English Grammar Workbook for Thai Students

August 30, 2017 | Author: Mieder van Loggerenberg | Category: Pronoun, Subject (Grammar), Verb, Object (Grammar), Adjective
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An Easy Guide to Understanding Basic English Structure

Copyright © 2010 SANOOK ENGLISH

Mieder van Loggerenberg E-mail: [email protected]

Index Index Spelling Rules …………………………..…………. Pronunciation Rules ………..………………….. Regular and Irregular Verbs ……………..…. Verb Definition …….……………………………… Basic Sentence Structure …….………………. English Tenses Exercises..……………………. Adverbs ……………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………

1 5 8 16 27 31 47

Spelling Rules

1

Spelling Rules for Regular Verbs, Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

IrrV: Regular verb V1: Verb 1 Adj: Adjective

RegV: Regular verb V2: Verb 2 CA: Comparative adjective

Vs: Verb + s V3: Verb 3 SA: Superlative adjective

Ving: Verb + ing

Syllable: พยางค์

Vowel: สระ

Consonant: พยัญชนะ

Adjective: คุณศัพท์

Rule #1 1 syllable words with 1 vowel and end with 1 consonant * Consonant x2 V1 V2 (+ed) RegV hop hopped IrrV hit hit Adj CA (+er) Adj fat fatter

V3 (+ed) hopped hit SA (+est) fattest

Ving (+ing) hopping hitting

* Verbs end with x or w should be used with rule #2 V1 V2 (+ed) RegV mix mixed IrrV sew sewed

V3 (+ed) mixed sewn

Ving (+ing) mixing sewing

Rule #2 1 syllable words with a. 2 vowels and ending in 1 consonant (Verb = end with 1/2 Consonants) b. 1 vowel and ending in 2 consonants V1 V2 (+ed) V3 (+ed) RegV look looked looked kick kicked kicked IrrV sweep swept swept fight fought fought Adj CA (+er) SA (+est) Adj weak weaker weakest strong stronger strongest

Ving (+ing) looking kicking sweeping fighting

2

Rule #3 1 - 2 syllable words ending with a consonant and e (Verbs can have 2 syllables) V1 V2 (+d) V3 (+d) RegV bake baked baked IrrV bite bit bitten Adj CA (+r) SA (+st) Adj nice nicer nicest * Special case – end with ie V1 Verb die

V2 (+d) died

V3 (+d) died

Rule #4 1 - 2 syllable words ending with a consonant and y (Verbs can have 1 syllable) V1 V2 (change y  i + ed) V3 (change y  i + ed) RegV cry cried cried IrrV fly flew flown Adj CA (change y  i + er) SA (change y  i + st) Adj pretty prettier prettiest

Ving (take out e + ing) baking biting

Ving (ie  y + ing) dying

Ving (+ ing) crying flying

* Special case – end with ay V1 Verb play

V2 (+d) played

V3 (+d) played

Ving (ie  y + ing) playing

Rule #5 + 2 syllables words V1 RegV brainstorm IrrV forget Adj Adj beautiful

V2 (+ ed) brainstormed forgot CA (more + adj) more beautiful

V3 (+ ed) brainstormed forgotten SA (most+ adj) most beautiful

Ving (+ ing) brainstorming forgetting

Rule #6 Words ending with er/ow Adj Adj clever shallow

CA (+ er) cleverer shallower

SA (+ est) cleverest shallowest

3

Rule #7 Words ending with -ing (gerund)/ -ed (past participle)/ * (past simple) Adj CA (more + adj) SA (most+ adj) Adj boring more boring most boring bored more bored most bored hurt more hurt most hurt

Rule #8 Irregular Spelling Adj Adj good bad many/much a few/a little far

CA better worse more less farther/further

SA best worst most least farthest/furthest

Rule #9 Double Spelling Adj Adj shy shy evil evil handsome handsome

CA shyer shier eviler more evil handsomer more handsome

SA shyest shiest evilest most evil handsomest most handsome

4

Pronunciation Rules

5

Words endings 'ed'

Complete Letter Classification End sound

verb - ed

Type - ed

verb - s

Type - s

b





d



2



z



2

d





ded

เดิด

3



z



2

f





t



1



s



1

g





d



2



z



2

ge





d



2



ges

เจิซ

3

k





t



1



s



1

l





d



2



z



2

m





d



2



z



2

n





d



2



z



2

p





t



1



s



1

s





t



1



sez

เสิ ซ

3

t





ted

เทิด

3



s



1

v

ฟ



d



2



z



2

z

ซ



d



2



zez

เซิ ซ

3

ch





t



1



chez

เชิซ

3

sh

ช ()



t



1



shez

เชิซ

3

ng





d



2



z



2

th

ฟ ()



t



1



s



1

th

ฟ ()



d



2



z



2



สระ



d



2



z



2

6

Words endings 'ing'

Rule #1

End sound

Verb

Verb + ing

-



kick

คิค

kicking

คิ คิง

อี



see

สี

seeing

สี อิง

อู



do

ดู

doing

ดู อิง

เอ



play

เพล

playing

เพล ยิง

อิ



study

สทะ ดิ

studying

สทะ ดิ ยิง

ไอ



fly

ไฟล / ฟลาย

flying

ฟลาย ยิง

โอ



show

โช

showing

โช วิง

โอ



go

โก

going

โกวิง

ออ



pour

พอ

pouring

พอริ ง

อา



pour

พอ

pouring

พอริ ง

แอ



swear

ส-แว

swearing

ส-แว ริ ง

สระ #2 (-e)

#3 (-y)

#4 (-w)

#5 (-r)

7

Regular and Irregular Verbs

8

Present Simple (v1)

Final Past Simple Sound =สระ (v2)

Past Participle Continuous / Gerund ed (v3)

3rd Person Singular

(v+ing)

(v+s)

Thai

R I

s

1.

answer



answered

answered

answering

answers

ตอบ

R

2.

argue



argued

argued

arguing

argues

โต้ คารม

R

3.

arise

z

arose

arisen

arising

arises

ลุกขึ ้น

I

4.

ask

k

asked

asked

asking

asks

ถาม

R

5.

bake

k

baked

baked

baking

bakes

อบ / ปิ ง้ (ขนมปั ง)

R

6.

bark

k

barked

barked

barking

barks

เห่า

R

7.

bear



bore

born

bearing

bears

เกิด

I

8.

beat

t

beat

beaten

beating

beats

ตี

I

9.

become

m

became

become

becoming

becomes

(กลาย) เป็ น

I

10.

begin

n

began

begun

beginning

begins

เริ่มต้ น

I

11.

bend

d

bent

bent

bending

bends

ก้ ม / โคง งอ

I

12.

bet

t

bet

bet

betting

bets

พนัน

I

13.

bid

d

bid

bid

bidding

bids

สัง่ เสนอ

I

14.

bind

d

bound

bound

binding

binds

ผูกมัด

I

15.

bite

t

bit

bitten

biting

bites

กัด

I

16.

blame

m

blamed

blamed

blaming

blames

ตาหนิ / กล่าวโทษ

R

17.

bleed

d

bled

bled

bleeding

bleeds

เลือดออก

I

18.

bless

s

blessed

blessed

blessing

blesses

ให้ ศีลให้ พร

I

19.

blink

k

blinked

blinked

blinking

blinks

กระพลิบตา

R

20.

blow



blew

blown

blowing

blows

เป่ า (ลม) / พัด

I

21.

boil

l

boiled

boiled

boiling

boils

เดือด

R

22.

bounce

s

bounced

bounced

bouncing

bounces

กระเด้ ง

R

23.

box

s

boxed

boxed

boxing

boxes

ชกมวย

R

24.

brainstorm

m

brainstormed

brainstormed

brainstorming

brainstorms

ระดมความคิด

R

25.

brake

k

braked

braked

braking

brakes

หยุด

R

26.

break

k

broke

broken

breaking

breaks

แตก / หัก

I

27.

breed

d

bred

bred

breeding

breeds

ผสมพันธุ์

I

28.

bring

ng

brought

brought

bringing

brings

พามา

I

29.

broadcast

t

broadcast

broadcast

broadcasting

broadcasts

กระจายเสียง

I

30.

brush

sh

brushed

brushed

brushing

brushes

ใช้ แปลงขัดออก

R

31.

build

d

built

built

building

builds

ก่อสร้ าง

I

32.

burst

t

burst

burst

bursting

bursts

ระเบิด

I

33.

buy



bought

bought

buying

buys

ซื ้อ

I

34.

carry



carried

carried

carrying

carries

อุ้ม / นาไปด้ วย

R

35.

cast

t

cast

cast

casting

casts

ขว้ าง / โยน

I

9

36.

catch

ch

caught

caught

catching

catches

จับไว้ / ตระครุบ

I

37.

choose

z

chose

chosen

choosing

chooses

เลือก

I

38.

clap

p

clapped

clapped

clapping

claps

ตบมือ

R

39.

climb

m

climbed

climbed

climbing

climbs

ปี นป่ าย

R

40.

cling

ng

clung

clung

clinging

clings

เกาะติด

I

41.

close

z

closed

closed

closing

closes

ปิ ด

R

42.

comb

m

combed

combed

combing

combs

หวี

R

43.

come

m

came

come

coming

comes

มา

I

44.

cook

k

cooked

cooked

cooking

cooks

ปรุงอาหาร

R

45.

copy



copied

copied

copying

copies

ลอก (ข้ อสอบ)

R

46.

cough

f

coughed

coughed

coughing

coughs

ไอ

R

47.

count

t

counted

counted

counting

counts

นับ / นับจานวน

R

48.

creep

p

crept

crept

creeping

creeps

คลาน / คืบ

I

49.

cry



cried

cried

crying

cries

ร้ องไห้

R

50.

cut

t

cut

cut

cutting

cuts

ตัด

I

51.

dance

s

danced

danced

dancing

dances

เต้ นรา

R

52.

deal

l

dealt

dealt

dealing

deals

จัดการ

I

53.

describe

b

described

described

describing

describes

อธิบาย / บรรยาย

R

54.

die



died

died

dying

dies

ตาย

R

55.

dig

g

dug

dug

digging

digs

ขุด

I

56.

dive

v

dived

dove

diving

dives

กระโดดลงน ้า

I

57.

do



did

done

doing

does

ทา

I

58.

draw



drew

drawn

drawing

draws

วาดภาพ

I

59.

drink

k

drank

drunk

drinking

drinks

ดื่ม

I

60.

drip

p

dripped

dripped

dripping

drips

หยดลง

R

61.

dry



dried

dried

drying

dries

ตากให้ แห้

R

62.

dust

t

dusted

dusted

dusting

dusts

ปั ดฝุ่ น

R

63.

eat

t

ate

eaten

eating

eats

รับประทาน / กิน

I

64.

erase

z

erased

erased

erasing

erases

ลบออก / ถูออก

R

65.

fall

l

fell

fallen

falling

falls

ตกลงไป / ร่วง

I

66.

feed

d

fed

fed

feeding

feeds

ให้ อาหาร

I

67.

feel

l

felt

felt

feeling

feels

คลุกแตะ

I

68.

fight

t

fought

fought

fighting

fights

ต่อสู้

I

69.

find

d

found

found

finding

finds

หา

I

70.

fit

t

fitted

fitted

fitting

fits

เหมาะ

R

71.

flee



fled

fled

fleeing

flees

หนี

I

72.

fling

ng

flung

flung

flinging

flings

สลัดเหวี่ยง

I

10

73.

float

t

floated

floated

floating

floats

ลอย

R

74.

fly



flew

flown

flying

flies

บิน

I

75.

follow



followed

followed

following

follows

ตาม เอาอย่าง

I

76.

forbid

d

forbade

forbidden

forbidding

forbids

ห้ าม

I

77.

forecast

t

forecast

forecast

forecasting

forecasts

ทานาย

I

78.

forget

t

forgot

forgotten

forgetting

forgets

ลืม

I

79.

forgive

v

forgave

forgiven

forgiving

forgives

ยกโทษ

I

80.

forsake

k

forsook

forsaken

forsaking

forsakes

ทิ ้ง

I

81.

freeze

z

froze

frozen

freezing

freezes

ทาให้ เเย็น (จนแข็ง)

I

82.

fry



fried

fried

frying

fries

ทอด

R

83.

get

t

got

gotten

getting

gets

รับ ได้

I

84.

giggle

l

giggled

giggled

giggling

giggles

หัวเราะคิกๆ

R

85.

give

v

gave

given

giving

gives

ให้

I

86.

go



went

gone

going

goes

ไป

I

87.

grate

t

grated

grated

grating

grates

ขูด

R

88.

greet

t

greeted

greeted

greeting

greets

ทักทาย

R

89.

grin

n

grinned

grinned

grinning

grins

ยิ ้มเห็นไลฟั น

R

90.

grind

d

ground

ground

grinding

grinds

โม่ บด

I

91.

grow



grew

grown

growing

grows

ปลูก / เติบโต

I

92.

hang

ng

hung

hung

hanging

hangs

แขวน

I

93.

have

v

had

had

having

has

มี

I

94.

hear



heard

heard

hearing

hears

ได้ ยิน

I

95.

hide

d

hid

hidden

hiding

hides

ซ่อน

I

96.

hit

t

hit

hit

hitting

hits

ตี

I

97.

hold

d

held

held

holding

holds

อุ้ม / ถือ / จับ

I

98.

hop

p

hopped

hopped

hopping

hops

เล่นกระโดดขาเดียว

R

99.

hug

g

hugged

hugged

hugging

hugs

กอดแน่น

R

100. hurt

t

hurt

hurt

hurting

hurts

ทาร้ าย

I

101. jog

g

jogged

jogged

jogging

jogs

เดินเนิบๆ

R

102. jump

p

jumped

jumped

jumping

jumps

กระโดด

R

103. keep

p

kept

kept

keeping

keeps

รักษา

I

104. kill

l

killed

killed

killing

kills

ฆ่า

R

105. know



knew

known

knowing

knows

รู้

I

106. land

d

landed

landed

landing

lands

เครื่ องลง

R

107. lay



laid

laid

laying

lays

วางไข่

I

108. lead

d

led

led

leading

leads

นา

I

109. learn

n

learnt

learnt

learning

learns

เรี ยน / หัด

I

11

110. leave

v

left

left

leaving

leaves

ปล่อย ทิ ้ง

I

111. lend

d

lent

lent

lending

lends

ให้ ยืม

I

112. let

t

let

let

letting

lets

ปล่อย ให้

I

113. lick

k

licked

licked

licking

licks

เลีย

R

114. lie



lay

lain

lying

lies

นอนลง

I

115. lift

t

lifted

lifted

lifting

lifts

ยกขึ ้น

R

116. light

t

lit

lit

lighting

lights

จุดไฟ

I

117. listen

n

listened

listened

listening

listens

ฟั ง

R

118. look

k

looked

looked

looking

looks

มองดู

R

119. lose

z

lost

lost

losing

loses

แพ้ / หาย

I

120. make

k

made

made

making

makes

ทา

I

121. march

ch

marched

marched

marching

marches

เดินแถว

R

122. mean

n

meant

meant

meaning

means

หมายความ

I

123. meet

t

met

met

meeting

meets

พบ

I

124. mince

s

minced

minced

mincing

minces

สับละเอียด

R

125. mislay



mislaid

mislaid

mislaying

mislays

ลืมทิ ้งไว้

I

126. mistake

k

mistook

mistaken

mistaking

mistakes

เข้ าใจผิด

I

127. mop

p

mopped

mopped

mopping

mops

ใช้ ผ้าถู

R

128. open

n

opened

opened

opening

opens

เปิ ด

R

129. paint

t

painted

painted

painting

paints

ทาสี / ป้ายสี

R

130. pass

s

passed

passed

passing

passes

ส่งบอล

R

131. pat

t

patted

patted

patting

pats

ตบเบาๆ

R

132. pay



paid

paid

paying

pays

จ่าย

I

133. peel

l

peeled

peeled

peeling

peels

ปลอกเปลือก

R

134. pick

k

picked

picked

picking

picks

เก็บ

R

135. plant

t

planted

planted

planting

plants

ปลูก / เพาะปลูก

R

136. pour



poured

poured

pouring

pours

ริน / เท

R

137. press

s

pressed

pressed

pressing

presses

กด / ทับ

R

138. pull

l

pulled

pulled

pulling

pulls

ดึง / ลาก

R

139. punch

ch

punched

punched

punching

punches

ชกด้ วยหมัด

R

140. push

sh

pushed

pushed

pushing

pushes

ผลักดัน

R

141. put

t

put

put

putting

puts

นา วาง

I

142. quit

t

quitted

quitted

quitting

quits

ยุติ

R

143. race

s

raced

raced

racing

races

แข่งขันด้ วยความเร็ว R

144. read

d

read

read

reading

reads

อ่าน

I

145. rid

d

rid

rid

ridding

rids

ขจัด ทาให้ หมด

I

146. ride

d

rode

ridden

riding

rides

ขี่

I

12

147. ring

ng

rang

rung

ringing

rings

ระฆังดัง

I

148. rise

z

rose

risen

rising

rises

ขี ้น โผล่

I

149. roar



roared

roared

roaring

roars

คาราม

R

150. rub

b

rubbed

rubbed

rubbing

rubs

ถู / ขัด

R

151. run

n

ran

run

running

runs

วิ่ง

I

152. saw



sawed

sawn

sawing

saws

เลื่อย

I

153. say



said

said

saying

says

พูด

I

154. scrape

p

scraped

scraped

scraping

scrapes

ขูดออก / เช็ดออก

R

155. scratch

ch

scratched

scratched

scratching

scratches

เกา / ข่วน

R

156. scrub

b

scrubbed

scrubbed

scrubbing

scrubs

ถู / ขัดด้ วยแปรง

R

157. see



saw

seen

seeing

sees

เห็น

I

158. seek

k

sought

sought

seeking

seeks

ค้ นหา

I

159. sell

l

sold

sold

selling

sells

ขาย

I

160. send

d

sent

sent

sending

sends

ส่ง

I

161. set

t

set

set

setting

sets

วาง ตั ้ง

I

162. sew



sewed

sewn

sewing

sews

เย็บผ้ า / เย็บปะ

I

163. shake

k

shook

shaken

shaking

shakes

เขย่า

I

164. share



shared

shared

sharing

shares

แบ่งกัน

R

165. shed

d

shed

shed

shedding

sheds

ทาให้ ไหล

I

166. shine

n

shone

shone

shining

shines

ทาให้ แวววาว

I

167. shoot

t

shot

shot

shooting

shoots

ยิง ขว้ าง

I

168. shout

t

shouted

shouted

shouting

shouts

ตะโกน

R

169. show



showed

shown

showing

shows

แสดง

I

170. shrink

k

shrank

shrunk

shrinking

shrinks

หด

I

171. shut

t

shut

shut

shutting

shuts

ปิ ด

I

172. sing

ng

sang

sung

singing

sings

ร้ องเพลง

I

173. sink

k

sank

sunk

sinking

sinks

จม

I

174. sip

p

sipped

sipped

sipping

sips

จิบ

I

175. sit

t

sat

sat

sitting

sits

นัง่

I

176. sleep

p

slept

slept

sleeping

sleeps

นอน / หลับ

I

177. slide

d

slid

slid

sliding

slides

ลืม / ไถล / เลื่อน

I

178. slip

p

slipped

slipped

slipping

slips

ลื่นล้ ม / ไถล

R

179. slit

t

slit

slit

slitting

slits

ตัด

I

180. smell

l

smelt

smelt

smelling

smells

ได้ กลิน่

I

181. smile

l

smiled

smiled

smiling

smiles

ยิ ้ม

R

182. snore



snored

snored

snoring

snores

กรน

R

183. speak

k

spoke

spoken

speaking

speaks

พูด

I

13

184. speed

d

sped / speeded

sped / speeded speeding

speeds

รี บ

I

185. spell

l

spelt

spelt

spelling

spells

สะกดคา

I

186. spend

d

spent

spent

spending

spends

จ่าย

I

187. spin

n

spun

spun

spinning

spins

หมุน ปั่ น

I

188. spit

t

spat

spat

spitting

spits

ถ่มน ้าลาย

I

189. splash

sh

splashed

splashed

splashing

splashes

สาดกระเซ็น

R

190. split

t

split

split

splitting

splits

ผ่า

I

191. spray



sprayed

sprayed

spraying

sprays

พ่น / ฉีด

R

192. spread

d

spread

spread

spreading

spreads

ขยาย

I

193. spring

ng

sprang

sprung

springing

springs

ดีดตัวขึ ้น งอก

I

194. spy



spied

spied

spying

spies

สอดแนม

R

195. squeeze

z

squeezed

squeezed

squeezing

squeezes

บีบ / คั ้น / รี ด

I

196. stand

d

stood

stood

standing

stands

ยืน

I

197. steal

l

stole

stolen

stealing

steals

ขโมย

I

198. steam

m

steamed

steamed

steaming

steams

นึ่ง

R

199. stick

k

stuck

stuck

sticking

sticks

ยึด

I

200. sting

ng

stung

stung

stinging

stings

ผึ ้งต่อย

I

201. stink

k

stank

stunk

stinking

stinks

ส่งกลิน่ แทงจมูก

I

202. stir



stirred

stirred

stirring

stirs

กวน / คน

R

203. strike

k

struck

struck

striking

strikes

โจมตี

I

204. string

ng

strung

strung

stringing

strings

ร้ อย ขึง

I

205. strive

v

strove

striven

striving

strives

พยายาม

I

206. stroke

k

stroked

stroked

stroking

strokes

ลูบคลา

I

207. suck

k

sucked

sucked

sucking

sucks

ดูด

R

208. swear



swore

sworn

swearing

swears

สาบาน

I

209. sweep

p

swept

swept

sweeping

sweeps

กวาด / ปั ดกวาด

I

210. swim

m

swam

swum

swimming

swims

ว่ายน ้า

I

211. swing

ng

swung

swung

swinging

swings

แกว่ง

I

212. tackle

l

tackled

tackled

tackling

tackles

รับมือ

R

213. take

k

took

taken

taking

takes

จับ

I

214. talk

k

talked

talked

talking

talks

สนทนา

R

215. taste

t

tasted

tasted

tasting

tastes

ชิม

R

216. teach

ch

taught

taught

teaching

teaches

สอน

I

217. tear



tore

torn

tearing

tears

ฉีก

I

218. tease

z

teased

teased

teasing

teases

ล้ อเล่น / ยัว่ เย้ า

R

219. tell

l

told

told

telling

tells

บอก

I

220. think

k

thought

thought

thinking

thinks

คิด ครุ่นคิด

I

14

221. throw



threw

thrown

throwing

throws

โยน / ขว้ าง / ปา

I

222. thrust

t

thrust

thrust

thrusting

thrusts

แทง

I

223. tickle

l

tickled

tickled

tickling

tickles

ทาให้ จกั๊ จี ้

R

224. tie



tied

tied

tying

ties

ผูก มัด รัด

R

225. tiptoe



tiptoed

tiptoed

tiptoeing

tiptoes

เดินย่อง

R

226. trip

p

tripped

tripped

tripping

trips

สะดุด

R

227. turn

n

turned

turned

turning

turns

หมุนกลับ

R

228. twist

t

twisted

twisted

twisting

twists

บิด / ม้ วน

R

229. understand

d

understood

understood

understanding

understands

เข้ าใจ

I

230. undertake

k

undertook

undertaken

undertaking

undertakes

ดาเนินการ

I

231. upset

t

upset

upset

upsetting

upsets

คว่า

I

232. vacuum

m

vacuumed

vacuumed

vacuuming

vacuums

ใช้ เครื่ องดูดฝุ่ น

R

233. vomit

t

vomited

vomited

vomiting

vomits

อาเจียน

R

234. wait

t

waited

waited

waiting

waits

คอย

R

235. wake

k

woke

woken

waking

wakes

ปลูก

I

236. walk

k

walked

walked

walking

walks

เดิน

R

237. warn

n

warned

warned

warning

warns

เตือน แจ้ งให้ ทราบ

R

238. wash

sh

washed

washed

washing

washes

ซัก

R

239. watch

ch

watched

watched

watching

watches

เฝ้าคอย

R

240. wear



wore

worn

wearing

wears

ใส่

I

241. weave

v

wove

woven

weaving

weaves

ทอสาน

I

242. weep

p

wept

wept

weeping

weeps

ร้ องไห้

I

243. whisper



whispered

whispered

whispering

whispers

กระซิบ

R

244. whistle

l

whistled

whistled

whistling

whistles

ผิวปาก

R

245. win

n

won

won

winning

wins

ชนะ

I

246. wind

d

wound

wound

winding

winds

ลมพัด

I

247. wink

k

winked

winked

winking

winks

ขยิบตา / หรี่ ตา

R

248. withdraw



withdrew

withdrawn

withdrawing

withdraws

รับคืน ถอน

I

249. write

t

wrote

written

writing

writes

เขียน

I

250. yawn

n

yawned

yawned

yawning

yawns

หาว

R

15

Verb Definition

16

Types of Verbs

The Verb's Role in a Sentence Verbs can be divided according to the job they do in a sentence. The grammar-expert's way of saying this is that we can divide verbs syntactically. These are the divisions and sub-divisions according to syntax: 1. finite verbs ◦ transitive verbs ◦ intransitive verbs ◦ linking Verbs 2. non-finite verbs ◦ infinitives ◦ gerunds ◦ participles  present participle  past participle  perfect participle 3. helping verbs (auxiliaries) ◦ primary auxiliaries ◦ modal auxiliaries Formation of the Verb-Word We know that verbs are words, just like any other part of speech. The words that represent the verbs follow different patterns of spelling or sound. Verbs can, therefore, be divided into various kinds depending upon how they are formed. Grammarians would call this a morphological division. ▪ regular verbs ▪ irregular verbs ▪ compound verbs ▪ phrasal verbs Verbs According to Meaning Those who know grammar well call this division of verbs a semantic classification. ▪ action words (action verbs) ▪ being ▪ having Now you know the names of different verbs and how they are classified. We can classify them according to their role in a sentence (syntactically), or their formation (morphologically), or their meaning (semantically).

17

Types of Verbs

Before you begin the verb tense lessons, it is extremely important to understand that NOT all English verbs are the same. English verbs are divided into three groups: Normal Verbs, Non-Continuous Verbs, and Mixed Verbs. Group I Normal Verbs Most verbs are "Normal Verbs." These verbs are usually physical actions which you can see somebody doing. These verbs can be used in all tenses. Normal Verbs to run, to walk, to eat, to fly, to go, to say, to touch, etc. Examples: ▪ I eat dinner every day. ▪ I am eating dinner now. Group II Non-Continuous Verbs The second group, called "Non-Continuous Verbs," is smaller. These verbs are usually things you cannot see somebody doing. These verbs are rarely used in continuous tenses. They include: Abstract Verbs to be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist... Possession Verbs to possess, to own, to belong... Emotion Verbs to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind... Examples: ▪ He is needing help now. Not Correct ▪ He needs help now. Correct ▪ He is wanting a drink now. Not Correct ▪ He wants a drink now. Correct Group III Mixed Verbs The third group, called "Mixed Verbs," is the smallest group. These verbs have more than one meaning. In a way, each meaning is a unique verb. Some meanings behave like "Non-Continuous Verbs," while other meanings behave like "Normal Verbs."

18

Types of Verbs

Mixed Verbs to appear, to feel, to have, to hear, to look, to see, to weigh... List of Mixed Verbs with Examples and Definitions: to appear: ▪ Donna appears confused. Non-Continuous Verb DONNA SEEMS CONFUSED. ▪ My favorite singer is appearing at the jazz club tonight. Normal Verb MY FAVORITE SINGER IS GIVING A PERFORMANCE AT THE JAZZ CLUB TONIGHT. to have: ▪ I have a dollar now. Non-Continuous Verb I POSSESS A DOLLAR. ▪ I am having fun now. Normal Verb I AM EXPERIENCING FUN NOW. to hear: ▪ She hears the music. Non-Continuous Verb SHE HEARS THE MUSIC WITH HER EARS. ▪ She is hearing voices. Normal Verb SHE HEARS SOMETHING OTHERS CANNOT HEAR. SHE IS HEARING VOICES IN HER MIND. to look: ▪ Nancy looks tired. Non-Continuous Verb SHE SEEMS TIRED. ▪ Farah is looking at the pictures. Normal Verb SHE IS LOOKING WITH HER EYES. to miss: ▪ John misses Sally. Non-Continuous Verb HE IS SAD BECAUSE SHE IS NOT THERE. ▪ Debbie is missing her favorite TV program. Normal Verb SHE IS NOT THERE TO SEE HER FAVORITE PROGRAM. to see: ▪ I see her. Non-Continuous Verb I SEE HER WITH MY EYES. ▪ I am seeing the doctor. Normal Verb I AM VISITING OR CONSULTING WITH A DOCTOR. (ALSO USED WITH DENTIST AND LAWYER.) ▪ I am seeing her. Normal Verb I AM HAVING A RELATIONSHIP WITH HER. ▪ He is seeing ghosts at night. Normal Verb HE SEES SOMETHING OTHERS CANNOT SEE. FOR EXAMPLE GHOSTS, AURA, A VISION OF THE FUTURE, ETC.

19

Types of Verbs

to smell: ▪ The coffee smells good. Non-Continuous Verb THE COFFEE HAS A GOOD SMELL. ▪ I am smelling the flowers. Normal Verb I AM SNIFFING THE FLOWERS TO SEE WHAT THEIR SMELL IS LIKE. to taste: ▪ The coffee tastes good. Non-Continuous Verb THE COFFEE HAS A GOOD TASTE. ▪ I am tasting the cake. Normal Verb I AM TRYING THE CAKE TO SEE WHAT IT TASTES LIKE. to think: ▪ He thinks the test is easy. Non-Continuous Verb HE CONSIDERS THE TEST TO BE EASY. ▪ She is thinking about the question. Normal Verb SHE IS PONDERING THE QUESTION, GOING OVER IT IN HER MIND. to weigh: ▪ The table weighs a lot. Non-Continuous Verb THE TABLE IS HEAVY. ▪ She is weighing herself. Normal Verb SHE IS DETERMINING HER WEIGHT. Some Verbs Can Be Especially Confusing: to be: ▪ Joe is American. Non-Continuous Verb JOE IS AN AMERICAN CITIZEN. ▪ Joe is being very American. Normal Verb JOE IS BEHAVING LIKE A STEREOTYPICAL AMERICAN. ▪ Joe is being very rude. Normal Verb JOE IS BEHAVING VERY RUDELY. USUALLY HE IS NOT RUDE. ▪ Joe is being very formal. Normal Verb JOE IS BEHAVING VERY FORMALLY. USUALLY HE IS NOT FORMAL. NOTICE: Only rarely is "to be" used in a continuous form. This is most commonly done when a person is temporarily behaving badly or stereotypically. It can also be used when someone's behavior is noticeably different.

20

Types of Verbs

to feel: ▪ The massage feels great. Non-Continuous Verb THE MASSAGE HAS A PLEASING FEELING. ▪ I don't feel well today. Sometimes used as Non-Continuous Verb ▪ AM A LITTLE SICK. ▪ I am not feeling well today. Sometimes used as Normal Verb I AM A LITTLE SICK. NOTICE: The second meaning of "feel" is very flexible and there is no real difference in meaning between "I don't feel well today" and "I am not feeling well today."

21

Finite Verbs

1. Transitive

2. Intransitive

3. Linking

1. Transitive Verb What is a transitive verb? Look at these sentences. 1. He met her yesterday. 2. She wrote a story last year. 3. Rust destroys iron. In these sentences, the verbs are the words: met, wrote and destroys. In each sentence, you ask the question, 'met whom/what?' You will get the answers as follows: ▪ sentence 1 — question: met whom? — answer: her ▪ sentence 2 — question: wrote what? — answer: story ▪ sentence 3 — question: destroys what? — answer: iron (Note that we use whom in the questions for human beings and what for things and also for animals.)The words her, story and iron in the sentences above are called objects in grammar. A transitive verb is, therefore, a verb which has an object. What is an object? An object, we may say, is the aim or purpose or destination or target of a verb's action. In our three examplesentences above, the verbs met, wrote and destroys have the words her, story and iron as their targets. These targets are called objects. With a transitive verb, we can expect these objects. Why do we use the word 'transitive'? We call these verbs 'transitive' because these verbs have the property of transitivity. What is transitivity? To transit means to pass through. Each of the verbs met, wrote and destroys in our examples has its action conveyed (carried) to the object. We might also say that the action begins with the subject (he, she, rust in our sentences) and passes through the verb to the object. This property of the verb is transitivity. Hence we call these verbs transitive. Understanding these verbs in this way helps us to remember what they are. Here's a list of transitive verbs. eat, drink, read, write, play, see, hear, answer, buy, find, love, like, understand, catch, bring, sing, meet, give, take, get, forget, buy, sell, pay, help.

22

Finite Verbs

Here are some of these verbs used in sentences. Sentence

verb

object

(a) The teacher answered the question.

answered

question

(b) My friend bought a house.

bought

house

(c) The children found the money.

found

money

(d) Most Indians love cricket.

love

cricket

(e) Children like football.

like

football

2. Intransitive Verb What is an intransitive verb? Simple, I suppose. It is a verb which is not transitive—a verb which does not take an object. Here are some examples along with some sentences. walk, jump, sleep, sit, lie, stand, weep, kneel, fall, fly, flow, remain, die, belong, wait, come, go. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

We walk to the railway station. The children jump with joy. Babies sleep for many hours. My brother stood there. Jesus wept.

Some Exceptions You will often find transitive verbs used intransitively, i.e. without an object. ▪ They are eating. ▪ We play in the evening. ▪ I understand. At rare times intransitive verbs are used transitively. ▪ How did you cover all that distance? We walked it. ('walked' has the object 'it' in this sentence) ▪ I cannot stand such nonsense. ('stand' has the object 'nonsense' in this sentence) Besides transitive and intransitive verbs, we have linking verbs in the finite verbs family.

23

Finite Verbs

Linking Verbs A + (v.l.a) Subject Present Simple I am You We are They He She is It

Present Perfect

Past Simple

Past Perfect

Future Simple

Future Perfect

had been

will be

will have been

was have been

has been

were

was

Linking Verbs B (v.l.b) Linking Verbs คือกริ ยารูปแบบหนึ่งในภาษาอังกฤษที่ทาหน้ าที่ Link หรื อว่าเชื่อมคานามหรื อประธานของประโยคที่อยู่ด้านหน้ าเพื่ บอก หรื อขยายประธานที่อยู่ ด้ านหน้ า ตัวอย่างของ Linking verbs ได้ แ่่ ก่ 1. to appear ปรากฏ

2. to get ได้ รับ

3. to prove พิสูจน์

4. to sound เสี ยง

5. to be เป็ น อยู่ คือ

6. to go ไป

7. to remain ยังคง

8. to stay พัก

9. to become กลายเป็ น

10. to grow เติบโต

11. to seem ดูเหมือน

12. to taste ชิม

13. to feel รู้ สึก

14. to look ดู คล้ าย

15. to smell กลิ่น

16. to turn หมุน พลิก เลี้ยว

USE การใช้ The linking verbs above are often followed by adjectives instead of adverbs. In such situations, the adjective describes the subject of the sentence rather than the verb. Study the examples below to learn the difference. กริ ยา Linking verb ด้านบนมักจะตามด้วย Adjective แทนที่จะเป็ น Adverb ในบางสถานการณ์ คาคุณศัพท์ หรื อว่า adjective จะอธิ บายหรื อขยาย ประธานของประโยคมากกว่าที่จะเป็ นคากริ ยา ลองดูตวั อย่างประโยคเพื่อความเข้าใจ Example: ▪ Mary seemed sad.

Correct ถูกต้องเพราะ Linking verb "seemed" ตามด้วยคา Adj. คือ sad

▪ Mary seemed sadly.

Not Correct ไม่ถกู ต้องเพราะ Linking verb "seemed" ตามด้วยคา Adv. คือ sadly

▪ The cake tastes good.

Correct ถูกต้องเพราะ Linking verb "tastes" ตามด้วยคา Adj. คือ good

▪ The cake tastes well.

Not Correct ไม่ถกู ต้องเพราะ Linking verb "tastes" ตามด้วยคา Adv. คือ well

▪ The train is slow.

Correct เหตุผลเดียวกัน หลัง is เป็ น Adj. คือ slow

▪ The train is slowly.

Not Correct เหตุผลเดียวกัน คือหลัง is เป็ น Adv. คือ slowly

▪ James grew tired.

Correct

▪ Sarah remained calm.

Correct

24

Finite Verbs

IMPORTANT สิ่ งสาคัญ The verbs in the list above are not always used as linking verbs. Compare the examples below. คากริ ยาด้านบนไม่ได้มีความหมายเป็ น Linking verb เสมอไป จะต้องดูรูปประโยคประกอบด้วย ▪ Sally grew angry.

"Angry" describes Sally. In this sentence, "to grow" is being used as a linking verb meaning "to become." ประโยคนี้ grew เป็ น Linking verb เพราะว่า่ หมายถึง กลายมาเป็ น และตามด้วย Adj.

▪ The plant grew quickly.

"Quickly" does not describe the plant, it describes the manner in which it grows. In this sentence, "to grow" is not being used as a linking verb. สาหรับประโยคนี้ grew เป็ นกริ ยาหลักของประโยค โดยสังเกตคาที่ตามหลังจะเป็ น Adv ที่มาขยายกริ ยาหลัก คือ เติบโตอย่างรวดเร็ ว

25

Non - Continuous Verbs

Mental and emotional states believe

dislike

doubt

imagine

know

like

love

hate

prefer

realize

recognize

remember

suppose

understand

want

wish

appear

hear

see

seem

smell

sound

taste

agree

astonish

deny

disagree

impress

mean

please

promise

satisfy

surprise

Sense

Communication

Other states be

belong

concern

consist

contain

cost

depend

deserve

fit

include

involve

lack

matter

need

owe

own

possess

26

Basic Sentence Structure

27

Sentence Structure

Basic Sentence Structure There are five basic patterns around which most English sentences are built. S-V

Subject-Verb

John sleeps. Jill is eating. Jack will arrive next week.

S-V-O

Subject-Verb-Object

I like rice. She loves her job. He’s eating an orange.

S-V-Adj

Subject-Verb-Adjective

He is funny. The workers are lazy. Karen seems angry.

S-V-Adv

Subject-Verb-Adverb

Jim is here. Flowers are everywhere. No one was there.

S-V-N

Subject-Verb-Noun

She is my mom. The men are doctors. Mr. Jones is the teacher.

At the heart of every English sentence is the Subject-Verb relationship. Other elements can be added to make a sentence more interesting, but they are not essential to its formation.

28

Pronouns

Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun Possessive Pronoun Possessive Adjective Reflexive Pronoun

Intensive Pronoun

I

you

we

they

he

she

it

me

you

us

them

him

her

it

mine

yours

ours

theirs

his

hers

its

my

your

our

their

his

her

its

myself

yourself

-

-

himself

herself

itself

-

yourselves

ourselves

themselves

-

-

-

I myself

You yourself

-

-

He himself

It itself

-

You yourselves

We ourselves

They themselves

-

She herself -

-

Demonstrative Pronouns

this, that, these, those

Indefinite Pronouns

all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, several, some, somebody, someone, something

Interrogative Pronouns

who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever

Examples: Subject Pronoun ▪ I will see you later. ▪ You have to come now. ▪ She lives in Bangkok. ▪ He makes me angry. ▪ It works fine. ▪ They missed the last train. ▪ We can’t see her. Object Pronoun ▪ John hit me on the arm. ▪ I need to tell you something. ▪ Jill took him outside. ▪ The message wasn’t for her. ▪ Take it to the shop. ▪ Summer is hot for us. ▪ John took them downstairs. Possessive pronouns show who owns something described in a sentence. Possessive adjectives are similar to possessive pronouns. However, the possessive adjective comes before the object of the sentence; the possessive pronoun is the object of the sentence. 29

Pronouns

Examples: ▪ That is my dog. (Possessive Adjective) ▪ The dog is mine. (Possessive Pronoun) Intensive pronouns and reflexive pronouns look the same. However, they act differently in a sentence. Intensive pronouns put an emphasis on other pronouns or nouns. Reflexive pronouns rename the subject in a sentence. Examples: ▪ Intensive pronoun – She herself will go to the bank. (herself emphasizes the pronoun she) ▪ Reflexive pronoun – She cut herself on the arm. (herself renames the pronoun she) Demonstrative pronouns refer to things in relation to distance. This and these refer to things that are close by. That and those refer to things farther away. Examples: ▪ This is your shirt. ▪ That is my house on the hill. ▪ These good friends are sitting next to me. ▪ Those roads in the city are busy. Indefinite pronouns replace nouns that are not specified. Examples: ▪ We gave everything to the students. ▪ All were happy to see the children again. ▪ Give a pen to each as they come in. Interrogative pronouns are used to ask a question. Examples: ▪ Which of these do you like? ▪ Who was in the room? ▪ Whatever we say, he will still be angry.

30

English Tenses Exercises

31

Tenses

1. 2. 3.

Present Past Future

4.

Present

5. 6.

Past Future

7.

Present

8.

Past

9.

Future

10. 11.

Present Past

12.

Future

Simple

Perfect

1. 4. 7.

Present Present Present

Simple Perfect Continuous

10.

Present

Perfect Continuous

2. 5.

Past Past

Simple Perfect

8.

Past

Continuous

11.

Past

Perfect Continuous

3.

Future

Simple

6.

Future

Perfect

9. 12.

Future Future

Continuous Perfect Continuous

Continuous

Perfect continuous

32

Tense Key Words – Active Voice Tense

+ Active v.aux

- Active

- Active

v.i./v.t v1/vs

v.aux do + not/does + not +

v.i./v.t v1

v.aux don’t/doesn’t +

v.i./v.t v1

v2

did + not +

V1

didn’t +

V1

1.

Present

2.

Past

3.

Future

will +

v1

will + not +

v1

won’t +

v1

4.

Present

have/has +

v3

have + not/has + not +

v3

haven’t/hasn’t +

v3

5.

Past

had +

v3

had + not +

v3

hadn’t +

v3

6.

Future

will + have +

v3

will + not + have +

v3

won’t + have +

v3

7.

Present

am/are/is +

ving

ving

aren’t/isn’t +

ving

8.

Past

was/were/was +

ving

ving

wasn’t/weren’t/wasn’t +

ving

9.

Future

will + be +

ving

am + not/are + not/is + not + was + not/were + not/was + not + will + not + be +

ving

won’t + be +

ving

have/has + been +

ving

have + not/has + not +

ving

haven’t/hasn’t been +

ving

had + been +

ving

had + not + been +

ving

hadn’t + been +

ving

will + have + been +

ving

will + not + have + been +

ving

won’t + have + been +

ving

Simple

Perfect

Continuous

10. Present 11. Past 12. Future

Perfect Continuous

33

Tense Key Words – Passive Voice Tense 1.

Present

2.

Past

3.

Future

will + be +

- Passive (v.i./v.t.) / - Active (v.l.) v.aux / v.l. v.i./v.t am + not/are + not/is + not + was + not/were + not/was + not + will + not + be +

4.

Present

have/has + been +

have + not/has + not +

haven’t/hasn’t been +

5.

Past

had + been +

had + not + been +

hadn’t + been +

6.

Future

will + have + been +

won’t + have + been +

7.

Present

am/are/is +

being

8.

Past

was/were/was +

being

9.

Future

will + be +

being

will + not + have + been + am + not/are + not/is + not + was + not/were + not/was + not + will + not + be +

10.

Present

have/has + been +

being

11.

Past

had + been +

12.

Future

will + have + been +

Simple

Perfect

Continuous

Perfect Continuous

+ Passive (v.i./v.t.) / + Active (v.l.) v.aux / v.l. v.i./v.t am/are/is + was/were/was +

- Passive (v.i./v.t.) / - Active (v.l.) v.aux / v.l. v.i./v.t aren’t/isn’t + wasn’t/weren’t/wasn’t + won’t + be +

being

aren’t/isn’t +

being

being

being

being

wasn’t/weren’t/wasn’t + won’t + be +

have + not/has + not +

being

haven’t/hasn’t been +

being

being

had + not + been +

being

hadn’t + been +

being

being

will + not + have + been +

being

won’t + have + been +

being

being

34

? Interrogative / Question form * Only the 1st v.aux can swap with the subject

Normal form:

Contracted form:

Subject.

1st v.aux

Predicate

+

I

have

eaten cake.

-

I

have

not eaten cake.

Subject.

1st v.aux

Predicate

I

haven’t

eaten cake.

Subject.

1st v.aux

Predicate

I

-

eat cake.

e.g.

e.g. -

No v.aux form:

e.g. +

Subject.

1st v.aux

Predicate

?

Have

I

eaten cake?

-?

Have

I

not eaten cake?

Subject.

1st v.aux

Predicate

Haven’t

I

eaten cake?

Subject.

1st v.aux

Predicate

Do

I

eat cake?

e.g.

e.g. -?

e.g. ?

v.aux

35

Writing Exercise (A) V-T v.t. v.i. v.l. v.t. v.i. v.l. v.t. v.i. v.l. v.t. v.i. v.l. v.t. v.i. v.l. v.l.

Subject

Verb

Object

Clause

Structure S+V+O S+V S+V+Adj. S+V+O S+V S+V+Adv. S+V+O S+V S+V+N S+V+O S+V S+V+Adj. S+V+O S+V S+V+Adv. S+V+Adv.

36

Writing Exercise (B) V-T v.t. v.i. v.l. v.t. v.i. v.l. v.t. v.i. v.l. v.t. v.i. v.l. v.l. v.t. v.i. v.l.

Subject

Verb

Object

Clause

Structure S+V+O S+V S+V+Adj. S+V+O S+V S+V+Adv. S+V+O S+V S+V+N S+V+O S+V S+V+Adj. S+V+Adv. S+V+O S+V S+V+N

37

Converting Active to Passive Voice

Transitive Verb

Intransitive Verb

38

Example Structure PRESENT Active Voice

Passive Voice

PAST Active Voice

Simple

Passive Voice

FUTURE Active Voice

Passive Voice

Simple

Simple

v1

vtb1

v2

vtb2

will + v1

will + be

+

I kick the ball.

The ball is kicked by me.

I kicked the ball.

The ball was kicked by me.

I will kick the ball.

The ball will be kicked by me.

-

I don’t kick the ball.

The ball isn’t kicked by me.

I didn’t kick the ball.

The ball wasn’t kicked by me.

I won’t kick the ball.

The ball won’t be kicked by me.

+?

Do I kick the ball?

Is the ball kicked by me?

Did I kick the ball?

Was the ball kicked by me?

Will I kick the ball?

Will the ball be kicked by me?

-?

Do I not kick the ball?

Is the ball not kicked by me?

Did I not kick the ball?

Was the ball not kicked by me?

Will I not kick the ball?

Will the ball not be kicked by me?

-?

Don’t I kick the ball?

Isn’t the ball kicked by me?

Didn’t I kick the ball?

Wasn’t the ball kicked by me?

Won’t I kick the ball?

Won’t the ball be kicked by me?

Perfect

Perfect

Perfect

have / has + v3

have / has + been

had + v3

had + been

will + have + v3

will + have + been

+

I have kicked the ball.

The ball has been kicked by me.

I had kicked the ball.

The ball had been kicked by me.

I will have kicked the ball.

The ball will have been kicked by me.

-

I haven’t kicked the ball.

The ball hasn’t been kicked by me.

I hadn’t kicked the ball. The ball hadn’t been kicked by me.

I won’t have kicked the The ball won’t have ball. been kicked by me.

+?

Have I kicked the ball?

Has the ball been kicked by me?

Had I kicked the ball?

Had the ball been kicked by me?

Will I have kicked the ball?

Will the ball have been kicked by me?

-?

Have I not kicked the ball?

Has the ball not been Had I not kicked the ball? kicked by me?

Had the ball not been kicked by me?

Will I not have kicked the ball?

Will the ball not have been kicked by me?

-?

Haven’t I kicked the ball?

Hasn’t the ball been kicked by me?

Hadn’t the ball been kicked by me?

Won’t I have kicked the ball?

Won’t the ball have been kicked by me?

Hadn’t I kicked the ball?

39

PRESENT Active Voice

Passive Voice

PAST Active Voice

Passive Voice

Continuous

FUTURE Active Voice

Passive Voice

Continuous

vtb1 + ving

vtb1+ being

vtb2 + being

will + be+ ving

will + be + being

+

I am kicking the ball.

The ball is being kicked I was kicking the ball. by me.

The ball was being kicked by me.

I will be kicking the ball.

The ball will be being kicked by me.

-

I’m not kicking the ball. The ball isn’t being kicked by me.

I wasn’t kicking the ball.

The ball wasn’t being kicked by me.

I won’t be kicking the ball.

The ball won’t be being kicked by me.

+?

Am I kicking the ball?

Is the ball being kicked by me?

Was I kicking the ball?

Was the ball being kicked by me?

Will I be kicking the ball?

Will the ball be being kicked by me?

-?

Am I not kicking the ball?

Is the ball not being kicked by me?

Was I not kicking the ball?

Was the ball not being kicked by me?

Will I not be kicking the ball?

Will the ball not be being kicked by me?

-?

* Aren’t you kicking the ball?

Isn’t the ball being kicked by me?

Wasn’t I kicking the ball?

Wasn’t the ball being kicked by me?

Won’t I be kicking the ball?

Won’t the ball be being kicked by me?

Perfect Continuous

vtb2 + ving

Continuous

Perfect Continuous

Perfect Continuous

have/has + been + ving have/has + been + being

had+ been + ving

had + been + being

will + have + been + ving

+

I have been kicking the The ball has been ball. being kicked by me.

I had been kicking the ball.

The ball had been being kicked by me.

I will have been kicking The ball will have been the ball. being kicked by me.

-

I haven’t been kicking the ball.

I hadn’t been kicking the ball.

The ball hadn’t been being kicked by me.

I won’t have been kicking the ball.

The ball won’t have been being kicked by me.

+?

Have I been kicking the Has the ball been ball? being kicked by me?

Had I been kicking the ball?

Had the ball been being kicked by me?

Will I have been kicking the ball?

Will the ball have been being kicked by me?

-?

Have I not been kicking Has the ball not been the ball? being kicked by me?

Had I not been kicking the ball?

Had the ball not been being kicked by me?

Will I not have been kicking the ball?

Will the ball not have been being kicked by me?

-?

Haven’t I been kicking the ball?

Hadn’t I been kicking the ball?

Hadn’t the ball been being kicked by me?

Won’t I have been kicking the ball?

Won’t the ball have been being kicked by me?

The ball hasn’t been being kicked by me.

Hasn’t the ball been being kicked by me?

will + have + been + being

40

5. Writing Exercise Active and Passive Voice PRESENT TENSE (A) PRESENT Simple

PRESENT Simple

Active Voice

Passive Voice

PRESENT Perfect

PRESENT Perfect

Active Voice

Passive Voice

+ +? -? -?

+ +? -? -?

41

PRESENT TENSE (B) PRESENT Continuous

PRESENT Continuous

Active Voice

Passive Voice

PRESENT Perfect Continuous

PRESENT Perfect Continuous

Active Voice

Passive Voice

+ +? -? -?

+ +? -? -?

42

PAST TENSE (C) PAST Simple

PAST Simple

Active Voice

Passive Voice

PAST Perfect

PAST Perfect

Active Voice

Passive Voice

+ +? -? -?

+ +? -? -?

43

PAST TENSE (D) PAST Continuous

PAST Continuous

Active Voice

Passive Voice

PAST Perfect Continuous

PAST Perfect Continuous

Active Voice

Passive Voice

+ +? -? -?

+ +? -? -?

44

FUTURE TENSE (E) FUTURE Simple

FUTURE Simple

Active Voice

Passive Voice

FUTURE Perfect

FUTURE Perfect

Active Voice

Passive Voice

+ +? -? -?

+ +? -? -?

45

FUTURE TENSE (F) FUTURE Continuous

FUTURE Continuous

Active Voice

Passive Voice

FUTURE Perfect Continuous

FUTURE Perfect Continuous

Active Voice

Passive Voice

+ +? -? -?

+ +? -? -?

46

Adverbs

47

Types of Adverbs

Adverb 1 - Certainty certainly Adverb 2 - Frequency A Adverb

Translation

always

เสมอ / เรื่ อย / ตลอดเวลา / ทุกครั้ง 100%

nearly / almost always

แทบ / เกือบ / น้องๆ

90%

usually

ปกติ / ธรรมดา / โดยปกติ

80%

very often / frequently

ประจา / มักจะ / เรื่ อย

70%

often

บ่อย / มักจะ / เรื่ อย

60%

sometimes

บางครั้ง / บางที

50%

occasionally

บางครั้ง / บางครั้งบางคราว / บางที 40%

seldom

เกือบ / แทบ

20%

hardly ever / almost never

หายาก

10%

never

ไม่เคย / อย่า

0%

ever (normally used for questions) *** เคย

Percentage

0%

Adverb 3 - Manner Adj. → Adv.3 Manner Adverb 4 - Place Noun Phrase (prep. + art. + n.) Adverb 5 - Frequency B generally / normally / sometimes / usually Adverb 6 - Time 1. 'how long' (all day, not long, for a while, since last year) 2. 'how often' (sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly) 3. 'when' (today, yesterday, later, now, last year) Example: 1 + 2 : I work (1) for five hours (2) every day 2 + 3 : The magazine was published (2) weekly (3) last year. 1 + 3 : I was abroad (1) for two months (3) last year. 1 + 2 + 3 : She worked in a hospital (1) for two days (2) every week (3) last year.

48

The Royal Order of Adverbs 1. Adverbs Order with Intransitive Verb (v.i.) S - V Subject v.aux Adv.1

Adv.2

I

always

am

definitely

*Be

Main Verb

Adv.3

Object

Adv.4

Adv.5

Adv.6

Adv.7

sleeping

noisily

on my bed

in my room

usually

in May

to annoy my sister

Main Verb

Object

Adv.3

Adv.4

Adv.5

Adv.6

Adv.7

drinking

water

loudly

in the kitchen

occasionally on Mondays

for fun.

Adjective

Adv.4

Adv.5

Adv.6

Adv.7

happy

at work

normally

during the holidays

because I want to be with my family.

Adv.4

Adv.5

Adv.6

Adv.7

at home

generally

before dinner

so I can prepare supper for everybody.

Noun

Adv.4

Adv.5

Adv.6

Adv.7

your teacher

at school

sometimes

after hours

so that you can improve your grades.

2. Adverbs Order with Transitive Verb (v.t.) S - V - O Subject v.aux Adv.1

Adv.2

I

always

am

surely

*Be

3. Adverbs Order with Linking Verb (v.l.) S - V - Adj Subject v.l.

Adv.1

I

undoubtedly never

am

Adv.2

*Be

4. Adverbs Order with Linking Verb (v.l.) S - V - Adv Subject v.l.

Adv.1

Adv.2

I

probably

often

am

*Be

5. Adverbs Order with Linking Verb (v.l.) S - V – N Subject v.l.

Adv.1

Adv.2

I

definitely

always

am

*Be

49

The Royal Order of Adverbs Adverbs Order Time Emphasis Time (when) Subject (who / what)

v.l.

Adv.2 (how often)

Main Verb (do / does)

Object (what)

Adv.4 (where)

Adv.6 (when)

Every morning

is

always

eating

breakfast

in the kitchen

at 7 A.M.

*Be

Main Verb

Adv.4

Object

Adv.3 (by)

Adv.5

Adv.6

Adv.7

going

to school

With my friend

by bus

usually

every day

to study.

John

Adverbs Order Motion Verbs Subject v.aux Adv.1 Adv.2 I

am

definitely always

50

The Royal Order of Adverbs - Vocabulary Guide

1. Certainty certainly

definitely

probably

undoubtedly

surely

always

repeatedly

largely

predominantly

seldom

nearly

spasmodically

often

sporadically

rarely

almost always

habitually

normally

typically

hardly ever

constantly

usually

regularly

generally

almost never

continuously

very often

chiefly

intermittently

never

commonly

frequently

mostly

infrequently

well (after verb)

cleverly

gently

magnificently

sadly

badly (after verb

colorfully

gracefully

maturely

safely

hard (after verb)

comfortably

mechanically

secretly

fast (after verb)

competitively

guiltily

mindlessly

silently

abnormally

confidently

happily

miraculously

skillfully

accidentally

cowardly

harshly

miserably

sleepily

accurately

crazily

helpfully

musically

steadily

affectionately

customarily

hurriedly

naturally

suspiciously

anxiously

deliberately

imaginatively

neatly

tastefully

artfully

delightfully

irresponsibly

noisily

tenderly

awkwardly

desperately

jealously

oddly

terribly

awesomely

dependably

jokingly

officially

triumphantly

badly

distinctly

joyfully

painfully

uniquely

beautifully

doubtfully

justly

personally

universally

briskly

eagerly

kindly

proudly

untruthfully

brutally

easily

knowledgeably

punctually

vocally

busily

extraordinarily

lawfully

purposefully

voluntarily

calmly

expertly

leisurely

quickly

warmly

carefully

famously

lifelessly

readily

watchfully

cautiously

fashionably

luckily

regretfully

cheerfully

freely

lovingly

religiously

clearly

furiously

loyally

romantically

Noun Phrase

down here

indoors

overhead

up here

abroad

down there

nearby

overseas

up there

ahead

downhill

nowhere

somewhere

uphill

anywhere

downstairs

outdoors

there

upstairs

apart

everywhere

over here

under here

away

here

over there

under there

2. Frequency (a)

3. Manner

4. Place

51

The Royal Order of Adverbs - Vocabulary Guide

5. Frequency (b) frequently

normally

often

generally 6. Time

occasionally

regularly

sometimes

usually

all (day, week, month, year) all (morning, afternoon, evening, night) every (day, week, month, year, lifetime) every number (minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, decades, centuries) every (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday) every (morning, afternoon, evening, night) every now and again for (breakfast, brunch, lunch, supper, dinner) for (days, weeks, months, years, several years) for a (day, week, month, year, several years, lifetime) for number (days, weeks, months, years, decades, centuries) from time to time once a (day, week, fortnight, month, year, lifetime) once in a while several times a (day, week, month, year, lifetime) since (1995, 2005) since (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December) since (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday) since (today, yesterday, day before yesterday, last week, last month, last year ) three times a (day, week, month, year, lifetime) twice a (day, week, month, year, lifetime) Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays, Sundays 7. Purpose Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Adverb phrase

to

for

so that

in order that

in order to

lest

because

* Noun Phrases = prep + noun Example: ▪ on the chair ▪ in the room ▪ with my friend

52

Adverb with Tenses and Active and Passive Voice Adverbs Order with Intransitive Verb (v.i.) S + V Active Voice Tense Subject

(v.a.)

Adv.1

Adv.2

certainly

* Be

Main Verb

Adv.3

Object

Adv.4

Adv.5

Adv.6

always

sleep

quietly

on the bed

in my room generally

at night

1

I

4

I

have

certainly

always

slept

quietly

on the bed

in my room generally

at night

7

I

am

certainly

always

sleeping

quietly

on the bed

in my room generally

at night

10

I

have

certainly

always

been

sleeping

quietly

on the bed

in my room generally

at night

* Be

Main Verb

Adv.3

Object

Adv.4

Adv.6

slept

quietly

on by me

in my room generally

at night

Adverbs Order with Intransitive Verb (v.i.) S + V Passive Voice Tense Subject

(v.a.)

Adv.1

Adv.2

Adv.5

1

The bed is

certainly

always

4

The bed has

certainly

always

been

slept

quietly

on by me

in my room generally

at night

7

The bed is

certainly

always

being

slept

quietly

on by me

in my room generally

at night

10

The bed has

certainly

always

been being

slept

quietly

on by me

in my room generally

at night

53

1. Writing Exercise using Adverb Chart - Adverbs Order with Intransitive Verb (v.i.) S + V Tense

Active Voice

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

54

2. Writing Exercise using Adverb Chart - Adverbs Order with Intransitive Verb (v.i.) S + V Tense

Passive Voice

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

55

Adverb with Tenses and Active and Passive Voice Adverbs Order with Transitive Verb (v.t.) S + V + O Active Voice Tense Subject

(v.a.)

Adv.1

Adv.2

definitely

* Be

Main Verb

Object

Adv.3

Adv.4

Adv.5

Adv.6

always

kicked

the ball

slowly

in the park

usually

once a day

2

I

5

I

had

definitely

always

kicked

the ball

slowly

in the park

usually

once a day

8

I

was

definitely

always

kicking

the ball

slowly

in the park

usually

once a day

11

I

had

definitely

always

been

kicking

the ball

slowly

in the park

usually

once a day

* Be

Main Verb

Object

Adv.3

Adv.4

Adv.5

Adv.6

kicked

by me

slowly

in the park

usually

once a day

Adverbs Order with Transitive Verb (v.t.) S + V + O Passive Voice Tense Subject

(v.a.)

Adv.1

Adv.2

2

The ball

was

definitely

always

5

The ball

had

definitely

always

been

kicked

by me

slowly

in the park

usually

once a day

8

The ball

was

definitely

always

being

kicked

by me

slowly

in the park

usually

once a day

11

The ball

had

definitely

always

been being

kicked

by me

slowly

in the park

usually

once a day

56

3. Writing Exercise using Adverb Chart - Adverbs Order with Transitive Verb (v.t.) S + V + O

Tense

Active Voice

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57

4. Writing Exercise using Adverb Chart - Adverbs Order with Transitive Verb (v.t.) S + V + O Tense

Passive Voice

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

58

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