English Test.docx

Instructions You will read a magazine article about volcanoes. Answer the questions based on what you have read. Volcanoes have existed since the birth of the earth, and they have helped shape the continents as we know them. The word volcano is thought to have come from Roman mythology, specifically derived from Vulcan, the Roman god of fire who was thought to be Jupiter’s blacksmith and responsible for making arrows and shields. Vulcan also had a Greek equivalent, known as Hephaestus, whose name means “burning” or “flaming.” Volcanoes were featured in ancient poetry, where they are described as the blacksmith’s workshop. When a mountain erupted, the ancients thought it was caused by smoke escaping through the chimney of Vulcan’s workshop when he was at work. But what are volcanoes, really? A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s surface which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface. Volcanic eruptions can cause destruction and consequent disaster in several different ways. One is the volcanic eruption itself, causing harm from the explosion of the volcano or the immediate fall of rock. Then there is lava - molten rock or liquid rock - that may be produced during the eruption of a volcano. As it leaves the volcano, the hot lava destroys any buildings and plants in its path. Third, there is volcanic ash, consisting of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic glass, which may form a cloud and settle thickly in nearby locations. When volcanic ash is mixed with water it forms a concrete-like material, and in sufficient quantity, ash may cause roofs to collapse under its weight. Small quantities of volcanic ash will also harm humans if inhaled. However, the main danger to humans in the immediate surroundings of a volcanic eruption is pyroclastic flows. These are currents of hot gas and rock which can reach speeds of up to 700 kmh (450 mph) and temperatures of about 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). It is believed that the Roman town of Pompeii near Naples was destroyed by a pyroclastic flow in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79, and that heat was the main cause of death of people and not, as previously believed, the inhalation of ash. One recent volcanic eruption causing chaos and disaster was the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption in Chile in 2011. At least 3,500 people were evacuated from nearby areas, while the ash cloud was blown across cities all around the Southern hemisphere, creating travel chaos when airlines were forced to cancel hundreds of flights. Ash poses a threat to aircrafts because once sucked into engines, it can be transformed into molten glass by the high engine temperatures and can cause an engine to fail. Further, ski resorts in Argentina had to be closed, a nearby river was contaminated and its temperature rose to 45 °C (113 °F) and pastureland in Southern Argentina was destroyed.

Instructions You will read an article about contemporary art. Answer the questions based on what you have

read. A new trend in artwork creation in the last decade is to go larger than life. No longer are pieces that can be hung on a wall the popular choice for those with money to spend on high-end artwork. Now art patrons, including those with private collections, are looking for works that take up large spaces in huge warehouses. One of the most

recent examples is Paul McCarthy’s rendition of a forest based on American mythology, which required an entire hall in New York’s Armory Building for display. Seventeen semi-trucks were used to transport the design to its display locale and it took a week to set up. The display included gigantic trees and houses and graphic videos throughout. This was not just a piece of art; it was an interactive show that welcomed the viewer into its world. Not all of these grand new works are made so that the public can walk through them, but one thing they have in common is their ability to shock the senses with their size. The trend toward huge art can be seen in artists’ works from around the world. Massive paintings that cover one side of a four-story building in Sydney, a multicolored chair as big as a house placed in the center of a park in Sweden and an enormous rubber lotus flower placed in the courtyard of a government building in Cairo are just a few examples of this new trend. Because of the popularity of such public displays, cities are now building enormous buildings that can be used specifically for this kind of artwork. So, how are these works integrated into the more traditional museum and gallery world of art display? Public museums recruit highly visible retail corporations to sponsor the exhibits as advertising campaigns, allowing free access to the general public. These exhibits are often only temporary, moving from one location to another, and the artists’ use of inflatable materials has made this a very popular option. Making such a piece a part of the permanent collection is a challenge. “Purchase prices can be very high,” says one museum curator. “Our budget for these pieces has tripled in the last year thanks mainly to increased donations from various companies.” Likewise, private galleries want to get their hands on these pieces. They are revamping their spaces to fit these monster creations. Not everyone is enthusiastic about this new trend. Jamie Rhoads, president of the Independent Artists Guild, is concerned that local artists, without the financial backing of a large gallery, will not be able to compete. “Before, it was just a matter of buying paints and some brushes if one wanted to be a successful artist. Now it’s gone way beyond that and I’m afraid of what that means for the independent artist.” Many of the monumental works require a whole team of people to execute the artist’s vision.

Which ONE statement best expresses the main idea of the passage?

Outsourcing material production for oversized designs has helped to encourage more creativity in the art world.

Using inflatable material is the newest trend in creating oversized, lightweight works of art.

Finding funding to create oversized artwork is a major barrier for most artists.

Public museums and private galleries are working together to sponsor new larger-than-life artwork displays.

The design and construction of larger-than-life creations is a rapidly growing trend in the art world. . Which of the following TWO statements are true about Paul McCarthy’s exhibition?

It was located outdoors.

It was on display in a newly built exhibit space.

It was designed so that small groups of people could view it at a time.

It included many TV monitors or screens.

A large crew of people was needed to assemble it. . Information in the article supports which TWO of the following statements?

Oversized artwork can be found all around the world.

Oversized artwork is too expensive for most galleries to purchase.

Independent artists are now beginning to create oversized artwork.

Exhibitions of oversized artwork are typically permanent installations.

Both public and private art institutions are purchasing oversized artwork. . The article suggests that which TWO of the following are likely consequences of the trend toward gigantic artworks?

More use of multimedia in exhibits

Construction of new facilities for exhibitions

Fewer purchases of artworks by museums

Increased focus on making some artwork portable

Growing public interest in interactivity with art . The article suggests that which TWO things are probably true about the independent artists mentioned by Jamie Rhoads?

They rarely outsource the manufacturing of portions of their projects.

They belong to organizations that support their craft.

They work with minimal supplies and materials.

They have access to gallery funding.

They contract with corporations for sponsorships. . According to the article, which TWO things are true about the new trend toward gigantic artworks?

It has encouraged corporations to invest in sponsoring independent artists.

It has become an international phenomenon.

It will continue to dominate the art world for decades.

It has changed the ways museums buy artworks.

It has made public display of artworks more unusual. . The article suggests that which TWO of the following are true of the impact of the gigantic art trend on museums?

Businesses have more influence on what artworks museums display.

Museums have become more competitive with private galleries for artworks.

Museums are spending more of their budgets on construction of exhibit space.

It has become more common for museums to share artworks for exhibition.

It is harder for museums to attract people to their exhibits. . Which TWO of the following statements are likely to be true, based on information in the passage?

Private art collectors currently purchase most of the new outsized artworks being created around the world.

Larger-than-life artworks have not been displayed in public spaces before the 21st century.

Some artists use inflatable materials for their works because they want them to be displayed in many places.

Businesses support museum exhibits because it is good publicity for their brands.

There are fewer independent artists creating new works today than 10 years ago.

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