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Gmilrf`ea ^rfimry ^rherassfhk Past

Imrd sgbaia

Akecfsb Wtmea :

FL AXW:XIW/7\^ © QGCAW =0

 

< Wtmea : ^mpar = Imrd Wgbaia Wagtfhk M? \am`fke ]uastfhk

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^mrt

Imrd =

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Wba gmk saa cfebt tb tbrhueb tba bhca fk  Mggapt mky ramshkmlca ramshkmlca mctarkmtfva. mctarkmtfva. tba rhhj. / Ft‖s eattfke cfebt hutsf`a.

Phtmc

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Imrd =

Phtmc

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]uastfhk

7

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Imrd <

Phtmc

© QGCAW =0

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

ghccagts wm wmtar / imdas ph phrrf`ea / gcamrs up / wmsbas tba jhh` iues / sgruls/gcamks/wmsbas sgruls/gcamks/w msbas tba jchhr 

 Mky twh ghrragt tmsds

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Whcmkea bacps wftb tba bhusawhrd. Whpbfm tf`fas tba bhusa.

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A/W:/IW

 

7 ]uastfhk

0

^mrt

Imrd <

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Pba suiimry iust ghktmfk tba jhcchwfke fkjhrimtfhk? • imdfke lramdjmst • tba gbhras Whpbfm bms th `h • bhw Whpbfm jaacs mlhut Whcmkea.

 Mwmr` < imrds imrds jhr? • m suiimry kh ihra tbmk 7> whr`s + mcc mcc tba  tba raqufra` fkjhrimtfhk.

a.e. F imda phrrf`ea jhr lramdjmst. Pbak F kaa` th gcamk mk` tf`y tba bhusa. Whcmkea mcwmys wmkt th bacp ia, lut F tbfkd sba‖s khfsy.

 Mwmr` = imrd imrd jhr aftbar? • m suiimry kh ihra tbmk 7> whr`s + hkcy twh phfkts, phfkts, hr  • m suiimry latwaak 7> mk` 71 whr`s + mcc mcc tba  tba raqufra` fkjhrimtfhk.

 Mjtar F imda phrrf`ea phrrf`ea jhr hur lramdjmst, F bmva th `h mcc tba bhusawhrd. Whcmkea cfdas bacpfke, lut imdas m cht hj khfsa. Phtmc

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]uastfhk

1

^mrt

Imrd =

Phtmc

© QGCAW =0

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Ft ghktmfks ihstcy jmgts

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TPurk hvar 

 

0 ]uastfhk

:

^mrt

Imrd =

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Fj Paxt = tfgda`? aftbar  m rajarakga th cmkeumea ms ‒fkjhrimc‖ hr  Pba whr`s mra vary `asgrfptfva mk`

Pbara fs kh imrd jhr tba jfrst j frst pmrt hj tba quastfhk lut axpcmkmtfhks iust imtgb tba gbhfga im`a.

juk th ram` (kht oust ‒juk th ram`‖). hr  Pba whr`s gramta m pfgtura fk iy ifk` mk` imda ft amsfar th uk`arstmk`. hr  mky rajarakga th bhw pukgtumtfhk mk` saktakga strugtura akemea tba ram`ar  hr  F uk`arstmk` ft lattar lagmusa ft‖s avary`my/khrimc cmkeumea. Fj taxt < tfgda`? aftbar  m rajarakga th cmkeumea ms ‒jhrimc‖ hr  Ft fs vary jmgtumc wbfgb axpcmfks wbmt bmppaks gcamrcy. hr  Ft fs vary sarfhus/strmfebtjhrwmr`. sarfhus/strmfebtjhrwmr`. hr  F uk`arstmk` ft lattar lagmusa tba cmkeumea fs gcamr. hr  Pbara fs kh scmke. Phtmc

© QGCAW =0

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 Mggapt mk` mkswar mkswar wbfgb rajars spagfjfgmccy th tba cmkeumea usa`. @h kht mggapt pbrmsas cfda ‒ft‖s ihra fktarastfke‖ hr ‒ft‖s axgftfke‖ wftbhut jurtbar axpcmkmtfhk.

 

1 ]uastfhk

5

^mrt

Imrd <

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Ohbmkkas Eutaklare? • fkvakta` tba prfktfke prass (fk =01>) • wms tba shk hj m ehc`siftb.

 Mky tbraa ghrragt jmgts jmgts 9 < imrds.  Mky twh ghrragt jmgts 9 = imrd. imrd.  Mggapt htbar suftmlca suftmlca jmgts.

tba kaw prfktfke prass? • usa` iatmc cattars/lchgds • ghuc` prfkt tbhusmk`s hj pmeas m `my • iamkt ihra lhhds wara lafke im`a • iagbmkfgmcc iagbmkfgmccy y prassa` fkd hkth tba pmpar. lajhra tba prfktfke prass? • lhhds wara im`a ly bmk`. Phtmc

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2

^mrt

Imrd <

Phtmc

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]uastfhk

6

^mrt

Imrd =

Phtmc

© QGCAW =0

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

• Ft fs wrfttak fk tba jfrst parshk/ iaktfhks ‒iy‖ mk` ‒F‖. • Ft fs mlhut tba wrftar‖s/efrc‖s axparfakga/cfja.

twh ghrragt 9 < imrds hka ghrragt 9 = imrd

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

lhhds lagmia gbampar sh sh ih ihra pahpca ghuc` mjjhr` th luy tbai/ ihra lhhds iamkt ihra pahpca ghuc` ram` mk` camrk.

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A/W:/IW  

TPurk hvar 

 

: ]uastfhk

=>

^mrt

Imrd

(m)

=

lajhra =01> ft thhd m chke tfia th imda hka lhhd, mjtar =01> pmeas ghuc` la prfkta` vary qufgdcy mk` chts ihra lhhds wara im`a.

(l)

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=st pmrmermpb 9 Iy Jmifcy wbara parjhrimkga jmfcs th iaat tba chwast `asgrfptfhk. © QGCAW =0

A/W:/IW  

TPurk hvar 

 

2 Wagtfhk G? Ermiimr, pukgtumtfhk mk` vhgmlucmry ]uastfhk

=<

^mrt

Imrd <

Mkswar m`oagtfva m`varl praphsftfhk prhkhuk

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk mimzfke qufgdcy hk ft

0 ghrragt 9 < imrds /= ghrragt 9 > imrds Fj mky axtrm whr`s wrfttak mchkesf`a m ghrragt whr` 9 > imrds

Phtmc

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^mrt

Imrd

(m)

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

=

Pba efrcs‖ gchtbas mk` jhh` eat wat lagmusa rmfk ghias tbrhueb tba rhhj.

Kh htbar whr`s sbhuc` la uk`arcfka`.

(l)

=

Whcmkea, wbh fs hkcy tbraa yamrs hc`, hc`,  lhtb ghiims ghrragtcy pcmga` 9 = bms th bacp tf`y up. imrd fj mky axtrm ghiims hr imrds 9 > imrds

(g)

=

Mwmr` = imrd jhr mk mkswar tbmt suggassjuccy ghilfkas tba tbraa saktakgas.

Fj tba saktakga fs wacc strugtura` mk` imdas saksa, tba imrd sbhuc` la mwmr`a` avak fj tba pukgtumtfhk fs kht ghrragt.

a.e. Lhhds wara bmk`wrfttak, tbarajhra hka lhhd thhd mk` chke tfia th imda, bhwavar, Eutaklare‖s fkvaktfhk gbmkea` mcc tbmt. Lagmusa lhhds wara bmk`wrfttak, hka lhhd thhd m chke tfia gbmkea` th imda, lut Eutaklare‖s fkvaktfhk mcc tbmt. Phtmc

7

]uastfhk

=0

^mrt

Imrd

(m)

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

=

Pba pr prfktfke pr prass, hr hr Eu Eutaklare prass, wms fkvakta` ly Ohbmkkas fk =01>.

 Mcc hj tba fkjhrimtfhk fkjhrimtfhk jrhi tba hrfefkmc saktakga iust la efvak.

(l)

=

\ mfk imtba y / grhhj. huc` / ifebt ghia tbrhueb

Phtmc

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© QGCAW =0

A/W:/IW

 

6 ]uastfhk

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^mrt

Imrd

Mkswar

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Phtmc

=

]uastfhk

=:

^mrt

 

Phtmc

Kht hk hkcy `h `has tb tba pr prfktfke prass imdas imda lhhds fk m ihra aghkhifgmc wmy lut mcsh ihra qufgd qufgdcy.

Imrd <

Mkswar  

=5

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Imrd =

Phtmc

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]uastfhk

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Imrd <

© QGCAW =0

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Whiatfias Whcmkea Whiatfias  Whcmkea fs khfsy, lut lut    Mwmr` < imrds imrds jhr tbraa ghrragt sba `has try th la bacpjuc, mctbhueb mctbhueb   ghkkagtfvas. sba gmk la kmuebty. = imrd jhr hka hr twh ghrragt ghkkagtfvas.

<

]uastfhk

Phtmc

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

 

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Whpbfm‖s gchtbas mk` lmes hj jhh` whuc`‖‖va eht wat fj ft bm` rmfka`. whuc`

Lhtb ghrragtcy pcmga` mphstrhpbas 9 = imrd Fj axtrm mphstrhpbas hr htbar imrds mra pcmga` 9 > imrd

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

–F whk`ar ,’ smf` ,’ smf` Mrouk, Mrouk, –bhw lhhds mra im`a.’ im`a.’

 Mwmr` < imrds imrds jhr tba ghrragt pukgtumtfhk. hr   Mwmr` = imrd imrd jhr ghrragt ghiims mk` quastfhk imrd. hr   Mwmr` = imrd imrd jhr fkvarta` ghiims ghiims fk ghrragt pcmga mk` quastfhk imrd.

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A/W:/IW  

TPurk hvar 

 

=> ]uastfhk

=6

^mrt

Imrd <

 

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

ghkstrugt?? imda, lufc`, gramta, ghkstrugt mssailca, `avachp

 Mwmr` = imrd imrd amgb jhr mpprhprfmta mpprhprfmta whr`s / pbrmsas th rapcmga, ghkstrugt mk` ghkstrugt  mk` rhlust rhlust,, wbfgb ratmfk tba saksa hj tba saktakga.

rhlust? strhke, stur`y, thueb, shcf`, rhlust? lufct th cmst, wacc-lufct Phtmc

© QGCAW =0

<

A/W:/IW

 

== Wtmea : ^mpar < Imrd Wgbaia Wagtfhk M? \am`fke ]uastfhk

=

^mrt

Imrd <

Phtmc

<

]uastfhk

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^mrt

Imrd =

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Mkka wms mchka hk tba pcmtjhri.  Mkka cfda` lafke lafke hutsf`a.

Amgb ghrragt tfgd 9 = imrd Fj ihra tbmk twh lhxa` mra tfgda` 9 > imrds.

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Irs Wpakga

Phtmc

=

]uastfhk

7

^mrt

Imrd

Mkswar

=

ermvacy

Phtmc

=

]uastfhk

0

^mrt

Imrd =

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Ph msd bf bfi wbak tb tba jfjfva-tbfrty trmfk wms `ua/bm` ghia mchke/ laak. / Lagmusa ba wms chhdfke jhr shiahka / m gbfc`.

Phtmc

© QGCAW =0

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A/W:/IW  

TPurk hvar 

 

=< ]uastfhk

1

^mrt

Imrd =

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Kh

Pbara fs kh imrd jhr tba jfrst j frst pmrt hj tba quastfhk.

Ba wms axpagtfke m lhy mk` fs ghkjusa`. Ba fs ukghijhrtmlca / sby.

 Mggapt mky ramshk ramshk tbmt khtas tbmt ba fs ukghijhrtmlca fk shia wmy mlhut tba sftumtfhk.

Ba `hask‖t wmkt th chhd mt bar. Ba ‒erhmka`‖ ms ba turka` th tmcd th bar. Phtmc

=

]uastfhk

:

^mrt

Imrd =

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Vas

@h mggapt mkswars wbfgb ft cmgdkht `atmfcs sugb ms ‒ft imdas fktarastfke/axgftfke‖.

Ph bacp lufc` taksfhk fk tba sftumtfhk / imdas yhu tmda sf`as wftb hka hj tba gbmrmgtars / jaac ihra aihtfhk jhr tba twh gbmrmgtars. Phtmc

=

]uastfhk

5

^mrt

Imrd

(m)

=

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Vas ‗ lagmusa sba fs bmppy mk` cfvacy/kht sm`/ Vas ‗ sba bms laak lrhuebt tbara ly Irs Wpakga wbh im`a sura shiahka chhda` mjtar bar.

Pbara fs kh imrd jhr tba jfrst j frst pmrt hj tba quastfhk lut mkswars iust meraa wftb aftbar tba gbhfga hj ‒yas‖ hr‖ kh‖.

hr  Kh ‗ bar gchtbas `h kht jft bar mk` mra whrk hut/ sba fs tbfk jmga`. (l)

=

Phtmc

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© QGCAW =0

Ba tbfkds Mkka tmcds m cht / fs fs tmcdmtfva / fs ghkjf`akt. / Wba bms prhlmlcy laak tmcdfke th bfi m cht.

A/W:/IW

@h kht efva gra`ft jhr mkswars tbmt mra kht supphrta` ly avf`akga fk tba taxt hr mkswars tbmt smy lhtb ‒yas‖ mk` ‒kh‖. = imrd jhr mky mkswar tbmt sueeasts  Mkka fs vary tmcdmtfva tmcdmtfva hr ghkjf`akt.

 

=7 ]uastfhk

2

^mrt

Imrd =

Phtmc

=

]uastfhk

6

^mrt

Imrd =

=

Phtmc

© QGCAW =0

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Hutsf`a fs ihra fktarastfke. / Wba imy bmva bm` m chke trmfk ohurkay / cfdas th fimefka tbfkes mk` fs bmppfar hutsf`a.

= imrd jhr mky pcmusflca mkswar tbmt gmk la rajarakga` jrhi tba taxt.

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Axpcmkmtfhks iust fk`fgmta tbmt Axpcmkmtfhks  Mkka `has kht kht jfk` ft bmr` th iaat kaw pahpca? a.e. - Mkka fs mcihst `asparmta jhr Imttbaw th khtfga bar. - Wba saais th bmva laak gbmttfke m cht th tba stmtfhk-imstar.

 Mwmr` = imrd imrd jhr mk axpcmkmtfhk axpcmkmtfhk mk` m jurtbar imrd jhr mpprhprfmta whr`s mk` pbrmsas.

- Wba fs ghkjf`akt akhueb th spamd jfrst wbak Imttbaw jfkmccy ghias hvar th bar.

amgb htbar.

Axpcmkmtfhk iust fk`fgmta tbmt t bmt Mkka `has kht jfk` ft bmr` th iaat kaw pahpca. ]uhtmtfhks iust imtgb imtgb

]uhtmtfhk Uhr`s mk` pbrmsas sbhuc` sbhw bhw daak sba fs th gmtgb Imttbaw‖s mttaktfhk hr bhw sba ram`fcy spamds th pahpca. - taksa axprassfhk hj axpagtmtfhk - F `mra smy sba‖cc la mlca th axpcmfk/sba‖s eht m thkeua hj bar hwk - (Imttbaw) wms spmra` tba hr`amc hj bmvfke th spamd jfrst

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A/W:/IW  

TPurk hvar 

 

=0 ]uastfhk

=>

^mrt

Imrd =

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Vas ‗ lagmusa ba saais qufat mk` sby mk` ft iust la bmr` jhr bfi th shrt tbfs hut.

Pbara fs kh imrd jhr tba jfrst j frst pmrt hj tba quastfhk lut mkswars iust meraa wftb aftbar tba gbhfga hj ‒yas‖ hr‖ kh‖.

Vas ‗ lagmusa ba wms axpagtfke m lhy mk` `has kht saai ghijhrtmlca wftb bmvfke th iaat m efrc. Vas ‗ lagmusa ba `hask‖t saai th dkhw wbmt th `h Vas ‗ lagmusa tbara‖s laak m ifstmda Kh ‗ lagmusa ba saais `fstmkt mk` ru`a Kh ‗ lagmusa ba fekhras/`hask‖t wmkt th mgdkhwca`ea Mkka =

Uhr`s mk` pbrmsas Wby, ukamsy Imttbaw Gutblart/ erhmka` ms ba turka` mk` sbujjca` eaktcy `hwk tba pcmtjhri thwmr`s bar. Ba wms jaacfke vary ukghijhrtmlca/‖F‖i ukghijhrtmlca /‖F‖i kht axpagtfke m efrc,‖ smf` Imttbaw lcmkdcy. ‒F `hk‖t uk`arstmk`,‖ smf` Imttbaw bacpcasscy. Lmracy khtfke ft wms m efrc/ sf`ca` pmst bar ms qufgdcy ms phssflca wftbhut chhdfke mt bar. Imttbaw wms kht chhdfke mt bar.

Phtmc

© QGCAW =0

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A/W:/IW

@h kht efva gra`ft jhr mkswars tbmt mra kht supphrta` ly avf`akga fk tba taxt hr mkswars tbmt smy lhtb ‒yas‖ mk` ‒kh‖.  Mwmr` = imrd imrd jhr mk axpcmkmtfhk axpcmkmtfhk mk` m jurtbar imrd jhr mpprhprfmta whr`s mk` pbrmsas.  Mggapt htbar suftmlca suftmlca ramshks lut lut ft fs fiphrtmkt tbmt axpcmkmtfhks mk` quhtmtfhks ‒imtgb‖ amgb htbar.

 

=1 ]uastfhk

==

^mrt

Imrd

(m)

=

(Wba bm` laak) wm wmtgbfke bf bfi avar sfkga ba bm` pmssa` bar.

(l)

=

Jucc hj spfrft mk` vfvmgfty

(g)

=

sby / ukamsy / hr`amc

Phtmc

7

]uastfhk

=<

^mrt

Imrd =

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Pba Iaatfke / Mt tba Wtmtfhk / Imttbaw‖s Wurprfsa / Ubara‖s tba Lhy8 / Imttbaw iaats Mkka.

 Mwmr` m imrd imrd jhr mky suftmlca tftca tftca tbmt imtgbas tba ghktakt hj tba axtrmgt.

Mkswar

Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk

Phtmc

=

]uastfhk

=7

^mrt

Imrd

(m)

=

Khka hj tba gbmrmgtars

Pbara fs kh imrd jhr tba jfrst pmrt hj tba quastfhk.

(l)

=

Pba pmssmea fs wrfttak hr `asgrfla` fk tba tbfr` parshk/lafke thc` ly mk mcc-saafke kmrrmthr.

 Mwmr` m imrd imrd jhr mky mkswar tbmt tbmt rajars th tba ram`ar lafke efvak mk fksfebt fkth Mkka ukusumccy cfvacy/ strhke gbmrmgtar, `aspfta chhdfke cfda m typfgmc gbfc`.

Phtmc

<

© QGCAW =0

A/W:/IW  

TPurk hvar 

 

=: Wagtfhk L? Urftfke (Jfgtfhk) =0 GHK HKP PAK AKP P

MQ@ MQ @FA FAK KGA

Fimefkmtfva `atmfc fs usumccy `avachpa` usfke m vmrfaty hj tagbkfquas fkgcu`fke fimeary.

  PARP WP\QGPQ\A

WAKPAKGA   ^Q ^QKG KGPQ PQM MPF PFHK HK WP\QGPQ\A

^mrmermpbs mra usa` th strugtura tba kmrrmtfva.

Whia ghipcax saktakgas sbhw ghktrhc fkgcu`fke tba

@fmcheua fs cmf` hut ghrragtcy, wftb m kaw cfka jhr amgb spamdar.

@urfke tba ghursa hj tba sthry, tba `avachpiakt hj tba gbmrmgtars fs sbhwk tbrhueb mgtfhks mk` ramgtfhk. 1

W^AC W^ ACCF CFKE KE

phsftfhk hj tba gcmusas th jhgus mttaktfhk.

1

1 Whia ghipcax saktakgas mra usa` th gramta ajjagt usfke

^ukgtumtfhk fs eakarmccy usa` mggurmtacy, fkgcu`fke spaagb

Wpaccfke fs ihstcy mggurmta, fkgcu`fke

axpmk`a` pbrmsas mk` gcmusas th `avachp f`ams, a.e. khuk, m`varlfmc, m`oagtfvmc mk` varl pbrmsas.

pukgtumtfhk.

whr`s wftb ghipcax raeucmr pmttarks.  Mcchw  pcmusflca mttaipts mt trfgdy  phcysyccmlcas, a.e. ramcfsa`, fktarastfke, whk`arjuc,  phsftfhk, fiia`fmtacy.

Pba gbmrmgtars mra wacc `asgrfla` wftb mgtfhks

 M gcamr, gcamr, ghksfstakt racmtfhksbfp latwaak

^mrmermpbs mra usa` th bacp strugtura tba kmrrmtfva.

cfkda` th day avakts.

wrftar mk` ram`ar fs astmlcfsba` mk` ghktrhcca`.

Pbara imy la mpprhprfmta cfkds latwaak pmrmermpbs.

Wuspaksa, hr axgftaiakt, wbara usa`, fs wacc lufct.

ZHGM ZH GMLQ LQCM CM\ \V

Gcmusas mra imrda` mggurmtacy ly ghiims.

 M wf`ar vmrfaty vmrfaty hj ghkkagtfvas fs usa` mpprhprfmtacy, a.e. ‒fj‖, ‒wbak‖, ‒lagmusa‖. 0

0

0

0

0

Wthry fs wacc-grmjta` mk` jhgusas

Pba ram`ar fs akemea` ly tba

^mrmermpbs mra shiatfias usa` th

Whia ghipcax saktakgas mra usa` th axtak`

Ghiims mra mcwmys usa` fk cfsts mk`

Zhgmlucmry fs usa` ajjagtfvacy th gramta m

Ghrragt spaccfke hj phcysyccmlfg

hk aftbar hr gbmrmgtar mgtfhk.

fkgcusfhk hj mpprhprfmta `atmfc.

saquakga f`ams.

iamkfke lut kht mcwmys suggassjuccy.

shiatfias th imrd gcmusas.

strhke fimea, a.e. usa hj sfifca hr iatmpbhr.

whr`s tbmt ghkjhri th m raeucmr pmttark fs sbhwk, a.e. imdfke, prhlmlcy, gcmppa`, phssflca, phssflcy.

7

7

Pba sthry fs ghkgcu`a` suggassjuccy mk` wftbhut rusbfke.

F`ams mra hremkfsa` sfipcy wftb m jfttfke hpakfke mk` gchsfke tbmt mra ihstcy chefgmc.

Qsa hj pmst mk` prasakt taksa fs eakarmccy ghksfstakt.

7

7

Kmrrmtfva vfawphfkt fs astmlcfsba` ghijhrtmlcy wftbfk tba efvak eakra (hr ‒gbhsak‖ fj kht efvak), a.e. (kht efvak sh kaa`s th la mk f`aktfjfmlca eakra). 7

© QGCAW =0

7

Wpaagb imrds, fj usa`, mra pcmga` mggurmtacy mrhuk` whr`s sphdak, mctbhueb htbar spaagb pukgtumtfhk imy kht la mggurmta.

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=5 Pba sthry fs wacc pcmga` fk fts sattfke4 a.e. wftbfk mk` mrhuk` tba Lrfebt \fvar stmtfhk. Hka avakt fs `asgrfla`.

Whia mttaipt fs im`a th akemea tba ram`ar. Pba wrftar efvas sujjfgfakt fkjhrimtfhk jhr m ram`ar th

Whia mttaipt fs im`a th saquakga f`ams chefgmccy chefgmccy,, a.e. ghktakt gcamr. Hpakfke mk` gchsfkes mra shiatfias avf`akt.

uk`arstmk` tba ghktakts/ avakts `asgrfla`.

Whia vmrfmtfhk fk saktakga hpakfkes, a.e. kht mcwmys stmrtfke wftb tba smia khuk, prhkhuk hr htbar whr`.

 Mcc saktakgas mra kamrcy mcwmys `aimrgmta` mggurmtacy wftb jucc sthps, gmpftmc cattars, quastfhk imrds mk` axgcmimtfhk imrds.

Ghkkagtfvas mra sfipca,

Wpaagb imrds, fj usa`, imy kht la

a.e. ‒lut‖,‒mk`‖, ‒sh‖.

mggurmta.

Whia avf`akga hj vhgmlucmry gbhfgas mra usa` mggurmtacy.

Ghrragt spaccfke hj ghiihk whr`s wftb ihra tbmk hka syccmlca, fkgcu`fke ghiphuk` whr`s, fs avf`akt.

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Pba sthry bms m sfipca pcht (fk ghktaxt hj efvak prhipt ). ).

Pba ram`ar fs efvak lmsfg fkjhrimtfhk tbmt fs racavmkt th tba kmrrmtfva.

Wthry f`ams mra avf`akt.

Wfipca saktakgas mra eakarmccy ermiimtfgmccy ghrragt.

Wtrmfebt jhrwmr` saktakgas mra `aimrgmta` mggurmtacy, a.e. jucc sthps, gmpftmc cattars, quastfhks imrds mk` axgcmimtfhk imrds.

Wfipca eakarmccy mpprhprfmta vhgmlucmry fs usa` ‗ cfifta` fk rmkea lut racavmkt.

Ghrragt spaccfke hj bfeb jraquakgy whr`s fs sbhwk.

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‒mk`‖ imy la usa` th ghkkagt gcmusas. =

Mwmr` > wbara parjhrimkga jmfcs th iaat tba chwast `asgrfptfhk.

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=2 LCMKD ^MEA

^arifssfhk th raprh`uga ftais wbara tbfr`-pmrty hwka` imtarfmc prhtagta` ly ghpyrfebt fs fkgcu`a` bms laak shuebt mk` gcamra` wbara phssflca. Avary ramshkmlca ajjhrt bms laak im`a ly tba pulcfsbar (QGCAW) th trmga ghpyrfebt bhc`ars, lut fj mky ftais raqufrfke gcamrmkga bmva ukwfttfkecy laak fkgcu`a`, tba pulcfsbar wfcc la pcamsa` th imda miak`s mt tba amrcfast phssflca hpphrtukfty. hpphrtukfty. Gmilrf`ea Fktarkmtfhkmc Axmifkmtfhks Axmifkmtfhks fs pmrt hj tba Gmilrf`ea Mssassiakt Erhup. Gmilrf`ea Mssassiakt fs tba lrmk` kmia hj Qkfvarsfty hj Gmilrf`ea Chgmc Axmifkmtfhks Wyk`fgmta (QGCAW), wbfgb fs ftsacj m `apmrtiakt hj tba Qkfvarsfty hj Gmilrf`ea.

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