An Easy Guide to Understanding Basic English Structure
Copyright © 2010 SANOOK ENGLISH
Mieder van Loggerenberg E-mail:
[email protected]
Index Index Spelling Rules …………………………..…………. Pronunciation Rules ………..………………….. Regular and Irregular Verbs ……………..…. Verb Definition …….……………………………… Basic Sentence Structure …….………………. English Tenses Exercises..……………………. Adverbs ……………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
1 5 8 16 27 31 47
Spelling Rules
1
Spelling Rules for Regular Verbs, Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
IrrV: Regular verb V1: Verb 1 Adj: Adjective
RegV: Regular verb V2: Verb 2 CA: Comparative adjective
Vs: Verb + s V3: Verb 3 SA: Superlative adjective
Ving: Verb + ing
Syllable: พยางค์
Vowel: สระ
Consonant: พยัญชนะ
Adjective: คุณศัพท์
Rule #1 1 syllable words with 1 vowel and end with 1 consonant * Consonant x2 V1 V2 (+ed) RegV hop hopped IrrV hit hit Adj CA (+er) Adj fat fatter
V3 (+ed) hopped hit SA (+est) fattest
Ving (+ing) hopping hitting
* Verbs end with x or w should be used with rule #2 V1 V2 (+ed) RegV mix mixed IrrV sew sewed
V3 (+ed) mixed sewn
Ving (+ing) mixing sewing
Rule #2 1 syllable words with a. 2 vowels and ending in 1 consonant (Verb = end with 1/2 Consonants) b. 1 vowel and ending in 2 consonants V1 V2 (+ed) V3 (+ed) RegV look looked looked kick kicked kicked IrrV sweep swept swept fight fought fought Adj CA (+er) SA (+est) Adj weak weaker weakest strong stronger strongest
Ving (+ing) looking kicking sweeping fighting
2
Rule #3 1 - 2 syllable words ending with a consonant and e (Verbs can have 2 syllables) V1 V2 (+d) V3 (+d) RegV bake baked baked IrrV bite bit bitten Adj CA (+r) SA (+st) Adj nice nicer nicest * Special case – end with ie V1 Verb die
V2 (+d) died
V3 (+d) died
Rule #4 1 - 2 syllable words ending with a consonant and y (Verbs can have 1 syllable) V1 V2 (change y i + ed) V3 (change y i + ed) RegV cry cried cried IrrV fly flew flown Adj CA (change y i + er) SA (change y i + st) Adj pretty prettier prettiest
Ving (take out e + ing) baking biting
Ving (ie y + ing) dying
Ving (+ ing) crying flying
* Special case – end with ay V1 Verb play
V2 (+d) played
V3 (+d) played
Ving (ie y + ing) playing
Rule #5 + 2 syllables words V1 RegV brainstorm IrrV forget Adj Adj beautiful
V2 (+ ed) brainstormed forgot CA (more + adj) more beautiful
V3 (+ ed) brainstormed forgotten SA (most+ adj) most beautiful
Ving (+ ing) brainstorming forgetting
Rule #6 Words ending with er/ow Adj Adj clever shallow
CA (+ er) cleverer shallower
SA (+ est) cleverest shallowest
3
Rule #7 Words ending with -ing (gerund)/ -ed (past participle)/ * (past simple) Adj CA (more + adj) SA (most+ adj) Adj boring more boring most boring bored more bored most bored hurt more hurt most hurt
Rule #8 Irregular Spelling Adj Adj good bad many/much a few/a little far
CA better worse more less farther/further
SA best worst most least farthest/furthest
Rule #9 Double Spelling Adj Adj shy shy evil evil handsome handsome
CA shyer shier eviler more evil handsomer more handsome
SA shyest shiest evilest most evil handsomest most handsome
4
Pronunciation Rules
5
Words endings 'ed'
Complete Letter Classification End sound
verb - ed
Type - ed
verb - s
Type - s
b
บ
d
ด
2
z
ซ
2
d
ด
ded
เดิด
3
z
ซ
2
f
ฟ
t
ท
1
s
ส
1
g
ก
d
ด
2
z
ซ
2
ge
จ
d
ด
2
ges
เจิซ
3
k
ค
t
ท
1
s
ส
1
l
ล
d
ด
2
z
ซ
2
m
ม
d
ด
2
z
ซ
2
n
น
d
ด
2
z
ซ
2
p
พ
t
ท
1
s
ส
1
s
ส
t
ท
1
sez
เสิ ซ
3
t
ท
ted
เทิด
3
s
ส
1
v
ฟ
d
ด
2
z
ซ
2
z
ซ
d
ด
2
zez
เซิ ซ
3
ch
ช
t
ท
1
chez
เชิซ
3
sh
ช ()
t
ท
1
shez
เชิซ
3
ng
ง
d
ด
2
z
ซ
2
th
ฟ ()
t
ท
1
s
ส
1
th
ฟ ()
d
ด
2
z
ซ
2
สระ
d
ด
2
z
ซ
2
6
Words endings 'ing'
Rule #1
End sound
Verb
Verb + ing
-
kick
คิค
kicking
คิ คิง
อี
see
สี
seeing
สี อิง
อู
do
ดู
doing
ดู อิง
เอ
play
เพล
playing
เพล ยิง
อิ
study
สทะ ดิ
studying
สทะ ดิ ยิง
ไอ
fly
ไฟล / ฟลาย
flying
ฟลาย ยิง
โอ
show
โช
showing
โช วิง
โอ
go
โก
going
โกวิง
ออ
pour
พอ
pouring
พอริ ง
อา
pour
พอ
pouring
พอริ ง
แอ
swear
ส-แว
swearing
ส-แว ริ ง
สระ #2 (-e)
#3 (-y)
#4 (-w)
#5 (-r)
7
Regular and Irregular Verbs
8
Present Simple (v1)
Final Past Simple Sound =สระ (v2)
Past Participle Continuous / Gerund ed (v3)
3rd Person Singular
(v+ing)
(v+s)
Thai
R I
s
1.
answer
answered
answered
answering
answers
ตอบ
R
2.
argue
argued
argued
arguing
argues
โต้ คารม
R
3.
arise
z
arose
arisen
arising
arises
ลุกขึ ้น
I
4.
ask
k
asked
asked
asking
asks
ถาม
R
5.
bake
k
baked
baked
baking
bakes
อบ / ปิ ง้ (ขนมปั ง)
R
6.
bark
k
barked
barked
barking
barks
เห่า
R
7.
bear
bore
born
bearing
bears
เกิด
I
8.
beat
t
beat
beaten
beating
beats
ตี
I
9.
become
m
became
become
becoming
becomes
(กลาย) เป็ น
I
10.
begin
n
began
begun
beginning
begins
เริ่มต้ น
I
11.
bend
d
bent
bent
bending
bends
ก้ ม / โคง งอ
I
12.
bet
t
bet
bet
betting
bets
พนัน
I
13.
bid
d
bid
bid
bidding
bids
สัง่ เสนอ
I
14.
bind
d
bound
bound
binding
binds
ผูกมัด
I
15.
bite
t
bit
bitten
biting
bites
กัด
I
16.
blame
m
blamed
blamed
blaming
blames
ตาหนิ / กล่าวโทษ
R
17.
bleed
d
bled
bled
bleeding
bleeds
เลือดออก
I
18.
bless
s
blessed
blessed
blessing
blesses
ให้ ศีลให้ พร
I
19.
blink
k
blinked
blinked
blinking
blinks
กระพลิบตา
R
20.
blow
blew
blown
blowing
blows
เป่ า (ลม) / พัด
I
21.
boil
l
boiled
boiled
boiling
boils
เดือด
R
22.
bounce
s
bounced
bounced
bouncing
bounces
กระเด้ ง
R
23.
box
s
boxed
boxed
boxing
boxes
ชกมวย
R
24.
brainstorm
m
brainstormed
brainstormed
brainstorming
brainstorms
ระดมความคิด
R
25.
brake
k
braked
braked
braking
brakes
หยุด
R
26.
break
k
broke
broken
breaking
breaks
แตก / หัก
I
27.
breed
d
bred
bred
breeding
breeds
ผสมพันธุ์
I
28.
bring
ng
brought
brought
bringing
brings
พามา
I
29.
broadcast
t
broadcast
broadcast
broadcasting
broadcasts
กระจายเสียง
I
30.
brush
sh
brushed
brushed
brushing
brushes
ใช้ แปลงขัดออก
R
31.
build
d
built
built
building
builds
ก่อสร้ าง
I
32.
burst
t
burst
burst
bursting
bursts
ระเบิด
I
33.
buy
bought
bought
buying
buys
ซื ้อ
I
34.
carry
carried
carried
carrying
carries
อุ้ม / นาไปด้ วย
R
35.
cast
t
cast
cast
casting
casts
ขว้ าง / โยน
I
9
36.
catch
ch
caught
caught
catching
catches
จับไว้ / ตระครุบ
I
37.
choose
z
chose
chosen
choosing
chooses
เลือก
I
38.
clap
p
clapped
clapped
clapping
claps
ตบมือ
R
39.
climb
m
climbed
climbed
climbing
climbs
ปี นป่ าย
R
40.
cling
ng
clung
clung
clinging
clings
เกาะติด
I
41.
close
z
closed
closed
closing
closes
ปิ ด
R
42.
comb
m
combed
combed
combing
combs
หวี
R
43.
come
m
came
come
coming
comes
มา
I
44.
cook
k
cooked
cooked
cooking
cooks
ปรุงอาหาร
R
45.
copy
copied
copied
copying
copies
ลอก (ข้ อสอบ)
R
46.
cough
f
coughed
coughed
coughing
coughs
ไอ
R
47.
count
t
counted
counted
counting
counts
นับ / นับจานวน
R
48.
creep
p
crept
crept
creeping
creeps
คลาน / คืบ
I
49.
cry
cried
cried
crying
cries
ร้ องไห้
R
50.
cut
t
cut
cut
cutting
cuts
ตัด
I
51.
dance
s
danced
danced
dancing
dances
เต้ นรา
R
52.
deal
l
dealt
dealt
dealing
deals
จัดการ
I
53.
describe
b
described
described
describing
describes
อธิบาย / บรรยาย
R
54.
die
died
died
dying
dies
ตาย
R
55.
dig
g
dug
dug
digging
digs
ขุด
I
56.
dive
v
dived
dove
diving
dives
กระโดดลงน ้า
I
57.
do
did
done
doing
does
ทา
I
58.
draw
drew
drawn
drawing
draws
วาดภาพ
I
59.
drink
k
drank
drunk
drinking
drinks
ดื่ม
I
60.
drip
p
dripped
dripped
dripping
drips
หยดลง
R
61.
dry
dried
dried
drying
dries
ตากให้ แห้
R
62.
dust
t
dusted
dusted
dusting
dusts
ปั ดฝุ่ น
R
63.
eat
t
ate
eaten
eating
eats
รับประทาน / กิน
I
64.
erase
z
erased
erased
erasing
erases
ลบออก / ถูออก
R
65.
fall
l
fell
fallen
falling
falls
ตกลงไป / ร่วง
I
66.
feed
d
fed
fed
feeding
feeds
ให้ อาหาร
I
67.
feel
l
felt
felt
feeling
feels
คลุกแตะ
I
68.
fight
t
fought
fought
fighting
fights
ต่อสู้
I
69.
find
d
found
found
finding
finds
หา
I
70.
fit
t
fitted
fitted
fitting
fits
เหมาะ
R
71.
flee
fled
fled
fleeing
flees
หนี
I
72.
fling
ng
flung
flung
flinging
flings
สลัดเหวี่ยง
I
10
73.
float
t
floated
floated
floating
floats
ลอย
R
74.
fly
flew
flown
flying
flies
บิน
I
75.
follow
followed
followed
following
follows
ตาม เอาอย่าง
I
76.
forbid
d
forbade
forbidden
forbidding
forbids
ห้ าม
I
77.
forecast
t
forecast
forecast
forecasting
forecasts
ทานาย
I
78.
forget
t
forgot
forgotten
forgetting
forgets
ลืม
I
79.
forgive
v
forgave
forgiven
forgiving
forgives
ยกโทษ
I
80.
forsake
k
forsook
forsaken
forsaking
forsakes
ทิ ้ง
I
81.
freeze
z
froze
frozen
freezing
freezes
ทาให้ เเย็น (จนแข็ง)
I
82.
fry
fried
fried
frying
fries
ทอด
R
83.
get
t
got
gotten
getting
gets
รับ ได้
I
84.
giggle
l
giggled
giggled
giggling
giggles
หัวเราะคิกๆ
R
85.
give
v
gave
given
giving
gives
ให้
I
86.
go
went
gone
going
goes
ไป
I
87.
grate
t
grated
grated
grating
grates
ขูด
R
88.
greet
t
greeted
greeted
greeting
greets
ทักทาย
R
89.
grin
n
grinned
grinned
grinning
grins
ยิ ้มเห็นไลฟั น
R
90.
grind
d
ground
ground
grinding
grinds
โม่ บด
I
91.
grow
grew
grown
growing
grows
ปลูก / เติบโต
I
92.
hang
ng
hung
hung
hanging
hangs
แขวน
I
93.
have
v
had
had
having
has
มี
I
94.
hear
heard
heard
hearing
hears
ได้ ยิน
I
95.
hide
d
hid
hidden
hiding
hides
ซ่อน
I
96.
hit
t
hit
hit
hitting
hits
ตี
I
97.
hold
d
held
held
holding
holds
อุ้ม / ถือ / จับ
I
98.
hop
p
hopped
hopped
hopping
hops
เล่นกระโดดขาเดียว
R
99.
hug
g
hugged
hugged
hugging
hugs
กอดแน่น
R
100. hurt
t
hurt
hurt
hurting
hurts
ทาร้ าย
I
101. jog
g
jogged
jogged
jogging
jogs
เดินเนิบๆ
R
102. jump
p
jumped
jumped
jumping
jumps
กระโดด
R
103. keep
p
kept
kept
keeping
keeps
รักษา
I
104. kill
l
killed
killed
killing
kills
ฆ่า
R
105. know
knew
known
knowing
knows
รู้
I
106. land
d
landed
landed
landing
lands
เครื่ องลง
R
107. lay
laid
laid
laying
lays
วางไข่
I
108. lead
d
led
led
leading
leads
นา
I
109. learn
n
learnt
learnt
learning
learns
เรี ยน / หัด
I
11
110. leave
v
left
left
leaving
leaves
ปล่อย ทิ ้ง
I
111. lend
d
lent
lent
lending
lends
ให้ ยืม
I
112. let
t
let
let
letting
lets
ปล่อย ให้
I
113. lick
k
licked
licked
licking
licks
เลีย
R
114. lie
lay
lain
lying
lies
นอนลง
I
115. lift
t
lifted
lifted
lifting
lifts
ยกขึ ้น
R
116. light
t
lit
lit
lighting
lights
จุดไฟ
I
117. listen
n
listened
listened
listening
listens
ฟั ง
R
118. look
k
looked
looked
looking
looks
มองดู
R
119. lose
z
lost
lost
losing
loses
แพ้ / หาย
I
120. make
k
made
made
making
makes
ทา
I
121. march
ch
marched
marched
marching
marches
เดินแถว
R
122. mean
n
meant
meant
meaning
means
หมายความ
I
123. meet
t
met
met
meeting
meets
พบ
I
124. mince
s
minced
minced
mincing
minces
สับละเอียด
R
125. mislay
mislaid
mislaid
mislaying
mislays
ลืมทิ ้งไว้
I
126. mistake
k
mistook
mistaken
mistaking
mistakes
เข้ าใจผิด
I
127. mop
p
mopped
mopped
mopping
mops
ใช้ ผ้าถู
R
128. open
n
opened
opened
opening
opens
เปิ ด
R
129. paint
t
painted
painted
painting
paints
ทาสี / ป้ายสี
R
130. pass
s
passed
passed
passing
passes
ส่งบอล
R
131. pat
t
patted
patted
patting
pats
ตบเบาๆ
R
132. pay
paid
paid
paying
pays
จ่าย
I
133. peel
l
peeled
peeled
peeling
peels
ปลอกเปลือก
R
134. pick
k
picked
picked
picking
picks
เก็บ
R
135. plant
t
planted
planted
planting
plants
ปลูก / เพาะปลูก
R
136. pour
poured
poured
pouring
pours
ริน / เท
R
137. press
s
pressed
pressed
pressing
presses
กด / ทับ
R
138. pull
l
pulled
pulled
pulling
pulls
ดึง / ลาก
R
139. punch
ch
punched
punched
punching
punches
ชกด้ วยหมัด
R
140. push
sh
pushed
pushed
pushing
pushes
ผลักดัน
R
141. put
t
put
put
putting
puts
นา วาง
I
142. quit
t
quitted
quitted
quitting
quits
ยุติ
R
143. race
s
raced
raced
racing
races
แข่งขันด้ วยความเร็ว R
144. read
d
read
read
reading
reads
อ่าน
I
145. rid
d
rid
rid
ridding
rids
ขจัด ทาให้ หมด
I
146. ride
d
rode
ridden
riding
rides
ขี่
I
12
147. ring
ng
rang
rung
ringing
rings
ระฆังดัง
I
148. rise
z
rose
risen
rising
rises
ขี ้น โผล่
I
149. roar
roared
roared
roaring
roars
คาราม
R
150. rub
b
rubbed
rubbed
rubbing
rubs
ถู / ขัด
R
151. run
n
ran
run
running
runs
วิ่ง
I
152. saw
sawed
sawn
sawing
saws
เลื่อย
I
153. say
said
said
saying
says
พูด
I
154. scrape
p
scraped
scraped
scraping
scrapes
ขูดออก / เช็ดออก
R
155. scratch
ch
scratched
scratched
scratching
scratches
เกา / ข่วน
R
156. scrub
b
scrubbed
scrubbed
scrubbing
scrubs
ถู / ขัดด้ วยแปรง
R
157. see
saw
seen
seeing
sees
เห็น
I
158. seek
k
sought
sought
seeking
seeks
ค้ นหา
I
159. sell
l
sold
sold
selling
sells
ขาย
I
160. send
d
sent
sent
sending
sends
ส่ง
I
161. set
t
set
set
setting
sets
วาง ตั ้ง
I
162. sew
sewed
sewn
sewing
sews
เย็บผ้ า / เย็บปะ
I
163. shake
k
shook
shaken
shaking
shakes
เขย่า
I
164. share
shared
shared
sharing
shares
แบ่งกัน
R
165. shed
d
shed
shed
shedding
sheds
ทาให้ ไหล
I
166. shine
n
shone
shone
shining
shines
ทาให้ แวววาว
I
167. shoot
t
shot
shot
shooting
shoots
ยิง ขว้ าง
I
168. shout
t
shouted
shouted
shouting
shouts
ตะโกน
R
169. show
showed
shown
showing
shows
แสดง
I
170. shrink
k
shrank
shrunk
shrinking
shrinks
หด
I
171. shut
t
shut
shut
shutting
shuts
ปิ ด
I
172. sing
ng
sang
sung
singing
sings
ร้ องเพลง
I
173. sink
k
sank
sunk
sinking
sinks
จม
I
174. sip
p
sipped
sipped
sipping
sips
จิบ
I
175. sit
t
sat
sat
sitting
sits
นัง่
I
176. sleep
p
slept
slept
sleeping
sleeps
นอน / หลับ
I
177. slide
d
slid
slid
sliding
slides
ลืม / ไถล / เลื่อน
I
178. slip
p
slipped
slipped
slipping
slips
ลื่นล้ ม / ไถล
R
179. slit
t
slit
slit
slitting
slits
ตัด
I
180. smell
l
smelt
smelt
smelling
smells
ได้ กลิน่
I
181. smile
l
smiled
smiled
smiling
smiles
ยิ ้ม
R
182. snore
snored
snored
snoring
snores
กรน
R
183. speak
k
spoke
spoken
speaking
speaks
พูด
I
13
184. speed
d
sped / speeded
sped / speeded speeding
speeds
รี บ
I
185. spell
l
spelt
spelt
spelling
spells
สะกดคา
I
186. spend
d
spent
spent
spending
spends
จ่าย
I
187. spin
n
spun
spun
spinning
spins
หมุน ปั่ น
I
188. spit
t
spat
spat
spitting
spits
ถ่มน ้าลาย
I
189. splash
sh
splashed
splashed
splashing
splashes
สาดกระเซ็น
R
190. split
t
split
split
splitting
splits
ผ่า
I
191. spray
sprayed
sprayed
spraying
sprays
พ่น / ฉีด
R
192. spread
d
spread
spread
spreading
spreads
ขยาย
I
193. spring
ng
sprang
sprung
springing
springs
ดีดตัวขึ ้น งอก
I
194. spy
spied
spied
spying
spies
สอดแนม
R
195. squeeze
z
squeezed
squeezed
squeezing
squeezes
บีบ / คั ้น / รี ด
I
196. stand
d
stood
stood
standing
stands
ยืน
I
197. steal
l
stole
stolen
stealing
steals
ขโมย
I
198. steam
m
steamed
steamed
steaming
steams
นึ่ง
R
199. stick
k
stuck
stuck
sticking
sticks
ยึด
I
200. sting
ng
stung
stung
stinging
stings
ผึ ้งต่อย
I
201. stink
k
stank
stunk
stinking
stinks
ส่งกลิน่ แทงจมูก
I
202. stir
stirred
stirred
stirring
stirs
กวน / คน
R
203. strike
k
struck
struck
striking
strikes
โจมตี
I
204. string
ng
strung
strung
stringing
strings
ร้ อย ขึง
I
205. strive
v
strove
striven
striving
strives
พยายาม
I
206. stroke
k
stroked
stroked
stroking
strokes
ลูบคลา
I
207. suck
k
sucked
sucked
sucking
sucks
ดูด
R
208. swear
swore
sworn
swearing
swears
สาบาน
I
209. sweep
p
swept
swept
sweeping
sweeps
กวาด / ปั ดกวาด
I
210. swim
m
swam
swum
swimming
swims
ว่ายน ้า
I
211. swing
ng
swung
swung
swinging
swings
แกว่ง
I
212. tackle
l
tackled
tackled
tackling
tackles
รับมือ
R
213. take
k
took
taken
taking
takes
จับ
I
214. talk
k
talked
talked
talking
talks
สนทนา
R
215. taste
t
tasted
tasted
tasting
tastes
ชิม
R
216. teach
ch
taught
taught
teaching
teaches
สอน
I
217. tear
tore
torn
tearing
tears
ฉีก
I
218. tease
z
teased
teased
teasing
teases
ล้ อเล่น / ยัว่ เย้ า
R
219. tell
l
told
told
telling
tells
บอก
I
220. think
k
thought
thought
thinking
thinks
คิด ครุ่นคิด
I
14
221. throw
threw
thrown
throwing
throws
โยน / ขว้ าง / ปา
I
222. thrust
t
thrust
thrust
thrusting
thrusts
แทง
I
223. tickle
l
tickled
tickled
tickling
tickles
ทาให้ จกั๊ จี ้
R
224. tie
tied
tied
tying
ties
ผูก มัด รัด
R
225. tiptoe
tiptoed
tiptoed
tiptoeing
tiptoes
เดินย่อง
R
226. trip
p
tripped
tripped
tripping
trips
สะดุด
R
227. turn
n
turned
turned
turning
turns
หมุนกลับ
R
228. twist
t
twisted
twisted
twisting
twists
บิด / ม้ วน
R
229. understand
d
understood
understood
understanding
understands
เข้ าใจ
I
230. undertake
k
undertook
undertaken
undertaking
undertakes
ดาเนินการ
I
231. upset
t
upset
upset
upsetting
upsets
คว่า
I
232. vacuum
m
vacuumed
vacuumed
vacuuming
vacuums
ใช้ เครื่ องดูดฝุ่ น
R
233. vomit
t
vomited
vomited
vomiting
vomits
อาเจียน
R
234. wait
t
waited
waited
waiting
waits
คอย
R
235. wake
k
woke
woken
waking
wakes
ปลูก
I
236. walk
k
walked
walked
walking
walks
เดิน
R
237. warn
n
warned
warned
warning
warns
เตือน แจ้ งให้ ทราบ
R
238. wash
sh
washed
washed
washing
washes
ซัก
R
239. watch
ch
watched
watched
watching
watches
เฝ้าคอย
R
240. wear
wore
worn
wearing
wears
ใส่
I
241. weave
v
wove
woven
weaving
weaves
ทอสาน
I
242. weep
p
wept
wept
weeping
weeps
ร้ องไห้
I
243. whisper
whispered
whispered
whispering
whispers
กระซิบ
R
244. whistle
l
whistled
whistled
whistling
whistles
ผิวปาก
R
245. win
n
won
won
winning
wins
ชนะ
I
246. wind
d
wound
wound
winding
winds
ลมพัด
I
247. wink
k
winked
winked
winking
winks
ขยิบตา / หรี่ ตา
R
248. withdraw
withdrew
withdrawn
withdrawing
withdraws
รับคืน ถอน
I
249. write
t
wrote
written
writing
writes
เขียน
I
250. yawn
n
yawned
yawned
yawning
yawns
หาว
R
15
Verb Definition
16
Types of Verbs
The Verb's Role in a Sentence Verbs can be divided according to the job they do in a sentence. The grammar-expert's way of saying this is that we can divide verbs syntactically. These are the divisions and sub-divisions according to syntax: 1. finite verbs ◦ transitive verbs ◦ intransitive verbs ◦ linking Verbs 2. non-finite verbs ◦ infinitives ◦ gerunds ◦ participles present participle past participle perfect participle 3. helping verbs (auxiliaries) ◦ primary auxiliaries ◦ modal auxiliaries Formation of the Verb-Word We know that verbs are words, just like any other part of speech. The words that represent the verbs follow different patterns of spelling or sound. Verbs can, therefore, be divided into various kinds depending upon how they are formed. Grammarians would call this a morphological division. ▪ regular verbs ▪ irregular verbs ▪ compound verbs ▪ phrasal verbs Verbs According to Meaning Those who know grammar well call this division of verbs a semantic classification. ▪ action words (action verbs) ▪ being ▪ having Now you know the names of different verbs and how they are classified. We can classify them according to their role in a sentence (syntactically), or their formation (morphologically), or their meaning (semantically).
17
Types of Verbs
Before you begin the verb tense lessons, it is extremely important to understand that NOT all English verbs are the same. English verbs are divided into three groups: Normal Verbs, Non-Continuous Verbs, and Mixed Verbs. Group I Normal Verbs Most verbs are "Normal Verbs." These verbs are usually physical actions which you can see somebody doing. These verbs can be used in all tenses. Normal Verbs to run, to walk, to eat, to fly, to go, to say, to touch, etc. Examples: ▪ I eat dinner every day. ▪ I am eating dinner now. Group II Non-Continuous Verbs The second group, called "Non-Continuous Verbs," is smaller. These verbs are usually things you cannot see somebody doing. These verbs are rarely used in continuous tenses. They include: Abstract Verbs to be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist... Possession Verbs to possess, to own, to belong... Emotion Verbs to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind... Examples: ▪ He is needing help now. Not Correct ▪ He needs help now. Correct ▪ He is wanting a drink now. Not Correct ▪ He wants a drink now. Correct Group III Mixed Verbs The third group, called "Mixed Verbs," is the smallest group. These verbs have more than one meaning. In a way, each meaning is a unique verb. Some meanings behave like "Non-Continuous Verbs," while other meanings behave like "Normal Verbs."
18
Types of Verbs
Mixed Verbs to appear, to feel, to have, to hear, to look, to see, to weigh... List of Mixed Verbs with Examples and Definitions: to appear: ▪ Donna appears confused. Non-Continuous Verb DONNA SEEMS CONFUSED. ▪ My favorite singer is appearing at the jazz club tonight. Normal Verb MY FAVORITE SINGER IS GIVING A PERFORMANCE AT THE JAZZ CLUB TONIGHT. to have: ▪ I have a dollar now. Non-Continuous Verb I POSSESS A DOLLAR. ▪ I am having fun now. Normal Verb I AM EXPERIENCING FUN NOW. to hear: ▪ She hears the music. Non-Continuous Verb SHE HEARS THE MUSIC WITH HER EARS. ▪ She is hearing voices. Normal Verb SHE HEARS SOMETHING OTHERS CANNOT HEAR. SHE IS HEARING VOICES IN HER MIND. to look: ▪ Nancy looks tired. Non-Continuous Verb SHE SEEMS TIRED. ▪ Farah is looking at the pictures. Normal Verb SHE IS LOOKING WITH HER EYES. to miss: ▪ John misses Sally. Non-Continuous Verb HE IS SAD BECAUSE SHE IS NOT THERE. ▪ Debbie is missing her favorite TV program. Normal Verb SHE IS NOT THERE TO SEE HER FAVORITE PROGRAM. to see: ▪ I see her. Non-Continuous Verb I SEE HER WITH MY EYES. ▪ I am seeing the doctor. Normal Verb I AM VISITING OR CONSULTING WITH A DOCTOR. (ALSO USED WITH DENTIST AND LAWYER.) ▪ I am seeing her. Normal Verb I AM HAVING A RELATIONSHIP WITH HER. ▪ He is seeing ghosts at night. Normal Verb HE SEES SOMETHING OTHERS CANNOT SEE. FOR EXAMPLE GHOSTS, AURA, A VISION OF THE FUTURE, ETC.
19
Types of Verbs
to smell: ▪ The coffee smells good. Non-Continuous Verb THE COFFEE HAS A GOOD SMELL. ▪ I am smelling the flowers. Normal Verb I AM SNIFFING THE FLOWERS TO SEE WHAT THEIR SMELL IS LIKE. to taste: ▪ The coffee tastes good. Non-Continuous Verb THE COFFEE HAS A GOOD TASTE. ▪ I am tasting the cake. Normal Verb I AM TRYING THE CAKE TO SEE WHAT IT TASTES LIKE. to think: ▪ He thinks the test is easy. Non-Continuous Verb HE CONSIDERS THE TEST TO BE EASY. ▪ She is thinking about the question. Normal Verb SHE IS PONDERING THE QUESTION, GOING OVER IT IN HER MIND. to weigh: ▪ The table weighs a lot. Non-Continuous Verb THE TABLE IS HEAVY. ▪ She is weighing herself. Normal Verb SHE IS DETERMINING HER WEIGHT. Some Verbs Can Be Especially Confusing: to be: ▪ Joe is American. Non-Continuous Verb JOE IS AN AMERICAN CITIZEN. ▪ Joe is being very American. Normal Verb JOE IS BEHAVING LIKE A STEREOTYPICAL AMERICAN. ▪ Joe is being very rude. Normal Verb JOE IS BEHAVING VERY RUDELY. USUALLY HE IS NOT RUDE. ▪ Joe is being very formal. Normal Verb JOE IS BEHAVING VERY FORMALLY. USUALLY HE IS NOT FORMAL. NOTICE: Only rarely is "to be" used in a continuous form. This is most commonly done when a person is temporarily behaving badly or stereotypically. It can also be used when someone's behavior is noticeably different.
20
Types of Verbs
to feel: ▪ The massage feels great. Non-Continuous Verb THE MASSAGE HAS A PLEASING FEELING. ▪ I don't feel well today. Sometimes used as Non-Continuous Verb ▪ AM A LITTLE SICK. ▪ I am not feeling well today. Sometimes used as Normal Verb I AM A LITTLE SICK. NOTICE: The second meaning of "feel" is very flexible and there is no real difference in meaning between "I don't feel well today" and "I am not feeling well today."
21
Finite Verbs
1. Transitive
2. Intransitive
3. Linking
1. Transitive Verb What is a transitive verb? Look at these sentences. 1. He met her yesterday. 2. She wrote a story last year. 3. Rust destroys iron. In these sentences, the verbs are the words: met, wrote and destroys. In each sentence, you ask the question, 'met whom/what?' You will get the answers as follows: ▪ sentence 1 — question: met whom? — answer: her ▪ sentence 2 — question: wrote what? — answer: story ▪ sentence 3 — question: destroys what? — answer: iron (Note that we use whom in the questions for human beings and what for things and also for animals.)The words her, story and iron in the sentences above are called objects in grammar. A transitive verb is, therefore, a verb which has an object. What is an object? An object, we may say, is the aim or purpose or destination or target of a verb's action. In our three examplesentences above, the verbs met, wrote and destroys have the words her, story and iron as their targets. These targets are called objects. With a transitive verb, we can expect these objects. Why do we use the word 'transitive'? We call these verbs 'transitive' because these verbs have the property of transitivity. What is transitivity? To transit means to pass through. Each of the verbs met, wrote and destroys in our examples has its action conveyed (carried) to the object. We might also say that the action begins with the subject (he, she, rust in our sentences) and passes through the verb to the object. This property of the verb is transitivity. Hence we call these verbs transitive. Understanding these verbs in this way helps us to remember what they are. Here's a list of transitive verbs. eat, drink, read, write, play, see, hear, answer, buy, find, love, like, understand, catch, bring, sing, meet, give, take, get, forget, buy, sell, pay, help.
22
Finite Verbs
Here are some of these verbs used in sentences. Sentence
verb
object
(a) The teacher answered the question.
answered
question
(b) My friend bought a house.
bought
house
(c) The children found the money.
found
money
(d) Most Indians love cricket.
love
cricket
(e) Children like football.
like
football
2. Intransitive Verb What is an intransitive verb? Simple, I suppose. It is a verb which is not transitive—a verb which does not take an object. Here are some examples along with some sentences. walk, jump, sleep, sit, lie, stand, weep, kneel, fall, fly, flow, remain, die, belong, wait, come, go. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
We walk to the railway station. The children jump with joy. Babies sleep for many hours. My brother stood there. Jesus wept.
Some Exceptions You will often find transitive verbs used intransitively, i.e. without an object. ▪ They are eating. ▪ We play in the evening. ▪ I understand. At rare times intransitive verbs are used transitively. ▪ How did you cover all that distance? We walked it. ('walked' has the object 'it' in this sentence) ▪ I cannot stand such nonsense. ('stand' has the object 'nonsense' in this sentence) Besides transitive and intransitive verbs, we have linking verbs in the finite verbs family.
23
Finite Verbs
Linking Verbs A + (v.l.a) Subject Present Simple I am You We are They He She is It
Present Perfect
Past Simple
Past Perfect
Future Simple
Future Perfect
had been
will be
will have been
was have been
has been
were
was
Linking Verbs B (v.l.b) Linking Verbs คือกริ ยารูปแบบหนึ่งในภาษาอังกฤษที่ทาหน้ าที่ Link หรื อว่าเชื่อมคานามหรื อประธานของประโยคที่อยู่ด้านหน้ าเพื่ บอก หรื อขยายประธานที่อยู่ ด้ านหน้ า ตัวอย่างของ Linking verbs ได้ แ่่ ก่ 1. to appear ปรากฏ
2. to get ได้ รับ
3. to prove พิสูจน์
4. to sound เสี ยง
5. to be เป็ น อยู่ คือ
6. to go ไป
7. to remain ยังคง
8. to stay พัก
9. to become กลายเป็ น
10. to grow เติบโต
11. to seem ดูเหมือน
12. to taste ชิม
13. to feel รู้ สึก
14. to look ดู คล้ าย
15. to smell กลิ่น
16. to turn หมุน พลิก เลี้ยว
USE การใช้ The linking verbs above are often followed by adjectives instead of adverbs. In such situations, the adjective describes the subject of the sentence rather than the verb. Study the examples below to learn the difference. กริ ยา Linking verb ด้านบนมักจะตามด้วย Adjective แทนที่จะเป็ น Adverb ในบางสถานการณ์ คาคุณศัพท์ หรื อว่า adjective จะอธิ บายหรื อขยาย ประธานของประโยคมากกว่าที่จะเป็ นคากริ ยา ลองดูตวั อย่างประโยคเพื่อความเข้าใจ Example: ▪ Mary seemed sad.
Correct ถูกต้องเพราะ Linking verb "seemed" ตามด้วยคา Adj. คือ sad
▪ Mary seemed sadly.
Not Correct ไม่ถกู ต้องเพราะ Linking verb "seemed" ตามด้วยคา Adv. คือ sadly
▪ The cake tastes good.
Correct ถูกต้องเพราะ Linking verb "tastes" ตามด้วยคา Adj. คือ good
▪ The cake tastes well.
Not Correct ไม่ถกู ต้องเพราะ Linking verb "tastes" ตามด้วยคา Adv. คือ well
▪ The train is slow.
Correct เหตุผลเดียวกัน หลัง is เป็ น Adj. คือ slow
▪ The train is slowly.
Not Correct เหตุผลเดียวกัน คือหลัง is เป็ น Adv. คือ slowly
▪ James grew tired.
Correct
▪ Sarah remained calm.
Correct
24
Finite Verbs
IMPORTANT สิ่ งสาคัญ The verbs in the list above are not always used as linking verbs. Compare the examples below. คากริ ยาด้านบนไม่ได้มีความหมายเป็ น Linking verb เสมอไป จะต้องดูรูปประโยคประกอบด้วย ▪ Sally grew angry.
"Angry" describes Sally. In this sentence, "to grow" is being used as a linking verb meaning "to become." ประโยคนี้ grew เป็ น Linking verb เพราะว่า่ หมายถึง กลายมาเป็ น และตามด้วย Adj.
▪ The plant grew quickly.
"Quickly" does not describe the plant, it describes the manner in which it grows. In this sentence, "to grow" is not being used as a linking verb. สาหรับประโยคนี้ grew เป็ นกริ ยาหลักของประโยค โดยสังเกตคาที่ตามหลังจะเป็ น Adv ที่มาขยายกริ ยาหลัก คือ เติบโตอย่างรวดเร็ ว
25
Non - Continuous Verbs
Mental and emotional states believe
dislike
doubt
imagine
know
like
love
hate
prefer
realize
recognize
remember
suppose
understand
want
wish
appear
hear
see
seem
smell
sound
taste
agree
astonish
deny
disagree
impress
mean
please
promise
satisfy
surprise
Sense
Communication
Other states be
belong
concern
consist
contain
cost
depend
deserve
fit
include
involve
lack
matter
need
owe
own
possess
26
Basic Sentence Structure
27
Sentence Structure
Basic Sentence Structure There are five basic patterns around which most English sentences are built. S-V
Subject-Verb
John sleeps. Jill is eating. Jack will arrive next week.
S-V-O
Subject-Verb-Object
I like rice. She loves her job. He’s eating an orange.
S-V-Adj
Subject-Verb-Adjective
He is funny. The workers are lazy. Karen seems angry.
S-V-Adv
Subject-Verb-Adverb
Jim is here. Flowers are everywhere. No one was there.
S-V-N
Subject-Verb-Noun
She is my mom. The men are doctors. Mr. Jones is the teacher.
At the heart of every English sentence is the Subject-Verb relationship. Other elements can be added to make a sentence more interesting, but they are not essential to its formation.
28
Pronouns
Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun Possessive Pronoun Possessive Adjective Reflexive Pronoun
Intensive Pronoun
I
you
we
they
he
she
it
me
you
us
them
him
her
it
mine
yours
ours
theirs
his
hers
its
my
your
our
their
his
her
its
myself
yourself
-
-
himself
herself
itself
-
yourselves
ourselves
themselves
-
-
-
I myself
You yourself
-
-
He himself
It itself
-
You yourselves
We ourselves
They themselves
-
She herself -
-
Demonstrative Pronouns
this, that, these, those
Indefinite Pronouns
all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, several, some, somebody, someone, something
Interrogative Pronouns
who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever
Examples: Subject Pronoun ▪ I will see you later. ▪ You have to come now. ▪ She lives in Bangkok. ▪ He makes me angry. ▪ It works fine. ▪ They missed the last train. ▪ We can’t see her. Object Pronoun ▪ John hit me on the arm. ▪ I need to tell you something. ▪ Jill took him outside. ▪ The message wasn’t for her. ▪ Take it to the shop. ▪ Summer is hot for us. ▪ John took them downstairs. Possessive pronouns show who owns something described in a sentence. Possessive adjectives are similar to possessive pronouns. However, the possessive adjective comes before the object of the sentence; the possessive pronoun is the object of the sentence. 29
Pronouns
Examples: ▪ That is my dog. (Possessive Adjective) ▪ The dog is mine. (Possessive Pronoun) Intensive pronouns and reflexive pronouns look the same. However, they act differently in a sentence. Intensive pronouns put an emphasis on other pronouns or nouns. Reflexive pronouns rename the subject in a sentence. Examples: ▪ Intensive pronoun – She herself will go to the bank. (herself emphasizes the pronoun she) ▪ Reflexive pronoun – She cut herself on the arm. (herself renames the pronoun she) Demonstrative pronouns refer to things in relation to distance. This and these refer to things that are close by. That and those refer to things farther away. Examples: ▪ This is your shirt. ▪ That is my house on the hill. ▪ These good friends are sitting next to me. ▪ Those roads in the city are busy. Indefinite pronouns replace nouns that are not specified. Examples: ▪ We gave everything to the students. ▪ All were happy to see the children again. ▪ Give a pen to each as they come in. Interrogative pronouns are used to ask a question. Examples: ▪ Which of these do you like? ▪ Who was in the room? ▪ Whatever we say, he will still be angry.
30
English Tenses Exercises
31
Tenses
1. 2. 3.
Present Past Future
4.
Present
5. 6.
Past Future
7.
Present
8.
Past
9.
Future
10. 11.
Present Past
12.
Future
Simple
Perfect
1. 4. 7.
Present Present Present
Simple Perfect Continuous
10.
Present
Perfect Continuous
2. 5.
Past Past
Simple Perfect
8.
Past
Continuous
11.
Past
Perfect Continuous
3.
Future
Simple
6.
Future
Perfect
9. 12.
Future Future
Continuous Perfect Continuous
Continuous
Perfect continuous
32
Tense Key Words – Active Voice Tense
+ Active v.aux
- Active
- Active
v.i./v.t v1/vs
v.aux do + not/does + not +
v.i./v.t v1
v.aux don’t/doesn’t +
v.i./v.t v1
v2
did + not +
V1
didn’t +
V1
1.
Present
2.
Past
3.
Future
will +
v1
will + not +
v1
won’t +
v1
4.
Present
have/has +
v3
have + not/has + not +
v3
haven’t/hasn’t +
v3
5.
Past
had +
v3
had + not +
v3
hadn’t +
v3
6.
Future
will + have +
v3
will + not + have +
v3
won’t + have +
v3
7.
Present
am/are/is +
ving
ving
aren’t/isn’t +
ving
8.
Past
was/were/was +
ving
ving
wasn’t/weren’t/wasn’t +
ving
9.
Future
will + be +
ving
am + not/are + not/is + not + was + not/were + not/was + not + will + not + be +
ving
won’t + be +
ving
have/has + been +
ving
have + not/has + not +
ving
haven’t/hasn’t been +
ving
had + been +
ving
had + not + been +
ving
hadn’t + been +
ving
will + have + been +
ving
will + not + have + been +
ving
won’t + have + been +
ving
Simple
Perfect
Continuous
10. Present 11. Past 12. Future
Perfect Continuous
33
Tense Key Words – Passive Voice Tense 1.
Present
2.
Past
3.
Future
will + be +
- Passive (v.i./v.t.) / - Active (v.l.) v.aux / v.l. v.i./v.t am + not/are + not/is + not + was + not/were + not/was + not + will + not + be +
4.
Present
have/has + been +
have + not/has + not +
haven’t/hasn’t been +
5.
Past
had + been +
had + not + been +
hadn’t + been +
6.
Future
will + have + been +
won’t + have + been +
7.
Present
am/are/is +
being
8.
Past
was/were/was +
being
9.
Future
will + be +
being
will + not + have + been + am + not/are + not/is + not + was + not/were + not/was + not + will + not + be +
10.
Present
have/has + been +
being
11.
Past
had + been +
12.
Future
will + have + been +
Simple
Perfect
Continuous
Perfect Continuous
+ Passive (v.i./v.t.) / + Active (v.l.) v.aux / v.l. v.i./v.t am/are/is + was/were/was +
- Passive (v.i./v.t.) / - Active (v.l.) v.aux / v.l. v.i./v.t aren’t/isn’t + wasn’t/weren’t/wasn’t + won’t + be +
being
aren’t/isn’t +
being
being
being
being
wasn’t/weren’t/wasn’t + won’t + be +
have + not/has + not +
being
haven’t/hasn’t been +
being
being
had + not + been +
being
hadn’t + been +
being
being
will + not + have + been +
being
won’t + have + been +
being
being
34
? Interrogative / Question form * Only the 1st v.aux can swap with the subject
Normal form:
Contracted form:
Subject.
1st v.aux
Predicate
+
I
have
eaten cake.
-
I
have
not eaten cake.
Subject.
1st v.aux
Predicate
I
haven’t
eaten cake.
Subject.
1st v.aux
Predicate
I
-
eat cake.
e.g.
e.g. -
No v.aux form:
e.g. +
Subject.
1st v.aux
Predicate
?
Have
I
eaten cake?
-?
Have
I
not eaten cake?
Subject.
1st v.aux
Predicate
Haven’t
I
eaten cake?
Subject.
1st v.aux
Predicate
Do
I
eat cake?
e.g.
e.g. -?
e.g. ?
v.aux
35
Writing Exercise (A) V-T v.t. v.i. v.l. v.t. v.i. v.l. v.t. v.i. v.l. v.t. v.i. v.l. v.t. v.i. v.l. v.l.
Subject
Verb
Object
Clause
Structure S+V+O S+V S+V+Adj. S+V+O S+V S+V+Adv. S+V+O S+V S+V+N S+V+O S+V S+V+Adj. S+V+O S+V S+V+Adv. S+V+Adv.
36
Writing Exercise (B) V-T v.t. v.i. v.l. v.t. v.i. v.l. v.t. v.i. v.l. v.t. v.i. v.l. v.l. v.t. v.i. v.l.
Subject
Verb
Object
Clause
Structure S+V+O S+V S+V+Adj. S+V+O S+V S+V+Adv. S+V+O S+V S+V+N S+V+O S+V S+V+Adj. S+V+Adv. S+V+O S+V S+V+N
37
Converting Active to Passive Voice
Transitive Verb
Intransitive Verb
38
Example Structure PRESENT Active Voice
Passive Voice
PAST Active Voice
Simple
Passive Voice
FUTURE Active Voice
Passive Voice
Simple
Simple
v1
vtb1
v2
vtb2
will + v1
will + be
+
I kick the ball.
The ball is kicked by me.
I kicked the ball.
The ball was kicked by me.
I will kick the ball.
The ball will be kicked by me.
-
I don’t kick the ball.
The ball isn’t kicked by me.
I didn’t kick the ball.
The ball wasn’t kicked by me.
I won’t kick the ball.
The ball won’t be kicked by me.
+?
Do I kick the ball?
Is the ball kicked by me?
Did I kick the ball?
Was the ball kicked by me?
Will I kick the ball?
Will the ball be kicked by me?
-?
Do I not kick the ball?
Is the ball not kicked by me?
Did I not kick the ball?
Was the ball not kicked by me?
Will I not kick the ball?
Will the ball not be kicked by me?
-?
Don’t I kick the ball?
Isn’t the ball kicked by me?
Didn’t I kick the ball?
Wasn’t the ball kicked by me?
Won’t I kick the ball?
Won’t the ball be kicked by me?
Perfect
Perfect
Perfect
have / has + v3
have / has + been
had + v3
had + been
will + have + v3
will + have + been
+
I have kicked the ball.
The ball has been kicked by me.
I had kicked the ball.
The ball had been kicked by me.
I will have kicked the ball.
The ball will have been kicked by me.
-
I haven’t kicked the ball.
The ball hasn’t been kicked by me.
I hadn’t kicked the ball. The ball hadn’t been kicked by me.
I won’t have kicked the The ball won’t have ball. been kicked by me.
+?
Have I kicked the ball?
Has the ball been kicked by me?
Had I kicked the ball?
Had the ball been kicked by me?
Will I have kicked the ball?
Will the ball have been kicked by me?
-?
Have I not kicked the ball?
Has the ball not been Had I not kicked the ball? kicked by me?
Had the ball not been kicked by me?
Will I not have kicked the ball?
Will the ball not have been kicked by me?
-?
Haven’t I kicked the ball?
Hasn’t the ball been kicked by me?
Hadn’t the ball been kicked by me?
Won’t I have kicked the ball?
Won’t the ball have been kicked by me?
Hadn’t I kicked the ball?
39
PRESENT Active Voice
Passive Voice
PAST Active Voice
Passive Voice
Continuous
FUTURE Active Voice
Passive Voice
Continuous
vtb1 + ving
vtb1+ being
vtb2 + being
will + be+ ving
will + be + being
+
I am kicking the ball.
The ball is being kicked I was kicking the ball. by me.
The ball was being kicked by me.
I will be kicking the ball.
The ball will be being kicked by me.
-
I’m not kicking the ball. The ball isn’t being kicked by me.
I wasn’t kicking the ball.
The ball wasn’t being kicked by me.
I won’t be kicking the ball.
The ball won’t be being kicked by me.
+?
Am I kicking the ball?
Is the ball being kicked by me?
Was I kicking the ball?
Was the ball being kicked by me?
Will I be kicking the ball?
Will the ball be being kicked by me?
-?
Am I not kicking the ball?
Is the ball not being kicked by me?
Was I not kicking the ball?
Was the ball not being kicked by me?
Will I not be kicking the ball?
Will the ball not be being kicked by me?
-?
* Aren’t you kicking the ball?
Isn’t the ball being kicked by me?
Wasn’t I kicking the ball?
Wasn’t the ball being kicked by me?
Won’t I be kicking the ball?
Won’t the ball be being kicked by me?
Perfect Continuous
vtb2 + ving
Continuous
Perfect Continuous
Perfect Continuous
have/has + been + ving have/has + been + being
had+ been + ving
had + been + being
will + have + been + ving
+
I have been kicking the The ball has been ball. being kicked by me.
I had been kicking the ball.
The ball had been being kicked by me.
I will have been kicking The ball will have been the ball. being kicked by me.
-
I haven’t been kicking the ball.
I hadn’t been kicking the ball.
The ball hadn’t been being kicked by me.
I won’t have been kicking the ball.
The ball won’t have been being kicked by me.
+?
Have I been kicking the Has the ball been ball? being kicked by me?
Had I been kicking the ball?
Had the ball been being kicked by me?
Will I have been kicking the ball?
Will the ball have been being kicked by me?
-?
Have I not been kicking Has the ball not been the ball? being kicked by me?
Had I not been kicking the ball?
Had the ball not been being kicked by me?
Will I not have been kicking the ball?
Will the ball not have been being kicked by me?
-?
Haven’t I been kicking the ball?
Hadn’t I been kicking the ball?
Hadn’t the ball been being kicked by me?
Won’t I have been kicking the ball?
Won’t the ball have been being kicked by me?
The ball hasn’t been being kicked by me.
Hasn’t the ball been being kicked by me?
will + have + been + being
40
5. Writing Exercise Active and Passive Voice PRESENT TENSE (A) PRESENT Simple
PRESENT Simple
Active Voice
Passive Voice
PRESENT Perfect
PRESENT Perfect
Active Voice
Passive Voice
+ +? -? -?
+ +? -? -?
41
PRESENT TENSE (B) PRESENT Continuous
PRESENT Continuous
Active Voice
Passive Voice
PRESENT Perfect Continuous
PRESENT Perfect Continuous
Active Voice
Passive Voice
+ +? -? -?
+ +? -? -?
42
PAST TENSE (C) PAST Simple
PAST Simple
Active Voice
Passive Voice
PAST Perfect
PAST Perfect
Active Voice
Passive Voice
+ +? -? -?
+ +? -? -?
43
PAST TENSE (D) PAST Continuous
PAST Continuous
Active Voice
Passive Voice
PAST Perfect Continuous
PAST Perfect Continuous
Active Voice
Passive Voice
+ +? -? -?
+ +? -? -?
44
FUTURE TENSE (E) FUTURE Simple
FUTURE Simple
Active Voice
Passive Voice
FUTURE Perfect
FUTURE Perfect
Active Voice
Passive Voice
+ +? -? -?
+ +? -? -?
45
FUTURE TENSE (F) FUTURE Continuous
FUTURE Continuous
Active Voice
Passive Voice
FUTURE Perfect Continuous
FUTURE Perfect Continuous
Active Voice
Passive Voice
+ +? -? -?
+ +? -? -?
46
Adverbs
47
Types of Adverbs
Adverb 1 - Certainty certainly Adverb 2 - Frequency A Adverb
Translation
always
เสมอ / เรื่ อย / ตลอดเวลา / ทุกครั้ง 100%
nearly / almost always
แทบ / เกือบ / น้องๆ
90%
usually
ปกติ / ธรรมดา / โดยปกติ
80%
very often / frequently
ประจา / มักจะ / เรื่ อย
70%
often
บ่อย / มักจะ / เรื่ อย
60%
sometimes
บางครั้ง / บางที
50%
occasionally
บางครั้ง / บางครั้งบางคราว / บางที 40%
seldom
เกือบ / แทบ
20%
hardly ever / almost never
หายาก
10%
never
ไม่เคย / อย่า
0%
ever (normally used for questions) *** เคย
Percentage
0%
Adverb 3 - Manner Adj. → Adv.3 Manner Adverb 4 - Place Noun Phrase (prep. + art. + n.) Adverb 5 - Frequency B generally / normally / sometimes / usually Adverb 6 - Time 1. 'how long' (all day, not long, for a while, since last year) 2. 'how often' (sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly) 3. 'when' (today, yesterday, later, now, last year) Example: 1 + 2 : I work (1) for five hours (2) every day 2 + 3 : The magazine was published (2) weekly (3) last year. 1 + 3 : I was abroad (1) for two months (3) last year. 1 + 2 + 3 : She worked in a hospital (1) for two days (2) every week (3) last year.
48
The Royal Order of Adverbs 1. Adverbs Order with Intransitive Verb (v.i.) S - V Subject v.aux Adv.1
Adv.2
I
always
am
definitely
*Be
Main Verb
Adv.3
Object
Adv.4
Adv.5
Adv.6
Adv.7
sleeping
noisily
on my bed
in my room
usually
in May
to annoy my sister
Main Verb
Object
Adv.3
Adv.4
Adv.5
Adv.6
Adv.7
drinking
water
loudly
in the kitchen
occasionally on Mondays
for fun.
Adjective
Adv.4
Adv.5
Adv.6
Adv.7
happy
at work
normally
during the holidays
because I want to be with my family.
Adv.4
Adv.5
Adv.6
Adv.7
at home
generally
before dinner
so I can prepare supper for everybody.
Noun
Adv.4
Adv.5
Adv.6
Adv.7
your teacher
at school
sometimes
after hours
so that you can improve your grades.
2. Adverbs Order with Transitive Verb (v.t.) S - V - O Subject v.aux Adv.1
Adv.2
I
always
am
surely
*Be
3. Adverbs Order with Linking Verb (v.l.) S - V - Adj Subject v.l.
Adv.1
I
undoubtedly never
am
Adv.2
*Be
4. Adverbs Order with Linking Verb (v.l.) S - V - Adv Subject v.l.
Adv.1
Adv.2
I
probably
often
am
*Be
5. Adverbs Order with Linking Verb (v.l.) S - V – N Subject v.l.
Adv.1
Adv.2
I
definitely
always
am
*Be
49
The Royal Order of Adverbs Adverbs Order Time Emphasis Time (when) Subject (who / what)
v.l.
Adv.2 (how often)
Main Verb (do / does)
Object (what)
Adv.4 (where)
Adv.6 (when)
Every morning
is
always
eating
breakfast
in the kitchen
at 7 A.M.
*Be
Main Verb
Adv.4
Object
Adv.3 (by)
Adv.5
Adv.6
Adv.7
going
to school
With my friend
by bus
usually
every day
to study.
John
Adverbs Order Motion Verbs Subject v.aux Adv.1 Adv.2 I
am
definitely always
50
The Royal Order of Adverbs - Vocabulary Guide
1. Certainty certainly
definitely
probably
undoubtedly
surely
always
repeatedly
largely
predominantly
seldom
nearly
spasmodically
often
sporadically
rarely
almost always
habitually
normally
typically
hardly ever
constantly
usually
regularly
generally
almost never
continuously
very often
chiefly
intermittently
never
commonly
frequently
mostly
infrequently
well (after verb)
cleverly
gently
magnificently
sadly
badly (after verb
colorfully
gracefully
maturely
safely
hard (after verb)
comfortably
mechanically
secretly
fast (after verb)
competitively
guiltily
mindlessly
silently
abnormally
confidently
happily
miraculously
skillfully
accidentally
cowardly
harshly
miserably
sleepily
accurately
crazily
helpfully
musically
steadily
affectionately
customarily
hurriedly
naturally
suspiciously
anxiously
deliberately
imaginatively
neatly
tastefully
artfully
delightfully
irresponsibly
noisily
tenderly
awkwardly
desperately
jealously
oddly
terribly
awesomely
dependably
jokingly
officially
triumphantly
badly
distinctly
joyfully
painfully
uniquely
beautifully
doubtfully
justly
personally
universally
briskly
eagerly
kindly
proudly
untruthfully
brutally
easily
knowledgeably
punctually
vocally
busily
extraordinarily
lawfully
purposefully
voluntarily
calmly
expertly
leisurely
quickly
warmly
carefully
famously
lifelessly
readily
watchfully
cautiously
fashionably
luckily
regretfully
cheerfully
freely
lovingly
religiously
clearly
furiously
loyally
romantically
Noun Phrase
down here
indoors
overhead
up here
abroad
down there
nearby
overseas
up there
ahead
downhill
nowhere
somewhere
uphill
anywhere
downstairs
outdoors
there
upstairs
apart
everywhere
over here
under here
away
here
over there
under there
2. Frequency (a)
3. Manner
4. Place
51
The Royal Order of Adverbs - Vocabulary Guide
5. Frequency (b) frequently
normally
often
generally 6. Time
occasionally
regularly
sometimes
usually
all (day, week, month, year) all (morning, afternoon, evening, night) every (day, week, month, year, lifetime) every number (minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, decades, centuries) every (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday) every (morning, afternoon, evening, night) every now and again for (breakfast, brunch, lunch, supper, dinner) for (days, weeks, months, years, several years) for a (day, week, month, year, several years, lifetime) for number (days, weeks, months, years, decades, centuries) from time to time once a (day, week, fortnight, month, year, lifetime) once in a while several times a (day, week, month, year, lifetime) since (1995, 2005) since (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December) since (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday) since (today, yesterday, day before yesterday, last week, last month, last year ) three times a (day, week, month, year, lifetime) twice a (day, week, month, year, lifetime) Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays, Sundays 7. Purpose Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Adverb phrase
to
for
so that
in order that
in order to
lest
because
* Noun Phrases = prep + noun Example: ▪ on the chair ▪ in the room ▪ with my friend
52
Adverb with Tenses and Active and Passive Voice Adverbs Order with Intransitive Verb (v.i.) S + V Active Voice Tense Subject
(v.a.)
Adv.1
Adv.2
certainly
* Be
Main Verb
Adv.3
Object
Adv.4
Adv.5
Adv.6
always
sleep
quietly
on the bed
in my room generally
at night
1
I
4
I
have
certainly
always
slept
quietly
on the bed
in my room generally
at night
7
I
am
certainly
always
sleeping
quietly
on the bed
in my room generally
at night
10
I
have
certainly
always
been
sleeping
quietly
on the bed
in my room generally
at night
* Be
Main Verb
Adv.3
Object
Adv.4
Adv.6
slept
quietly
on by me
in my room generally
at night
Adverbs Order with Intransitive Verb (v.i.) S + V Passive Voice Tense Subject
(v.a.)
Adv.1
Adv.2
Adv.5
1
The bed is
certainly
always
4
The bed has
certainly
always
been
slept
quietly
on by me
in my room generally
at night
7
The bed is
certainly
always
being
slept
quietly
on by me
in my room generally
at night
10
The bed has
certainly
always
been being
slept
quietly
on by me
in my room generally
at night
53
1. Writing Exercise using Adverb Chart - Adverbs Order with Intransitive Verb (v.i.) S + V Tense
Active Voice
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
54
2. Writing Exercise using Adverb Chart - Adverbs Order with Intransitive Verb (v.i.) S + V Tense
Passive Voice
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
55
Adverb with Tenses and Active and Passive Voice Adverbs Order with Transitive Verb (v.t.) S + V + O Active Voice Tense Subject
(v.a.)
Adv.1
Adv.2
definitely
* Be
Main Verb
Object
Adv.3
Adv.4
Adv.5
Adv.6
always
kicked
the ball
slowly
in the park
usually
once a day
2
I
5
I
had
definitely
always
kicked
the ball
slowly
in the park
usually
once a day
8
I
was
definitely
always
kicking
the ball
slowly
in the park
usually
once a day
11
I
had
definitely
always
been
kicking
the ball
slowly
in the park
usually
once a day
* Be
Main Verb
Object
Adv.3
Adv.4
Adv.5
Adv.6
kicked
by me
slowly
in the park
usually
once a day
Adverbs Order with Transitive Verb (v.t.) S + V + O Passive Voice Tense Subject
(v.a.)
Adv.1
Adv.2
2
The ball
was
definitely
always
5
The ball
had
definitely
always
been
kicked
by me
slowly
in the park
usually
once a day
8
The ball
was
definitely
always
being
kicked
by me
slowly
in the park
usually
once a day
11
The ball
had
definitely
always
been being
kicked
by me
slowly
in the park
usually
once a day
56
3. Writing Exercise using Adverb Chart - Adverbs Order with Transitive Verb (v.t.) S + V + O
Tense
Active Voice
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
57
4. Writing Exercise using Adverb Chart - Adverbs Order with Transitive Verb (v.t.) S + V + O Tense
Passive Voice
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
58
