ENGLISH PAPER ASSIGNMENT / MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS

ENGLISH PAPER ASSIGNMENT

Dosen : RICKY PERDANA Created by : THANIA DINISWARA (17216356) 1EA12

FAKULTAS EKONOMI UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA 2017

Table of  Contents Chapter 1

1.1Some 1.1Some and Any ....................... .......... ......................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ................. ....... 3 1.2Much 1.2Much and Many ...................... .......... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ................ .... 5 1.3lot 1.3lot of and A few ......................... ............. ........................ ...................... ..................... ........................ ............... 6 Chapter 2

2.1Articel 2.1Articel a, an, and the ........................ ............ ....................... ...................... ....................... .................. ......

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Chapter 3

3.1Active 3.1Active and Passive sentence in Present Simple ....................... .............. ......... 9 3.2Active 3.2Active and Passive sentence in Present Continous .................. ............. ..... 9 3.3Active 3.3Active and Passive sentence in Present Perfect ....................... ............. .......... 9 Chapter 4

4.1Active 4.1Active and Passive sentence in Past Simple ........................ ............. ............... .... 4.2Active 4.2Active and Passive sentence in Past Continous ....................... ............. .......... 4.3Active 4.3Active and Passive sentence in Past Perfect ........................ ............ ................ ....

10 10 10

Chapter 5

5.1Indefinite 5.1Indefinite Pronoun (some-, any-, no-) ........................ ............ ....................... ........... 5.2Reflexive 5.2Reflexive Pronoun .......................... .............. ........................ ......................... ........................ ................ .....

11 12

Chapter 6

6.1Have 6.1Have Something Done ......................... ............. ........................ ...................... ...................... .............. .. 13 6.2Causative 6.2Causative Have ........................... ............... ........................ ....................... ..................... ..................... ........... 15 Chapter 7

7.1Determiner: 7.1Determiner: all, each, every, few, little .......................... .............. ...................... .......... 17 Chapter 8

8.1 Question tag ........................... ............... ...................... ....................... ......................... ........................ ............... ... 21

1

Chapter 9

9.1So 9.1So and Such ........................ ............ ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... .................. ....... 9.2Third 9.2Third Conditional ......................... ............. ........................ ....................... ....................... .................... ........

23 27

Chapter 10

10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4

Direct and Indirect Speech Present Simple ................... ............ ....... Direct and Indirect Speech Present Contionous ............ Direct and Indirect Speech Present Perfect ................... ............ ....... Direct and Indirect Speech Present Perfect Continous ..

29 30 30 30

Direct and Indirect Speech Past Simple ......................... ............. ............ Direct and Indirect Speech Past Perfect ......................... ............. ............

31 32

Chapter 11

11.1 11.2 Chapter 12

12.1 12.2

Direct and Indirect Speech Future Continous ................ ............... . 34 Direct and Indirect Speech Imperative .......................... .............. .............. 35

Chapter 13

13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5

Direct and Indirect Present Simple .......................... ............. .................... ....... Direct and Indirect Simple Past .......................... .............. ........................ ............ Direct and Indirect Present Perfect .......................... ............. .................... ....... Direct and Indirect Present Continous ............................ ................ ............ Direct and Indirect Future Continous ......................... .............. ................ .....

38 39 40 41 43

Reference ……………………………………………………............ 44

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CHAPTER 1

1.1SOME 1.1 SOME AND ANY

The words some and any are used when the speaker cannot specify or does not need/want to specify a number or an exact amount. Compare the following sentences: - I saw seven deer when riding my bike in the forest yesterday. (It is important that you know how many deer I saw.) - I saw some deer when riding my bike in the forest yesterday. (I don't know exactly how many deer I saw. Or: It is not important that you know exactly how many deer I saw.) The "rules" that follow apply also to words containing some  and any: somebody/anybody, something/anything, etc. In general, some is used in positive sentences: •

•

•

•

This job is going to take some time. If you are hungry, there are some biscuits in the cupboard. There is somebody on the phone for you. I'd like to go somewhere hot this summer.

In general, any is used in negative sentences and questions: •

•

•

•

•

•

She's so rude. No wonder she doesn't have any friends. I don't have anything to wear to the dance. I'm not hungry. I don't want anything to eat. Have you seen any good films recently? Does anyone know the answer? Are you going anywhere this Christmas?

In fact, the use of some/any is a little more complicated. Following are two common occasions when the above "rules" are "broken": 1. We can use some in questions when offering/requesting: •

•

•

Would you like some more tea? Could I have some milk, please? Do you want something to eat?

3

2. We use any in positive sentences when we mean it doesn't matter which ..: •

•

•

You can come and ask for my help any time. Which book shall I read? - Any one. It's up to you. You can sit anywhere but here. This is my seat!

Some Countable and uncountable Some is used with both countable and uncountable nouns: Countable Nouns - 'Some people in my school like Jazz.' Uncountable Nouns - 'There was some snow here last winter.'

Positive sentences Some is used in positive sentences: 'I have some friends.' 'We bought some book. Offering We use some in questions when we expect the answer to be 'yes' or when we are offering something, otherwise, we use any: 'Would you like some milk? Requests Some is also used in questions when we are making a request: 'Can I borrow some money?' Any  Negativee sentences  Negativ sentences Any is used in negative sentences: 'I don't have any friends.' 'There isn't any bread left.' Questions Any is used in questions: 'Do you have any money?' 'Is there any sugar?'

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1.2 MUCH 1.2  MUCH AND MANY

Much and many  –   they can be a bit confusing. Many people would use them  properly,  properly, but but most most likely based on intuitive judgment. judgment. Yet, there are definite rules on how to use the words correctly. Both ‘much’ and ‘many’ are determiners, d eterminers, and have the same or similar  s imilar  definition.  definition. They mean ‘a lot of’, or ‘in great gre at quantities’, or ‘a great amount’. They may mean the same, but their usage differs. These are the rules regarding the usage of ‘much’ and ‘many’ in the English language:

If a noun is an uncountable noun (which is often in singular form), the ‘much’ determiner should be used. Examples:  –  How  How much money will it cost me?  –  This  This is what I get for drinking too much coffee. On the other hand, the determiner ‘many’ should be used with countable nouns, or plural nouns.

Examples:  –  How  How many brothers and sisters have you got?  –  There  There are many empty chairs in the class ? In affirmative sentences, ‘much’ is not usually used. ‘A lot of’, or ‘lots of’, is usually preferred. Examples:  –  I  I have a lot of work to do. (NOT much work)  –  I  I do not eat a lot of rice because I am on a diet. (NOT much rice) When ‘much’ is preceded by ‘so’, ‘too’, or ‘as’, it can be comfortably used in affirmative sentences. Examples:  –  I  I have so much work to do! However, ‘many’ can be used in affirmative   sentences extensively. It can be substituted with ‘a lot of’, or ‘lots of’, as well. Examples:  – There  – There are many things that we can do with this. (‘lots of things’ is also correct)

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Summary: 1. ‘Much’ should be appropriately used with uncountable nouns, while ‘Many’ should be used with countable nouns. 2. ‘Much’ is most likely used with singular nouns, while ‘Many’ is used with  plurals. 3. ‘Much’ is awkward in affirmative sentences, if not preceded by ‘so’, ‘too’, or ‘as’, while ‘Many’ can be used extensively in affirmative sentences.

1.3 A 1.3  A LOT OF AND A FEW •

A LOT

The words a lot must be written as two words. The phrase has the same meaning as both many and much and can be interchanged with either one. A lot  is followed by of when the meaning is general or by of the when the meaning is specific: Example

Meaning

A lot of people have done General research on discrimination meaning  practices among employers. employers. People A lot of the people at the Specific meeting disagree with the meaning market strategy presented. A lot of   money is spent on the General  battle against against AIDS. AIDS. meaning Money

The committee used a lot of Specific the money surveying the meaning  population.  population.

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Sometimes, a lot can also end a sentence, but it is considered an informal expression: ➢

We laughed a lot. ➢ The budget for the universities in the state of Minnesota has grown a lot. •

A FEW

A few and a few of the  focus on the number of students, implying that some students did something (positive meaning). Few and few of the focus on the low  percentage  percentage of students students who who did something something (negative (negative meaning). meaning). POSITIVE MEANING

A few students chose the take-home test.

A few of the  students want to be lawyers.

NEGATIVE MEANING Few students approve of the decision.

Few of the students decided to transfer.

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CHAPTER 2

 2.1 ARTICLE, A , AN , THE ➢

ARTICLE a. The Indefinite Article a /an is used 1.  before a singular countable countable noun mentione mentioned d for the first time. time. • •

He has a blue suit . Betty saw an owl last night.

2. when the listener does not know which particular person pe rson or thing we mean. •

Please give me a pen, Mary.

➢ Example “a” is used before a noun beginning with a consonant sound.

•

A book A teacher

➢

Example “an” is used before a noun beginning with a vowel sound.

•

• •

➢

• • •

An apple An old car The Definite Article the is used to refer to a noun that has been mentioned before or that is known to both the speaker and the listener. The student The ink The money Example

❖

He has a dog and a cat. The dog is friendly, but  the cat  is  is not.

➢  before

a comparative comparative or superlative superlative adjective. adjective.

❖

Paul is the fatter  one.  one. ❖ Compare: Paul is fatter than David.  boy in our class. ❖ Andrew is the fattest  boy

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CHAPTER 3

 3.1 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE PASSIVE SENTENCE IN PRESENT SIMPLE ✓

Active : in active sentences,the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

✓

Passive : in passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive passiv e form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

✓

When active sentence use the present tense,then form passive sentence use to be (is, am, are) + verbIII 

Example :

I kick that ball (active) That ball is kicked by me (passive)

 3.2 Active and Passive sentence sentence in Present Continous Continous ✓

When active sentence use the present continuous tense,then form passive use to be (is, am, are) + being + verbIII 

Example :

You are reading a book now. (active) A book is being read by you now. (passive)

 3.3 Active and passive sentence sentence in present perfect perfect ✓

When active sentence use the present perfect,then form passive use have been atau has been + being + verbIII 

Example :

We have been studying English English since two hours ago. (active) English has been studied by us since two hours ago. (passive) 9

CHAPTER 4

 4.1 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE PASSIVE SENTENCE IN PAST SIMPLE SIMPLE ✓

Passive forms of these sentences begin with did. If the active sentence  begins with a question question word, the passive sentence wil also begin with a question word. If the active sentence begins with who aor whose, the  passive sentence sentence will begin with by whom or by whose. If the active sentences begins with whom.the passive sentence will begin with who.

Example :

He wrote a letter (active) A letter was written by him (passive)

4.2 Active and Passive sentence in Past Coniuous ✓

Active sentences in the past continuous tense have the following structure: subject + was/were + ing form of the verb + object 

✓

Passive sentences in the past continuous tense have the following structure: object of the active sentences + was/were + being + past participle form of the verb + by + subject of the active sentences

Example :

She was writing a novel (active) A novel was being written by her (passive)

 4.3 Active and Passive sentence sentence in Past Perfect ✓

Active voice : subject + had + past participle form of the verb + object  ✓ Passive voice : object of the active sentences + had + been + past  participle form of the verb + by + subject of the active sentence

Example :

I had finished my work. (active) My work had been fistened by me. (passive)

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CHAPTER 5

 5.1 INDEFINITE PRONOUN PRONOUN (SOME, (SOME, ANY, NO)

Indefinite pronouns are those referring to one or more unspecified objects,  beings,or places. They are caleed “indefinite” simply because they not n ot indicate the exact object, being, or place to which they refer. Indefinite pronouns include partitives such as any, anybody, anyone, either, neither, nobody, no, someone, and some, they also include uniersals such as every, all, both, and each, finally, they include quantifiers including any, some, several, enough, many, and much. Many indefinite pronouns can also function as determiners. There are just two important rules for using indefinite pronouns correctly. Remember these and you will find that writing come easier for you. ✓

Indefinite pronouns are never plural. They are always singular. ✓ Because indefinite pronouns are singular, the pronouns or verbs used to rfer to them should also be singular. Example : • • •

Some : Any :  No :

Here is some. Are any coming ? No one wants wants to hear about about my health health problems problems

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 5.2 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS PRONOUNS

The reflexive pronoun are myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. These word can be either reflexive pronouns or emphatice pronouns. This page about their use as reflexive pronouns. A reflexive pronoun is used with another noun (or pronoun) when something to itself. For example : •

•

John pinched himself. (the reflexive pronoun himself tells us that john did something to john) John pinched his sister. (there is no reflexive pronoun in this example) Example of Reflexive Pronouns

Below are some examples of reflexive pronoun. Using a reflexive r eflexive pronoun means you do not have to repeat the subject (shown here in bold). (repeating the subject would be clumsy) • •

•

Alison still does not trust herself. (Alison does not trust Alison) The members argued amongst themselves for an hour. (the members argued amongst the members) We often ask ourselves why we left London. (we often ask us)

(note : the subject is known as the antecendent of the reflexive pronoun) Indentifying Reflexive Pronouns

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CHAPTER 6

6.1 HAVE SOMETHING DONE

Take a look at these two sentences. What is the difference in meaning  between them? 'I cut my hair.' 'I have my hair cut.' 'I cut my hair' means that I do it myself. 'I have my hair cut means someone cuts my hair for me (in this case it's  probably  probably a hairdresser hairdresser). ). We use have something done to mean another person does a service for us. The grammar for this is pretty simple: Have + object + past participle Let's take a look at a few more examples: 'We didn't want to cook so we had a pizza delivered.' 'I had my car washed at that new place by the station.' 'I had my watch fixed .' We can also use 'get' instead of 'had' and the meaning stays the same. The sentences above now become: 'We didn't want to cook so we got a pizza delivered.' 'I got my car washed at that new place by the station.' 'I got my watch fixed .' future 'I had my watch fixed' tells us about the past. 'I am going to have / get my watch fixed' tells us about the future. 'Going to' tells us about a future plan that has already been made. We use 'will' for something that has just been decided: I've just noticed how dirty my suit is. I will have / get it cleaned soon.'

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questions Imagine that you like your friend's new haircut; you could ask her: 'Where did you have / get your hair cut?' Maybe you have just moved to a new town and you decided that it is time for a haircut you can ask: 'Where can I have / get my hair cut?' You want to know if your friend's car has been fixed yet; you can ask: 'Did you have your car fixed?' services for a busy world As we all live in a busy world, we don't have the time (or skills)to skil ls)to do all the things that we need to. That's why we have a service industry that will help us get what need done. Take a look at these examples: A jeweller's is a place where you can have your watch fixed. A florist's is a place where you can have flowers delivered. A hairdresser's is a place where you can have your hair cut. An optician's is a place where you can have your eyes checked. using have something done for bad things In all the examples above we have looked at services we can pay for if we want. We can also use the same expression when someone does something bad to us. For example: 'Jenny had her car stolen.'  Here levy did not want someone someone to steal her car, but someone did it.

'Have you ever had your nose broken in a fight?' Nobody wants to have their nose broken, but it could happen!

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6.2 CAUSATIVE HAVE •

Use

Make sentences with the causative have for these situations. Use the correct tense. Look at the example. Example: Bart’s windows were dirty, but he didn’t have time to clean them himself. Last Saturday, Tom had his windows cleaned.

We use causative have when we do not want do something somethin g and we find somebody to do it for us. Example :

Compare these sentences: I fixed the washing machine. (I did it myself) I had my washing machine fixed. (I asked someone to fix it for me) • •

We also use causative  have when someone does something unpleasant to us that we did not want. thief. Example: I had my money stolen by a thief. •

 Form

Have + object + past participle -- (to have + something + done) Examples:

They had their car repaired   by a mechanic. repaired  by

(They did not repair the car themselves but, on the contrary, a mechanic repaired their car for them)  I had my hair cut yesterday by the hairdresser.

(I did not cut my hair myself but, on the contrary, a hairdresser cut my hair for me)

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It is also possible to use  get instead of  have, usually in informal spoken English. Example:  I'm going to get my bicycle fixed tomorrow.

Tense

 Have/Get something done

Present Simple

I have/get my hair cut .

Past Simple

I had/got my hair cut .

Present Continuous

I' m  m having/getting my hair cut .

Past Continuous

I was having/getting my hair cut .

Present Perfect

I  have had  my  my hair cut .

Past Perfect

I had had  my  my hair cut .

will

I will have my hair cut .

must

I must have my hair cut .

 be going going to

I' m  m going to have my hair cut .

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CHAPTER 7

7.1 DETERMINER: ALL, EACH, EVERY, FEW, LITTLE

Determiners are used to identify things in further detail. To take the dictionary definition, they are modifying words that determine the kind of reference a noun or noun group has. Determiners are different to  pronouns in that a determiner is always followed by a noun. Personal pronouns (  I ,  you , he , etc.) and  possessive pronouns (mine,  yours, his, etc.) don't act as determiners. They are used in front of nouns to indicate whether you are referring referri ng to something specific or something of a particular type. The definite and indefinite articles a/an/the are all determiners. You use a specific determiner when people know exactly which thing(s) or  person/people  person/people you you are talking talking about. about. Determiners include: the articles : a / an / the demonstratives : this / that / these / those  possessives  possessives (aka possessive possessive adjectives): adjectives): my / your /his / her / its / our / your / their 

 Example : " The The dog barked at the boy." " These These apples are rotten." " Their Their bus was late."  "Have you seen my keys?"

You use general determiners to talk about how much stuff or how many people or things you are talking about.

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More general determiners are quantifiers:

a few a little all another any

 both each either enough every

few fewer less little many more most much

neither no other several some

Example : "Have you got any English books I could borrow?" "There is enough food to feed everyone." "I don't teach online every day." •

ALL

The meaning is practically the same but the form is different: “all” + “of ” (optional) + “the” + plural form of noun All of  the  the pulpens are yellow. All the pulpens are yellow.

Since we use the plural form of the noun (ducks), we must also use the plural form of the verb. In this example, we use the 3rd person plural of the verb “be” (“are”) “every” + singular form of noun Every duck is yellow.

Since we use the singular form of the noun (duck), we must also use the singular form of the verb. In this example, we use the 3rd person singular of the verb “be” (“is”) More examples: All of  the  the cakes are chocolate cakes. Every cake is a chocolate cake.

 the children are happy. All of  the Every child is happy.

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•

EACH & EVERY

The quantifiers The quantifiers each and every are a kind of  determiner. They   determiner. They have similar but not always identical meanings. We always use them with a singular countable noun.  Each means "every one, regarded individually".  Every means "every one, regarded as a whole".

Sometimes, each and every have the same meaning: •

•

Prices go up each year. Prices go up every year.

But often they are not exactly the same.  Each expresses the idea of "one by one". It emphasizes individuality.  Every is half-way between each and all. It sees things or people as singular, but in a group or in general.

Consider the following example sentences: •

•

•

 is sensitive.  Every artist  is  Each artist  sees  sees things differently.  Every soldier  saluted  saluted the president as he arrived.

 EACH   Each can be followed by "of": •

•

The president spoke to each of  the  the soldiers. He gave a medal to each of  them.  them.

 EVERY   Every cannot be used for two things. For two things, each can be used: •

He was carrying a suitcase in each hand.

 Every is used to say how often something happens: •

•

There is a plane to Bangkok every day. The bus leaves every hour.

•

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•

FEW & LITTLE

The quantifiers  few  and little  mean "a small quantity of". We use  few  with countable nouns and little  with uncountable nouns: •

•

There were few people in the shop so it didn't take long. There is little  chance that he will come now so let's go home.

 few/little versus a few/a little

 Notice that that few and little  have a "negative" sense: •

•

He had few friends. (So he was quite lonely.) We have little  time left . (Just a couple of minutes. Let's go!)

Adding the indefinite article  a changes the emphasis to more "positive": •

•

He had a few friends. (So he wasn't too lonely.) We have a little time. (A bit of time. Let's grab a snack.)

 fewer/fewest, less/least less/least

The comparative form of  few is fewer; and the superlative form of  few is fewest. We use them with countable nouns: •

•

There were  few visitors  last week but there are even  fewer  visitors  this week. If Tara has the fewest jobs to do, she can help the others.

The comparative form of little is less; and the superlative form of little is least. We use them with uncountable nouns: •

•

The run took little time  last week and even less time this week. Eric has the least work to do so he can help you.

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CHAPTER 8

8.1 QUESTION TAG

A question tag or tag question  (also known as tail question) is a grammatical structure in which a declarative a  declarative statement or an imperative an  imperative is turned into a question by adding an  interrogative fragment (the "tag"). For example, in the sentence "You're John, aren't you?", the statement "You're John" is turned into a question by the tag "aren't you". The term "question tag" is generally  preferred  preferred by British grammaria grammarians, ns, while their their American American counterparts counterparts prefer prefer "tag question". Tag questions (or question tags) turn a statement into a question. They are often used for checking information that we think we know is true. Tag questions are made using an auxiliary verb (for example: be or have) and a subject pronoun (for example: I, you, she). Negative question tags are usually contracted: It's warm today, isn't it (not 'is it not') Usually if the main clause is positive, the question tag is negative, and if the main clause is negative, it's positive. For example: It's cold (positive), isn't it (negative)? And: It isn't cold (negative), is it (positive)? If the main clause has an auxiliary verb in it, you use the same verb in the tag question. If there is no auxiliary verb (in the present simple and past simple) use do / does / did (just like when you make a normal question). There is one weird exception: the question tag after I am is aren't I. For example: I'm in charge of the food, aren't I? Postive sentences, with negative tags Present simple 'be' : She's Italian, isn't she? Present simple other verbs : They live in London, don't they? Present continuous : We're working tomorrow, aren't we? Past simple 'be' : It was cold yesterday, wasn't it? Past simple other verbs : He went to the party last night, didn't he?

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Past continuous : We were were waiting at the station, weren't we? Present perfect : They've been to Japan, haven't they? Present perfect continuous : She's been studying a lot recently, hasn't she? Past perfect : He had forgotten his wallet, hadn't he? Past perfect continuous : We'd been working, hadn't we? Future simple : She'll come at six, won't she? Future continuous : They'll be arriving soon, won't they? Future perfect : They'll have finished before nine, won't they? Future perfect continuous ; She'll have been cooking all day, won't she? Modals : He can help, can't he? Modals : John must stay, mustn't he?

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CHAPTER 9

 9.1 SO AND SUCH

Structures using 'such' and 'so' are similar in meaning, but different in construction. The main difference between the two structures is that 'such' takes a noun phrase,  noun phrase, whereas whereas 'so' takes takes an adjective an  adjective . So + Adjective USE "So" can be combined with adjectives to show extremes. This form is often used in exclamations. Examples: •

•

The music is so loud! I wish they would turn it down. The meal was so good! It was worth the money.

USE with "That" The above form can be combined with "that" to show extremes which lead to certain results. The "that" is usually optional. Examples: •

•

•

•

The music is so loud that I can't sleep. The music is so loud I can't sleep. The meal was so good that  we decided to have dinner at the same restaurant again tonight. The meal was so good we decided to have dinner at the same restaurant again tonight.

So + Adverb USE "So" can be combined with adverbs to show extreme actions. This form is often used in exclamations. Examples: •

•

She spoke so quickly! She sounded like an auctioneer. He paints so well! I am sure he is going to become a famous artist. 23

USE with "That" The above form can be combined with "that" to show extreme actions acti ons which lead to certain results. The "that" is usually optional. Examples: •

•

•

•

She spoke so quickly that I couldn't understand her. She spoke so quickly I couldn't understand her. He paints so well that  they offered him a scholarship at an art school in Paris. He paints so well they offered him a scholarship at an art school in Paris.

So + Many / Few + Plural Noun USE "So" can be combined with "many" or "few" plus plu s a plural noun to show extremes in amount. This form is often used in exclamations. Examples: •

•

I never knew you had so many brothers! She has so few friends! It's really quite sad.

USE with "That" The above form can be combined with "that" to show extremes in amount which lead to certain results. The "that" is usually optional. Examples: •

•

•

•

I never knew you had so many brothers that you had to share a bedroom. I never knew you had so many brothers you had to share a bedroom. She has so few friends that  she rarely gets out of the house. She has so few friends she rarely gets out of the house.

So + Much / Little + Non-countable Noun USE "So" can be combined with "much" or "little" plus a non-countable noun to show extremes in amount. This form is often used in exclamations.

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Examples: •

•

Jake earns so much money! And he still has trouble paying the rent. They have so little food ! We need to do something to help them.

USE with "That" The above form can be combined with "that" to show extremes in amount which lead to certain results. The "that" is usually optional. Examples: •

•

•

•

Jake earns so much money that he has lost all sense of what a dollar is worth. Jake earns so much money he has lost all sense of what a dollar is worth. They have so little food that  they are starving to death. They have so little food  they are starving to death.

So + Much / Little / Often / Rarely USE "So" can be combined with words like "much," "little," "often," or "rarely" to describe how much or how often someone does an action. This form is often used in exclamations. Examples: •

•

Earl drinks so much! It's not good for his health. My sister visits us so rarely! I really miss her.

USE with "That" The above form can be combined with "that" to show the results of extreme actions. The "that" is usually optional. Examples: •

•

•

•

Earl drinks so much that it is starting to interfere with his work. Earl drinks so much it is starting to interfere with his work. My sister visits us so rarely that my kids wouldn't even recognize her. My sister visits us so rarely my kids wouldn't even recognize her.

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Such + Adjective + Noun USE "Such" can be combined with an adjective and a noun to show extremes. This form is often used in exclamations. Examples: Don has such a big house ! I think it's a little ridiculous. Shelly has such beautiful eyes! I have never seen that shade of blue before.

•

•

USE with "That" The above form can be combined with "that" to show extremes which lead to certain results. The "that" is usually optional. Examples: •

•

Don has such a big house that   I actually got lost on the way to the  bathroom.  bathroom. Don has such a big house  I actually got lost on the way to the bathroom. Shelly has such beautiful eyes that she got a job as a make-up model. Shelly has such beautiful eyes she got a job as a make-up model.

•

•

 NOTE

Remember that without the noun you need to use "so." Examples: •

•

such beautiful eyes that so beautiful that

Such + Judgemental Noun USE "Such" can also be combined with judgemental nouns for emphasis. This form is often used in exclamations. Examples: •

•

He is such an idiot! He says the stupidest things. She is such a genius! We could never do this work without her.

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USE with "That" The above form can be combined with "that" to show certain results. The "that" is usually optional. Examples: •

•

•

•

He is such an idiot that  nobody would hire him. He is such an idiot nobody would hire him. She is such a genius that   they immediately gave her a position at the university. She is such a genius they immediately gave her a position at the university.

Such + Noun (This type of...) USE "Such" can also mean "this type of..." or "that type of..." Examples: •

The archeologist had never seen such writing before he discovered the tablet. this/that type of writing

•

•

She usually doesn't receive such criticism. this/that kind of criticism Frank has never made such mistakes before. these/those kinds of mistakes

 9.2 THIRD CONDITIONAL CONDITIONAL

If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a car. The first conditional and second conditionals talk about the future. With the third conditional we talk about the past. We talk about a condition in the  past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility  of the dream coming true.

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Last week you bought a lottery ticket. But you did not win. condition result Past Perfect would have + past participle  a car. If I had won the lottery, I would have bought  a

if 

 Notice that that we are thinking thinking about about an impossible impossible past condition condition.. You did not not win the lottery. So the condition was not true, and that particular condition can never  be true because it is finished. finished. We use the Past Perfect tense to talk about the impossible past condition. We use would have + past participle to talk about the impossible past result. The important thing about the third conditional is that tha t both the condition and result are impossible now. Look at these example senteces: if 

condition

result

Past Perfect

would have + past participle

If

I had seen Mary,

I would have told her.

If

Tara had been free yesterday,

I would have invited her.

If

they had not passed their exam,

their teacher would have been sad.

If

it had rained yesterday,

would you have stayed at home?

If

it had rained yesterday,

what would you have done?

result

would have + past participle

if 

condition Past Perfect

I would have told Mary

if I had seen her.

I would have invited Tara

if she had been free yesterday.

Their teacher would have been sad

if they had not passed their exam.

Would you have stayed at home

if it had rained yesterday?

What would you have done

if it had rained yesterday?

Sometimes, we use  should have, could have, might have instead of would lottery ticket, you might have won.  have, for example: If you had bought a lottery

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CHAPTER 10

10.1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH PRESENT SIMPLE

Direct and indirect speech can be a source of confusion for English learners. Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa. You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways:  by repeating repeating the words spoken spoken (direct (direct speech) speech)  by reporting reporting the words spoken (indirect (indirect or reported reported speech). speech).

 Direct Speech

Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's  being said NOW (for example a telephone telephone conversation), conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation.  Indirect Speech

Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting r eporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used. She said, "I saw him." (direct speech) = She said that she had seen him. (indirect speech) 'That' may be omitted: She told him that she was happy. = She told him she was happy. •

When direct speech used present tense, then indirect speech sp eech used past tense

Example : She said, “I make a homework.” (direct) She said that she made a homework. (indirect)

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10.2 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH PRESENT CONTIONOUS •

When direct speech used present continuous tense, then indirect speech used past continuous tense. Other then, th en, word now on direct speech changes to be at that moment  on  on indirect speech.

Example : He said, “I’m reading an English book now.” (direct) He said that he was reading an English book at that moment. (indirect)

10.3 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH PRESENT PERFECT •

When direct speech used present perfect tense, then indirect specch used  past perfect perfect tense, other other than, we add word at that time on indirect speech on time information ecpressed in direct speech.

Example : Rini said, “my daughters have studied their lessons since an hour ago.” (direct)

Rini said that her daughters had studied their lessons since an hour ago at that time. (indirect)

10.4 DIRECT CONTINOUS •

AND

INDIRECT

SPEECH

PRESENT

PERFECT

When direct speech used present perfect continuous tense, then indirect speech used pas perfect continuous tense.

Example : The stusent said, “he has beed teaching us for two years.” (direct)

The student said that bhe had teaching been teaching them for two years. (indirect)

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CHAPTER 11

11.1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH PAST SIMPLE

Words spoken by a person can be reported to another person in two ways. These two ways of narration are called direct speech and indirect speech. Tense Change : As a rule, when we convey a message from direct speech we go one tense  back, therefore when we convey a message message from simple past tense, we change the tense into past perfect tense. Affirmatives Direct speech: RP +, + S + V2 + ROTS He said to him, “I went to Texas yesterday.” Indirect speech: RP + that + S + had + V3 + ROTS He told him that he had come to Texas the day before. With to be verbs Direct speech: RP +, + S + be2 + ROTS He said, “I was angry this morning.” Indirect speech: RP + that +S + had been + ROTS He told me that he had been angry that morning.  Negatives  Negatives Direct speech: RP +, + S + did not + V1 + ROTS pro perly this morning.” He said to his wife, “We didn`t clean the kitchen properly Indirect speech: RP + that + S + had not + V3 + ROTS He told his wife that they hadn’t cleaned the kitchen properly that morning. Interrogatives Direct speech: RP +, + did + S + V1 + ROTS She asked, “Did you buy the lap top for me?” Indirect speech: RP + if + had + V3 + ROTS She asked me if I had bought the lap top for her.

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 Negative  Negative interrogatives interrogatives Direct speech: RP +, + Did not + S + V1 + ROTS He asked, “Didn’t you sleep well last night?” Indirect speech: RP + if + had not + V3 + ROTS He asked me if I hadn’t slept well the night before. WH/Information question Direct speech: RP +, + WH + did + S + V1 + ROTS He asked, “When did she start learning English at Learn ESL?” Indirect speech: RP + WH + S + had + V3 + ROTS He wanted to know when she had started learning English at Learn ESL

11.2 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH PAST PERFECT

Tense Change: As a rule, whenever we change a sentence from quoted speech into reported speech, we go one tense back. But if we have past perfect tense in direct speech, we use the same tense in indirect speech. Affirmatives Direct speech: RP, +, + S + had + V3 + ROTS I said to him, “They had played cricket.” Indirect speech: RP + that + S + had + V3 + ROTS I told him that they had played cricket.  Negatives  Negatives Direct speech: RP +, + S + had not + V3 + ROTS He said to me, “We hadn’t played cricket.” Indirect speech: RP + that + S + had not + V3 + ROTS He told me that they hadn`t played cricket. Interrogatives Direct speech: RP +, + had + S + V3 + ROTS He asked, “Had you finished playing cricket before the rain started? Indirect speech: RP + whether/if + S + had + V3 + ROTS He asked me whether/if we had finished playing cricket before the rain started.

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 Negative  Negative interrogatives interrogatives Direct speech: RP +, + had not + S + V3 + ROTS He asked, “Hadn`t you finished playing cricket before the rain started?” Indirect speech: RP + if + S + had not + V3 + ROTS icket before the rain started. He asked me if we hadn’t finished playing cr icket WH/Information questions Direct speech: RP +, + WH + had + S + V3 + ROTS She asked, “Who had you played cricket with before the rain stared?” Indirect speech: RP + WH + had + S + V3 + ROTS She wanted to know who I had played cricket with before the rain started.

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CHAPTER 12 12.1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH FUTURE CONTINOUS

Tense Change: As a rule, when we covey a message from present tense and past tense we go one tense back. When we convey a message from future progressive tense, we just change the helping verb “will” into “would” in indirect speech or reported speech, Consider the examples below. Affirmatives Direct speech: RP +, + S + will be + V1ing + ROTS They said, “We will be playing cricket tomorrow.” Indirect speech: RP + that + S + would be + V1ing + ROTS They told me that they would be playing cricket the next day.  Negatives  Negatives Direct speech: RP +, + S + will not + be + V1ing + ROTS She said, “I will not be talking to stupid people anymore.” Indirect speech: RP +, + S + would not + be + V1ing + ROTS She told me that she wouldn’t be talking to stupid people anymore.  Negative  Negative interrogatives interrogatives Direct speech: RP +, + Will not + S + be + V1ing + ROTS He asked Jalali, “Won`t you be writing another book for A Lingua?” Indirect speech: RP + whether/if + S + would not + be + V1ing + ROTS He asked Jalali whether/if he wouldn’t be writing another book for A Lingua. WH/Information questions Direct speech: RP +, + WH + will + S + be + V1ing + ROTS She asked, “When will we be graduating from A Lingua?” Indirect speech: RP + that + WH + S + would be + V1ing + ROTS She asked when they would be graduating from A Lingua.

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12.2 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH IMPERATIVE

Imperative sentences, reported speech contains a command, order, request, advice or proposal etc. Verb in the reporting speech is changed according to the mood of the reported sentence. Imperative mood is changed into infinitive mood by adding add ing the word ‘to’. Comma and inverted commas are removed without using any conjunction. In negative sentences the word ‘Do’ is removed and in its place ‘not to’ is used. The words ‘Sir or Madam’ in the reported speech are removed and a word ‘respectfully’ is added in the reporting speech. The words ‘said to’ in reporting speech are changed into the words given here under according to the sense contained in the reported speech. 1. In such cases, the reported speech contains an order & mostly the reported speech starts with first form of verb.The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech are replaced by th e word ‘ordered’. Coma and inverted commas are replaced by word’to’. For a negative sentence 'Do not' in the reported speech is removed and in  place of of inverted inverted commas commas 'not to ' is used. used. For Example: The teacher said to the boys,“Leave the room at once.” The teacher ordered the boys to leave the room at once.  NEGATIVE  NEGATIVE SENTEN SENTENCE CE : The teacher said to the boys,“Do not make a noise.” The teacher ordered the boys not to make a noise. 2. If the reported speech contains a request, the words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech are changed into requested. Coma and inverted commas are replaced by word ‘to’. In such s uch cases mostly the reported speech contains co ntains the word ‘Please’. The word ‘Please’ is removed without any word in its place. For a negative sentence 'Do not' in the reported speech is removed and in  place of of inverted inverted commas commas 'not to ' is used. For Example: The boy said to his frie nd, “Please lend me your book.” The boy requested his friend to lend him his book. The son said to his father," Please do not go to office today. " The son requested his father not to go to office that day.

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3. If the reported speech contains an advice, the words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech are changed into advised. Coma and inverted commas are replaced by word ‘to’. For a negative sentence 'Do not' in the reported speech is removed and in  place of of inverted inverted commas commas 'not to ' is used. For Example: His father said to John, “Work hard lest you should fail.” His father advised John to work hard lest he should fail. The teacher said to him," Do not waste your time." The teacher advised him not to waste his time. 4. If the reported speech starts with the words ‘Let us’ the words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech are changed into ‘proposed to’ or ‘suggested to’. Coma and inverted commas ar e replaced by the word ‘that’. The words ‘Let us’ are replaced with the words ‘we should s hould or they should’ according to subject and object in the reporting speech. If either of subject or object in reporting speech is first person, the words ‘we should’ are used and if these are in third third person, the words words ‘they should’ are used.For a negative sentence in the same way not is used in the sentence in indirect form. For example: She said to me, “Let us go out for a picnic.” She proposed to me that we should go out for a picnic. He said to his wife, “Let us go for shopping.” He suggested to his wife that they should go for shopping. He said to them," Let us not quarrel with each other." He suggested to them that they should not quarrel with each other. 5. If the reported speech starts with the words ‘Do not’ the words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech are changed into ‘forbade’ . Coma Coma and inverted commas commas are replaced by the word word ‘to’. The words ‘Do not’ are removed. For Example: He said to me, “Do not make haste.” He forbade me to make haste.

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The word ‘forbade’ itself contains the meaning of not so the words ‘not or do not’ are not used thereafter in the sentence. Both the words Please and Do not are sometimes used use d in a single sentence. The old man said to the boys, “Please do not disturb me.” In such sentences ‘said to’ is changed into ‘requested’ and inverted commas into 'to' but it is preceded by 'not'.

The old man requested the boys not to disturb him. The shopkeeper said to the customer,“Please customer,“Please do not eat raw and overripe fruit.” The shopkeeper requested the customer not to eat eat raw and overripe fruit. The host said to the guests,"Please do not stand on any ceremony." The host requested the guests not to stand on any ceremony. If the reporting speech is in past tense following changes will be made in the reported speech.

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CHAPTER 13 13.1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT PRESENT SIMPLE We often convey a message or give information about what someone said, thought or felt to somebody else. In order to do this you can use the grammar structure named direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech. Scroll down to learn about direct and indirect speech of simple present tense. Affirmatives Direct speech: RP +, + S + V1 s/es + ROTS He said, “My father drives a truck.” Indirect speech: RP + that + S + V2 + ROTS He said to me that his father drove a truck.

With to be verbs Direct speech: He said, “I am very happy today.” Indirect speech: He told me that he was very happy that day. Interrogatives Direct speech: RP +, + Do/Does + S + V1 + ROTS He asked, “Does your brother go to Learn ESL academy?” Indirect speech: RP + if/whether + S + V2 + ROTS He asked me if my brother came to Learn ESL academy. With to be verbs Direct speech: He asked Ahmad, “Are you tired tonight?” Indirect speech: He asked Ahmad if/whether he was tired that night.  Negatives  Negatives Direct speech: RP +, + S + do/does not + V1 ROTS He said to me, “I don`t like selfish people.” Indirect speech: RP + that + S + did not + V1 + ROTS He told me that he didn`t like selfish people. With to be verbs Direct speech: She said, “The weather is not cold today.” Indirect speech: She told me that the weather was not cold that day.

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 Negative  Negative interrogative interrogativess Direct speech: RP +, + do/does not + S + V1 + ROTS They asked, “Don`t you want to come with us?” Indirect speech: RP + if + S + did not + V1 + ROTS They wanted to know if I didn`t want to go with them. With to be verbs Direct speech: My father asked, “Aren`t you busy today?” Indirect speech: My father wanted to know if I wasn’t busy that day. WH/Information Questions Direct speech: RP +, + WH + do/does + S + V1 + ROTS The students asked, “When does our school start?” Indirect speech: RP + that + WH + S + V2 + ROTS The students wanted to know when their school started. With to be verbs Direct speec h: He asked, “Why is Ahmad absent today?” Indirect speech: He wanted to know why Ahmad was absent that day. 13.2 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SIMPLE PAST Words spoken by a person can be reported to another person in two ways. These two ways of narration are called direct speech and indirect speech. Tense Change : As a rule, when we convey a message from direct speech we go one tense  back, therefore when we convey a message message from simple past tense, we change the tense into past perfect tense.

Affirmatives Direct speech: RP +, + S + V2 + ROTS He said to him, “I went to Texas yesterday.” Indirect speech: RP + that + S + had + V3 + ROTS He told him that he had come to Texas the day before. With to be verbs Direct speech: RP +, + S + be2 + ROTS He said, “I was angry this morning.” Indirect speech: RP + that +S + had been + ROTS He told me that he had been angry that morning.

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 Negatives  Negatives Direct speech: RP +, + S + did not + V1 + ROTS He said to his wife, “We didn`t clean the kitchen properly this morning.” Indirect speech: RP + that + S + had not + V3 + ROTS He told his wife that they hadn’t cleaned the kitchen properl y that morning. Interrogatives Direct speech: RP +, + did + S + V1 + ROTS She asked, “Did you buy the lap top for me?” Indirect speech: RP + if + had + V3 + ROTS She asked me if I had bought the lap top for her.  Negative  Negative interrogatives interrogatives Direct speech: RP +, + Did not + S + V1 + ROTS He asked, “Didn’t you sleep well last night?” Indirect speech: RP + if + had not + V3 + ROTS He asked me if I hadn ’t slept well the night before. WH/Information question Direct speech: RP +, + WH + did + S + V1 + ROTS He asked, “When did she start learning English at Learn ESL?” Indirect speech: RP + WH + S + had + V3 + ROTS He wanted to know when she had started learning English at Learn ESL 13.3 DIRECT AND INDIRECT PRESENT PERFECT In the article below we are going to describe direct and indirect of present  perfect continuous continuous tense. You will learn how to convey convey a message message what what someone someone has said, felt and thought in present perfect continuous tense. Affirmative, negative, interrogative and negative interrogative structures along with examples. Tense Change: As a rule, when we change a direct speech sentence into indirect ind irect we go one tense back, therefore when you change direct speech from present perfect continuous tense, you have to use past perfect continuous tense instead in reported speech. Affirmatives Direct speech: RP +, + S + have/has + been + V1ing + ROTS They said to me, “We have been waiting here for a long time.” Indirect speech: RP + that + S + had + been + V1ing + ROTS They told me that they had been waiting there for a long time.

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 Negatives  Negatives Direct speech: RP +, + S + have/has + not + been + V1ing + ROTS He said to me, “We haven’t been playing cricket lately.” Indirect speech: RP, that + S + had + not + been + V1ing + ROTS He told me that they hadn`t been playing cricket lately. Interrogatives Direct speech: RP +, + Have/Has + S + been + V1in + ROTS He asked, “Has she been learning English at Learn ESL academy lately?” Indirect speech: RP + if + S + had + been + V1ing + ROTS He asked me if she had been learning English at Learn ESL academy lately.  Negative  Negative interrogative interrogativess Direct speech: RP +, + Have/Has not + S + been + V1ing + ROTS I asked him, “Haven’t you been working on this project lately?” Indirect speech: RP + if + had not + been + V1ing + ROTS I asked him if he hadn’t been working on that project lately. HW/Information questions Direct speech: RP +, + WH + have/has + S + been + V1ing + ROTS He asked, “Where has Jalali been teaching English since he got back to Pakistan from the USA?” Indirect speech: RP + WH + S + had + been + V1ing + ROTS He wanted to know where Jalali had been teaching English since he got  back to Pakistan Pakistan from the the USA 13.4 DIRECT AND INDIRECT PRESENT CONTINOUS Learn how to convey a message what someone is saying, feeling or thinking in present continuous tense. Direct and indirect of present continuous tense rules and structures of affirmative, negative, interrogative interrogat ive and negative interrogative sentences along with examples.

Tense Change As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense, therefore, when we report what someone is saying in present continuous we go one tense back. Instead we use past continuous tense in reported speech.

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Affirmatives Direct speech: RP +, + S + be1 + V1ing + ROTS He said, “I am doing my homework.” Indirect speech: RP + that + S + be2 + V1ing + ROTS He told me that he was doing his homework. Interrogatives Direct speech: RP +, + be1 + S + V1ing + ROTS He asked, “Are you going to school?” Indirect speech: RP + if + S + be2 + V1ing + ROTS He asked me if I was coming/going to school.  Negatives  Negatives Direct speech: RP +, + S + be1 not + V1ing + ROTS He said, “She is not n ot listening to me.” Indirect speech: RP + that + S + be2 not + V1ing + ROTS He said to me that she was not listening to him.  Negative  Negative interrogatives interrogatives Direct speech: RP +, + b2 not + S + V1ing + ROTS He asked, “Aren`t they staying with us for tonight?” Indirect speech: RP + that + if + S + be2 not + V1ing + ROTS He asked if they weren`t staying with them for that night. WH/Information questions Direct speech: RP +, + WH + be1 + S + V1ing + ROTS She asked, “What are you buying tomorrow?” Indirect speech: RP + that + WH + S + be2 + V1ing + ROTS She wanted to know what I was buying the next day. More sentences: Affirmative Direct speech: He said,” They are playing football.” Indirect speech: He said that they were playing football. Interrogative Direct speech: He asked, “Are they playing football?” Indirect speech: He asked me if they were playing football.

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 Negative  Negative Direct speech: He said, “They are not playing football.” Indirect speech: He said that they were not playing football.  Negative  Negative interrogative interrogative Direct speech: He asked,” Aren’t they playing football?” Indirect speech: He asked me if they weren’t playing football. Wh/ Information question Direct speech: He asked,” Where are they playing now?” Indirect speech: He wanted to know where they are playing now. 13.5 DIRECT AND INDIRECT FUTURE CONTINOUS Tense Change: As a rule, when we covey a message from present tense and past tense we go one tense back. When we convey a message from future progressive tense, we just change the helping verb “will” into “would” in indirect speech or reported speec h, Consider the examples below. Affirmatives Direct speech: RP +, + S + will be + V1ing + ROTS They said, “We will be playing cricket tomorrow.” Indirect speech: RP + that + S + would be + V1ing + ROTS They told me that they would be playing cricket the next day.  Negatives  Negatives Direct speech: RP +, + S + will not + be + V1ing + ROTS She said, “I will not be talking to stupid people anymore.” Indirect speech: RP +, + S + would not + be + V1ing + ROTS She told me that she wouldn’t be ta lking to stupid people anymore.  Negative  Negative interrogatives interrogatives Direct speech: RP +, + Will not + S + be + V1ing + ROTS He asked Jalali, “Won`t you be writing another book for A Lingua?” Indirect speech: RP + whether/if + S + would not + be + V1ing + ROTS He asked Jalali whether/if he wouldn’t be writing another book f or or A Lingua. WH/Information questions Direct speech: RP +, + WH + will + S + be + V1ing + ROTS She asked, “When will we be graduating from A Lingua?” Indirect speech: RP + that + WH + S + would be + V1ing + ROTS She asked when they would be graduating from A Lingua.

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REFERENCE

 N.S Bramadi. KURSUS KURSUS SINGKAT SINGKAT BAHASA BAHASA INGGRIS INGGRIS books. Jakarta :  penerbit  penerbit PT Bhuana Bhuana Ilmu Ilmu Populer,2011 Populer,2011 https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/determiners-quantifiers-each-every.htm https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/determiners-quantifiers-graded.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_question http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/tag-questions.html http://www.learnesl.net/direct-indirect-present-perfect-continuoustense/tp://www.englishpage.com/minitutorials/sosuch.html

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