English Stage 6 2014 MS tcm142-371823
July 6, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Download English Stage 6 2014 MS tcm142-371823...
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Gmilrf`ea ^rfimry ^rherassfhk Past
Imrd sgbaia
Akecfsb Wtmea :
FL AXW:XIW/7\^ © QGCAW =0
< Wtmea : ^mpar = Imrd Wgbaia Wagtfhk M? \am`fke ]uastfhk
=
^mrt
Imrd =
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Wba gmk saa cfebt tb tbrhueb tba bhca fk Mggapt mky ramshkmlca ramshkmlca mctarkmtfva. mctarkmtfva. tba rhhj. / Ft‖s eattfke cfebt hutsf`a.
Phtmc
=
]uastfhk
<
^mrt
Imrd =
Phtmc
=
]uastfhk
7
^mrt
Imrd <
Phtmc
© QGCAW =0
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
ghccagts wm wmtar / imdas ph phrrf`ea / gcamrs up / wmsbas tba jhh` iues / sgruls/gcamks/wmsbas sgruls/gcamks/w msbas tba jchhr
Mky twh ghrragt tmsds
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Whcmkea bacps wftb tba bhusawhrd. Whpbfm tf`fas tba bhusa.
<
A/W:/IW
7 ]uastfhk
0
^mrt
Imrd <
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Pba suiimry iust ghktmfk tba jhcchwfke fkjhrimtfhk? • imdfke lramdjmst • tba gbhras Whpbfm bms th `h • bhw Whpbfm jaacs mlhut Whcmkea.
Mwmr` < imrds imrds jhr? • m suiimry kh ihra tbmk 7> whr`s + mcc mcc tba tba raqufra` fkjhrimtfhk.
a.e. F imda phrrf`ea jhr lramdjmst. Pbak F kaa` th gcamk mk` tf`y tba bhusa. Whcmkea mcwmys wmkt th bacp ia, lut F tbfkd sba‖s khfsy.
Mwmr` = imrd imrd jhr aftbar? • m suiimry kh ihra tbmk 7> whr`s + hkcy twh phfkts, phfkts, hr • m suiimry latwaak 7> mk` 71 whr`s + mcc mcc tba tba raqufra` fkjhrimtfhk.
Mjtar F imda phrrf`ea phrrf`ea jhr hur lramdjmst, F bmva th `h mcc tba bhusawhrd. Whcmkea cfdas bacpfke, lut imdas m cht hj khfsa. Phtmc
<
]uastfhk
1
^mrt
Imrd =
Phtmc
© QGCAW =0
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Ft ghktmfks ihstcy jmgts
=
A/W:/IW
TPurk hvar
0 ]uastfhk
:
^mrt
Imrd =
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Fj Paxt = tfgda`? aftbar m rajarakga th cmkeumea ms ‒fkjhrimc‖ hr Pba whr`s mra vary `asgrfptfva mk`
Pbara fs kh imrd jhr tba jfrst j frst pmrt hj tba quastfhk lut axpcmkmtfhks iust imtgb tba gbhfga im`a.
juk th ram` (kht oust ‒juk th ram`‖). hr Pba whr`s gramta m pfgtura fk iy ifk` mk` imda ft amsfar th uk`arstmk`. hr mky rajarakga th bhw pukgtumtfhk mk` saktakga strugtura akemea tba ram`ar hr F uk`arstmk` ft lattar lagmusa ft‖s avary`my/khrimc cmkeumea. Fj taxt < tfgda`? aftbar m rajarakga th cmkeumea ms ‒jhrimc‖ hr Ft fs vary jmgtumc wbfgb axpcmfks wbmt bmppaks gcamrcy. hr Ft fs vary sarfhus/strmfebtjhrwmr`. sarfhus/strmfebtjhrwmr`. hr F uk`arstmk` ft lattar lagmusa tba cmkeumea fs gcamr. hr Pbara fs kh scmke. Phtmc
© QGCAW =0
=
A/W:/IW
Mggapt mk` mkswar mkswar wbfgb rajars spagfjfgmccy th tba cmkeumea usa`. @h kht mggapt pbrmsas cfda ‒ft‖s ihra fktarastfke‖ hr ‒ft‖s axgftfke‖ wftbhut jurtbar axpcmkmtfhk.
1 ]uastfhk
5
^mrt
Imrd <
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Ohbmkkas Eutaklare? • fkvakta` tba prfktfke prass (fk =01>) • wms tba shk hj m ehc`siftb.
Mky tbraa ghrragt jmgts jmgts 9 < imrds. Mky twh ghrragt jmgts 9 = imrd. imrd. Mggapt htbar suftmlca suftmlca jmgts.
tba kaw prfktfke prass? • usa` iatmc cattars/lchgds • ghuc` prfkt tbhusmk`s hj pmeas m `my • iamkt ihra lhhds wara lafke im`a • iagbmkfgmcc iagbmkfgmccy y prassa` fkd hkth tba pmpar. lajhra tba prfktfke prass? • lhhds wara im`a ly bmk`. Phtmc
<
]uastfhk
2
^mrt
Imrd <
Phtmc
<
]uastfhk
6
^mrt
Imrd =
Phtmc
© QGCAW =0
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
• Ft fs wrfttak fk tba jfrst parshk/ iaktfhks ‒iy‖ mk` ‒F‖. • Ft fs mlhut tba wrftar‖s/efrc‖s axparfakga/cfja.
twh ghrragt 9 < imrds hka ghrragt 9 = imrd
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
lhhds lagmia gbampar sh sh ih ihra pahpca ghuc` mjjhr` th luy tbai/ ihra lhhds iamkt ihra pahpca ghuc` ram` mk` camrk.
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A/W:/IW
TPurk hvar
: ]uastfhk
=>
^mrt
Imrd
(m)
=
lajhra =01> ft thhd m chke tfia th imda hka lhhd, mjtar =01> pmeas ghuc` la prfkta` vary qufgdcy mk` chts ihra lhhds wara im`a.
(l)
=
=st pmrmermpb 9 Iy Jmifcy wbara parjhrimkga jmfcs th iaat tba chwast `asgrfptfhk. © QGCAW =0
A/W:/IW
TPurk hvar
2 Wagtfhk G? Ermiimr, pukgtumtfhk mk` vhgmlucmry ]uastfhk
=<
^mrt
Imrd <
Mkswar m`oagtfva m`varl praphsftfhk prhkhuk
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk mimzfke qufgdcy hk ft
0 ghrragt 9 < imrds /= ghrragt 9 > imrds Fj mky axtrm whr`s wrfttak mchkesf`a m ghrragt whr` 9 > imrds
Phtmc
<
]uastfhk
=7
^mrt
Imrd
(m)
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
=
Pba efrcs‖ gchtbas mk` jhh` eat wat lagmusa rmfk ghias tbrhueb tba rhhj.
Kh htbar whr`s sbhuc` la uk`arcfka`.
(l)
=
Whcmkea, wbh fs hkcy tbraa yamrs hc`, hc`, lhtb ghiims ghrragtcy pcmga` 9 = bms th bacp tf`y up. imrd fj mky axtrm ghiims hr imrds 9 > imrds
(g)
=
Mwmr` = imrd jhr mk mkswar tbmt suggassjuccy ghilfkas tba tbraa saktakgas.
Fj tba saktakga fs wacc strugtura` mk` imdas saksa, tba imrd sbhuc` la mwmr`a` avak fj tba pukgtumtfhk fs kht ghrragt.
a.e. Lhhds wara bmk`wrfttak, tbarajhra hka lhhd thhd mk` chke tfia th imda, bhwavar, Eutaklare‖s fkvaktfhk gbmkea` mcc tbmt. Lagmusa lhhds wara bmk`wrfttak, hka lhhd thhd m chke tfia gbmkea` th imda, lut Eutaklare‖s fkvaktfhk mcc tbmt. Phtmc
7
]uastfhk
=0
^mrt
Imrd
(m)
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
=
Pba pr prfktfke pr prass, hr hr Eu Eutaklare prass, wms fkvakta` ly Ohbmkkas fk =01>.
Mcc hj tba fkjhrimtfhk fkjhrimtfhk jrhi tba hrfefkmc saktakga iust la efvak.
(l)
=
\ mfk imtba y / grhhj. huc` / ifebt ghia tbrhueb
Phtmc
<
© QGCAW =0
A/W:/IW
6 ]uastfhk
=1
^mrt
Imrd
Mkswar
=
Phtmc
=
]uastfhk
=:
^mrt
Phtmc
Kht hk hkcy `h `has tb tba pr prfktfke prass imdas imda lhhds fk m ihra aghkhifgmc wmy lut mcsh ihra qufgd qufgdcy.
Imrd <
Mkswar
=5
^mrt
Imrd =
Phtmc
=
]uastfhk
=2
^mrt
Imrd <
© QGCAW =0
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Whiatfias Whcmkea Whiatfias Whcmkea fs khfsy, lut lut Mwmr` < imrds imrds jhr tbraa ghrragt sba `has try th la bacpjuc, mctbhueb mctbhueb ghkkagtfvas. sba gmk la kmuebty. = imrd jhr hka hr twh ghrragt ghkkagtfvas.
<
]uastfhk
Phtmc
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Whpbfm‖s gchtbas mk` lmes hj jhh` whuc`‖‖va eht wat fj ft bm` rmfka`. whuc`
Lhtb ghrragtcy pcmga` mphstrhpbas 9 = imrd Fj axtrm mphstrhpbas hr htbar imrds mra pcmga` 9 > imrd
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
–F whk`ar ,’ smf` ,’ smf` Mrouk, Mrouk, –bhw lhhds mra im`a.’ im`a.’
Mwmr` < imrds imrds jhr tba ghrragt pukgtumtfhk. hr Mwmr` = imrd imrd jhr ghrragt ghiims mk` quastfhk imrd. hr Mwmr` = imrd imrd jhr fkvarta` ghiims ghiims fk ghrragt pcmga mk` quastfhk imrd.
<
A/W:/IW
TPurk hvar
=> ]uastfhk
=6
^mrt
Imrd <
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
ghkstrugt?? imda, lufc`, gramta, ghkstrugt mssailca, `avachp
Mwmr` = imrd imrd amgb jhr mpprhprfmta mpprhprfmta whr`s / pbrmsas th rapcmga, ghkstrugt mk` ghkstrugt mk` rhlust rhlust,, wbfgb ratmfk tba saksa hj tba saktakga.
rhlust? strhke, stur`y, thueb, shcf`, rhlust? lufct th cmst, wacc-lufct Phtmc
© QGCAW =0
<
A/W:/IW
== Wtmea : ^mpar < Imrd Wgbaia Wagtfhk M? \am`fke ]uastfhk
=
^mrt
Imrd <
Phtmc
<
]uastfhk
<
^mrt
Imrd =
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Mkka wms mchka hk tba pcmtjhri. Mkka cfda` lafke lafke hutsf`a.
Amgb ghrragt tfgd 9 = imrd Fj ihra tbmk twh lhxa` mra tfgda` 9 > imrds.
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Irs Wpakga
Phtmc
=
]uastfhk
7
^mrt
Imrd
Mkswar
=
ermvacy
Phtmc
=
]uastfhk
0
^mrt
Imrd =
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Ph msd bf bfi wbak tb tba jfjfva-tbfrty trmfk wms `ua/bm` ghia mchke/ laak. / Lagmusa ba wms chhdfke jhr shiahka / m gbfc`.
Phtmc
© QGCAW =0
=
A/W:/IW
TPurk hvar
=< ]uastfhk
1
^mrt
Imrd =
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Kh
Pbara fs kh imrd jhr tba jfrst j frst pmrt hj tba quastfhk.
Ba wms axpagtfke m lhy mk` fs ghkjusa`. Ba fs ukghijhrtmlca / sby.
Mggapt mky ramshk ramshk tbmt khtas tbmt ba fs ukghijhrtmlca fk shia wmy mlhut tba sftumtfhk.
Ba `hask‖t wmkt th chhd mt bar. Ba ‒erhmka`‖ ms ba turka` th tmcd th bar. Phtmc
=
]uastfhk
:
^mrt
Imrd =
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Vas
@h mggapt mkswars wbfgb ft cmgdkht `atmfcs sugb ms ‒ft imdas fktarastfke/axgftfke‖.
Ph bacp lufc` taksfhk fk tba sftumtfhk / imdas yhu tmda sf`as wftb hka hj tba gbmrmgtars / jaac ihra aihtfhk jhr tba twh gbmrmgtars. Phtmc
=
]uastfhk
5
^mrt
Imrd
(m)
=
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Vas ‗ lagmusa sba fs bmppy mk` cfvacy/kht sm`/ Vas ‗ sba bms laak lrhuebt tbara ly Irs Wpakga wbh im`a sura shiahka chhda` mjtar bar.
Pbara fs kh imrd jhr tba jfrst j frst pmrt hj tba quastfhk lut mkswars iust meraa wftb aftbar tba gbhfga hj ‒yas‖ hr‖ kh‖.
hr Kh ‗ bar gchtbas `h kht jft bar mk` mra whrk hut/ sba fs tbfk jmga`. (l)
=
Phtmc
<
© QGCAW =0
Ba tbfkds Mkka tmcds m cht / fs fs tmcdmtfva / fs ghkjf`akt. / Wba bms prhlmlcy laak tmcdfke th bfi m cht.
A/W:/IW
@h kht efva gra`ft jhr mkswars tbmt mra kht supphrta` ly avf`akga fk tba taxt hr mkswars tbmt smy lhtb ‒yas‖ mk` ‒kh‖. = imrd jhr mky mkswar tbmt sueeasts Mkka fs vary tmcdmtfva tmcdmtfva hr ghkjf`akt.
=7 ]uastfhk
2
^mrt
Imrd =
Phtmc
=
]uastfhk
6
^mrt
Imrd =
=
Phtmc
© QGCAW =0
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Hutsf`a fs ihra fktarastfke. / Wba imy bmva bm` m chke trmfk ohurkay / cfdas th fimefka tbfkes mk` fs bmppfar hutsf`a.
= imrd jhr mky pcmusflca mkswar tbmt gmk la rajarakga` jrhi tba taxt.
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Axpcmkmtfhks iust fk`fgmta tbmt Axpcmkmtfhks Mkka `has kht kht jfk` ft bmr` th iaat kaw pahpca? a.e. - Mkka fs mcihst `asparmta jhr Imttbaw th khtfga bar. - Wba saais th bmva laak gbmttfke m cht th tba stmtfhk-imstar.
Mwmr` = imrd imrd jhr mk axpcmkmtfhk axpcmkmtfhk mk` m jurtbar imrd jhr mpprhprfmta whr`s mk` pbrmsas.
- Wba fs ghkjf`akt akhueb th spamd jfrst wbak Imttbaw jfkmccy ghias hvar th bar.
amgb htbar.
Axpcmkmtfhk iust fk`fgmta tbmt t bmt Mkka `has kht jfk` ft bmr` th iaat kaw pahpca. ]uhtmtfhks iust imtgb imtgb
]uhtmtfhk Uhr`s mk` pbrmsas sbhuc` sbhw bhw daak sba fs th gmtgb Imttbaw‖s mttaktfhk hr bhw sba ram`fcy spamds th pahpca. - taksa axprassfhk hj axpagtmtfhk - F `mra smy sba‖cc la mlca th axpcmfk/sba‖s eht m thkeua hj bar hwk - (Imttbaw) wms spmra` tba hr`amc hj bmvfke th spamd jfrst
<
A/W:/IW
TPurk hvar
=0 ]uastfhk
=>
^mrt
Imrd =
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Vas ‗ lagmusa ba saais qufat mk` sby mk` ft iust la bmr` jhr bfi th shrt tbfs hut.
Pbara fs kh imrd jhr tba jfrst j frst pmrt hj tba quastfhk lut mkswars iust meraa wftb aftbar tba gbhfga hj ‒yas‖ hr‖ kh‖.
Vas ‗ lagmusa ba wms axpagtfke m lhy mk` `has kht saai ghijhrtmlca wftb bmvfke th iaat m efrc. Vas ‗ lagmusa ba `hask‖t saai th dkhw wbmt th `h Vas ‗ lagmusa tbara‖s laak m ifstmda Kh ‗ lagmusa ba saais `fstmkt mk` ru`a Kh ‗ lagmusa ba fekhras/`hask‖t wmkt th mgdkhwca`ea Mkka =
Uhr`s mk` pbrmsas Wby, ukamsy Imttbaw Gutblart/ erhmka` ms ba turka` mk` sbujjca` eaktcy `hwk tba pcmtjhri thwmr`s bar. Ba wms jaacfke vary ukghijhrtmlca/‖F‖i ukghijhrtmlca /‖F‖i kht axpagtfke m efrc,‖ smf` Imttbaw lcmkdcy. ‒F `hk‖t uk`arstmk`,‖ smf` Imttbaw bacpcasscy. Lmracy khtfke ft wms m efrc/ sf`ca` pmst bar ms qufgdcy ms phssflca wftbhut chhdfke mt bar. Imttbaw wms kht chhdfke mt bar.
Phtmc
© QGCAW =0
<
A/W:/IW
@h kht efva gra`ft jhr mkswars tbmt mra kht supphrta` ly avf`akga fk tba taxt hr mkswars tbmt smy lhtb ‒yas‖ mk` ‒kh‖. Mwmr` = imrd imrd jhr mk axpcmkmtfhk axpcmkmtfhk mk` m jurtbar imrd jhr mpprhprfmta whr`s mk` pbrmsas. Mggapt htbar suftmlca suftmlca ramshks lut lut ft fs fiphrtmkt tbmt axpcmkmtfhks mk` quhtmtfhks ‒imtgb‖ amgb htbar.
=1 ]uastfhk
==
^mrt
Imrd
(m)
=
(Wba bm` laak) wm wmtgbfke bf bfi avar sfkga ba bm` pmssa` bar.
(l)
=
Jucc hj spfrft mk` vfvmgfty
(g)
=
sby / ukamsy / hr`amc
Phtmc
7
]uastfhk
=<
^mrt
Imrd =
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Pba Iaatfke / Mt tba Wtmtfhk / Imttbaw‖s Wurprfsa / Ubara‖s tba Lhy8 / Imttbaw iaats Mkka.
Mwmr` m imrd imrd jhr mky suftmlca tftca tftca tbmt imtgbas tba ghktakt hj tba axtrmgt.
Mkswar
Jurtbar fkjhrimtfhk
Phtmc
=
]uastfhk
=7
^mrt
Imrd
(m)
=
Khka hj tba gbmrmgtars
Pbara fs kh imrd jhr tba jfrst pmrt hj tba quastfhk.
(l)
=
Pba pmssmea fs wrfttak hr `asgrfla` fk tba tbfr` parshk/lafke thc` ly mk mcc-saafke kmrrmthr.
Mwmr` m imrd imrd jhr mky mkswar tbmt tbmt rajars th tba ram`ar lafke efvak mk fksfebt fkth Mkka ukusumccy cfvacy/ strhke gbmrmgtar, `aspfta chhdfke cfda m typfgmc gbfc`.
Phtmc
<
© QGCAW =0
A/W:/IW
TPurk hvar
=: Wagtfhk L? Urftfke (Jfgtfhk) =0 GHK HKP PAK AKP P
MQ@ MQ @FA FAK KGA
Fimefkmtfva `atmfc fs usumccy `avachpa` usfke m vmrfaty hj tagbkfquas fkgcu`fke fimeary.
PARP WP\QGPQ\A
WAKPAKGA ^Q ^QKG KGPQ PQM MPF PFHK HK WP\QGPQ\A
^mrmermpbs mra usa` th strugtura tba kmrrmtfva.
Whia ghipcax saktakgas sbhw ghktrhc fkgcu`fke tba
@fmcheua fs cmf` hut ghrragtcy, wftb m kaw cfka jhr amgb spamdar.
@urfke tba ghursa hj tba sthry, tba `avachpiakt hj tba gbmrmgtars fs sbhwk tbrhueb mgtfhks mk` ramgtfhk. 1
W^AC W^ ACCF CFKE KE
phsftfhk hj tba gcmusas th jhgus mttaktfhk.
1
1 Whia ghipcax saktakgas mra usa` th gramta ajjagt usfke
^ukgtumtfhk fs eakarmccy usa` mggurmtacy, fkgcu`fke spaagb
Wpaccfke fs ihstcy mggurmta, fkgcu`fke
axpmk`a` pbrmsas mk` gcmusas th `avachp f`ams, a.e. khuk, m`varlfmc, m`oagtfvmc mk` varl pbrmsas.
pukgtumtfhk.
whr`s wftb ghipcax raeucmr pmttarks. Mcchw pcmusflca mttaipts mt trfgdy phcysyccmlcas, a.e. ramcfsa`, fktarastfke, whk`arjuc, phsftfhk, fiia`fmtacy.
Pba gbmrmgtars mra wacc `asgrfla` wftb mgtfhks
M gcamr, gcamr, ghksfstakt racmtfhksbfp latwaak
^mrmermpbs mra usa` th bacp strugtura tba kmrrmtfva.
cfkda` th day avakts.
wrftar mk` ram`ar fs astmlcfsba` mk` ghktrhcca`.
Pbara imy la mpprhprfmta cfkds latwaak pmrmermpbs.
Wuspaksa, hr axgftaiakt, wbara usa`, fs wacc lufct.
ZHGM ZH GMLQ LQCM CM\ \V
Gcmusas mra imrda` mggurmtacy ly ghiims.
M wf`ar vmrfaty vmrfaty hj ghkkagtfvas fs usa` mpprhprfmtacy, a.e. ‒fj‖, ‒wbak‖, ‒lagmusa‖. 0
0
0
0
0
Wthry fs wacc-grmjta` mk` jhgusas
Pba ram`ar fs akemea` ly tba
^mrmermpbs mra shiatfias usa` th
Whia ghipcax saktakgas mra usa` th axtak`
Ghiims mra mcwmys usa` fk cfsts mk`
Zhgmlucmry fs usa` ajjagtfvacy th gramta m
Ghrragt spaccfke hj phcysyccmlfg
hk aftbar hr gbmrmgtar mgtfhk.
fkgcusfhk hj mpprhprfmta `atmfc.
saquakga f`ams.
iamkfke lut kht mcwmys suggassjuccy.
shiatfias th imrd gcmusas.
strhke fimea, a.e. usa hj sfifca hr iatmpbhr.
whr`s tbmt ghkjhri th m raeucmr pmttark fs sbhwk, a.e. imdfke, prhlmlcy, gcmppa`, phssflca, phssflcy.
7
7
Pba sthry fs ghkgcu`a` suggassjuccy mk` wftbhut rusbfke.
F`ams mra hremkfsa` sfipcy wftb m jfttfke hpakfke mk` gchsfke tbmt mra ihstcy chefgmc.
Qsa hj pmst mk` prasakt taksa fs eakarmccy ghksfstakt.
7
7
Kmrrmtfva vfawphfkt fs astmlcfsba` ghijhrtmlcy wftbfk tba efvak eakra (hr ‒gbhsak‖ fj kht efvak), a.e. (kht efvak sh kaa`s th la mk f`aktfjfmlca eakra). 7
© QGCAW =0
7
Wpaagb imrds, fj usa`, mra pcmga` mggurmtacy mrhuk` whr`s sphdak, mctbhueb htbar spaagb pukgtumtfhk imy kht la mggurmta.
7
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=5 Pba sthry fs wacc pcmga` fk fts sattfke4 a.e. wftbfk mk` mrhuk` tba Lrfebt \fvar stmtfhk. Hka avakt fs `asgrfla`.
Whia mttaipt fs im`a th akemea tba ram`ar. Pba wrftar efvas sujjfgfakt fkjhrimtfhk jhr m ram`ar th
Whia mttaipt fs im`a th saquakga f`ams chefgmccy chefgmccy,, a.e. ghktakt gcamr. Hpakfke mk` gchsfkes mra shiatfias avf`akt.
uk`arstmk` tba ghktakts/ avakts `asgrfla`.
Whia vmrfmtfhk fk saktakga hpakfkes, a.e. kht mcwmys stmrtfke wftb tba smia khuk, prhkhuk hr htbar whr`.
Mcc saktakgas mra kamrcy mcwmys `aimrgmta` mggurmtacy wftb jucc sthps, gmpftmc cattars, quastfhk imrds mk` axgcmimtfhk imrds.
Ghkkagtfvas mra sfipca,
Wpaagb imrds, fj usa`, imy kht la
a.e. ‒lut‖,‒mk`‖, ‒sh‖.
mggurmta.
Whia avf`akga hj vhgmlucmry gbhfgas mra usa` mggurmtacy.
Ghrragt spaccfke hj ghiihk whr`s wftb ihra tbmk hka syccmlca, fkgcu`fke ghiphuk` whr`s, fs avf`akt.
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Pba sthry bms m sfipca pcht (fk ghktaxt hj efvak prhipt ). ).
Pba ram`ar fs efvak lmsfg fkjhrimtfhk tbmt fs racavmkt th tba kmrrmtfva.
Wthry f`ams mra avf`akt.
Wfipca saktakgas mra eakarmccy ermiimtfgmccy ghrragt.
Wtrmfebt jhrwmr` saktakgas mra `aimrgmta` mggurmtacy, a.e. jucc sthps, gmpftmc cattars, quastfhks imrds mk` axgcmimtfhk imrds.
Wfipca eakarmccy mpprhprfmta vhgmlucmry fs usa` ‗ cfifta` fk rmkea lut racavmkt.
Ghrragt spaccfke hj bfeb jraquakgy whr`s fs sbhwk.
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‒mk`‖ imy la usa` th ghkkagt gcmusas. =
Mwmr` > wbara parjhrimkga jmfcs th iaat tba chwast `asgrfptfhk.
© QGCAW =0
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=2 LCMKD ^MEA
^arifssfhk th raprh`uga ftais wbara tbfr`-pmrty hwka` imtarfmc prhtagta` ly ghpyrfebt fs fkgcu`a` bms laak shuebt mk` gcamra` wbara phssflca. Avary ramshkmlca ajjhrt bms laak im`a ly tba pulcfsbar (QGCAW) th trmga ghpyrfebt bhc`ars, lut fj mky ftais raqufrfke gcamrmkga bmva ukwfttfkecy laak fkgcu`a`, tba pulcfsbar wfcc la pcamsa` th imda miak`s mt tba amrcfast phssflca hpphrtukfty. hpphrtukfty. Gmilrf`ea Fktarkmtfhkmc Axmifkmtfhks Axmifkmtfhks fs pmrt hj tba Gmilrf`ea Mssassiakt Erhup. Gmilrf`ea Mssassiakt fs tba lrmk` kmia hj Qkfvarsfty hj Gmilrf`ea Chgmc Axmifkmtfhks Wyk`fgmta (QGCAW), wbfgb fs ftsacj m `apmrtiakt hj tba Qkfvarsfty hj Gmilrf`ea.
© QGCAW =0
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