subcgnts mi `jsnussjml usjlo vhrjmus khtgrjhds, tgnfljqugs hl` kghls mi gxprgssjml (j.g.3 phjltjlos, `rhwjlos, snudpturgs hl` mtfgr >@ mbcgnts, sfmrt vj`gms, vj`gm ohkgs, smlos, pfmtms gtn.)5 nrghtjlo h snglgry hl`/mr h sjkpdg smul`trhne smul`trhne imr h sfmw sthrtjlo irmk irmk h stmry tfgy djstglg` tm mr tfgy fh` prgvjmusdy wrjttgl5 usjlo ormup wmre tm kheg hl hrtjstjn prm`unt wfjnf sfmud` kjx hs khly whys mi hrtjstjn gxprgssjml (`rhwjlo/phjltjlo, km`gddjlo, hrnfjtgnturg, kusjn, `hlng, tfghtrg, djtgrhturg, dk)5
• • •
Elmwjlo fmw tm usg smkg nmkputjlo glvjrmlkglts mi wmre5
usjlo mi Ogmogbrh jl mr`gr tm rgprgsglt smkg sfhpgs imrkg` by tfg rmthtjml mi h iulntjml hrmul` tfg mx hxjs hl` usjlo nhdnudus imr kmbjdg pfmlgs5 usjlo tfg prmorhk prmorhk p7.cs by wrjtjlo wrjtjlo smkg nm`g djlgs wfjnf wfjnf `gtgrkjlg tfg `rhwjlo `rhwjlo hl` tfg kmtjml kmtjml mi smkg sfhpgs5 sfhpgs5 usg orhpfjns smitwhrg tm `rhw `rhw hl` hljkhtg hljkhtg `rhwjlos irmk irmk mtfgr smurngs5 smurngs5
DGHRLJLO NMLPGLP^
@mkhjls Glvjrmlkglt Ihkjdy
0 0.8. • • •
26
Nmllgntjlo `jgrglt gd`s mi elmwdg`og tfrmuof `jojthd kghls3
@gvgdmpjlo mi km`grl usgr sejdds5
@gthjds • usjlo imrks mi hrtjstjn gxprgssjml tm nmllgnt gdgkglts mi lhturhd glvjrmlkglt (pdhlts, hljkhds) wjtf mtfgr tmpjns mi tfg ojvgl jlput5 • ihkjdy (kgkbgrs, rgdhtjmls, typgs mi ihkjdjgs) jl `jgrglt nmk kuljnhtjml nmltgxts wjtf `jgrglt dgvgds mi nmkpdgxjty hnnmr`jlo tm tfg hog mi stu`glts5 • usjlo hrt tm `gsnrjbg ihkjdy, ihkjdy rgdhtjmls rgdhtjmls hl` iggdjlos wfjnf nhl bg gxpgrjglng` jl ihkjdy5
Iggdjlos
•• rgl`grjlo j`gltjiyjlobhsjn bhsjngkmtjmls gkmtjmlstfrmuof jl `jgrglt (djtgrhry/ phjltjlos, lml-djtgrhry) hl` wmres hrt5 hrt, tgxts j.g. `rhwjlos, km`gds mi ndhy,minmddhogs, >@ mbcgnts kh`g mi (rgnyndhbdg) khtgrjhds, bm`y kmvgkglt, bm`y snudpturg, kusjn gtn.5
Fukhl bm`y
• usjlo imrks mi hrtjstjn gxprgssjml tm —thde‛ hbmut fukhl bm`y5 • fukhl bm`y „ hl gxtrhmr`jlhry —`gvjng‛5 • sm khly sjkjdhrjtjgs, but hdsm sm khly `jgrglngs! • nmllgntjmls bgtwggl tmpjns mi ojvgl jlput (j.g. fukhl bm`y-lukbgrs-sfhpgs hl` vmd ukgs5 tjkg hl` jts ggnts ml fukhl bm`y5 iggdjlos-sglsgs-fukhl bm`y)5
Lukbgrs
• usjlo lukbgrs jl vhrjmus nmkkuljnhtjml nmltgxts wjtf `jgrglt dgvgds mi nmkpdgxjty hnnmr`jlo tm tfg hog mi stu`glts5 • usjlo lukbgrs jl nmkpdgx hl` uljthry nmltgxts imr h kudtj`jsnjpdjlhry hpprmhnf mi tfg ojvgl jlput (j.g. lukbgrs tm thde hbmut ihkjdy kgkbgrs, hbmut gdgkglts mi tfg lhturhd glvjrmlkglt „ pdhlts, hljkhds „ irmk h pjnturg/ sfmrt tgxt, hbmut tjkg, wfgl `gsnrjbjlo tfg fukhl bm`y)5 • usjlo lukbgrs tm nmlvgy h kgsshog tfrmuof hrtjstjn imrks mi gxprgssjml5 gxprgssjml5
nrghtjlo pmstgrs, bhllgrs, sjols, jlvjthtjml nhr`s5 rgtrjgvg jlimrkhtjml by lhvjohtjlo, sghrnfjlo hl` sgdgntjlo jlimrkhtjml irmk tfg Jltgrlgt hl` tfg _mrd` _j`g _gb5 kpmrt `rhwjlos/jkhogs khogs irmk mtfgr smurngs smurngs hl` nrghtg wjtf tfgk h lgw jkhog5 jkhog5
2:
^glsgs
• j`gltjiyjlo tfg vg sglsgs hl` tfg rgdhtg` phrt mi tfg bm`y jl vhrjmus wmres mi hrt (`rhw jlos, phjltjlos, >@ mbcgnts, smlos, sfmrt vj`gms gtn.)5 • usjlo `jgrglt imrks mi hrtjstjn gxprgssjml tm nmlvgy h kgsshog hbmut tfg jkkg`jhtg rghdjty hs jt nmkgs tm us by kghls mi tfg vg sglsgs5
1
8
2
>
0
8. Zmur pmrtimdjm nmlthjls hdd tfg rgqujrg` jtgks. 2. Zmur pmrtimdjm prmvj`gs gvj`glng mi ymur prmorgss jl spghejlo jl tfg imrgjol imrgjol dhlouhog.
^fhpgs hl` vmdukgs
• usjlo bhsjn sfhpgs tm nrghtg lgw (>@) mbcgnts tfrmuof hrt5 • sfhpgs hl` vmdukgs mi jkkg`jhtg rghdjty5
Pjkg
• usjlo tjkg tm kheg nmllgntjmls bgtwggl ojvgl tmpjns (j.g. sghsmls hl` glvjrmlkglt-rgdhtg` jssugs, hog hl` fukhl bm`y, lukbgrs hl` whys mi gxprgssjlo tjkg, ihkjdy hl` irgg tjkg)5 • tjkg hl` whys mi gxprgssjlo jt tfrmuof hrt5
>. Zmur pmrtimdjm prmvj`gs gvj`glng mi ymur prmorgss jl wrjtjlo jl tfg imrgjol dhlouhog.
0. Zmur pmrtimdjm `gkmlstrhtgs hnnurhtg usg mi imrgjol dhlouhog.
7. Pfg jtgks jl ymur pmr timdjm `gkmlstrhtg tfg usg mi h wj`g vhrjgty mi tfg vmnhbudhry jl tfg imrgjol dhlouhog.
GYHDWHPJML
9. _fgl nrghtjlo jtgks jl ymur pmrtimdjm ymu
Jt js h ihnt tfht gvhduhtjml khy bg nml`untg` imr h wj`g rhlog mi rghsmls jl gvgry phrt mi mur djig. Jt nhl bg sthtg` tfht tfg khjl purpmsg mi hly imrk mi gvhduhtjml js tm mbthjl jlimrkhtjml hbmut stu`glt hl` tghnfgr‚s pgrimrkhlng hdmlo wjtf ndhssrmmk jltgrhntjml. Jl tfg shkg why, tfg hjks kjoft hdsm jlndu`g tm j`gltjiy strglotfs hl` wghelgssgs mi phrtjnudhr hntjv jtjgs jl h prmorhkkg. Jl tfg imddmwjlo, smkg typgs mi hssgsskglt wjdd bg kgltjmlg` wfjnf hrg suoogstg` imr kmst mi tfg sthogs.
fhvg trjg` tm usg wfht ymu fhvg dghrlg` jl lgw whys.
?. Pfg jtgks jl ymur pmr timdjm prmvj`g hl hnnurhtg pjnturg mi ymur sejdds hl` hbjdjtjgs jl tfg imrgjol dhlouhog.
8. Qrmcgnt hl` Qmrtimdjm Gvhduhtjml (^tu`glt-Pghnfgr (^tu`glt-Pghnfgr Nmrpmrhtjml)
2. ^gdi „Hssgsskglt
Ji ymu bgdjgvg tfht stu`glts sfmud` theg h kmrg hntjvg rmdg jl tfg dghrljlo prmngss, tfgl pmrtimdjm hssgsskglt js hl j`gh wmrtf gxpdmrjlo.
^gdi „hssgsskglt js tfg vjthd phrt mi dhlouhog dghrljlo prmngss hs jt prmkmtgs tfg j`gh mi dghrlgr hutmlmky wfjnf prmvj`gs tfg dghrlgrs tm theg rgspmlsjbjdjty mi tfgjr mwl dghrljlo. _jtf tfjs hjk, glnmurhog ymur stu`glts tm hssgss tfgksgdvgs ht tfg gl` mi ghnf uljt.
Pfg kmst ggntjvg pmrtimdjms nmlthjl h rggntjvg gdgkglt wfgrg tfg stu`glt fhs nmltgkpdhtg` jl smkg imrk fgr mr fjs strglotfs hl` wghelgssgs hs h dghrlgr.
Fgrg js hl gxhkpdg mi sgdi-hssgsskglt3
Nmdmr Pfg ^thrs
^hkpdg Qmrtimdjm Gvhduhtjml Pm tfg stu`glt3 J fhvg rgvjgwg` tfg jtgks jl ymur pmrtimdjm hl` whlt tm sfhrg wjtf ymu ky rghntjmls tm tfg wmre. Pghnfgr ^jolhturg ]]]]]]]]]]]]
J nhl `m jt!
^htjsihntmry! Omm`! Gxngddglt!
@htg ]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]03 Gxngddglt tm vgry omm` • J nhl rgnmoljsg rgnmoljsg tfg lhkgs lhkgs mi mi hljkhds. • J nhl hse hse hl` hlswgr hlswgr qugstjmls hbmut tfg hljkhds hljkhds J djeg hl` J `ml‚t djeg. • J nhl hse hse hl` hlswgr hlswgr qugstjmls hbmut tfg lukbgr lukbgr mi tfg hljkhds J sgg. • J nhl hse hse hl` hlswgr hlswgr qugstjmls hbmut tfg nmdmrs nmdmrs mi hljkhds Glnmurhog ymur stu`glts tm rgh` tfg sthtgkglts hl` nmdmr tfg sthrs hl` hnnmr`jlo tm tfgjr mwl gvhduhtjml mi tfgjr pgrimrkhlng. Ji tfgy fhvg `jnudty jl ul`grsthl`jlo wfht tfg sthtgkglts rgigr tm, prmvj`g gxhkpdgs.
]]]]>3 Omm` tm hvgrhog ]]]]23 Ihjr tm pmmr ]]]]83 Ygry pmmr ]]]]13 Lmt glmuof tm gvhduhtg
>1 >1
>8
>. Qggr-Gvhduhtjml Imrk
0. Xugstjmllhjrgs
Qggr gvhduhtjml js hlmtfgr typg mi hssgsskglt hs jkpmrthlt hs sgdi „hssgsskglt. Jl tfjs imrk mi hssgsskglt stu`glts fhvg tfg mppmrtuljty tm t fjle nrjtjnhddy hbmut tfg pgrimrkhlng mi tfgjr pggrs jl phjr hl` ormup wmre.
H qugstjmllhjrg js h rgsghrnf jlstrukglt nmlsjstjlo mi h sgrjgs mi qugstjmls hl` mtfgr prmkpts imr tfg purpmsg mi ohtfgrjlo jlimrkhtjml irmk rgspml`glts. Hdtfmuof tfgy hrg mitgl `gsjolg` imr sthtjstjnhd hlhdysjs mi tfg rgspmlsgs, tfjs js lmt hdwhys tfg nhsg. Xugstjmllhjrgs hssgss pgrsmlhd bgfhvjmrhd prgigrglngs, tfht js, fmw ymu djeg tm wmre. Pfgy hrg lmt nmlngrlg` wjtf ymur hbjdjtjgs, but fmw ymu sgg ymursgdi jl tfg why ymu rgdhtg tm mtfgrs, ymur hpprmhnf tm prmbdgks, hl` fmw ymu `ghd wjtf iggdjlos hl` gkmtjmls. _jtf tfjs typg mi hssgsskglt, tfgrg hrg lm rjoft mr wrmlo hlswgrs.
Jt js mlg mi tfg whys jl wfjnf stu`glts jltgrlhdjzg tfg nfhrhntgrjstjns mi quhdjty wmre by gvhduhtjlo tfg wmre mi tfgjr pggrs. Pfg stu`glts kust fhvg h ndghr ul`grsthl`jlo mi wfht tfgy hrg tm dmme imr jl tfgjr pggrs‚ wmre ji tfgy hrg gxpgntg` tm ojvg fgdpiud igg`bhne. Pfg jlstruntmr kust gxpdhjl gxpgnthtjmls ndghrdy tm tfgk bgimrg tfgy bgojl. Mlg why tm kheg surg stu`glts ul`grsthl` tfjs ty pg mi gvhduhtjml js tm ojvg stu`glts h prhntjng sgssjml wjtf jt. ^tu`glts nhl hdsm bglgt irmk usjlo rubrjns mr nfgnedjsts tm ouj`g tfgjr hssgsskglt.
Pfg qugstjmls tfht imddmw hrg gxhkpdgs mi tfg typg mi qugstjmls ymu khy nmkg hnrmss jl pgrsmlhdjty qugstjmllhjrgs. Pfgrg hrg twm nmkkml imrkhts tm pgrsmlhdjty qugstjmllhjrgs. Jl mlg imrkht, ymu hrg hseg` tm rhtg ymursgdi. Jl tfg mtfgr imrkht, ymu hrg hseg` tm nfmmsg bgtwggl `jgrglt sthtgkglts tfht dmme ht `jgrglt hspgnts mi pgrsmlhdjty.
Imr pggr gvhduhtjml tm wmre ggntjvgdy, tfg dghrljlo glvjrmlkglt jl tfg ndhssrmmk kust bg suppmrtjvg, stu`glts kust iggd nmkimrthbdg hl` trust mlg hlmtfgr jl mr`gr tm prmvj`g fmlgst hl` nmlstruntjvg igg`bhne.
^mkg gxhkpdgs imr qugstjmllhjrgs hrg jl tfg imddmwjlo3 H shkpdg pggr gvhduhtjml gvhduhtjml imrk js tfg imddmwjlo3
Rhtjlo ^thtgkglts3
Qggr Gvhduhtjml Imrk
Zmu khy bg hseg` tm rhtg ymursgdi ml h lukbgr mi pfrhsgs mr sthtgkglts. Hitgr rgh`jlo ghnf sthtgkglt, ymu Zmu wmud` khre ymur hlswgr hs imddmws3
@ghr ^tu`glts, g y d g r o o l h m r s t j ^ @
Pfjs imrk fhs bggl ojvgl tm ymu tm hssgss ymur irjgl`s jl phjr hl` ormup wmre. Qdghsg put h tjne ul`gr tfg nmrrgnt nfmjng imr ymur irjgl`s. Zmur lhkg/^urlhkg3 Zmur irjgl`‚s lhkg / ^urlhkg3
g g r o h s j @
g r u s l W
g g r o H
y d g o g l r m o r l t ^ H
8. J glcmy kggtjlo lgw pgmpdg.
2. J djeg fgdpjlo Ky irjgl` .....
>2 >2
Hdwhys
^mkgtjkgs
Lgvgr
pgmpdg.
thegs hl hntjvg phrt jl phjr/ormup wmres
>. J smkgtjkgs
hpprgnjhtgs hl` rgspgnts fjs/fgr irjgl`‚s mpjljmls. js ihjr tm hdd fjs /fgr irjgl`s sfmws sfhrjlo hl` nmmpgrhtjml jl phjr/ormup wmre. js mrohljzg` hl` tj`y
J‚k ghsjdy 0. `jshppmjltg`.
kheg kjsthegs.
7. J glcmy rgphjrjlo tfjlos.
>>
Khejlo Nfmjngs Pfjs js tfg sgnml` imrkht wj`gdy usg` wjtf pgrsmlhdjty qugstjmllhjrgs. Zmu hrg ojvgl h bdmne mi sthtgkglts. Zmur thse js tm nfmmsg mlg sthtgkglt tfht kmstdy jddustrhtgs ymur bgfhvjmur jl wmre sjtuhtjmls hl` mlg sthtgkglt tfht js dghst djeg ymur bgfhvjmur. Zmu sfmud` jl`jnhtg ymur nfmjngs by ndjnejlo tfg hpprmprjhtg buttml jl tfg nmdukls khreg` —K‛ imr kmst hl` —D‛ imr dghst. Pfg rst sthtgkglt bgdmw fhs bggl nmkpdgtg`5 tfg pgrsml fhs jl`jnhtg` tfht fg mr sfg kmst djegs tryjlo mut lgw hntjvjtjgs hl` dghst djeg ul`grsthl`jlo tfg ul`grdyjlo tfgmry. Pry nfmmsjlo wfjnf sthtgkglts hrg kmst hl` dghst djeg ymu jl tfg imddmwjlo gxhkpdg qugstjmls. Rgkgkbgr tfgrg hrg lm rjoft hl` wrmlo hlswgrs. J hk tfg smrt mi pgrsml wfm...
8.
K H
J try mut lgw hntjvjtjgs.
B
J nmlsj`gr mtfgr pgmpdg‚s iggdjlos.
N
J djeg tm ul`grsthl` tfg ul`grdyjlo tfgmry.
NFHQPGR 2
D
HWOKGLPG@ RGHDJPZ RG^MWRNG^
2. H
J fhvg fjofdy mrjojlhd j`ghs.
B
J hk prgphrg` tm tgdd pgmpdg ji tfgy hrg kjsthegl.
N
J hk km`gst hbmut wfht J fhvg hnfjgvg`.
>. H
J nmlnghd ky iggdjlos.
B
J hk lgrvmus bgimrg bjo gvglts.
N
J rgvjgw wmre nrjtjnhddy.
K
D
K
D
>0 >0
>7
HWOKGLPG@ RGHDJPZ RG^MWRNG^
GLYJRMLKGLP RG^MWRNG^
Rghd tjkg pmddutjml mldjlg
Rghd tjkg pmddutjml kghsurgkglt vj`gm
fttp3//hrtg`unhtjml.gu/pmddutjml
fttps3//ymutu.bg/_zVcr17krXo
FM_ PM W^G PFGK= 8
@mwldmh` Hurhskh jl ymur kmbjdg mpgrhtjvg systgk (Qdhy ^tmrg mr Hppdg ^tmrg) hl` nrghtg hl hnnmult ht fttp3//www.hurhskh.nmk5 2 Mpgl Hurhskh Hpp hl` ndjne ml tfg Gxpdmrg Gxpdmrg sykbmd sykbmd wfgl wfgl tfg tfg Hpp js hsfjlo5 hsfjlo5 > Ndjne ml ^ghrnf sykbmd hl` imddmw `ripgrgz‚s pubdjn hurhs5 0 Ndjne Yjgw sykbmd tm snhl tfg jkhogs jl tfg lgxt > phogs.
IHKJDZ IHKJD Z RG^MW RNG^
Brjtjsf rm rmyhd ih ihkjdy jk jkhog kh khp
Ihkjdy ouy kmbjdg hpp
fttp3//hrtg`unhtjml.gu/ihkjdy
fttp3//hrtg`unhtjml.gu/ihkjdy.hpe
IGGDJLO^ RG^MWRNG^
^nhlljlo tfg hbmvg dmom wjtf Hurhskh ymu wjdd hutmkhtjnhddy vjsjtfttp3//hrtg`unhtjml.gu.
Ihng iggdjlos `gtgntjml
Iggdjlos kmbjdg hpp
fttp3//hrtg`unhtjml.gu/ihng
fttp3//hrtg`unhtjml.gu/iggdjlos.hpe
Jl tfjs wgbsjtg ymu wjdd l` khly prmcgnt rgsmurngs. Ji ymu snhl tfg jkhogs jl tfg lgxt tfrgg phogs ymu wjdd l` smkg kmrg gxhkpdgs mi rgsmurngs nrghtg` jl tfjs prmcgnt.
>9 >9
>?
FWKHL BM@Z RG^MWRNG^
^FHQG^ RG^MWRNG^
^egdgtml jkhog khp
^egdgtml vj`gm
Nm`jlo h nubjst pmrtrhjt
Nm`jlo hl jltgrhntjvg irhnthd trgg
fttp3//hrtg`unhtjml.gu/segdgtml
fttps3//ymutu.bg/JjjZwxbWMwJ
fttp3//hrtg`unhtjml.gu/rgsmurngs/sfhpgs/nubjst-pmrtrhjt
fttp3//hrtg`unhtjml.gu/rgsmurngs/sfhpgs/trgg
LWKBGR^ RG^MWRNG^
PJKG RG^MWRNG^
Qmlo ohkg
Idhppy bjr` ohkg
Nm`jlo ndmne hntjvjtjgs
Nm`jlo hl hrt ndmne
fttp3//hrtg`unhtjml.gu/pmlo
fttp3//hrtg`unhtjml.gu/hppybjr`s
fttp3//hrtg`unhtjml.gu/ndmne
fttp3//hrtg`unhtjml.gu/hrtndmne
^GL^G^ RG^MWRNG^
MPFGR RG^MWRNG^
ROB Nubg
Fug
Nm`jlo pfmlgtjns hr t
Nm`jlo tgxt hlhdysjs
fttp3//hrtg`unhtjml.gu/rgsmurngs/sglsgs/rob-nubg
fttp3//hrtg`unhtjml.gu/rgsmurngs/sglsgs/fug
fttp3//hrtg`unhtjml.gu/pfmlgtjnshrt
fttp3//hrtg`unhtjml.gu/tgxthlhdysjs
>6 >6
>:
NFHQPGR >
MWR HQQRMHNF PM
GDGKGLPHRZ
PFG LG_ NWRRJNWDWK
DGYGD
- DG^^ML @G^NRJQPJML^ -
01
08
PMQJN3 GLYJRMLKGLP PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Hljkhds (Dgssml 8) DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 9 hl` ? yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Ljej Qhphgisthtfjmu ^NFMMD3 @jkmtjem ^nfmdgjm @hdjmu 2 NMWLPRZ3 Nyprus
PMQJN3 GLYJRMLKGLP PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Hljkhds (Dgssml 2) DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 9 hl` ? yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Ljej Qhphgisthtfjmu ^NFMMD3 @jkmtjem ^nfmdgjm @hdjmu 2 NMWLPRZ3 Nyprus
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
• Pfg hjk mi tfg tfg dgssml js tm glhbdg glhbdg tfg stu`glts tm dghrl tfg lhkgs mi ljlg hljkhds (nht, sfggp, bjr`, `une, `mo, fmrsg, irmo, sf hl` bghr) hl` tm rgvjsg tfg nmdmurs hl` lukbgrs. • Pg``y js fhvjlo fjs bjrtf`hy phrty. Qrgsgltjlo fjs ougsts, nfjd`rgl nmkg jltm nmlthnt wjtf tfg lgw vmnhbudhry, wfjdg rgvjsjlo nmdmurs hl` lukbgrs. • ^tu`glts hrg jlvmdvg` jlvmdvg` jl tfrgg hntjvjtjgs vjtjgs jl mr`gr tm prhntjng prhntjng tfg lgw vmnhbudhry. Pfgy l` wfjnf hljkhd `jshppghrs ghnf tjkg, tfgy fgdp Pg``y Pg``y tm l` tfg glvgdmpg imr ghnf jlvjthtjml fg fhs tm sgl` hl` tfgy pdhy hl hljkhds‚ Bjlom ohkg. Pfg dgssml gl`s wjtf tfg —Omm`byg‛ —Omm`byg‛ smlo.
• Pfg hjk mi tfg dgssml js tm rgvjsg tfg lhkgs mi tfg ljlg hljkhds (nht, sfggp, bjr`, `une, `mo, fmrsg, irmo, sf, bghr) hl` tm rgvjsg tfg nmdmurs hl` lukbgrs. • Pg``y prgsglts prgsglts fjs bjrtf`hy pfmtm hdbuk. Fjs ougsts hrg fj`jlo. fj`jlo. Nfjd`rgl fgdp fjk tm rgnmoljzg fjs ougsts kgltjmljlo hdsm tfgjr nmdmur. nmdmur. • ^tu`glts sjt jl h njrndg hl` pdhy tfg ohkg —Qhss tfg nhr`‛. nhr`‛. Pfgy hrg ojvgl nhr`s hl` tfgy phss tfgk tm mlg hlmtfgr. hlmtfgr. _fgl tfg kusjn stmps tfgy lhkg tfg tfg hljkhd. Pfg tghnfgr rgh`s tfg —Brmwl bghr, bghr, brmwl bghr, bghr, wfht `m ymu sgg=‛ stmry. Nfjd`rgl hrg jlvmdvg` jl tfg stmry tgddjlo ougssjlo wfjnf hljkhd wjdd bg kgltjmlg`. Pfgl, tfgy pdhy h kgkmry ohkg. Pfgy put jltm mr`gr mr`gr tfg hljkhds kgltjmlg` kgltjmlg` jl tfg stmry. Pfgy sjlo tfg Brmwl bghr smlo hl` tfgy pdhy h ohkg wjtf `jng. Ijlhddy,, tfgy nrghtg hljkhd nmddhogs ml QN hl` ml phpgr. Ijlhddy phpgr.
02
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PMQJN3 GLYJRMLKGLP PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Irujts (Dgssml 8) DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 9 hl` ? yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Ljej Qhphgisthtfjmu ^NFMMD3 @jkmtjem ^nfmdgjm @hdjmu 2
PMQJN3 GLYJRMLKGLP PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Irujts (Dgssml 2) DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 9 hl` ? yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Ljej Qhphgisthtfjmu ^NFMMD3 @jkmtjem ^nfmdgjm @hdjmu 2
NMWLPRZ3 Nyprus
NMWLPRZ3 Nyprus
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
• Pfg hjk mi tfg tfg dgssml js tm glhbdg glhbdg tfg stu`glts tm dghrl tfg lhkgs mi vg irujts (hppdgs, bhlhlhs, pghrs, mrhlogs, strhwbgrrjgs) hl` tm rgvjsg tfg nmdmurs hl` lukbgrs. • Grhskudjs hl` Grhskudh whlt tm kheg kheg h irujt irujt shdh`. Pfg twm nfjd`rgl nfjd`rgl om tm h irujt khregt khregt hl` nfmmsg tfg irujts tfgy whlt. Pfgy buy hppdgs, bhlhlhs, pghrs, mrhlogs, strhwbgrrjgs imr tfgjr irujt shdh`, tfus prgsgltjlo tfg lgw vmnhbudhry tm tfg stu`glts, wfjdg rgvjsjlo nmdmurs hl` lukbgrs. • ^tu`glts hrg jlvmdvg` jlvmdvg` jl imur hntjvjtjgs hntjvjtjgs jl mr`gr tm prhntjng tfg lgw vmnhbudhry. Pfgy imddmw h irujt rgnjpg tm kheg tfgjr irujt shdh` hl` tfgy
• Pfg hjk mi tfg dgssml js tm rgvjsg tfg lhkgs mi vg irujts (hppdgs, bhlhlhs, pghrs, mrhlogs, strhwbgrrjgs) hl` tm rgvjsg tfg nmdmurs hl` lukbgrs. • Nfjd`rgl sjlo tfg irujt smlo —J djeg irujts‛. Grhskudjs hl` Grhskudh Grhskudh jlimrk tfg stu`glts stu`glts tfht tfg irujt irujt shdh` rgnjpg whs `gstrmyg`. `gstrmyg`. Pfg nfjd`rgl kgltjml hohjl tfg jlorg`jglts mi tfg irujt shdh` tfus rgvjsjlo tfg irujts, tfg lukbgrs hl` tfg nmdmurs. nhr`‛. Pfgy hrg • ^tu`glts sjt jl h njrndg hl` pdhy tfg ohkg —Qhss tfg nhr`‛. ojvgl nhr`s hl` tfgy phss tfgk tm mlg hlmtfgr. hlmtfgr. _fgl tfg kusjn stmps, tfgy lhkg tfg irujt. Pfg tghnfgr rgh`s rgh`s h stmry hbmut irujts
pdhy tfg —Fj`g hl` sgge‛ hl` —Qukp up tfg vmdukg‛ ohkg sghrnfjlo imr tfg fj``gl irujts. Pfgy sjt ml tfgjr nusfjmls jl h njrndg hl` pdhy wjtf irujt `jng usjlo tfg pfrhsg —J djeg ]]]]]]]]]]] (hppdgs, bhlhlhs, pghrs, mrhlogs, strhwbgrrjgs‛. strhwbgrrjgs‛. Pfgy gl` tfg dgssml wjtf tfg nrghtjml mi h irujt smlo kh`g mi tfgjr pfrhsgs hbmut tfgjr irujt prgigrglngs. prgigrglngs.
(nrghtg` wjtf nfjd`rgl‚s rfykgs). Nfjd`rgl hrg jlvmdvg` jl tfg stmry tgddjlo by ougssjlo ougssjlo wfjnf irujts wjdd bg kgltjmlg`. Pfgy hrg ojvgl glvgdmpgs hl` tfgy hrg hseg` tm khtnf ghnf fgrm wjtf tfg irujt fg/sfg djegs. Pfgy pdhy h Prug/Ihdsg Prug/Ihdsg ohkg usjlo tfg fhppy/sh` ihngs ourgs.
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PMQJN3 IHKJDZ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Ihkjdy Kgkbgrs (Dgssml 8) DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 :-81 Zghrs Md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Kgrt Bhddj ^NFMMD3 Bhfngdjgvdgr Qrjkhry ^nfmmd NMWLPRZ3 Puregy
PMQJN3 IHKJDZ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Ihkjdy Kgkbgrs (Dgssml 2) DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 :-81 Zghrs Md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Fhngr Bhfh`jr ^NFMMD3 Bhfngdjgvdgr Qrjkhry ^nfmmd NMWLPRZ3 Puregy
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
• Ghnf tghnfgr nhl nfmmsg h `jgrglt whrk-up hntjvjty hnnmr`jlo tm tfgjr vjgw. Hitgr h sfmrt whrk-up hntjvjty, ihkjdy kgkbgrs hrg jltrm`ung` wjtf nmdmriud khses. Pwm `jgrglt smlos hbmut ihkjdy kgkbgrs hrg sulo. (fttps3//www.ymutubg.nmk/whtnf=v;IVqQs8JvtLsPfgl). Pfg stu`glts `rhw tfgjr mwl logrs ml h pjgng mi phpgr jl mr`gr tm nrghtg logr ihkjdy kgkbgrs. Hitgr tfht tfgy prgphrg logr puppgts by nmdmrjlo hl` nuttjlo tfg pjnturgs. Pfgy rmdd tfg phpgrs hrmul` tfgjr logrs hl` sjlo tfg Ijlogr Ihkjdy smlo. Lgxt tfgy kheg nmlvgrshtjmls wjtf ghnf mtfgr usjlo tfg logr puppgts. Pfg tghnfgr sfmws tfg pjnturgs mi tfg Kmlstgr Ihkjdy hl` rgh`s tfg stmry. Pfg stu`glts hlswgr tfg qugstjmls mi tfg stmry. H tutmrjhd vj`gm js sfmwl hbmut ‖Fmw tm kheg logr puppgts‖ by usjlo ejtnfgl odmvgs tfgl jt js ojvgl hs fmkgwmre tm tfg ej`s.
• Ijrst mi hdd tfg tghnfgr nfmmsgs 7 stu`glts jl mr`gr tm sjlo tfg logr ihkjdy smlo(fttps3//www.ymutubg.nmk/whtnf=v;kcInrv9Dix6). • Pfg stu`glts fmd` tfg tfg stjnes wfjnf rgprgsglt rgprgsglt ihkjdy kgkbgrs hl` nmkg tm tfg bmhr` hl` sjlo tfg smlo. Pfg tghnfgr sfmws QmwgrQmjlt prgsglthtjml ohkg. Jl tfjs ohkg, tfg stu`glts dmme ht tfg ihkjdy trgg hl` nmkpdgtg tfg sgltglngs usjlo tfg nmrrgnt ihkjdy kgkbgrs. Pfg stu`glts nut tfg pjnturgs mi `jgrglt ihkjdy kgkbgrs hl` phstg tfgk ml tfg ihkjdy trgg hl` nmdmr tfgk. Hitgr ljsfjlo tfg ihkjdy trggs vmdultggr stu`glts jltrm`ung tfgjr ihkjdy kgkbgrs tm tfgjr irjgl`s. By usjlo ‖Qdjnegrs‖ hppdjnhtjml h tgnflmdmojnhd hntjvjty js usg` tm rgvjsg ihkjdy kgkbgrs. Pfg tghnfgr prgphrgs h wgb ndhssrmmk bgimrg tfg dgssml hl` qugstjmls hbmut tfg tmpjn. Bgimrg tfg sthrt mi tfg hntjvjty, h fhdi sjzg phpgr js ojvgl tm stu`glts. Ml tfgsg phpgrs tfgrg hrg nm`gs. Pfg stu`glts dmme ht tfg qugstjmls ml tfg snrggl hl` sfmw tfg nm`g hnnmr`jlo tm tfg nmrrgnt hlswgr. hlswgr. Pfg tghnfgr snhls tfgjr hlswgrs vjh h kmbjdg hppdjnhtjml. Pfg rgsudts hrg sfmwl ml tfg snrggl.
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PMQJN3 IHKJDZ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Pfg Djegs hl` @jsdjegs mi Ihkjdy Kgkbgrs DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 :-81 Zghrs Md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Kôygssgr Qhrjdthl ^NFMMD3 Bhfngdjgvdgr Qrjkhry ^nfmmd
PMQJN3 IGGDJLO^ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Bhsjn Gkmtjmls jl Mur Djig DGYGD3 2l` orh`g HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 6-yghr md` stu`glts PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Judjh Jmlgsnu ^NFMMD3 —Nhrkgl ^ydvh‛ Hrt Fjof ^nfmmd, QdmjgȚtj
NMWLPRZ3 Puregy
NMWLPRZ3 Rmkhljh
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
• QHRP „ 8 - Ht rst, tfg tghnfgr prgsglts h vj`gm ‖Pfg ‖ Pfg ^jkpsmls Ihkjdy‚ hs hl jng brghegr. Jl tfg vj`gm tfgy nhl sgg hdd tfg ihkjdy kgkbgrs. Pfgl sfg sfmws tfg pjnturgs mi ihkjdy kgkbgrs hl` hses ‖_fm js s/ fg=‚ Hitgr `mjlo tfjs hntjvjty tfg stu`glts kheg h ihkjdy trgg by puttjlo ghnf ihkjdy kgkbgr ml tfg bmhr` mlg by mlg. Hs h rmdg pdhy hntjvjty, mlg mi tfg stu`glts nmkgs tm tfg bmhr` hl` thdes hbmut tfg ihkjdy kgkbgrs. Pfmsg ihkjdy kgkbgrs nmkg hl` shy tfgjr djegs hl` `jsdjegs by hntjlo mut. ^mkgtjkgs tfgy pdhy tfgjr rmdgs jl h iul why. • QHRP - 2 - Lgxt, sfg sfmws h tutmrjhd vj`gm hbmut khejlo logr puppgts hl` tfg stu`glts try tm kheg logr puppgts by whtnfjlo jt. _fgl tfgy ljsf tfgjr puppgts, tfgy nmkg tm tfg bmhr` hl` sjlo tfg ‖Ijlogr Ihkjdy ^mlo‚ by usjlo tfgjr logr puppgts. Hl` lhddy tfrgg stu`glts nmkg tm tfg bmhr` hl` sjlo tfg smlo ‖_fm js tfjs= ‖Ghnf ihkjdy kgkbgr hnts mut tfgjr rmdgs.
• ^tu`glts hrg hrg hseg` tm rgh` h djtgrhry tgxt hbmut gkmtjmls gkmtjmls hl` `jsnmvgr tfg nfhrhntgrs, tfg pdhng hl` tjkg mi hntjml, tfg kgsshog mi tfg tgxt wfjnf dgh`s us tm ul`grsthl`jlo tfht jlsj`g us tfgrg js hdwhys h oft bgtwggl `jgrglt gkmtjmls wfgl wg fhvg tm ihng smkg ulgxpgntg` mr nfhddglojlo sjtuhtjmls. By kghls mi h ouj`g` nmlvgrshtjml, tfgy hrg dg` tm tfg nmlndusjml tfht wg sfmud` j`gltjiy tfgsg gkmtjmls jl mr`gr tm l` smdutjmls imr fgdpjlo tfg pdghshlt mlgs —tm wjl‛ hl` nmltrmddjlo tfg ulpdghshlt mlgs. Pfg stu`glts jkprmvg tfgjr Glodjsf vmnhbudhry wjtf lgw wmr`s hl` j`jmks hbmut bhsjn gkmtjmls. • ^tu`glts hrg hseg` hseg` tm kheg h khse tm `gpjnt nt mlg mi tfg gkmtjmls irmk tfg tgxt. Pfg jkhogs usg` jl hllgx 8 hrg smkg mi tfg khses kh`g by tfg stu`glts wfgl tfg dgssml whs trjg` mut. Pfg `rhwjlos usg` jl hllgx 2 wgrg kh`g by 7tf orh`grs jl mur snfmmd.
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PMQJN3 IGGDJLO^ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Bhsjn Gkmtjmls DGYGD3 2l` orh`g HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 6-yghr md` stu`glts PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Fmrtglsjh Bmo`hl5 pmrtrhjts `rhwl by Djdjhlh Khrjl, tghnfgr mi vjsuhd hrts5 `rhwjlos irmk Hllgx 2 `rhwl by Judjh Jolht, tghnfgr mi vjsuhd hrts5 ^NFMMD3 —Nhrkgl ^ydvh‛ Hrt Fjof ^nfmmd, QdmjgȚtj NMWLPRZ3 Rmkhljh
PMQJN3 IGGDJLO^ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Gkmtjmls tfrmuof tfg Hrts DGYGD3 >r` orh`g HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 :-81 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Khxjk Idmrgltjlh, Judjh Jolht, Nrjstj @unh ^NFMMD3 —Nhrkgl ^ydvh‛ Hrt Fjof ^nfmmd, QdmjgȚtj NMWLPRZ3 Rmkhljh
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
• ^thrtjlo irmk Qhud Gekhl‚s Gekhl‚s tfgmry hnnmr`jlo tm wfjnf tfgrg tfgrg hrg sjx bhsjn gkmtjmls (fhppjlgss, sh`lgss, ighr ighr,, hlogr, `jsoust, surprjsg) wfjnf nhl bg j`gltjg` jl ihnjhd gxprgssjmls mi pgmpdg irmk hdd nudturgs, tfg stu`glts hrg glnmurhog` tm rgnmoljzg bhsjn gkmtjmls jl tfgksgdvgs hl` jl mtfgr pgmpdg by “rgh`jlo‛ ihnjhd hl` bm`y gxprgssjmls hl` tm gxprgss bhsjn gkmtjmls by kghls mi dhlouhog, phjltjlos/ `rhwjlos, bm`y kmvgkglts. Pfgy hrg hdsm fgdpg` tm bgnmkg hwhrg mi tfgjr gkmtjmlhd sthtg hl` tm jkprmvg tfgjr Glodjsf vmnhbudhry wjtf lgw wmr`s hl` gxprgssjmls nmllgntg` wjtf iggdjlos. Wsjlo tfg pmrtrhjts kh`g by Krs. Djdjhlh Khrjl, tghnfgr mi vjsuhd hrts, wg nrghtg` smkg rj``dgs wfjnf wgrg hdsm usg` by @r. Irhlnjsnm Qgrgz tm nrghtg tfg nmkputgr puzzdg ohkg. Hdd tfg `rhwjlos usg` jl hllgxgs 7 hl` 9 wgrg kh`g by stu`glts, wfjdg tfmsg jl hllgx 2 by Judjh Jolht, tghnfgr mi vjsuhd hrts.
• Pfg dgssml js hjkg` hjkg` tm `gvgdmp smkg djloujstjn djloujstjn hl` nmlvgrshtjmlhd mlhd nmkpgtglngs jl Glodjsf by nmkbjljlo Glodjsf wjtf tfg hrts3 ht tfg gl` mi tfg ndhss, stu`glts hrg hbdg tm j`gltjiy hl` hssjol tfg Glodjsf wmr`s tm bhsjn gkmtjmls hl` ihnjhd gxprgssjmls5 tfgy hdsm `rhw iggdjlo ihngs hl` tfgy hrg nhphbdg mi gxprgssjlo tfgjr iggdjlos, j`ghs, tfmuofts, pmjlts mi vjgw by vhrjmus kghls5 tfgy j`gltji y tfg sjoljnhlng mi sjkpdg hrtjstjn kgsshogs wjtfjl ihkjdjhr nmltgxts. • Pfg kmst glcmyhbdg hntjvjtjgs imr stu`glts stu`glts wgrg `rhwjlo iggdjlo ihngs ihngs hl` hntjlo mut gkmtjmls hs wgdd hs hl hntjvjty wfjnf nmkbjlg` kusjn hl` smkg nhr`bmhr` ihngs tfht tfgy fh` prgvjmusdy kh`g wjtf tfg ndhss tghnfgr. tghnfgr. Pfg ihngs nmlthjlg` `gthnfhbdg ihng phrts tfht stu`glts nmud` htthnf jl hnnmr`hlng tm h iggdjlo tfgy whltg` tm gxprgss. • Pfg Glodjsf tghnfgr pdhyg` 9 kusjnhd pjgngs, pjgngs, ghnf suoogstjlo tfg tfg khjl gkmtjmls hl` tfg stu`glts hssmnjhtg` h nhr`bmhr` ihng wjtf tfg ihnjhd gxprgssjmls tfht tfg kusjn jtsgdi nmlvgyg`.
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PMQJN3 IGGDJLO^ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Iggdjlos & Gkmtjmls DGYGD3 Qrjkhry ^nfmmd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 : - 81 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Jrjkgsnu Dhurh ^NFMMD3 —Nhrkgl ^ydvh‛ Hrt Fjof ^nfmmd, QdmjgȚtj
PMQJN3 FWKHL BM@Z PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Bm`y Qhrts (Bdmne Dgssml) DGYGD3 Qrjkhry HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 81 - 88 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Jvhl Irgkgn, Kjrlh Qrusjlh ^NFMMD3 Qrjkhry ^nfmmd Bjdcg, Bjdcg
NMWLPRZ3 Rmkhljh
NMWLPRZ3 Nrmhtjh
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
• Nfjd`rgl wjdd fhvg tm rgnmoljzg rgnmoljzg tfg gxprgssg` gxprgssg` ighturg jl h djtgrhry phsshog3 cmy, sh`lgss, hkhzgkglt, ighr, dmvg. Pfgy pdhy —Iggdjlos ndustgr‛ jl Rmkhljhl hl` Glodjsf. Hitgr tfht tfgy kust rgnmoljzg tfg gkmtjmls prm`ung` by kmvjgs kh`g wjtf kusjnhd jltgrprgthtjml mi tfgjr nmddghougs. • (—Pfg wfggd mi gkmtjmls‛ hl` —Qhjrg` sthtugs‛) • Zmu lgg` tfrgg nfjd`rgl3 mlg spjls tfg —Pfg wfggd mi gkmtjmls‛ wjtf tfg lgg`dg rmthtjlo ml tfg `jse. _fgl tfg lgg`dg stmps, fg lhkgs twm nmddghougs tm kjkg tfg pmjltg` iggdjlo. • ^ujthbdg smlo „h smlo nrghtg` wjtf tfg tgxt kh`g kh`g by nfjd`rgl hl` kusjn nmkpmsg` by tghnfgr Ohbrjgdh Curhvdg, kusjn hl` tfgmr y spgnjhdjst. • @rhwjlo „ iggdjlos iggdjlos hl` gkmtjmls gxprgssg` gxprgssg` jl nfjd`rgl‚s nfjd`rgl‚s `rhwjlos.
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Pfg prjkhry thse mi mi tfg dgssml whs tm `gvgdmp bm`y phrts rgdhtg` vmnhbudhry. vmnhbudhry. Hs h phrt mi tfg dgssml, wg `gnj`g` tm `gvgdmp hl Hl`rmj` hpp wfjnf nhl bg usg` imr tghnfjlo bm`y phrts jl h iul hl` jltgrhntjvg why. Jl tfg rst phrt mi tfg dgssml wg `gnj`g` tm imnus ml 29 Glodjsf lhkgs imr bm`y phrts. Jl tfg bgojlljlo stu`glts fh` tm wrjtg hs khly Glodjsf lhkgs imr bm`y phrts hs tfgy nhl tfjle mi. ^mkg mi tfg stu`glts wgrg hseg` tm sthl` jl irmlt mi tfg ndhss hl` rgh` irmk tfgjr djst hdmlo wjtf pmjltjlo ht bm`y phrts hs tfgy rgh`. Pfg stu`glts wgrg tfgl sfmwl h pjnturg mi h fukhl bm`y hdmlo wjtf tfg Glodjsf lhkgs mi bm`y phrts. Pfgy fh` tm sthl` up hl` rgpght tfg lhkgs mi bm`y phrts, wfjdg tmunfjlo mr kmvjlo bm`y phrts ht tfg shkg tjkg. Pfgy wgrg tfgl `jvj`g` jltm imur ormups. Ghnf ormup fh` tm nfmmsg h sm-nhddg` Nfrjstkhs trgg, h stu`glt ml wfjnf tfg mtfgrs wjdd stjne pmst-jt lmtgs wjtf lhkgs mi bm`y phrts jl Glodjsf. _g tfgl kmvg` ml tm nrghtjlo hl Hl`rmj` hpp tfht nhl bg usg` imr tghnfjlo hl` prhntjnjlo tfg bm`y-rgdhtg` vmnhbudhry. Pfg stu`glts wgrg jlstruntg` tm l` hl jkhog mi h fukhl bm`y wfjnf wjdd bg usg` jl tfg hppdjnhtjml hl` tm mpgl KJP Hpp Jlvgltmr ml tfgjr nmkputgrs. Pfg stu`glts wgrg tfgl ojvgl stgp-by-stgp jlstruntjmls ml fmw tm nrghtg tfg hpp. _fgl tfg stu`glts ljsfg` tfgjr hpps, tfgy wgrg jlstruntg` tm om tm Ommodg Qdhy hl` tm `mwldmh` KJP Nmkphljml tm tfgjr Hl`rmj` pfmlgs. Pfgl, tfgy nrghtg` XR nm`gs imr tfgjr hpps hl` snhllg` tfgk wjtf pfmlg nhkgrhs, wfjnf sthrtg` tfg hpps ml tfgjr skhrtpfmlgs. Jl tfg gl` stu`glts pdhyg` h qujz ml Ehfmmt, Ehfmmt, wfjnf nmlthjlg` qugstjmls irmk tfg dhlouhog phrt mi tfg dgssml.
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PMQJN3 FWKHL BM@Z PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 @gsnrjbjlo Qfysjnhd Hppghrhlng (Bdmne Dgssml) DGYGD3 Qrjkhry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 81 - 88 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Pgh Djmvjď Fmdhs, Kjrlh Qrusjlh ^NFMMD3 Qrjkhry ^nfmmd Bjdcg, Bjdcg NMWLPRZ3 Nrmhtjh
PMQJN3 LWKBGR^ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Lukbgrs jl @jgrglt Qhttgrls DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 : - 81 Zghrs Md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Kgrt Bhddj ^NFMMD3 Bhfngdjgvdgr Qrjkhry ^nfmmd NMWLPRZ3 Puregy
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
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• Jl tfg bgojlljlo mi mi tfg dgssml tfg tghnfgr rgvjsgs rgvjsgs tfg lukbgrs hl` rggnts ml m``- gvgl lukbgrs. Fg omgs ml tm twglty, tfjrty, imrty, ity hl` sm ml. Pfgl fg usgs h vj`gm, lukbgrs smlo. ^tu`glts sjlo tfg smlo hl` `m tfg kmtjmls hs jl tfg vj`gm. (fttps3//www.ymutubg. nmk/whtnf=v;^xoNH8qM_21). Pfg tghnfgr hses qugstjmls hbmut h bmmedgt wjtf —Fmw Khly‛. Jt nhl bg `mlg djeg h ohkg. Gjoft stu`glts, mrohljsg` jl twm ormups, kheg puzzdgs. Jl tfgsg puzzdgs tfgrg hrg lukbgrs wjtf `jgrglt nmlngpts. Pfg rst ormup tm ljsf js tfg wjllgr. Hitgr tfht ghnf stu`glt nfmmsgs h lukbgr hl` trjgs tm `rhw hl` sfmw `jgrglt whys tm kheg tfht lukbgr. Pfg stu`glts sjt jl h njrndg hl` sfhrg tfg lukbgr nhr`s hl` pdhy ‖J fhvg…. _fm fhs ….ohkg‚. Jl tfg gl`, tfgy pdhy BJLOM ohkg.
Jl tfg dgssml wg thdeg` hbmut gxprgssjmls wg nhl usg wfgl wg thde hbmut pfysjnhd pfysjnhd hppghrhlng, hl` wfgl wg whlt tm `gsnrjbg fmw smkgmlg dmmes. Hs hl jltrm`untjml, stu`glts pdhyg` h ohkg ^jkml shys tm rgvjsg bm`y phrts. Hitgr tfht tfgy fh` tm `m hl gxgrnjsg nrghtg` wjtf djlmjt. Ml tfg wfjtg bmhr` tfgy fh` `jgrglt kjxg` up gxprgssjmls hbmut pfysjnhd hppghrhlng, hl` tfgy fh` tm nmkg hl` put tfg gxprgssjmls jl tfg rjoft pdhng. Pfgjr thse whs tm `gnj`g ji tfg gxprgssjmls bgdmlo tm `gsnrjbjlo bm`y, fhjr mr ihng. ^tu`glts fh` tm `m tfg nrmsswmr` puzzdg tfht whs hdrgh`y ml tfgjr nmkputgrs. Hs ndugs jl tfg nrmsswmr` tfgy fh` tfg trhlsdhtjml mi tfg wmr`s irmk tfg bmhr`. Jl tfg lgxt hntjvjty stu`glts fh` tm kgkmrjzg fmw mlg pgrsml dmmes. Pfgl tfgy fh` tm wrjtg tfg `gsnrjptjml mi tfht pgrsml. ^tu`glts rgh` tfgjr `gsnrjptjmls hl` mtfgrs fh` tm ougss wfm tfgy hrg `gsnrjbjlo. Hitgr tfjs, tfgy fh` tm `rhw h bm`y, but tfgy gxnfhlog` phpgrs, ljsfjlo ghnf mtfgr‚s `rhwjlos, but wjtfmut sggjlo wfht mtfgr `rgw by imd`jlo tfg phpgr. Pfht why tfg rgsudt whs smkg iully dmmejlo `rhwjlos. Jl tfg gl` tfgy fh` tm `gsnrjbg mlg `rhwjlo. Hitgr tfht stu`glts whtnfg` hl` djstglg` tm h smlo nhddg` “_fht `m ymu dmme djeg=‛ (fttps3//www.ymutubg.nmk/whtnf=v;qf_Y0iznfq0), hl` tfgy fh` tm gdjnjt hdd tfg qugstjmls tfgy fghr` `ghdjlo wjtf pfysjnhd hppghrhlng. Jl tfg lgxt hntjvjty stu`glts fh` ml tfg prmcgntmr pjnturgs mi `jgrglt dmmejlo pgmpdg. Mlg stu`glt nfmmsgs mlg pgrsml irmk tfg pjnturg, hl` tfg mtfgr stu`glts hse fjk qugstjmls tm try tm ougss wfjnf pgrsml fg/sfg nfmsg. ^tu`glts nmud` hse mldy ygs/lm qugstjmls. Dhst hntjvjty nmkbjlg` ojvgl `gsnrjptjmls jl Glodjsf hl` `rhwjlo wjtf Ghsy Oji Hljkhtmr. Ml tfgjr nmkputgrs stu`glts fh` smkg sgltglngs tfht `gsnrjbg` fmw smkgbm`y dmmes djeg, hl` tfgy fh` tm `rhw tfgk wjtf Ghsy Oji Hljkhtmr.
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PMQJN3 LWKBGR^ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Lukbgrs up tm 811 DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 : - 81 Zghrs Md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Eôbrh Ejdjï ^NFMMD3 Bhfngdjgvdgr Qrjkhry ^nfmmd
PMQJN3 LWKBGR^ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Mr`jlhd Lukbgrs DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 : - 81 Zghrs Md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Fhngr Bhfh`jr ^NFMMD3 Bhfngdjgvdgr Qrjkhry ^nfmmd
NMWLPRZ3 Puregy
NMWLPRZ3 Puregy
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
• Ijrstdy, tfg tghnfgr hses pupjds smkg qugstjmls hl` rggnts ml wfht lukbgrs tfgy fhvg dghrlt. Pfgl tghnfgr usgs h vj`gm, lukbgrs smlo. ^tu`glts sjlo tfg smlo hl` `m tfg kmtjmls hs jl tfg vj`gm. (fttps3//www.ymutubg.nmk/whtnf=v;^xo (fttps3//www.ymutubg.nmk/whtnf=v;^xoNH8qM_21). NH8qM_21). Bgimrg tfg dgssml tghnfgr prgphrgs tfg KHPRJ^ imr ghnf ormup. Jt‚s h pjnturg wjtf lukbgrs hl` tfgjr wrjttgl imrks. @urjlo tfg hntjvjty stu`glts hrg `jvj`g` jltm twm ormups. Pfg tghnfgr ojvgs ghnf ormup h bmx. ^fg whlts stu`glts tm nmkbjlg tfg pjgngs hl` ogt tfg wfmdg pjnturg. Pfg ormup puttjlo tfg pjgngs tmogtfgr hl` ogttjlo tfg pjnturg rst wjls tfg ohkg. ^fg ojvgs shkg puzzdg tm ghnf ormup. But tfg pjgngs mi tfg puzzdg hrg kjxg`. Pfgl tfg tghnfgr ojvgs ghnf ormup kgkbgr h lukbgr tm hlswgr tfg qugstjmls irmk tfg bmx. Pfgrg js mlg bmx hl` ghnf ormup kgkbgrs theg qugstjmls irmk tfg shkg bmx. Ji tfg stu`glts hlswgr tfg qugstjmls nmrrgntdy, tfgy theg pjgngs irmk tfg puzzdg hl` pdhng tfgk jltm tfg nmrrgnt pmsjtjml. Qupjds sfmud` rgh` tfg qugstjmls hl` hlswgrs dmu`dy hl` tfg ormup wfjnf ljsfgs tfg puzzdg rst wjls tfg ohkg.
• QHRP „ 8 - Ijrstdy tfg tghnfgr rgvjsgs tfg tfg lukbgrs by nmultjlo hl` hlswgrjlo tfg qugstjmls. (fttps3//www.ymutubg.nmk/whtnf=v;^xoNH8qM_21). Pfgl tfg stu`glts djstgl tm tfg lukbgrs smlo hl` `m tfg hntjmls. Pm prhntjng gvgl kmrg, tfg stu`glts kheg tfg wfggd mi lukbgrs. Pfgy nut hl` nmdmr tfg wfggd. Hitgr tfht tfgy wrjtg tfg qugstjmls rgdhtg` tm tfg lukbgrs, spjl tfg wfggd hl` hlswgr tfg qugstjmls. Pfg tghnfgr tfgl jltrm`ungs Mr`jlhd Lukbgrs by pmstgrs. Pfg stu`glts whtnf h vj`gm hbmut Mr`jlhd Lukbgrs hl` sjlo tfg smlo. (fttps3//www.ymutubg.nmk/ whtnf=v;1N__LzprGX0) .Pfg tghnfgr sfmws h vj`gm hbmut Mr`jlhd lukbgrs hl` hses qugstjmls. (fttps3//www.ymutubg.nmk/whtnf=v;f]>HJ-qLBdG&t;8s) • QHRP „ 2 - Pfg tghnfgr fhl`s mut wmresfggt wmresfggtss .Pfg stu`glts nut tfg mr`jlhd lukbgrs hl` phstg tfgk jltm tfg ojvgl ohps irmk 8 tm 21.Pfgy sfmud` wmre jl phjrs. Hitgr tfht tfg stu`glts prgphrg bjrtf`hy nhr`s hl` jlvjtg tfgjr irjgl`s tm tfg phrty. Hs h lhd hntjvjty tfgy pdhy h tgnflmdmojnhd ohkg nhddg` ‖EHFMMP‚. Jl tfjs ohkg tfgy fhvg tm `mwldmh` tfg hppdjnhtjml ml tfgjr kmbjdgs mr thbdgts. Pfg tghnfgr ojvgs tfg phsswmr` hl` tfgy sfmud` sjol jl jl mr`gr tm cmjl tfg pdhtimrk. Pfgl tfgy usg ljnelhkgs wfhtgvgr tfgy whlt. Pfg kmst jkpmrthlt pmjlt js tfht hlswgrjlo tfg qugstjmls nmrrgntdy jl tfg qujnegst tjkg. Pfg sjtg mi tfg pdhtimrk js (fttps3//ogtehfmmt.nmk/).
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PMQJN3 ^GL^G^ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Nmd` hl` _hrk Nmdmurs DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 9 hl` ? yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Kjfhgdh Chln ^NFMMD3 Qrjkhry ^nfmmd Bgdtjlnj NMWLPRZ3 ^dmvgljh
PMQJN3 ^GL^G^ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 ^glsgs jl Lhturg DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 6 „ 81 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Chlch Fmrvht ^NFMMD3 Qrjkhry ^nfmmd Bgdtjlnj NMWLPRZ3 ^dmvgljh
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
• ^tu`glts rgvjsg rgvjsg tfg vmnhbudhry imr nmdmurs nmdmurs usjlo hl jltgrhntjvg nmdmur spjllgr hl` dghrl wfjnf nmdmurs hrg nmd` / whrk. Pfgy whtnf smkg ihkmus wmres mi hrt wjtf whrk / nmd` nmdmurs ml tfg QmwgrQmjlt prgsglthtjml. Pfgy dghrl wfy smkg nmdmurs hrg nhddg` whrk mr nmd`. @urjlo tfg rgvjsjml sthtg mi tfg dgssml stu`glts nrghtg h kgh`mw wjtf mwgrs hl` buttgrjgs ml h orggl surihng, by imddmwjlo tfg tghnfgr‚s jlstruntjmls g.o. tfg rg` buttgry ml tfg ygddmw mwgr mwgr.. • Jl tfg lhd sthog mi tfg dgssml tfg stu`glts `gsnrjbg tfg wmre by usjlo tfg lgw vmnhbudhr y.
• ^tu`glts dghrl vmnhbudhry imr smul`s irmk lhturg (g.o. h nhr, h pdhlg, h trhjl, tfg `mo js bhrejlo, hl hkbudhlng, h bjr`) hl` sglsgs. Pfgl tfgy `gnj`g ji smkgtfjlo irmk tfg lhturg nhl bg igdt/fghr`/thstg`/ sggl. ^tu`glts prhntjng djstgljlo sejdds hl` vmnhbudhry imr sglsgs hl` smul`s irmk lhturg. • Pfgy hrg hdsm hnquhjltg` wjtf smkg smkg bhsjn bm`y phrts mi h bjr`, bjr`, sunf hs ightfgrs, h bghe, dgos, wjlos gtn. Jl tfg gl` tfgy `rhw h snrhtnf hrt pjnturg mi h bjr`, cmjljlo Glodjsf tm sglsgs hl` hrt. ^tu`glts prgsglt tfgjr pjnturg hl` thde hbmut tfg bjr`, lhkjlo jts bm`y phrts, but kmst mi hdd fmw tfgy nhl bg sglsg`, imr gxhkpdg3 ymu nhl iggd tfg bjr`‚s ightfgrs. H bjr` usgs h bghe imr sjlojlo hl` ymu nhl fghr tfht.
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PMQJN3 ^GL^G^ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 ^mdutjmls DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 81 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 LhthŨh Bgdgn ^NFMMD3 Qrjkhry ^nfmmd Bgdtjlnj NMWLPRZ3 ^dmvgljh
PMQJN3 ^GL^G^ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 ^glsgs hl` Nhddjorhpfy DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 81 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Hl`rgch Żhdje Erhlcgn ^NFMMD3 Qrjkhry ^nfmmd Bgdtjlnj NMWLPRZ3 ^dmvgljh
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
• ^tu`glts dghrl bhsjn wmr`s imr thstgs (swggt, smur, bjttgr…). Pfgy hrg hdsm thuoft hbmut smdutgs, smdvglts hl` smdutjmls. Pfgy dghrl tfht tfg sgh js tfg dhrogst smdutjml ml tfg pdhlgt, tfht sgh whtgr js h smdutg hl` shdt js tfg smdvglt. Pfgl tfgy kheg gxpgrjkglts. Pfgy put smkg fmusgfmd` substhlngs (suohr, njtrjn hnj`, shdt, pgppgr, mjd…) jl h odhss mi whtgr hl` sgg ji tfgy nhl kheg h smdutjml hl` wfht jt thstgs djeg. Pfgy rgpmrt hbmut tfg gxpgrjkglt rgsudts hl` shy imr gxhkpdg. Mjd js lmt smdubdg. Zmu Zmu nhllmt kheg h smdutjml. Jt `mgs lmt fhvg h thstg. • Jl tfg gl` tfgy tfgy nrghtg h shdt hrt phjltjlo. Pfgy usg whtgr whtgr nmdmurs hl` smhe tfg phpgr wjtf h nmdmur. Pfgl tfgy sprjledg shdt ml tfg phjltjlo hl` tfg shdt wjdd nrghtg `jgrglt `gsjols ml tfg phpgr.
• ^tu`glts rgvjsg vmnhbudhry vmnhbudhry imr sglsgs, imm` hl` thstgs hl` hl` dghrl wmr`s imr `gsnrjbjlo imm` (hrmkhtjn, stjney, skmmtf, gtn.). Pfgy dghrl wfht jlorg`jglts hrg usg` imr ojlogrbrgh` bjsnujts hl` tfgy usg hdd tfgjr sglsgs tm `gsnrjbg tfg jlorg`jglts (g.o. tfgy skgdd, thstg, sgg hl` iggd njllhkml/mur/fmlgy, gtn., hl` shy wfht jt js djeg). Imr gxhkpdg3 Fmlgy js stjney hl` swggt. Jt fhs h kjd` hrmkh. Jt js omd`gl brmwl. • Pfgl tfgy dghrl smkg smkg bhsjn ihnts hbmut nhddjorhpfy. orhpfy. Pfgy hrg sfmwl gxhkpdgs mi nhddjorhpfy hrmul` tfg wmrd` hl` wfht utglsjds hrg usg`. Pfgy nhl sgg tfg `jgrglng bgtwggl smkg typgs mi imlt hl` khly gxhkpdgs mi wmr`s imr sglsgs wrjttgl jl nhddjorhpfy. Jl tfg gl` tfgy sgdgnt mlg wmr`, prhntjng wrjtjlo jt jl nhddjorhpfy hl` dhtgr tfgy wrjtg ml tfg ojlogrbrgh` bjsnujt.
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PMQJN3 ^FHQG^ HL@ YMDWKG^ Rgprgsgltjloo Hljkhds wjtf 2@ ^fhpgs PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Rgprgsgltjl DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 81/88 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Khrjh Cmsê @jmom hl` Djlh Bmdhs ^NFMMD3 Gsnmdh Bèsjnh `g Hl`rê `g Rgsgl`g, Horuphkgltm l³. 2 `g Êvmrh NMWLPRZ3 Qmrtuohd
PMQJN3 ^FHQG^ HL@ YMDWKG^ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Nrghtjlo Nmkpmsjtjmls wjtf >@ ^fhpgs DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 81/88 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Khrjh Cmsê @jmom hl` Djlh Bmdhs ^NFMMD3 Gsnmdh Bèsjnh `g Hl`rê `g Rgsgl`g, Horuphkgltm l³. 2 `g Êvmrh NMWLPRZ3 Qmrtuohd
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
• Pfjs dgssml js hbmut 2@ sfhpgs. ^tu`glts ^tu`glts djstgl tm h smlo smlo hl` sjlo jt tm dghrl tfg Glodjsf wmr`s imr 2@ sfhpgs (njrndg, squhrg, trjhlodg, rgnthlodg, mvhd, `jhkml`, pglthoml, fgxhoml, sthr sthr,, fghrt). Pfgy dhbgd tfg sfhpgs jl h fhl`mut hl`, jl phjrs, `rhw sfhpgs jl tfg hjr imr tfg phrtlgr tm ougss. Pfgl tfgy try tm j`gltjiy 2@ sfhpgs hrmul` tfgk hl` brhjlstmrk hbmut tfg sfhpgs mi nmkkml tfjlos hl` hljkhds. • Pfg nfjd`rgl `rhw hljkhds hljkhds jl squhrg` phpgr, phpgr, usjlo tfg sfhpgs jl tfg smlo. Pfgl, ml nhr`bmhr`s, tfgy phjlt hl` nut tfg pjgngs. Pfgy ogt nmdmuriud puzzdgs tm imrk hljkhds (h nht, h `mo, hl mstrjnf, gtn.). • Ijlhddy tfg stu`glts stu`glts `jspdhy tfgjr tfgjr hljkhds hl` `gsnrjbg tfgk jl tgrks mi nmdmur hl` sfhpg.
• Pfjs dgssml js hbmut >@ sfhpgs. ^tu`glts whtnf trhsf tm rgnyndg, l` >@ sfhpgs (spfgrg, nydjl`gr, nmlg, pyrhkj`, nubg, nubmj`, prjsk…) hl` dghrl tfg wmr`s. Pfgl tfgy j`gltjiy tfgk by whtnfjlo hl` tmunfjlo. Pfgy dghrl tfg wmr`s ihng, g`og hl` vgrtgx/vgr tjngs hl` phrtjnjphtg jl h —sthl` up hl` whde hrmul`‛ gxgrnjsg tm hssmnjhtg j`ghs hl` `gsnrjbg h >@ mbcgnt. Jl ormups tfgy sfmw tfg mutnmkg tm tfg ndhss. • Pfgy kheg smkg segtnfgs mi >@ sfhpgs hl` nfhlog nfhlog nhrtmls jltm 2@ sfhpgs hl` bhne. • Jl`jvj`uhddy mr jl phjrs, stu`glts nrghtg nmkpmsjtjmls wjtf >@ sfhpgs hl` ojvg tfgk h lhkg. Ijlhddy tfgy sfmw tfgjr nmkpmsjtjmls nmkpmsjtjm ls tm tfg ndhss.
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PMQJN3 ^FHQG^ HL@ YMDWKG^ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Pfg Djlg (h bhsjn gdgkglt mi hrt) DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 81 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Rjth @hvj` hl` Djlh Bmdhs ^NFMMD3 Gsnmdh Bèsjnh `g Hl`rê `g Rgsgl`g „ Horuphkgltm l³. 2 `g Êvmrh NMWLPRZ3 Qmrtuohd
PMQJN3 ^FHQG^ HL@ YMDWKG^ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Djstgl hl` @rhw DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 81 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Rjth @hvj` hl` Djlh Bmdhs ^NFMMD3 Gsnmdh Bèsjnh `g Hl`rê `g Rgsgl`g „ Horuphkgltm l³. 2 `g Êvmrh NMWLPRZ3 Qmrtuohd
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
• Pfjs dgssml js hbmut tfg djlg. Pfg Pfg stu`glts sjlo h smlo hbmut tfg djlg (tfg tulg mi h trh`jtjmlhd Qmrtuougsg smlo wjtf dyrjns kh`g by tfg tghnfgr imr tfjs dgssml). Pfgy dghrl tfht tfg djlg js mlg mi tfg gdgkglts mi hrt hl` tfht tfgrg hrg khly typgs mi djlgs. Pfgy whtnf sgvgrhd ejl`s mi djlgs hl` rgprm`ung tfgk. • Jl tfjs dgssml dgssml stu`glts hdsm dghrl fmw fmw tm shy smkg kusjnhd jlstrukglts jlstrukglts jl Glodjsf hl` `rhw tfgk usjlo tfg djlg, lmt tm nmltmur tfg mbcgnt but tm ojvg sfhpg hl` vmdukg tfrmuof `jgrglt `jrgntjmls hl` tfjnelgssgs. • Ijlhddy tfgy `jspdhy tfgjr tfgjr `rhwjlo ml tfg bmhr` bmhr` hl` vmtg imr tfg bgst bgst mlgs tm mgr tm tfg Rgojmlhd Kusjn Nmlsgrvhtmry (GbmrhgKvsjnh), wfgrg smkg mi tfgk hrg stu`yjlo Kusjn.
• Pfjs dgssml js hbmut hbmut fmw tfg shkg `jrgntjmls `jrgntjmls hl` jlspjrhtjmls jlspjrhtjmls nhl dgh` tm uljqug wmres mi hbstrhnt hrt. ^tu`glts usg tfgjr elmwdg`og mi sfhpgs hl` djlgs tm kheg h Djstgl hl` @rhw hntjvjty hntjvjty.. • ^mkg stu`glts hrg dghrljlo tm pdhy kusjnhd jlstrukglts „ tfg oujthr oujthr,, tfg vjmdjl, tfg bhss, tfg mrohl, tfg pjhlm „ hl` tfg Rgojmlhd Kusjn Nmlsgrvhtmry ogltdy dgt us dk phrts mi dgssmls tm usg hs jlspjrhtjml jl tfg hntjvjty. • _jtf `jrgntjmls `jrgntjmls ojvgl by tfg tfg tghnfgr hl` sfmrt sfmrt vj`gms mi Kusjn dgssmls hs jlspjrhtjml, stu`glts `rhw wfht tfgy fghr hl` iggd. Pfgy `jspdhy tfgjr `rhwjlos ml tfg bmhr` hl` `jsnuss tfg `jgrglngs hl` tfg sjkjdhrjtjgs tfgy nhl l`.
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PMQJN3 PJKG PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Pgddjlo tfg Pjkg DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 : - 81 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Kgrt Bhddj ^NFMMD3 Bhfngdjgvdgr Qrjkhry ^nfmmd NMWLPRZ3 Puregy
PMQJN3 PJKG PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 @hjdy Rmutjlgs DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 : - 81 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Kgrt Bhddj ^NFMMD3 Bhfngdjgvdgr Qrjkhry ^nfmmd NMWLPRZ3 Puregy
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
• Jl tfg bgojlljlo mi mi tfg dgssml, hs hl jng brghegr brghegr,, tfg tghnfgr hses tfg stu`glts hbmut tfg nmlngpt mi ‖Mlg Kjlutg ‖hl` wfht jt kghls tm tfgk= Js mlg kjlutg dmlo mr sfmr t= Pfjs hntjvjty sfmws fmw qujnedy h kjlutg nhl phss fmwgvgr h kjlutg nhl phss sdmwdy jl h Q.G Q.G tgst. Pfgl tfg tghnfgr sfmws tfg ndmne hl` rgvjsgs tfg lukbgrs up tm twgdvg hl` sthrts tm tghnf tfg Pjkg, M‚ndmne, ndmne, quhrtgr phst, fhdi phst gtn. Hitgr tfht, fg sfmws tfg smlo —_fht Pjkg Js Jt=‛ hl` hnts mut wjtf tfg stu`glts. (fttps3//www.ymutubg.nmk/whtnf=v;1Zq]rztquuW).Pfg tghnfgr tfgl sfmws tfg vj`gm hbmut fmw tm kheg h —Ndmne‛ by usjlo smkg khtgrjhds hl` tfg stu`glts try tm prgphrg h phpgr ndmne. By usjlo tfg smlo Rmne Hrmul` Pfg Ndmne, tfg stu`glts `rhw hlhdmo ndmnes hl` wrjtg `jojthd imrks mi tfgk. Hs hlmtfgr hntjvjty, tfg stu`glts try tm khtnf tfg nhr`s wjtf tfg ndmtfgspjl hnnmr`jlo tm tfg pjnturgs mi ndmnes. Ht tfg gl` mi tfg dgssml, tfg tghnfgr ojvgs h phpgr wfjnf js hbmut h whtnf hl` jt sfmws tfg tjkg jl h vgry prhntjnhd why hl` tfg stu`glts wjdd tr y tm `rhw jt ht fmkg.
• Ijrst mi hdd tfg tghnfgr nmkgs tm tfg ndhss wjtf hl hdhrk hdhrk ndmne, h tmmtf tmmtf brusf hl` h tubg mi tmmtfphstg hl` kjkgs tfg hntjvjtjgs by usjlo tfgk. Pfgl fg sfmws h iully vj`gm hbmut `hjdy rmutjlgs. (fttps3//www. (fttps3//www. ymutubg.nmk/whtnf=v;ZwkJ@Fk>eMe) • Hitgr tfht fg fhlos up tfg hsf nhr`s ml tfg bmhr` hl` tghnfgs tfg kmst nmkkml `hjdy rmutjlgs. Pfg stu`glts tfgl pdhy —Idy ^whttgr Ohkg‛. Jl tfg ohkg bmtf ormups fhvg h swhttgr tm fjt tfg wmr`s rst hl` nmrrgntdy. Hlmtfgr hntjvjty js tfg JNP Prghsurg Prghsurg Fult, wfgl tfg kgkbgrs mi ghnf ormup try tm l` mut tfg phpgrs hrmul` tfg snfmmd hl` hlswgr tfg qugstjmls vjh tfgjr kmbjdg pfmlgs. Pfgy lgg` tm fhvg h XR Nm`g rgh`gr. Pfg rst ormup tm ljsf hl` wrjtg tfg hlswgrs nmrrgntdy wjl tfg ohkg.
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PMQJN3 PJKG PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 @hys-Kmltfs „^ghsmls hl` ^nfmmd ^ubcgnts DGYGD3 Gdgkglthry Dgvgd HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 : - 81 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Kgrt Bhddj ^NFMMD3 Bhfngdjgvdgr Qrjkhry ^nfmmd NMWLPRZ3 Puregy
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
DM_GR ^GNML@HRZ DGYGD
• Pfg dgssml fhs twm phrts(Bdmne Dgssml). • QHRP 83 Ijrstdy tfg tghnfgr sfmws h sfmrt irhokglt mi h kmvjg hbmut tfg tmpjn (fttps3//www.ymutubg.nmk/wht (fttps3//www .ymutubg.nmk/whtnf=v;i`h`S]ErSYw).P nf=v;i`h`S]ErSYw).Pfg fg tghnfgr sfmws tfg n dmne hl` tghnfgs tgddjlo tfg tjkg. Pfgl tfg tghnfgr hses tfg stu`glts stu`glts tm tgdd tfg tjkg hl` tm nmult tfg `hys. Mlg stu`glt trjgs tm nmult tfg `hys. Hitgr tfht tfg tghnfgr tghnfgs `hys mi tfg wgge tfrmuof tfg @hys ^mlo. (fttps3//www.ymutubg.nmk/ whtnf=v;>9l:>cvce@s).Fg whtnf=v;>9l: >cvce@s).Fg ojvgs tfg wfggd mi `hys. Pfg stu`glts nut hl` nmdmr tfg wfggd .Hitgr prgphrjlo tfg wfggd tfgy spjl jt hl` hlswgr tfg qugstjmls hbmut tfg `hys. Pfg stu`glts pdhy tfg — Bhttdgsfjp Ohkg‛. Ghnf stu`glt fhs h phpgr hl` tfgrg js h nfhrt ml jt. @hys hl` tjkg hrg wrjttgl ml tfht nfhrt. Pfg stu`glts try tm fjt tfg sfjps by tgddjlo tfg tjkg hl` `hys. • QHRP 23 Pfg stu`glts rgvjsg tfg snfmmd subcgnts vjh tfg hppdjnhtjml —Hurhskh‛. By usjlo tfjs hppdjnhtjml tfg stu`glts hrg hbdg tm whtnf tfg vj`gms mi snfmmd subcgnts jl hl glcmyhbdg why. Pfg snfmmd subcgnts ^mlo js sulo. H wggedy dgssml snfg`udg js prgphrg` by tfg stu`glts. Pfg tghnfgr tghnfgs Kmltfs by usjlo smlo. (fttps3// www.ymutubg.nmk/whtnf=v;v916v02`EgJ).Hl jltgrhntjvg smlo hntjvjty hbmut sghsmls js `mlg. Pfg smlo nmlsjsts mi smkg jltgrhntjvg qugstjmls5 tfg stu`glts djstgl tm tfg smlo hl` hlswgr tfg qugstjmls.
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PMQJN3 GLYJRMLKGLP PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Jlsgnts (Bdmne Dgssml) DGYGD3 Dmwgr ^gnml`hry HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 8> - 80 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Jvhl Irgkgn, Kjrlh Qrusjlh ^NFMMD3 Qrjkhry snfmmd Bjdcg, Bjdcg NMWLPRZ3 Nrmhtjh
PMQJN3 GLYJRMLKGLP PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Hljkhds jl Emphċejrjt (Bdmne Dgssml) DGYGD3 Dmwgr ^gnml`hry HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 8> - 80 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Pgh Djmvjď Fmdhs, Kjrlh Qrusjlh ^NFMMD3 Qrjkhry snfmmd Bjdcg, Bjdcg NMWLPRZ3 Nrmhtjh
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
• Imr tfjs dgssml wg nfmsg nfmsg Jlsgnts, hs tfgy tfgy hrg strunturhddy strunturhddy hl` bjmdmojnhddy qujtg `jgrglt irmk pgmpdg hl` tfg dhrogst lukbgr mi hljkhds tfht jlfhbjt Glodjsf tgxtbmmes hl` wmrebmmes. w g usg h QmwgrQmjlt sdj`g ddg` wjtf jkhogs jkhog s mi vhrjmus • Hs h kmtjvhtjml imr tfjs dgssml, wg jlsgnts hl` hse tfg stu`glts wfht tfgy sgg hl` ji tfgy rgnmoljzg hly mi tfg jlsgnts sfmwl. Pfg stu`glts j`gltjiy smkg mi tfg spgnjgs mi jlsgnts hl` wg gdjnjt lhkgs imr tfg spgnjgs tfgy `ml‚t elmw. Hitgr tfht stu`glts mpgl QmwgrQmjlt prgsglthtjmls tfht fhvg hdrgh`y bggl nmpjg` tm tfgjr nmkputgrs. Pfgjr thse js tm khtnf tfg Glodjsf lhkgs mi tfg spgnjgs mi jlsgnts hl` tfgjr trhlsdhtjmls wjtf tfg jkhogs mi jlsgnts usjlo Jltgrlgt `jntjmlhrjgs. Hitgr tfht tfgy `m mlg kmrg gxgrnjsg jl tfgjr QmwgrQmjlt prgsglthtjmls. Pfgjr thse js tm rgh` h sfmrt tgxt hbmut tfg hlhtmky mi jlsgnts hl` tm dd jl tfg bdhles wjtf tfg nmrrgnt lhkgs mi tfg phrts mi hl jlsgnt. • Hitgr tfht, tfg stu`glts stu`glts hrg jlstruntg` jlstruntg` tm rgojstgr ml odmostgr odmostgr.nmk, .nmk, h ndmu`-bhsg` ndmu`-bhsg` pdhtimrk imr prgsglthtjml hl` hntjvg dghrljlo, ml wfjnf tfgy wjdd nrghtg kudtjkg`jh pmstgrs, tfg sm-nhddg` odmos, jl tghks. Mlng tfg tghk ljsfgs tfgjr odmo, tfgy wjdd ojvg h prgsglthtjml hbmut tfgjr tmpjn tm tfg rgst mi tfg ndhss. • @urjlo tfg khjl khjl phrt mi tfg dgssml, dgssml, tfg stu`glts stu`glts wmre ml tfgjr tfgjr odmos jl tghks. tghks.
• Jl tfg dgssml stu`glts dghrl hbmut tfg hljkhds wfjnf djvg jl Emphċejrjt, h bjo lhturg phre lghr Bjdcg. Pfgy rgvjsg smkg hljkhds tfgy elmw irmk bgimrg, hl` tfgl brhjlstmrk hbmut tfg hljkhds tfht djvg jl Emphċej rjt.Hitgr tfht stu`glts `m hl gxgrnjsg ml tfgjr nmkputgrs jl wfjnf tfgy fhvg tm dmme ht tfg pjnturgs mi `jgrglt hljkhds. • (dg3///N3/Wsgrs/Wnjtgdc/@mwl (dg3///N3/Wsgrs/Wnjtgdc/@mwldmh`s/Htthnf%2 dmh`s/Htthnf%218%21(8).ftk). 18%21(8).ftk). • Hitgr tfgy sgg tfg lhkg mi mi hl hljkhd tfgy sfmud` sfmud` ndjne ml h nmrrgnt nmrrgnt pjnturg. Hljkhds jl tfg gxgrnjsg hrg3 `une, ommsg, `ggr, bmhr, turtdg, slheg, ghodg, stmre hl` pfghshlt. ^tu`glts tfgl fhvg tm rgnmoljzg tfg smul`s tfht `jgrglt hljkhds prm`ung. Ml tfgjr nmkputgrs tfgy fhvg hl gxgrnjsg jl wfjnf tfgy fghr h smul` mi hl hljkhd, hl` tfgy fhvg tm ougss wfjnf hljkhd tfht js. Wsjlo tfg prmorhk Hu`hnjty ml tfgjr nmkputgrs tfgy fhvg tm kheg tfgjr mwl nmkpmsjtjml wjtf tfg hljkhd smul`s tfgy fhvg fghr`. Pfgy put `jgrglt hljkhd smul`s jl tfg prmorhk, hl` try tm kheg smkg ejl` mi kusjn mr nmkpmsjtjml. Jl tfg dhst hntjvjty stu`glts fhvg tm nmkbjlg tfgjr elmwdg`og mi prmorhkkjlo hl` `rhwjlo. Pfgy fhvg tm usg tfg prmorhk DMOM tm `rhw tfg hljkhds wg wgrg thdejlo hbmut. Pfgy nhl nfmmsg mlg mi tfg hljkhds wg wgrg thdejlo hbmut hl` `rhw jt.
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PMQJN3 IHKJDZ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Ihkjdy Rgdhtjmls (Dgssml 8) DGYGD3 Dmwgr ^gnml`hry HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 88 - 82 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 ^hdmkg Qhlhyjmtmu ^NFMMD3 @jkmtjem ^nfmdgjm @hdjmu 2 NMWLPRZ3 Nyprus
PMQJN3 IHKJDZ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Ihkjdy Rgdhtjmls (Dgssml 2) DGYGD3 Dmwgr ^gnml`hry HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 88 - 82 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 ^hdmkg Qhlhyjmtmu ^NFMMD3 @jkmtjem ^nfmdgjm @hdjmu 2 NMWLPRZ3 Nyprus
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
• Pfg hjk mi tfg tfg dgssml js tm glhbdg pupjds tm j`gltjiy `gltjiy ihkjdy rgdhtjmls, rgdhtjmls, lhkg kgkbgrs mi h ihkjdy, gxprgss ihkjdy rgdhtjmlsfjps hl` gxprgss pmssgssjml. Hs imr tfg jltgrnudturhd hspgnt mi tfg dgssml, pupjds sfmud` bgnmkg hwhrg mi tfg vhrjgty mi ihkjdjgs jl tfgjr nmultry hl` hrmul` tfg wmrd`. • Pfrmuof pjnturgs pjnturgs hl` phjltjlos phjltjlos tfgy rgdhtg jlimrkhtjml jlimrkhtjml tm pgrsmlhd gxpgrjglngs rgdhtg` tm ihkjdy kgkbgrs hl` nmmpgrhtg wjtf mtfgrs tm nmkpdgtg thses irmk h smlo. • Qrgsgltjlo h ourg mi h ihkjdy trgg wg hse stu`glts tm kheg sgltglngs usjlo pmssgssjvg h`cgntjvgs. Jl tfg shkg khllgr, tfgy pdhy tfg ohkg —Lhuofts (m) hl` nrmssgs(x)‛. Hitgrwhr`s tfgy pgrimrk h vmnhbudhry hntjvjty hl` tfgy gl` up by pdhyjlo tfg ohkg —Fhlokhl‛.
• Pfg dgssmls hrg `gvgdmpg` ml tfg bhsjs mi tfg Nmltglt hl` Dhlouhog Dhlouhog Jltgorhtg` Dghrljlo (NDJD), kgtfm`mdmojnhd hpprmhnf nmkbjljlo tfg subcgnts mi Fghdtf G`unhtjml hl` Glodjsf. • Pfg hjk js tm `glg tfg nmlngpt mi tfg ihkjdy tfrmuof jts vhrjmus imrks. Qupjds ogt jl h njrndg hl` tfgy sthrt wjtf h whrk up hntjvjty. H rgvjsjml hntjvjty mi ihkjdy vmnhbudhry imddmws. Pfgl, tfgy ojvg h `gljtjml mi h ihkjdy ml h stjney lmtg hl` tfgy pdhy tfg ohkg —^jdglt mmr‛. Hitgrwhr`s nfjd`rgl whtnf tfg stmry —Hdd ejl`s mi ihkjdjgs‛ hl` tfgy `jsnuss tfg `jgrglt ejl`s mi ihkjdjgs hl` tfg `jgrglt hntjvjtjgs tfht ihkjdjgs phrtjnjphtg jl. • Pfgy gl` up wjtf h smlo hl` hs h nmlndu`jlo hntjvjty tfgy hrg hseg` tm kheg h Ihkjdy Qfmtm/ @rhwjlo Hdbuk.
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PMQJN3 IHKJDZ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Mur stmrytgddjlo bmxgs … mur stmrjgs Pfg pmwgr mi ormup wmre hl` irjgl`sfjp DGYGD3 Dmwgr ^gnml`hry HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 88 - 82 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Khrjlh Kjnfhgd ^NFMMD3 @hdj B‚ Qrjkhry ^nfmmd NMWLPRZ3 Nyprus
PMQJN3 IGGDJLO^ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Iggdjlos 8 DGYGD3 Dmwgr ^gnml`hry HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 82 „ 80 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Hl`rgch Żhdje Erhlcgn ^NFMMD3 Qrjkhry ^nfmmd Bgdtjlnj NMWLPRZ3 ^dmvgljh
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
• Pfg hjk mi mi tfjs dgssml js tm fgdp stu`glts tgdd tfgjr mwl stmry stmry by nfhlojlo tfg —Pfg Glmrkmus Purljp‛ Purljp‛ stmry (j.g. nfhlog tfg lhrrhtjvg gdgkglts). • @urjlo tfg prgvjmus prgvjmus dgssml tfg stu`glts stu`glts wgrg hseg` tm nmlsj`gr nmlsj`gr tfg nfhlogs tfgy whltg` tm kheg tm tfg stmry hl` `rhit tfgjr stmrjgs ml dk strjps. Pfgl, tfgy wgrg sfmwl tfg j`gh mi h stmrytgddjlo bho hl` tfgy wgrg jlimrkg` tfht tfgy nmud` bg nrghtjvg wjtf tfg j`gh mi h —bho‛ (j.g. tfgy nmud` usg bmxgs, bhsegts, gtn.). • Ml tfg `hy mi tfg nurrglt nurrglt dgssml, stu`glts wmre wmre jl ormups tm nrghtg orhtj mi tfg lhrrhtjvg gdgkglts mi tfg — Pfg Glmrkmus Purljp‛, Purljp‛, sm hs tm rgirgsf tfg elmwl stmrydjlg. Pfgl, tfgy prgsglt tfgjr mwl stmrjgs usjlo tfgjr mwl stmrytgddjlo bmxgs mr bhos (jl`jvj`uhddy, mr jl phjrs).
• ^tu`glts dghrl vmnhbudhry imr iggdjlos. Pfgy Pfgy usg h tfgshurus tfgshurus hl` h nmkputgr prmorhkkg Fmt Qmthtmgs tm prhntjng vmnhbudhry. Pfgl tfgy hrg sfmwl smkg ihkmus wmres mi hrt hl` rst tfgy shy fmw tfgy iggd wfjdg whtnfjlo tfg phjltjlo hl` tfgl fmw tfg nfhrhntgr(s) jl tfg phjltjlo iggd(s). Pfg tghnfgr brjgy prgsglts tfg wmres3 Q.Qjnhssm3 Q.Qjnhssm3 Ougrljnh, KhtjchChkh3 Qdgs, Ousthv Edjkt3 Ejss, JvhlhEmbjdjnh3 Emigthrjnh, Emigthrjnh, Kulnf3 Erje, Rmnewgdd3 Pfhlesojvjlo Pfh lesojvjlo `hy. • Dhtgr tfgy try tm hnt mut tfg snglg jl tfg phjltjlo hl` shy fmw tfht khegs tfgk iggd. Jl tfg gl` tfgy wrjtg h pmgk usjlo vmnhbudhry imr iggdjlos hl` rgh` jt imr tfg ndhss.
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PMQJN3 IGGDJLO^ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Iggdjlos 2 DGYGD3 Dmwgr ^gnml`hry HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 82 „ 80 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Hl`rgch Żhdje Erhlcgn ^NFMMD3 Qrjkhry ^nfmmd Bgdtjlnj NMWLPRZ3 ^dmvgljh
PMQJN3 IGGDJLO^ PJPDG MI PFG DG^^ML3 Ofmst ^tmry DGYGD3 Dmwgr ^gnml`hry HOG MI ^PW@GLP^3 82 „ 80 yghrs md` PGHNFGR‚^ LHKG3 Chlch Fmrvht ^NFMMD3 Qrjkhry ^nfmmd Bgdtjlnj NMWLPRZ3 ^dmvgljh
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
^WKKHRZ MI PFG DG^^ML3
• ^tu`glts whtnf vj`gms hl` djstgl tm hu`jm rgnmr`jlos rgnmr`jlos `gsnrjbjlo `gsnrjbjlo wmres mi hrt. Pfgy prhntjng vmnhbudhry imr iggdjlos hl` `gvgdmp djstgljlo sejdds. Pfgy djstgl tm hl jltgrhntjvg stmry, fjofdjoftjlo gkmtjmls wfgrg tfgy lgg` tm djstgl hl` rgspml` mr `gnj`g wfht tfgy tfjle tfg lgxt stgp jl tfg stmry js. Pfg stmry lhkgdy stmps gvgr y lmw hl` tfgl hl` ojvgs tfg stu`glts tfrgg mptjmls. • ^tu`glts `gnj`g hl` rgspml` (rhjsg tfgjr fhl` / sthl` up / put h logr ml tfg lmsg). Pfjs khegs tfg stu`glts hntjvg hl` hltjnjphtjlo tfg hlswgrs hdtfmuof tfgy `m lmt elmw tfg stmry mr tfg nfhrhntgrs. Jt js jrrgdgvhlt ji tfgy ougss tfg hlswgr nmrrgntdy. Jl tfg gl` tfgy nrghtg h sykbmd imr h ngrthjl gkmtjml.
• ^tu`glts djstgl hl` dhtgr rgh` h Ofmst stmry. Pfgy thde hbmut tfgjr iggdjlos `urjlo tfg djstgljlo phrt mi tfg stmry hl` `urjlo ngrthjl sjtuhtjmls prgsgltg` jl tfg stmry (stmrk). • Pfgy l` vmnhbudhry imr snhry gvglts hl` iggdjlos hl` prhntjng vmnhbudhry ml hl jltgrhntjvg fhl`mut. Pfgl tfgy hrg ojvgl jlstruntjmls tm `rhw h fhultg` nhstdg hl` hrg sfmwl smkg gxhkpdgs. Pfgy hdsm thde hbmut pmssjbdg tfgkgs/nfhrhntgrs tfgy nmud` jlndu`g jl tfgjr hrtjstjn gxprgssjml. Pfgy `rhw h pjnturg mi h fhultg` nhstdg hl` shy fmw tfg nfhrhntgrs jl tfg pjnturg mr tfg mbsgrvgr nhl iggd
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