English for Physiotherapists 2007 - A.kuciejczyk

AKADEMIA MEDYCZNA W GDAŃSKU

Anna Kuciejczyk

English for Physiotherapists 1 materiały do nauki języka angielskiego dla studentów fizjoterapii

GDAŃSK 2007

Recenzent mgr Hanna Żadkowska

Wydano za zgodą Senackiej Komisji Wydawnictw Akademii Medycznej w Gdańsku

© Copyright by Medical University of Gdańsk ISBN 978-83-60253-31-1

Wydawca: Akademia Medyczna w Gdańsku Zlec. KW/313/07

CONTENTS

THE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK (MAIN FACTS) ..................................... 5 STUDYING PHYSIOTHERAPY ABROAD................................................................ 9 MODERN HOSPITALS............................................................................................ 12 PHYSIOTHERAPY AND ITS MAIN BRANCHES ................................................. 15 IN A SURGERY...................................................................................................... 18 PHYSIOTHERAPY- RELATED PROFESSIONS..................................................... 23 PARTS OF THE BODY, BODY CAVITIES ............................................................... 27 MUSCLES ................................................................................................................ 36 THE PHYSIOTHERAPIST AND HIS PATIENT ........................................................ 58 INSTRUCTING A PATIENT...................................................................................... 63 THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM – HISTORY TAKING ................................................ 66 FIRST AID ............................................................................................................... 69 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY – FOR OR AGAINST? .......................................................... 73 BALNEOTHERAPY .................................................................................................. 77 KINESITHERAPY..................................................................................................... 81 HYDROTHERAPY.................................................................................................... 85 MANUAL THERAPY................................................................................................. 89 MASSAGE................................................................................................................ 93 ELECTROTHERAPY................................................................................................ 97 APPLYING FOR A JOB OF A PHYSIOTHERAPIST ........................................ 102 APPENDIX – PHYSIOTHERAPY EQUIPMENT..................................................... 106 APPENDIX – HYDROTHERAPY EQUIPMENT ..................................................... 111

3

4

THE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK (MAIN FACTS)

EXERCISE 1: Read the text and answer the questions below. Refer to the wordlist if you have problems with vocabulary. The Medical University of Gdańsk is one of the leading Polish medical centres with over 60 years of academic experience (founded in 1945) and great potential for development. It is now one of the largest medical universities on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea and is one of the most modern institutions of this kind in Poland. The University continues a several-centuries-long tradition of the natural and medical sciences of Gdańsk Gymnasium (Gymnasium Gedanense, set up in 1558). Today the Medical University of Gdańsk provides education to over 3400 students (full-time, extramural, Ph.D.) in four Faculties: the Faculty of Medicine ( Department of Medicine, Division of Dentistry, English Division), the Faculty of Pharmacy ( Department of Pharmacy, Division of Laboratory Medicine), the Faculty of Health Sciences (Division of Nursing, Departments of: Public Health - Electroradiology, Physiotherapy, Emergency Medicine), and the Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology. The length of studies at the Medical University of Gdańsk varies from six years for students of medicine and five years for those of biotechnology or pharmacy to three years for students of Bachelor’s Degree courses. The basic teaching at the Medical University of Gdańsk is carried out by over 900 academic teachers, over 120 of them being professors. Academic buildings are located in the region of Dębinki Street (Faculty of Medicine), and in Hallera Street (Faculty of Pharmacy). Teaching and research are mainly based on co-operation with 3 State Teaching Hospitals affiliated to the University. Among the University buildings, the one erected in 1975 and housing the Basic Sciences Departments (Collegium Biomedicum) is noteworthy for its three lecture halls and twelve organizational units, that are well-equipped with modern instruments for teaching and research. The biggest Teaching Hospital (No 1 - Academic Clinical Centre) is situated in the region of Dębinki Street and Smoluchowskiego Street in several buildings that originally housed a town hospital, and later the School of Practical Medicine. At present, Teaching Hospital No 1 has 27 clinics. Today, the Medical University of Gdańsk includes 32 clinics, each clinic not only being involved in teaching activities for undergraduate and graduate students, specialist professional training of young physicians, but also providing highly specialised diagnostic and therapeutic services for the citizens of Gdańsk and neighbouring towns. In fact, the whole population of the country's central northern region benefits from the University services, which include, for example, open heart surgery (over 1000 operations per year) and bone marrow and kidney transplantation. At the same time the Medical University of Gdańsk conducts scientific research in clinical disciplines and biomedical sciences. The results are presented in several hundred research papers published yearly in professional journals. Every year our academic teachers participate in hundreds of international congresses and conferences. The authorities of the Medical University of Gdańsk are: the Rector, Vice-Rector in charge of research, Vice-Rector in charge of didactics, Vice-Rector in charge of clinical affairs, Deans and Vice-Deans of specific faculties. Wordlist: 5

intercollegiate – międzyuczelniany kidney - nerka lecture hall – sala wykładowa noteworthy – warty uwagi nursing – pielęgniarstwo participate – uczestniczyć Ph.D. student – doktorant physician – lekarz research – badania (naukowe) scientific – naukowy set up – założyć, otwierać (np. szkołę) surgery – chirurgia teaching hospital – szpital kliniczny transplantation – przeszczep vary – różnić się

affiliate – przynależeć bachelor’s degree – licencjat benefit – korzyść, korzystać bone marrow – szpik kostny conduct – przeprowadzać found – utworzyć dean – dziekan departament – tu: kierunek division – oddział emergency medicine – ratownictwo medyczne erect – wznosić extramural student – student zaoczny faculty – wydział full-time student – student dzienny graduate students – absolwenci kontynuujący naukę

1. How far does the tradition of medical sciences in Gdańsk go back into the past? 2. What’s the basic academic structure of the University? 3. How long do the students usually study there? 4. What is Collegium Biomedicum known for? 5. What is the role of Teaching Hospitals? 6. In what way does the population of Gdańsk region benefit from the University? 7. In what way do the academic teachers develop professionally? EXERCISE 2: In pairs or small groups, answer and discuss the following questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Why did you choose this kind of studies? Why did you decide to study at this university? What is you first year here going to be like? What do you expect from the University and teachers as a freshman? Are you disappointed in any way after the first few days at the University? In what way is the University different form your secondary school? In what ways and in what cases would you contact directly the University Authorities? 8. What does it mean for you to be a good / bad student? (give 5 good and 5 bad qualities) 9. What potential problems may appear on your way while studying here? Think about time organization, a lot of studying, access to some books, roommates, lack of free time, etc. 10. Is there a good way to avoid these problems? 11. Are exams a good or a bad method of checking knowledge?

6

EXERCISE 3: Useful academic vocabulary. Study the words below. a dormitory, a students’ house a semester break a year’s supervisor Rector’s Office Dean’s Office Dean’s leave Rules and Regulations University Senate Faculty Council

Foreign Languages Department Head of …. entrance exam a repeat, a retake exam session repeat exam session a lecture a class a seminar clinical practice an elective, elective classes, facultative classes

a Chair a Clinic a Department a Laboratory (full) professor associate professor assistant professor Ph. D. assistant senior lecturer lecturer M.A. / M.Sc. B.A. / B.Sc.

duty hours, consulting hours a credit a student’s book, index book a timetable a syllabus a curriculum an academic year a semester, a term

EXERCISE 4: Complete the sentences below with the correct words connected with education. Sometimes the first letters are given to help you. 1. Music, English and Chemistry are different sorts of s…………………. . 2. The person in charge of a school is called the h…………………….. . 3. The academic year begins in October and is divided into two …………………… . 4. Most secondary schools in Poland are c……………………… - girls and boys study together. 5. If you want to know which day or time you have a particular lesson, you can always look at the …………………… . 6. The ……………………… is everything that is taught in a school, while the ………………… is a plan of what is taught in a particular subject. 7. In Britain education is c…………………….. from 5 to 16 years of age. 8. …………….. schools and universities are maintained by the government. 9. When students g………………. from a university, they receive their d……………….. . 10 During session students t……………….. or s………………. exams on various subjects. 11. An u…………………… is someone who is still at university studying for their first degree, whereas someone who has completed their first degree is called a g……………………. .

7

12. A ……………………….. is a person with the highest academic position at a university. 13. A university teacher is commonly called a …………………….. . 14. ………………… is a prepared talk to number of students. References: www.amg.gda.pl

8

STUDYING PHYSIOTHERAPY ABROAD EXERCISE 1: Read the text about studying physiotherapy in Ireland and answer the questions below. Refer to the wordlist in case you have vocabulary problems. B.Sc. in Physiotherapy The University of Limerick, Ireland offers a four-year Bachelor of Science in Physiotherapy. The programme has been designed in recognition of the need to prepare future physiotherapists with the competencies to offer an effective and efficient service for both patients and health care providers. When appropriate, physiotherapy students undertake shared learning with other students within the University to receive specialist knowledge, and increase their awareness and understanding of the roles of other professionals who may be involved in delivering health care. Learning through the use of case studies helps students to develop problem solving skills and encourages the integration of information from other subjects to create a biopsychosocial model of patient care. The course offers over 1000 hours of clinical practice in different environments and with different groups of patients. Students are encouraged to develop academically and professionally by adoption of independent learning strategies and responsibility for their own learning. On completion of the studies, the graduate physiotherapist will be able to: • Assess patients, select, perform and evaluate management programmes. • Communicate effectively with patients, the public and professional colleagues. • Critically evaluate research findings and put results in practice. • Engage in self-directed learning that promotes professional development. Entrance Requirements CAO Entry (candidates send their applications to the Central Applications Office) A minimum requirement is for applicants to hold at the time of enrolment at least Grade C in two A Level* subjects and Grade D in four Ordinary or A Level subjects (including Mathematics, Irish or another language, and English) in the Irish Leaving Certificate (or an approved equivalent). Entry is on a competitive basis for 30 places so the actual entry level will generally be much more higher than the minimum. EU and non-EU entry requirements Applications from outside of Ireland are welcome through the CAO system. Applicants should offer equivalent subjects and grades. Programme Content & Structure Year 1 Basic biomedical sciences form the major component of the first year. The subjects studied are: Human anatomy and physiology; Physics; IT; Psychology and sociology; Physiotherapy clinical skills. Year 2 The assessment, evaluation and management of disability provide the focus for this year of the programme. Physiotherapy modules therefore predominate, as the student is introduced to the management of respiratory and neurological problems.

9

Clinical biomechanics, Psychology, Human anatomy, and Physiology are also studied. Year 3 This year encourages students to integrate physiotherapy theory with practice at a higher level and reflect on their clinical practice experience. Research methodology is studied in preparation for the final year research project. Year 4 Students summarise the course in the form of a final year research project, there are also seminars on aspects of Impairment and Disability, and reflection on clinical practice. Postgraduate Diploma / MSc in Clinical Therapies (Physiotherapy) The programme is offered on a part-time or full-time basis over a maximum of 5 years. Students must successfully complete 6 subjects to get a Postgraduate Diploma in Clinical Therapies. Successful completion of a thesis is required to get a degree of a Masters in Clinical Therapies. A minimum of 1 and maximum of 3 subjects can be studied in one semester. Normally, applicants should have a minimum of one year’s post-qualification experience. _____________________ *A Levels – Advanced Levels. Higher-level exams taken mostly by people around the age of 18 who wish to go on to higher education.

Wordlist: applicant - kandydat application – podanie (na uniwersytet) approved – zatwierdzony assess – oceniać awareness- świadomość case study – studium przypadku (chorobowego) competencies – kompetencje competitive basis – w oparciu o zasady konkurencji content – treść disability – niezdolność, kalectwo effective – skuteczny efficient – wydajny encourage – zachęcać engage – zaangażować się enrolment – wpisanie na listę evaluate – oceniać

health care provider – osoba oferująca opiekę zdrowotną impairment – upośledzenie learning strategy – strategia uczenia się management – postępowanie z chorym, prowadzenie chorego patent care – opieka nad pacjentem predominate – przeważać recognition – rozpoznanie requirements – wymagania research project – projekt badawczy respiratory – oddechowy shared learning – wspólne uczenie się skills – umiejętności solve – rozwiązać thesis – praca dyplomowa (magisterska) undertake – podejmować się czegoś

1. What degree do students get after the 4-year course? 2. Do physiotherapy students have classes with students of other departments? 3. Are physiotherapy students taught how to communicate with patients? 4. Is there an entrance exam for candidates? 5. How many places does the University offer each year for the students of Physiotherapy? 6. When do students start their clinical practical training sessions? 10

7. What is the minimum time for obtaining the degree of M.Sc. in Clinical Therapies? EXERCISE 2: Work in pairs or small groups. Think of any similarities and differences between the courses in physiotherapy at the University of Limerick and the Medical University of Gdańsk. EXERCISE 3: Present Simple vs. Present Continuous Tense. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

How much these tablets (cost)? They (own) a big clinic in Paris. When you (fly) to the conference? The conference (begin) tomorrow. I can’t lend you the book, I (learn) French. You can take mine, I (not, use) it. Actually, I (not, usually, use) it. The number of patients in this hospital (grow) steadily. I (think) they (come) to the lecture today. Professor Benge (forget) things as the years go by.

EXERCISE 4: Present Simple vs. Present Continuous Tense. Explain in English the differences between the sentences below. 1. This cake tastes delicious. They are tasting the cake and it’s delicious. 2. He is stupid. He is being stupid. 3. He always borrows money from me. He is always borrowing money from me. 4. I am giving a talk on Friday. I give a talk on Friday. I give talks on Fridays. 5. I think studying physiotherapy is a good idea. I am thinking of becoming a physiotherapist. References: www.ul.ie

11

MODERN HOSPITALS Exercise 1: Discuss the following points in pairs and then with the rest of the group. • • •

What are the functions of hospitals? What services do they provide? What problems do hospitals face nowadays? Why do people complain about them? Is there any way to cope with these problems?

Exercise 2: Read the text below and answer the questions. The modern hospital is defined as a complex institution providing health care to sick or injured people. Hospitals can be divided into types according to their function or services they offer, and according to their economic status. Thus, there are general hospitals, which deal with a wide variety of diseases and conditions including various wards for patients of different age groups and complaints, such as: medical, surgical, pediatric, ophthalmic, gynecological, orthopedic, etc. Specialist hospitals are concerned with a specific type of patients (children’s hospital, geriatric hospital, maternity hospital) or certain types of diseases (psychiatric hospital, infectious diseases hospital). On the other hand, there are public hospitals, which are maintained by the government and which provide free services to people, whereas private hospitals are run by individual persons or a company and the patients have to pay for hospitalization, laboratory tests and any treatment procedures. Public hospitals are sometimes attached to medical universities, then they provide clinical practice for students and training for postgraduates, are involved in scientific research carried out by a university. Modern hospitals have various rooms or departments designed for specific purposes. Here are some examples: • The Out-Patient Department is a place where patients are treated without staying in hospital. It provides diagnostic and therapeutic services such as: Xray, lab tests or physiotherapy. • The Emergency Department is where accident victims, injured people are taken (by an ambulance) and treated at first. • The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or Intensive Therapy Unit (ITU) is where seriously ill patients are constantly monitored e.g. after heart attack or serious operations. • The Dispensary is where the drugs are stored and issued to patients or medical workers. • The Operating Theatre is a place where surgeons carry out operations. • Wards are rooms or sets of rooms in a hospital, with beds for patients. • The Blood Bank is a place where blood is stored. • The Laboratory is where blood and urine tests are made and scientists can do research. • The Recovery Room is where a patient who has had an operation is kept until he/she can be moved into an ordinary ward. • Medical Records is where the information about patients (charts) is stored. • The X-ray Department is where X-ray pictures are made. • Mortuary is where dead bodies are kept until they are removed for burial. 12

Wordlist: accident victim – ofiara wypadku attach – przyłączyć complain (about) – narzekać blood bank – bank krwi burial – pochówek chart – karta (pacjenta) define – określać, opisywać dispensary – apteka szpitalna emergency departament – pogotowie ratunkowe general hospital – szpital ogólny geriatric – geriatryczny hernia – przepuklina infectious diseases hospital – szpital chorób zakaźnych injection – zastrzyk injured – ranny intensive care unit – oddział intensywnej terapii issue – wydawać maintain – utrzymywać maternity hospital – szpital położniczy medical records – archiwum 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

medical ward – oddział wewnętrzny mortuary – kostnica variety – różnorodność ward – oddział szpitalny surgical ward – oddział chirurgiczny operating theatre – sala operacyjna ophtalmic – okulistyczny orthopedic – ortopedyczny out-patient departament – przychodnia przyszpitalna pediatric – dziecięcy pneumonia – zapalenie płuc procedure – zabieg recovery room – sala pooperacyjna sample – próbka specialist hospital – szpital specjalistyczny store – przechowywać surgeon – chirurg tissue – tkanka treatment – leczenie urine – mocz

What are general hospitals? What or who do specialist hospitals deal with? What is the difference between public and private hospitals? Where can the blood for transfusion be found? Where are patients after operations taken? Where are blood tests made? Who is taken to ICU? Where can patients’ charts be found?

Exercise 3: Where should these patients go or be taken? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

A six-year-old boy with a broken leg. An elderly woman with schizophrenia. A 27-year-old woman expecting her baby soon. A young man in a serious condition after a chest operation. A 84-year-old person with acute pneumonia. A person with symptoms of an infection. A retired teacher with hernia. A young woman who wants to do chest X-ray.

13

Exercise 4: Match the descriptions with the members of para-medical staff working in a hospital. physiotherapists ambulance people dieticians midwives

nurses radiographer laboratory technicians

…………………. - they care for and support pregnant women, their partners and new babies, before, during and after the birth. …………………. – they treat people by means of massage, electrotherapy, corrective exercises. …………………. - they are experts on food and health, able to explain scientific information in a way that everyone can understand. …………………. – person specially trained to operate a machine to take X- ray photographs. …………………. - they work in hospital pathology laboratories, which are concerned with analysing samples of body tissue and fluids taken from patients. …………………. - they are part of the crew dealing with emergency calls. They give patients urgent care and take them quickly to hospital. …………………. - they work in hospitals helping sick and injured adults get back to health. Their tasks include i.e. assisting doctors while physical examinations, giving drugs, injections. Exercise 5: Translate into English. 1. Chłopiec po wypadku został przewieziony do pogotowia ratunkowego. 2. Siostro, proszę przynieść kartę pana Kelley z archiwum. 3. Szpitale związane z uczelniami medycznymi to szpitale kliniczne. 4. Pacjent leży w sali pooperacyjnej i jest w ciężkim stanie. 5. Fizjoterapeuci są personelem paramedycznym i pomagają pacjentom odzyskać sprawność fizyczną. Exercise 6: Put the verbs in brackets in Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous. 1. Susan ………………(fail) anatomy exam three times, but she ……………. (study)for the last week and I think she might be a bit better at it now. 2. Tom is convinced the book must be somewhere in this room, but we ……………..(search) for two hours and ……………… (not / see) any sign of it. 3. The Faculty Council ……………….. (consider) my application for permission to buy laboratory equipment for three months. They just …………….. (give) two of my friends permission to buy one so I hope they …………….. (decide) to let me have it too. 4. What you ……………..(do)? I …………… (look) for you for ages. I ……………… (prepare) a new lecture for my students. 5. I wonder if anything ……………(happen) to Chris. I ………………(wait) for him for an hour. References: „English for Medical Students and Doctors 1”, Ewa Donesch-Jeżo, WPL, Kraków, 2000 „English Practice for Medical Students”, Anna Kuciejczyk, AMG, 2005

14

PHYSIOTHERAPY AND ITS MAIN BRANCHES Exercise 1: Discuss in pairs or small groups. • What does physiotherapy deal with? • How long have you been interested in psychotherapy and why are you interested in it? • Is physiotherapy a common method of treatment? What other ways of treatment can you think of? Exercise 2: Read the text and answer the questions below. Physiotherapy is a medical specialty concerned with preventing and treating musculoskeletal disorders. It uses physical approaches to promote, maintain and restore physical, psychological and social well-being. This profession is dedicated to: 1) restoring strength and functions after a disease or injury, 2) improving and maintaining functional independence and physical performance, 3) correcting deformities, 4) preventing and managing pain, physical impairments, disabilities, 5) promoting fitness and health. Physiotherapy is an established, respected and evidence-based profession, which uses scientifically proven techniques to help many conditions affecting your body, such as: arthritis, back and neck pain, sports injuries, neurological conditions such as stroke, or age related conditions. It uses a variety of treatment methods as i.e. strenghtening and therapeutic exercise programmes, heat treatment, massage, infrared lamps, electric stimulation. The main branches of physiotherapy are: • Balneotherapy – deals with treatment of diseases by batching in hot water or water containing certain chemicals. It is used i.e. to relieve discomfort and joint stiffness, improve blood flow. • Hydrotherapy – promotes the treatment with water; patients are put in hot baths or encouraged to swim. Various techniques are used for relaxation, to stimulate digestion, circulation, the immune system, and to relieve pain. • Kinesitherapy – therapy involving active or passive movement of parts of the body in order to strengthen and stabilize joints. Kinesitherapy is used i.e. in back and limb disorders, prevention of locomotor system disorders. • Manual therapy – these are methods of hand techniques, such as mobilization or manipulation of joints and soft tissue. These methods are used to relieve pain, swelling, increase muscle and joint functional mobility. • Massage – deals with treatment of muscular conditions by means of rubbing, stroking or pressing a patient’s body with hands. Usually it is used to relax tight and tense muscles, improve circulation, and reduce stress. Wordlist: approach – podejście arthritis – zapalenie stawów balneothrapy – balneoterapia blood flow – przepływ, krążenie krwi branch – dziedzina circulation – krążenie deformity – zniekształcenie

performance – tu: wykonywanie czynności promote – propagować relieve pain – uśnieżyć ból restore – przywracać rub – pocierać soft tissue – tkanka miękka

15

specialty – specjalność stiffness – sztywność stroke (n.) – udar stroke (v.) – głaskać swelling – opuchlizna tense – napięty tight – ciasny well-being – dobry stan

digestion – trawienie disorder – zaburzenie established – ustanowiony evidence-based – oparty na dowodach infrared lamps – lampy podczerwone limb – kończyna locomotor system – układ ruchu mobilization – uruchomienie musculoskeletal – mięśniowo-szkieletowy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

What is physiotherapy? What is the aim of physiotherapy in the case of people after injuries? What conditions are most often treated with physiotherapeutical methods? Which branch of physiotherapy uses swimming as a treatment method? Which branch of physiotherapy deals with hand techniques? What is kinesitherapy? Is physiotherapy based on research or is this rather an alternative medicine branch? 8. Is physiotherapy in any way connected with sport? 9. Find adjectives describing physiotherapy in the text. Exercise 3: Complete the sentences below with the correct words from the text. 1. Cardiology is a medical …………………. dealing with study of the heart and its diseases. 2. This course of exercises is supposed to ………………. your physical abilities. 3. I’ve got splitting headache, I must take some analgesics to ……………… pain. 4. Physiotherapy, surgery, and pharmacotherapy are different kinds of ………………….. . 5. Doctors and lawyers are among the most respected …………………… . 6. The structure at a junction of bones enabling movement is called a …………………. . 7. Certain prophylactic methods are to ………………… diseases. Exercise 4: Translate into English. 1. Celem fizjoterapii jest usunięcie procesów chorobowych, zapobieganie postępowi choroby, usuwane dolegliwości i przywracanie sprawności. 2. Jedną z form terapii manualnej są np. niektóre rodzaje masażu. 3. Hydroterapia jest często skutecznym środkiem na złagodzenie bólu. 4. Pacjenci najczęściej traktują masaż wyłącznie jako sposób na relaks. 5. Jednym z zadań fizjoterapii jest przywrócenie sprawności ruchowej u osób po wypadkach. 6. Fizjoterapia stosuje skuteczne metody leczenia urazów sportowych. Exercise 5: Work in pairs. Give English definitions of the terms below.

16

repeat exam session

Bachelor’s Degree

maternity hospital

teaching hospital

general hospital

out-patient department

lecture

musculoskeletal system

surgical ward lecturer

nurse

entrance exam duty hours

References: Collin, P. H., ‘Słownik Medyczny’, Peter Collin Publishing Ltd, London, 2000 www.physiotherapy.ca

17

IN A SURGERY

Exercise 1: Read the text and answer the questions below. The physiotherapist’s office or surgery should cater for such services as: assessment, treatment, prevention, advice, education, and thus it should contain the following rooms, or be spacious enough to hold the following: the reception, the waiting area, the consulting – treatment area. The reception is where the secretary answers the patients’ phones and makes appointments. This can also be the place for storing patient’s cards. The patients wait for their turn in the waiting room or area. The consulting room is where the physiotherapist takes the patients’ history, examines, gives advice and educates patients; the treatment area is where a specialist assessment and treatment service is offered - patients get treatment/exercise programmes, undergo personal rehabilitation with the use of latest specialized equipment. The equipment designed for examination and treatment includes for example: • The examination/treatment couch, which can be wooden or electrical (the latter offers variable height, is divided into two or three sections and is suitable for all treatments, including manipulation. Both ends elevate so that the back or legs can be raised without turning the patient. One end also lowers for some postural drainage & manipulation techniques and more comfortable sitting); • The tilt table (manual or electrical) – contains wide straps to hold the patient from horizontal to standing position, utility tray and gripping handles for ADL activities; • Suspension frame and a coach for suspension activities – equipped with ropes, slings, hooks and straps; • Mattress – protects body during exercises, ideal for aerobic and light exercises. Equipment used for shoulder, arm and hand exercises include: • Shoulder wheel (smoothly revolving wheel, with resistance mechanisms, attached to wall at a desired height); • Shoulder – elbow cycle - A versatile exerciser that provides an upper body workout while seated in a comfortable position. The balanced front flywheel provides a smooth, fluid motion. The padded, adjustable removable forehead rest minimizes neck and shoulder strain; • Axial shoulder exerciser - for shoulder & supination-pronation exercises. Used in the same way as a conventional shoulder wheel & wrist machine; • Shoulder ladder or wall mounting – for progressive range of shoulder motion; • Rowing machine, wall bars, hand exercise table, rotary wrist machine, grip exerciser, exercise board, pulley set, medical balls. Equipment used for leg, knee ad foot exercises include: • Static exercise bicycle; • Ped-o-cycle - For reactivation and mobilization of the joints and for strengthening the leg muscles. Suitable for patients unable to sit on a regular exercise bicycle;

18

•

Quadriceps exercise table - designed for effective administration of progressive resistance exercise to the knee joints muscle groups; • Foot exerciser, heel exerciser, ankle exerciser; • Parallel walking bars, exercise staircase – for improving walking abilities; • Traction sets and tables. Additional equipment includes: • Rahabilitation aids: walkers, rollators, walking sticks, wheelchairs, crutches; • Electrotherapy sets (for example muscle stimulator unit); • Various charts and models (muscular system, spine, joints, nervous system); • Bandages, tapes and straps; • Cushions, pillows, collars, braces for support and body stabilization. Wordlist: abduction - odwodzenie adjustable – regulowany, z regulacją ankle – kostka, staw skokowy appointment – umówione spotkanie assessment - ocena axial – osiowy base - podstawa board – blat, powierzchnia braces - szelki cater for – dostarczać, zaspokajać potrzeby collar - kołnierz crutch – kula cushion – poduszka durability – trwałość, wytrzymałość elevate - unosić examination couch – leżanka exerciser – przyrząd do ćwiczeń exercise staircase - schody rehabilitacyjne forehead rest – oparcie na czoło gripping handles – uchwyty, rączki do chwytania handrail - poręcz heel - pięta hook – hak joint – staw matting - mata mattress – materac motion – ruch mount – montować, oprawiać non-slip – antypoślizgowy padded – wyścielony, obity (materiałem) parallel – równoległe pillow – poduszka pod głowę

postural drainage – drenaż ułożeniowy progressive - postępowy pronation – nawracanie pulley - wyciąg range - zakres resistance - opór revolve – obracać się rollator – chodzik na kółkach rope – lina rotary - obrotowy rowing machine – trenażer wioślarski sleek – błyszczący, połyskliwy sling - pętla spacious – przestronny spine - kręgosłup strain – uszkodzenie powysiłkowe strap – pasek, przylepiec supination – odwrócenie surface - powierzchnia surgery – gabinet suspension frame – rama do ćwiczeń w podwieszeniu taper for – zwężać się tilt table – stół przechyłowy, pionizacyjny traction – trakcja, wyciąg undergo – poddać kogoś czemuś (zabiegowi) utility tray – tacka na przybory variable height – zmienna wysokość versalite - wszechstronny wall bars – drabinka ścienna walker - chodzik walking bars – poręcze do nauki chodzenia walking stick – laska do podpierania się wheelchair – wózek inwalidzki 19

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

What is the surgery of a physiotherapist composed of? What is the consulting area for? What is a couch used for? What is used for shoulder exercises or rehabilitation? What is used for ensuring patients’ stabilization while they are walking? What helps patients to strengthen their leg muscles? What is wall mounting used for?

Exercise 2: Discuss the following points in pairs or small groups. • • •

Have you ever been to a psychotherapist’s surgery? Was it similar or different comparing to the description from Exercise 1? What did it contain? In what way was it similar to and different from a typical doctor’s surgery? What is the cost of equipping a physiotherapist’s surgery nowadays? Which things are the most expensive and necessary? Where would you buy them?

Exercise 3: Translate this product description into Polish.

Parallel Bars Versatile Parallel Bars have been designed to suit any Patient needs. They can be used in departments which deal with patients of all age groups. The bars have two handrails. The upper ones are for adult use and they have a height adjustment. The lower handrails are for children and they are fixed at a height of 19 in (48cm).The handrails are made of high quality metal giving it a sleek look with long life and durability. The bars are mounted on a polished hardwood base with non-slip matting, giving patient secure footing and ease of movement. The ends of this board are tapered for better access from the wheelchair, removable abduction board has been provided, and can be used when required.

Exercise 4: Match the words from the columns below to make correct expressions. waiting make specialist examination comfortable shoulder rowing walking tilt forehead

assessment position rest machine table appointments area couch strain abilities 20

Exercise 5: Complete the text below with the correct words from the box. Physiotherapy Department Our hospital's Physiotherapy Department has the ………………. to treat people who have to be admitted due to an injury or an operation which leaves someone with a need of this professional help. Physiotherapy Department is ……………… without being referred by a Doctor, even if you are not this hospital’s patient. Our Physiotherapists are highly trained and ………………. in this chosen field such that in discussion with someone suffering from a problem, they can ……………….. the problem and decide what ………………. to give. Timely and appropriate physiotherapy treatment can ……………….. further problems and get your back to your normal activities such as sports and work more quickly than just rest. Most people think physiotherapy consists only of ………………... Nothing could be further from the truth but machines can also be used to help to stimulate nerves or use sound waves to heal tissues and to stimulate ……………….. flow far below the surface of the skin. Indeed, two patients treatments are rarely the same, the beauty of physiotherapy and reason that a physiotherapist is so highly trained, that's why the Physiotherapy Department is best …………………. and has full time staff. We believe that the service provided has few equals but we have advantage of dealing everyday with wide …………………. of illnesses and injuries. equipped skilled

available treatment

prevent variety

blood massage

ability diagnose

Exercise 6: Put the verbs in brackets in the correct present tense. 1. ‘____________ (you/hear) the news? Anna and Tom are engaged!’ ‘That’s not new; I _____________ (know) it for ages.’ 2. ‘I __________ (lose) my key and I ___________ (try) to wake my wife up by throwing stones at her window.’ ‘You __________ (throw) stones at the wrong window. You live next door.’ 3. ____________ (you/hear) the wind? It __________ (blow) very strongly tonight. 4. ‘Stop! ____________ (you/not see) the notice?’ ‘I ____________ (see) it but I can’t read it because I __________ (not wear) my glasses. What ____________(it/say)?’ ‘It ___________ (say): ‘These premises are patrolled by guard dogs.’’ 5. ‘What ___________ (he/do) to his car now?’ ‘I __________ (think) he ________ (polish) it.’ 6. She ____________ (farm) only for two years, but she’s doing very well. 7. I ___________(clean) my car. Doesn’t it look nice? 8. Why ___________ (you/smoke) a cigar, Mrs Pitt? You ___________ (not smoke) cigars as a rule. 9. ‘What _______________ (the word ‘catastrophe’/mean)?’ ‘It __________ (mean) ‘disaster’’. 10. I ___________(think) it is a pity you don’t take more exercise. You __________ (get) fat.

21

11. Someone ___________(take) my books. I ______________ (look) for them for ages, but I _____________ (not find) them yet. 12. I ____________ (pump) up three tires. Would you like to do the fourth? 13. I ____________(save ) up because I ____________ (go) abroad in July. 14. The students _____________ (work) very well all this term. References: “A Practical English Grammar – Exercises”, A.J. Thomson, A.V. Martinet Oxford University Press, 1994 www.indiamedico.com www.materkenya.com

22

PHYSIOTHERAPY- RELATED PROFESSIONS

Exercise 1: Read the text and answer the questions below. Apart from physiotherapists, there are other professions concerned with helping people with their physical disabilities, taking care of their physical well being and relieving their suffering by means of natural methods and rehabilitation rather than surgical treatment. Here are few examples of such professionals: Occupational therapists (OTs) help people of all ages who have physical, mental health or social problems (resulting from birth, an accident, an operation, illness, etc.) to adapt to any aspect of their life with more independence, confidence and control. OTs assess patients’ abilities to perform activities and design treatment programmes to increase their capability to deal with difficulties. Generally, the interventions supported by OTs may cover e.g. everyday activities, such as washing, preparing and eating meals, shopping or transport; the use of equipment to help with daily living or getting around inside and outside the home. In most cases the patients are: people suffering from a physical condition (stroke or heart disease); people recovering from operations; physically and mentally disabled people. Osteopaths / chiropractors are concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, and the effect of these disorders on the functioning of the nervous system and general health. They work with their hands and use a range of techniques to treat conditions like back pain, migraine, sports injuries, repetitive strain injury, and asthma. The underlying philosophy is that the body has a natural tendency to heal itself but this can be disrupted by abnormalities in the skeleton, soft tissue, or the relationship between them. The profession takes a holistic approach to the needs of patients, considering their physical, psychological and social factors. An osteopath investigates a patient's symptoms, assesses him/her on a mechanical, functional and postural basis. Manual methods of treatment (gentle stretching, mobilising techniques) are combined with lifestyle and dietary recommendations, such as advice on posture, eating, exercise and relaxation. Reflexologists are concerned with treating patients’ disorders by applying specific pressure to reflex areas found in the feet and sometimes the hands. According to them, every part of the body is reflected in a precise area (or reflex point) on the feet and hands. It is believed that illness, or injury can result in granules accumulated around these reflex points, which then block vital energy pathways. Treatment aims to break down these deposits in order to free the body's natural energy flow, to open blocked nerve pathways and to improve the blood supply in order to get rid of toxins. Reflexology helps to treat such conditions as: migraine, hormonal imbalances, circulatory problems, digestive problems, back problems, insomnia and stress-related disorders.

23

Wordlist: accumulate – gromadzić się adapt (to) – przystosować się approach – podejście, stosunek do czegoś blister – pęcherz (np. po oparzeniu) bruise - siniak capability – zdolność coach - trener chiropractor - kręgarz confidence – pewność deposits – złogi dietary – dotyczący diety disrupt - zakłócać energy flow - przepływ energii get rid of – pozbyć się granules - ziarnistości heal – uleczyć, zagoić się holistic – holistyczny (biorący pod uwagę aspekt fizyczny i psychiczny) hormonal imbalance – zaburzenie hormonalne

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

implement – wprowadzić w życie insomnia - bezsenność mentalny disabled – upośledzony umysłowo nutrition - odżywianie occupational therapist – terapeuta zajęciowy osteopath – osteopata pathway – szlak, droga precise – dokładny, precyzyjny recommendation - zalecenie recover (from) – powracać do zdrowia reflexologist – specjalista refleksologii repetitive - nawracający reflex areas / points – refleksy, punkty result from – wynikać z stretch - naciągać stroke – udar underlying – będący podstawą (czegoś)

In what situations do OTs help their patients? Who usually needs the help of OTs? What disorders do osteopaths / chiropractors deal with? What treatment methods do they usually use? What is a ‘holistic approach’? What is the idea of reflexology based on? What conditions do reflexologists treat?

Exercise 2: Discussion. Talk about the following points in pairs. • • • •

Which profession from the text seems to be most interesting for you? Why? Which one seems to be the most difficult? Why? What does one need to become a chiropractor, an occupational therapist, and a reflexologist (education, personal qualities, etc.)? Do you know any other jobs related to physiotherapy? What / who do these people deal with?

24

Exercise 3: Complete the text with the correct words. You have got Polish equivalents in brackets. A sports therapist helps injured athletes ……………….. (powrócić) to full functionality. The injuries being treated will vary ………………… (w zależności) on the sport being played. Clients may include ……………….(zawodowych) and amateur sportspeople, and people who keep fit ……………… (dla przyjemności). A sports therapist can examine, assess, ……………… (leczyć) and rehabilitate injuries. When he / she works with a sports team or club, typical work activities may include: conducting an assessment of the players / athletes' ……………… (gotowości); offering massage and generally preparing players / athletes physically and mentally; …………………. (udzielanie) first aid; examining and assessing injuries and dealing with ………………. (mniejszymi) and major traumas, e.g. cuts, bruises and blisters; referring the injured athletes to relevant practitioners in the sport / medical profession; ………………… (udzielanie rad) players / athletes on diet and nutrition; working with coaches / fitness advisers to implement injury prevention programmes; designing …………………… (rehabilitacyjne) programmes. Exercise 4: Match the words from the columns to make correct expressions. They have all appeared in the text. dietary

flow

sports

treatment

energy

approach

hormonal

disorders

natural

disabled

mentally

injuries

mechanical

recommendations

surgical

imbalance

holistic

tendency

Exercise 5: Translate the sentences into English. 1. Praca jako asystent fizjoterapeuty może być bardzo pomocna w zdobyciu odpowiedniego doświadczenia. 2. Osteopaci leczą dolegliwości przy użyciu różnych technik dostosowanych do potrzeb pacjenta. 3. Pacjenci po operacjach lub długotrwałym leczeniu szpitalnym muszą często korzystać z pomocy terapeutów zajęciowych. 4. W przypadku wielu dolegliwości stosuje się leczenie oparte na metodach manualnych.

25

REVISION EXERCISES Exercise 1: Work in pairs and follow the tasks below. • • • • • • • • •

Describe the academic structure of the Medical University of Gdańsk (Faculties, Departments, etc); Give examples of the University authorities with their names, if possible; State the differences and similarities between the types of lessons you get at the university (classes, lectures, seminars, laboratories); Explain such terms as: clinical practice, exam session, facultative classes, Dean’s Office; State the difference between general and specialist hospitals; Explain such terms as: out-patient department, laboratory, recovery room, dispensary, ward; Give examples of 6 people (professions) working in a hospital; Give examples of main branches of physiotherapy and describe the differences between them; Describe the physiotherapist’s surgery, give examples of the most common equipment you can find there.

Exercise 2: Finish the sentences on your own. 1. The Medical University of Gdańsk provides …………………………………… . 2. The Rector is in charge of ………………………………………………………. . 3. The number of years spent at the university depends on …………………….. . 4. Private hospitals are often better ………………………………………………… . 5. The medical personnel includes …………………………………………………. . 6. Physiotherapists provide help ……………………………………………………. . 7. An examination couch is used …………………………………………………….. . 8. Various types of equipment are used …………………………………………….. . 9. Kinezytherapy uses ………………………………………………………………… . 10. Members of the hospital para-medical staff are e.g. …………………………… . References: www.prospects.ac.uk/cms/ShowPage/Home_page/p!eLaXi

26

PARTS OF THE BODY, BODY CAVITIES

Exercise 1: Read the text and answer the questions below. The smallest structural units of the human body are cells. When they perform similar functions they become tissues, which, in turn combine to form organs and systems. The human body is divided into the following parts: the head, the neck, the trunk, upper and lower limbs. Anterior part of the head, the face, is composed of the following elements: the eyes (protected by the eyelids and eyelashes), the nose, the forehead, the cheeks, the mouth (bounded by upper and lower lips), and the chin. The neck joins the head with the trunk, the largest part of the human body. It is divided into two parts – cavities, separated by a muscle (diaphragm): the thorax (chest) and the abdomen. Limbs are composed of segments and joints. The upper limb contains: the arm, the forearm and the hand. The joints of the upper limb are: the shoulder joint, the elbow, and the wrist. The lower limb contains: the thigh, the leg, and the foot. The joints are: the hip joint, the knee, and the ankle. There are three main cavities (spaces inside the body containing organs) within the human body. These are the cranial cavity, the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. The cranial cavity is situated in the head, contains the brain and is surrounded by the skull. The thoracic cavity is located below the neck and above the diaphragm. It is bounded by the spine and the ribs with the sternum. The cavity contains the heart, the lungs, and the oesophagus. The biggest cavity – abdominopelvic – lies below the diaphragm and can be divided into two smaller cavities: the abdominal cavity proper and the pelvic cavity. The first one contains the main organs of digestion (e.g. stomach, small and large intestines), the liver, the pancreas, and the spleen. The pelvic cavity, located inferiorly, is bounded by bones. It contains the urinary bladder, the lower part of the large intestine, the rectum and, in females, the reproductive organs. Wordlist: abdomen – brzuch abdominopelvic – brzuszno-miedniczny appendix – wyrostek armpit – pacha bottom – pośladek bronchi – oskrzela calf – łydka cavity – jama cheek – policzek chest – klatka piersiowa chin – broda cranial – czaszkowy diaphragm – przepona digestom – trawienie

elbow – łokieć eyelashes – rzęsy eyelid – powieka forearm- przedramię forehead – czoło groin – pachwina heel – pięta intestine – jelito kidney – nerka knee – kolano leg – podudzie limb – kończyna lip – warga liver – wątroba nipple – brodawka sutkowa 27

oesophagus – przełyk pancreas – trzustka pericardium - osierdzie pituitary gland – gruczoł przysadkowy pleura – opłucna rectum – odbyt reproductive organs – organy rozrodcze ribs – żebra shin – goleń shoulder – bark skull – czaszka

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

spleen – śledziona sternum – mostek stomach – żołądek thigh – udo thumb –kciuk toe – palec u nogi trachea – tchawica trunk – tułów, korpus urinary bladder – pęcherz moczowy venae cavae – żyły główne waist – talia wrist – nadgarstek

What are the main parts of the human body? What are the parts of the face? What are the segments of the upper and lower limbs? What are the joints of the upper and lower limbs? What are body cavities? What are the main cavities in the human body? What is the cranial cavity bounded by? What are the contents of the thoracic cavity? What are the contents of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Exercise 2: Write the correct numbers next to the words below. Mark with ‘x’ the parts which are not marked on the diagram.

28

forehead ____ cheek ____ thigh ____ head ____ elbow ____ throat ____ breast ____ groin ____ jaw ____

chest palm thumb ankle neck finger foot calf nose

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

toe ____ ear ____ abdomen ____ hip ____ waist ____ shoulder ____ wrist ____ bottom ____ heel ____

knee back mouth eyelid chin arm armpit forearm

Exercise 3: Complete the names of the indicated parts of the head.

1. _ _ _ _ 2. _ _ _ e _ _ _ _ 3. _ _ _ b _ _ _ 4. _ _ _ _ _ s _ 5. _ _ e _ _ _ 6. _ _ _ e _

7. _ _ _ t _ _ _ 8. _ _ u _ _ 9. _ _ _ 10. _ h _ _ 11. _ a _ 12. _ _ c _ 13. _ _ _

Exercise 4: Choose the correct answer. 1. The calf is part of the … . a) leg b) arm c)eye d) ear 2. The shin is part of the … . a) arm b) leg c) head d) breast 3. The nipple is part of the … . a) hand b) foot c) ear d) breast 4. The heel is part of the … . a) hand b) foot c) eye d) ear 5. The thumb is part of the … . a) hand b) foot c) ear d) breast 6. This man must be terribly strong! Look at his … ! a) skin b) limbs c) muscles d) nerves 7. His shoes were so old that his … were sticking out of them. a) fingers b) thumbs c) tips d) toes 29

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

Exercise 5: Read the clues and find the correct places for the answers in the crossword.

Down The upper part of the leg. We taste with this. We see with these. This covers the body. We kiss with these. Attached to the shoulder. Under the chest.

Across We chew with these. Where the legs bend. We hear with these. We walk on these. Used for picking things up. We smell with this. The baby sucked his ___.

Exercise 6: Match the cavities with their contents. Cavity

Contents

Spinal cavity

Urinary bladder, sex organs, part of the large intestine, appendix, and rectum One lung in each

Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity Pelvic cavity

Stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, most of the small and large intestines, kidneys Heart

Abdominal cavity

Spinal cord

Pleural cavities

Brain and pituitary gland

30

Pericardial cavity

Trachea, oesophagus, bronchi, ends of the venae cavae, beginning of the aorta

Exercise 7: Label the diagram.

Exercise 8: Translate into English. 1. Tułów składa się z dwóch jam oddzielonych przeponą: jamy klatki piersiowej i jamy brzusznej. 2. Podstawowa funkcja czaszki to ochrona mózgu, najważniejszej części układu nerwowego. 3. Staw barkowy łączy ramię z barkiem. 4. Jama klatki piersiowej jest ograniczona z przodu mostkiem, z boku żebrami a z tyłu kręgosłupem. 5. Nie mogę zgiąć nogi, pleców, ani podnieść niczego z podłogi, czuję ból w okolicy kręgosłupa. 6. Najważniejsze organy związane z trawieniem znajdują się w jamie brzusznej. References: „English for Medical Students and Doctors 1”, Ewa Donesch-Jeżo, WPL, Kraków, 2000 „English Practice for Medical Students”, Anna Kuciejczyk, AMG, 2005

31

THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Exercise 1: Discuss the following points in pairs. • • • •

What is the function of the musculoskeletal system? Have you ever broken a bone or do you know anyone who did? When and where did it happen? What was the treatment like? Did you / this person need any rehabilitation? Have you ever had muscle pain? What was it caused by? Can problems with bones and muscles be somehow connected with: people’s age, time of the year, lifestyle, job?

Exercise 2: Read the text below and answer the questions. The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeletal system (made up of: bones; joints - union of two or more bones, classified into immovable, slightly movable, freely movable; ligaments – fibrous tissue attaching bone to bone; cartilages - protective gel-like substance lining the joints and intervertebral discs) and the skeletal muscle system (skeletal muscles - attached to bones responsible for skeletal movements, controlled by the peripheral portion of the nervous system, these muscles are under conscious, or voluntary, control; tendons – connective tissue attaching muscle to bone). These two systems work together to provide basic functions that are essential to life, including: protection of the brain and internal organs, supporting upright posture, blood cell formation (red bone marrow), storage of fat and minerals, movement. The average human adult skeleton consists of 206 bones, attached to the muscles by tendons. Babies are born with 270 soft bones - about 64 more than an adult. These will fuse together by the age of twenty or twenty-five into the 206 hard, permanent bones. The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes 80 bones and consists of the skull (cranium and the facial portion), the ribs and the sternum (breastbone) - comprising the thoracic cage, protecting the heart and lungs and the spine (vertebral column). The spine is made up of 33 irregularly shaped bones, vertebrae, and is divided into: seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral – fused together forming the sacrum, and four or five terminal bones fused together to form the coccyx. The appendicular skeleton, consisting of 126 bones, includes the bones of upper and lower limbs and two limb girdles (the shoulders and pelvis). The bones of the upper limb include: the shoulder girdle (made up of the clavicle and the scapula), the humerus in the arm, the ulna and the radius in the forearm, eight carpals in each wrist, five metacarpals in each palm, three phalanges in each finger, and two phalanges in each thumb. The bones of the lower limb include: the pelvic girdle, which is composed of two hip bones, the femur in the thigh, the patella, the tibia and fibula in the leg, seven tarsals in the ankle, five metatarsals in the middle of each foot, two phalanges in each big toe, and three phalanges in each other toe. Bones are usually classified into: long bones (for example: humerus, ulna, femur – they provide support and allow us to create movement); short bones (for example:

32

carpals and tarsals – they allow movement, provide elasticity, flexibility, and shock absorption); flat bones (ribs, sternum and scapula - they protect and provide attachment sites for muscles) irregular bones (skull, pelvis, vertebrae – they support weight, protect the spinal cord, contribute to movement and provide sites for muscle attachment); sesamoid bones (for example patella – it alters the angle of insertion of the muscle). Wordlist: alter – zmienić angle – kąt ankle – staw skokowy appendicular – odnoszący się do kończyn attach – przyczepiać attachment – przyczep average – przeciętny axial – osiowy carpals – kości nadgarstka cartilage – chrząstka clavicle – obojczyk coccyx – kość guziczna connective tissue – tkanka łączna conscious – świadomy contribute to – przyczyniać się cranium – mózgoczaszka facial portion – twarzoczaszka femur – kość udowa fibrous – włóknisty fibula – kość strzałkowa flexibility – elastyczność forearm – przedramię fuse – zrastać się, łączyć się girdle – obręcz hip – biodro humerus – kość ramieniowa immovable – nieruchome insertion – wprowadzenie interwertabral disc – krążek międzykręgowy leg – noga, podudzie ligament – więzadło line – wyścielać lumbar – lędźwiowy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

lung – płuco metacarpals – kości śródręcza metatarsals – kości śródstopia patella – rzepka pelvic – miedniczy pelvis – miednica peripheral – obwodowy permanent – stały phalanges – paliczki portion – część posture – postawa radius – kość promieniowa rib – żebro sacral – krzyżowy scapula – łopatka sesamoid – trzeszczkowaty shoulder – bark skull – czaszka spinal cord – rdzeń kręgowy spine – kręgosłup sternum – mostek storage – magazynowanie tarsals – kości stępu tendon – ścięgno thigh – udo thoracic – piersiowy thumb – kciuk tibia – kość piszczelowa toe – palec u nogi ulna – kość łokciowa upright – wyprostowany vertebrae – kręgi voluntary – dobrowolny wrist – nadgarstek

What is the musculoskeletal system composed of? What are cartilages? What information does the text provide about skeletal muscles? What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system? What does the axial skeleton consist of? What is the spine composed of?

33

7. What are the bones of the upper limb? 8. How many tarsals are in each ankle? 9. What are the main types of bones? Exercise 3: Finish the sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

The skull is …………………….. and its function is to …………………………. . The human skeleton consists ……………………………………………………. . The limb girdles attach ……………………….. to ………………………….. . The thorax or the rib cage includes ……………………………………………… . The humerus is ……………………………………………………………………. . Babies have ……………………………….. which is …………………………… . The skeletal system and the skeletal muscle system ………………………….. . The forearm …………………………………………………………………………. . The sacrum is ……………………………………………………………………….. .

Exercise 4: Complete the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

My brother feels a sharp pain in his ………………. and he cannot bend down. Last winter I broke my …………… and I had it in plaster for five weeks. An elderly man slipped, fell and sprained his ……………….. . Chris fell from the stairs yesterday and broke three of his ……………….. . I had to carry heavy boxes and now my ……………… is painful and swollen. When he plays volleyball he feels pain in his …………… and cannot straighten his …………………. .

Exercise 5: Translate into English. 1. Szkielet osiowy wraz ze szkieletem kończyn oraz mięśniami szkieletowymi tworzą układ mięśniowo-szkieletowy człowieka. 2. Kość udowa jest najdłuższą i najmocniejszą kością w szkielecie ludzkim. 3. Funkcją klatki piersiowej, złożonej z mostka i dwunastu par żeber, jest ochrona serca, płuc oraz innych organów. 4. W każdym palcu ręki są trzy paliczki. 5. Kręgi szyjne wspierają głowę oraz umożliwiają jej ruch. Exercise 6: Present tenses. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form. 15. The streets are all wet. It _____________ (rain). 16. I’m sorry, but he isn’t here. He __________ (go) to the bank. 17. Joan ___________ (still/do) her homework. 18. She ___________ (wear) the same dress at every party. 19. I __________ (be) to Italy for several times. 20. We ___________ (wait) on the platform since 3:00 a.m. 21. ____________ (you/enjoy) your English lesson today? 22. This soup ____________(taste) incredible. 23. She generally ___________ (come) on time, but not today. 24. I ___________ (not/learn) anything new for two weeks. 25. ‘What _________ (you/do)?’ ‘I’m a nurse.’

34

26. I’m sorry, I can’t go with you. I _________(go) to the dentist tonight. 27. I really believe that he __________ (smoke) too much recently. 28. Whenever she __________ (get) home, she ___________ (take off) her shoes first. 29. She ___________(already/ buy) the tickets for the concert. 30. It’s the first time I ___________ (be) to Mexico. References: “A Practical English Grammar – Exercises”, A.J. Thomson, A.V. Martinet, Oxford University Press, 1994 „English for Medical Students and Doctors 1”, Ewa Donesch-Jeżo, WPL, Kraków, 2000 www.answers.com www.webschoolsolutions.com

35

MUSCLES

Exercise 1: Read the text and decide whether the sentences below are true or false. The human body contains more than 600 individual muscles, which together account for about 40 percent of a person's weight. They are attached to the skeleton, which provides the pulling power for us to move around. The predominant function of muscles is contractibility, that is, providing movement for the body. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction. Other functions of muscles in the body are e.g. posture, joint stability, and heat production. The muscular system consist of three different types of muscle tissues: skeletal (striated), cardiac, and smooth. Each of these different tissues has the ability to contract, which then allows body movements and functions. Skeletal muscles. This muscle tissue is named for its location - attached to bones. They are responsible for skeletal movements and controlled by the peripheral portion of the central nervous system. Thus, these muscles are under conscious, or voluntary, control. They have stripe-like markings, or striations. The skeletal muscles tissue is composed of long muscle fibers. Each of them is a cell which contains several nuclei. Skeletal muscles vary considerably in size, shape, and arrangement of fibers. They range from extremely tiny strands such as the stapedius of the middle ear to large masses such as the muscles of the thigh. Some skeletal muscles are broad in shape and some narrow. Smooth muscle. Much of our internal organs is made up of smooth muscles. They are found in the urinary bladder, gallbladder, arteries, and veins. Also the digestive tract is made up of smooth muscle as well. The non-striated (smooth) muscle cell is spindle-shaped and has one central nucleus. Smooth muscles contract slowly and rhythmically, they are controlled by the nervous system and hormones. We cannot consciously control them and that is why they are called involuntary muscles. Cardiac muscle. The cardiac muscle is the muscle of the brain itself. This is the tissue that makes up the wall of the heart called the mydocardium. Also like the skeletal muscles, the cardiac muscle is striated and has a central nucleus, like smooth muscles. It is under the control of the autonomic nervous system. The contraction of cardiac muscle is involuntary, strong, and rhythmical. Wordlist: account for – stanowić arteries – tętnice biceps brachii (biceps of the arm) – mięsień dwugłowy ramienia biceps femoris (biceps of the thigh) – mięsień dwugłowy uda conscious – świadomy contractibility – kurczliwość deltoid muscle – mięsień naramienny gallbladder – pęcherzyk żółciowy

gluteus maximus – mięsień pośladkowy wielki heat – ciepło involuntary – mimowolny, bezwiedny latissimus dorsi – mięsień najszerszy grzbietu obliquus externus abdominis (external oblique) – mięsień skośny zewnętrzny brzucha pectoralis major (greater pectoralis mus36

peripheral – obwodowy rectus abdominis – mięsień prosty brzucha smooth – gładki spindle-shaped – wrzecionowate splenius of the neck - mięśnie karkowe stapedius – mięsień strzemiączkowy strand – włókno, łańcuch striated – poprzecznie prążkowany striations - prążki

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

cle) – mięsień piersiowy większy tendo calcanaeus (Achilles’ tendon) – ścięgno Achillesa thenar muscle – mięśnie kłębu kciuka trapezius – mięsień czworoboczny triceps brachii (triceps of the arm) – mięsień trójgłowy ramienia urinary bladder – pęcherz moczowy veins – żyły voluntary – dobrowolny

Muscles constitute over half of the body weight. Muscles are the only structures in the body responsible for movement. There are three types of muscle tissue. Skeletal muscles are under our voluntary control. All of the skeletal muscles are the same. Internal organs, such as the bladder, contain striated muscles. Smooth muscles have multi-nucleated cells. Cardiac muscle resembles both skeletal and smooth muscles.

Exercise 2: Finish the sentences using the information from the passage. 1. Human body contains ……………………………………………………………. 2. The skeletal muscles are controlled by…………………………………………. 3. Skeletal movements are.…………………………………………………………. 4. The digestive organs are . ……………………………………………………….. 5. There may be different ………………………. ……….in the skeletal muscles. 6. The smooth muscle contractions are ……………………………………………. 7. The cardiac muscle resembles …………………and ……………….because … Exercise 3: Match the words in columns A and B to make correct phrases. A middle heat muscle joint body tiny spindle central internal urinary

B organs fibers movements shaped nucleus production ear bladder stability strands

37

Exercise 4: Label the diagram with the names of the muscles from the box.

splenius of the neck biceps femoris (biceps of the thigh) rectus abdominis latissimus dorsi deltoid muscle obliquus externus abdominis (external oblique) thenar muscle trapezius gluteus maximus tendo calcanaeus (Achilles’ tendon) triceps brachii (triceps of the arm) pectoralis major (greater pectoralis muscle) biceps brachii (biceps of the arm)

Exercise 5: Ask about the underlined parts of the sentences below. 1. My back hurts me a lot. 2. I can’t bend my leg easily. 3. The doctor prescribed some analgesics to relieve the pain. 4. I’m writing a letter to my friend Luis. 5. Betty’s going to arrange a meeting with her boss tomorrow. 6. Physiotherapists usually work in public hospitals. 7. He missed two treatment sessions due to serious family-related reasons. 8. Mike may become a well-known specialist when he finishes this research. 9. She is talking to professor Bennet at the moment. 10. David works for a big pharmaceutical company. 11. We are going to attend a conference next week. 12. Tom has just sent us the test results.

38

Exercise 6: Translate into English. 1. Mięśnie w organizmie człowieka spełniają pięć podstawowych funkcji: odpowiadają za ruch, kontrolują przepływ płynów ciała, regulują ilość płynów ciała w organizmie, odpowiadają za postawę, zajmują się produkcją ciepła. 2. Mięśnie szkieletowe zbudowane są z ułożonych w pęczki włókien mięśniowych. Włókna te mają wrzecionowaty kształt i zawierają dużą ilość jąder komórkowych. 3. Ze względu na budowę i spełniane funkcje w organizmie wyróżniamy trzy główne typy mięśni: mięsień gładki, mięsień poprzecznie prążkowany i mięsień sercowy. 4. Mięsień gładki działa niezależnie od woli i świadomości człowieka, jest zdolny do ciągłego lecz bardzo powolnego kurczenia się. Jest elementem budowy np. naczyń, ścian przewodu pokarmowego, ścian pęcherza moczowego.

References: http://library.thinkquest.org/10348/find/content/muscular.html http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit1_1_body_structure.html http://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/muscle.htm „Słownik obrazkowy angielsko-polski”, Duden Oxford, Wiedza Powszechna, Warszawa1998

39

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Exercise 1: Read the text below and answer the questions. The nervous system coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs’ activity, initiates body actions and receives information about the external environment. Prominent participants in a nervous system include nerves, which play roles in such coordination. All parts of the nervous system are made of nervous tissue. The basic structural unit of the nervous system is the neuron and its function is transmission of impulses. Each neuron is composed of the cell body (with cytoplasm and a nucleus), dendrites (branched projections conducting impulses to the cell body), and an axon (long, single projection conducting impulses away from the cell body). Each nerve can be described as a bundle of axons of many neurons. The nervous system is divided into three main parts: the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is located in the cranial cavity and is surrounded by the skull. There are three main parts of the brain: the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brain stem. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure. The outer portion of the cerebrum, called the gray matter, is composed of cell bodies. The inner portion, the white matter, is composed of myelinated nerve fibres. The brain is the site of reason and intelligence, which include such components as cognition, perception, attention, memory and emotion. The brain is also responsible for control of posture and movement. Moreover, it can perform a variety of functions automatically, without the need for conscious awareness, such as coordination of senses, walking, and body functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, fluid balance, and body temperature. The peripheral nervous system contains only nerves and connects the brain and spinal cord (CNS) to the rest of the body. It includes e.g. the nerves that branch off the brain (12 pairs of cerebral nerves) and the spinal cord (31 pairs of spinal nerves). The autonomic nervous system controls the involuntary actions of internal organs. It controls muscles in the heart, the smooth muscles in internal organs such as the intestine, bladder, and uterus. The autonomic system has two subsystems. The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system work in opposition to each other. For example: when you are scared the sympathetic system causes your heart to beat faster; the parasympathetic system slows it down. There are various types of diseases affecting the nervous system: infectious (meningitis), congenital (hydrocephalus), traumatic (injuries), degenerative (multiple sclerosis). The symptom of disorders connected with the nervous system are for example: acute headaches, paresis, hemiparesis, speech and visual disturbances, vomiting, drowsiness, dizziness. Wordlist: afferent - doprowadzający brain stem – pień mózgu branch off – rozgałęziać się branched – rozgałęziony

bundle – wiązka cerebellum – móżdżek cerebrum – mózg cognition – poznawanie 40

degenerative – zwyrodnieniowy dizziness – zawroty głowy drowsiness – ospałość efferent - odprowadzający gather – zbierać, gromadzić gray matter – istota szara hemiparesis – niedowład połowiczny hemisphere – półkula hydrocephalus – wodogłowie hypothalamus - podwzgórze longitudinal fissure – szczelina podłużna medulla (oblongata) – rdzeń przedłużon

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

meninges – opony mózgowe meningitis – zapalenie opon mózgowych multiple sclerosis – stwardnienie rozsiane myelinated – mielinowe overlap – nakładać się na siebie paresis – niedowład peripheral – obwodowy pituitary - przysadka pons – most (mózgu) projection – wypustka thalamus – wzgórze wzrokowe white matter – istota biała

What are the functions of the nervous system? What is the structure of a neuron? What are the main parts of the nervous system? Where are the grey and white matters located? What are they built up of? What does the peripheral nervous system include? How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems work? What types of diseases affect the nervous system? What are the most common symptoms?

Exercise 2: Discuss. • What is a depression? Why is it so common nowadays? What are the symptoms of depression and the ways of treatment? • Does anything like ‘a winter depression’ exist? Have you ever experienced anything like this? Does your mood change together with seasons? • What / who makes you irritated / nervous? In which situations are you likely to lose your temper? • What are the best ways for you to relax? In what ways do you calm yourself down? • What would you do if your patient was very nervous? Could you think of any effective ways of managing nervous patients? Exercise 3: Complete the passage with the correct phrases from the box. under conscious control external conditions sensory nerves central nervous system single system respond with hormones information gatherer opposing actions electrical impulses endocrine system physically separate appropriate responses Functions of the Nervous System The nervous system is the body's 1)_____________, storage center and control system. Its overall function is to collect information about the 2)_____________ in relation to the body's internal state, to ana41

lyze this information, and to initiate 3)_____________ to satisfy certain needs. The most powerful of these needs is survival. The nerves do not form one 4)_____________ , but several which are interrelated. Some of these are 5)________________ , others are different in function only. The brain and spinal cord make up the 6)______________. The peripheral nervous system is responsible for the body functions which are not 7)_______________ - like the heartbeat or the digestive system. The smooth operation of the peripheral nervous system is achieved by dividing it into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. These are 8)_______________ and check on each other to provide a balance. The nervous system uses 9)________________ , which travel along the length of the cells (neurons). The cell processes information from the 10)_______________ and initiates an action within milliseconds. These impulses can travel at up to 250 miles per hour, while other systems such as the 11)_______________ may take many hours to12)________________ . Exercise 4: Label the diagrams using the words from the box. peripheral nerves midbrain lumbar spinal nerves brain pituitary thalamus pons medulla spinal cord x2 thoracic spinal nerves cerebral hemisphere cranial nerves sacral spinal nerves hypothalamus cerebellum cervical spinal nerves

42

Exercise 5: Decide whether the sentences are true or false? Correct the false statements. A. The nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body. It is the centre of all mental activity including thought, learning, and memory. B. The various activities of the nervous system can be grouped together as three general, overlapping functions: sensory, integrative, and motor. C. Neurons are the nerve cells that transmit blood. D. The three components of a neuron are a cell body one or more processes called axons, and a single process called a dendrite. E. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. F. The efferent part of the peripheral nervous system carries impulses to the CNS; the afferent part carries impulses away from the CNS. G. There are two layers of meninges around the brain and spinal cord. H. The spinal cord functions as a conduction pathway and as a reflex centre. Sensory impulses travel to the brain on ascending tracts in the cord. Motor impulses travel on descending tracts. Exercise 6: Past simple vs. past continuous. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form. 1. He ………………. (sit) on the bank fishing when he ……………….. (see) a man’s hat floating down the river. It ……………….. (seem) strangely familiar. 2. Everyone …………….. (read) quietly when suddenly the door ………………. (burst) open and a complete stranger ……………… (rush) in. 3. They ………………… (build) that new school when I ……………….. (be) here last year. They haven’t finished it yet. 4. When Betty………………. (say) that she ……………….. (come) to see me the next day, I ………………….. (wonder) what present she would bring. She always brings something nice with. 5. I …………………. (pick) up the receiver and ……………….. (dial) the number. Surprisingly, I ………………… (find) myself listening to some conversation. Two women ……………………. (talk) about a visit at a physiotherapist’s. 6. While I ……………………. (wonder) whether to buy the bag or not, someone else ………………… (come) and …………………. (buy) it. 7. I ………………… (look) through the classroom window. An English lesson ……………………. (go) on. The teacher …………………. (write) new words on the board. 8. She ………………… (promise) not to tell Peter anything but five minutes later I …………………… (see) her talking with him and from the expression on his face I am sure she ………………… (tell) him about it.

References: „English for Medical Students and Doctors 1”, Ewa Donesch-Jeżo, WPL, Kraków, 2000 „English Practice for Medical Students”, Anna Kuciejczyk, AMG, 2005

43

“A Practical English Grammar”, A.J. Thompson, A.V. Martinet, Oxford, 1994 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookNERV.html#Peripheral %20Nervous%20System

44

HOW DOES THE SPINE WORK?

Exercise 1: Discuss the following points in pairs. • • • •

Have you ever had any problems with your spine, or do you know anyone who had? What were these problems caused by? Which jobs predispose to spinal problems? Why? What should / shouldn’t people do in the case of spinal problems? Why do so many school children have spinal deformities diagnosed? How can such a situation be improved?

Exercise 2: Read the text and answer the questions below. In simple terms, your spine is nothing more than a group of bones (vertebrae) in a line up the center of your back. All spinal regions (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal) work together to provide support and stability for much of the weight of the upper body. Each bone has a passage that forms a tunnel for the spinal cord, protecting it as it extends downward from the brain. But the spine is more than just a protective tube. While the spine provides protection and support, it also allows people to bend, twist, rotate, and otherwise move their upper body in every direction. The bones themselves do not actually bend or twist; the flexibility of the spine comes from structures between the bones called facet joints and intervertebral disks. Intervertebral disks are situated between the bones of the spine, creating a space for nerves branching out from the spinal cord to other areas of the body. The disks are made of tough rings of fibrous elastic material called cartilage. When healthy, they take up much of the shock that walking, running, jumping, and even sitting can place on the spine. Every time you bend, extend, or twist, there is a change of pressure in the fluid-filled area of the disk. In moderate amounts, this change of pressure is actually good for the disks. In the long term, however, excessive forward bending movements can damage the rings that hold the fluid in place. Facet joints are places where vertebrae rub directly against each other. Located on the extensions of bone off the back side of the vertebrae, these surfaces come in contact with those of the vertebrae directly above and below. Their purpose is to safely guide and restrict the movement of the spinal bones. The bones of the spine would not be able to move or even hold themselves upright without the muscles and ligaments that surround them. Attached to all the bones and disks in the spine are long, cordlike structures called ligaments. Not as hard as bone but not as soft as muscle, these bands of connective tissue come in almost every size. The ligaments have several important functions. They provide support for the spine from the head down to the tip of the tailbone, holding disks and bones and muscles in their proper places. Their main function is to hold the bones together, allowing bending, twisting, and other movements to occur within safe ranges. Because ligaments are elastic – have the ability to stretch a little but not too much, they are perfectly suited for this task. The ligaments also play a major role in posture. When they maintain their normal length and flexibility, they support the bones of the spine, keeping them in good positions. With poor postural habits, however, the ligaments on one

45

side of your spine can be overstretched. Over time, probably months or years, the result is poor posture. Poor posture, in turn, can cause the ligaments to ache. Indeed, back or neck pain that cannot be attributed to a specific accident or injury is often a sign that poor posture is taking a toll on the ligaments. The ligaments, when sprained or torn, take a long time to heal because of their poor blood supply. Muscles are cordlike structures that are even more elastic than ligaments. Like ligaments, muscles can stretch; unlike the ligaments, muscles also have the ability to contract, or shorten. How do muscles work? Basically, when you want to move, your brain sends a message through the nerves to the correct muscle. When the message gets to the muscle, chemicals inside the muscle cause the muscle to shorten. Because the muscle is attached to the bone, this shortening pulls on the bone. If the strength of this shortening is strong enough, the bone, and therefore the body, moves. Your spine and the related structures benefit from movements that place acceptable levels of stress on them. Proper exercises can thicken, stretch, and build the endurance of your back. On the other hand, problems appear when people have overdone or overused their back and this has fatigued or injured certain spinal tissues. Word list: absorbtion - wchłanianie ache – ból, boleć attribute (to) – przypisywać coś band – prążek (w tkance mięśniowej) bend – (v.) pochylać się, zginać się branch - (v.) rozgałęziać się breakdown – rozkład, rozbicie connective tissue – tkanka łączna contract – (v.) kurczyć się cord - sznur delivery - poród downward – ku dołowi drainage - drenaż endurance - wytrzymałość excessive - nadmierne extend – (v.) rozciągać się extension – wyrostek facet joints = articular facet – powierzchnia stawowa na wyrostku stawowym kręgu fatigue – zmęczenie, zmęczyć fertilization - zapłodnienie fibrous – włóknisty flexibility – giętkość, elastyczność

1. 2. 3. 4.

foetus - płód intervertebral disc – krążek międzykręgowy moderate – umiarkowany ovum (pl. ova) – jajo, jajeczko poor posture – nieprawidłowa postawa range - zakres receptacle - naczynie restrict – (v.) ograniczać rotate – (v.) obracać się rub – (v.) pocierać secretion - wydzielanie semen - nasienie spinal cord – rdzeń kręgowy stress - nacisk stretch – (v.) rozciągać się sustain - podtrzymywać tailbone – kość ogonowa to take a toll (on) – odbijać się źle na czymś thicken – (v.) pogrubić torn - zerwane twist – (v.) kręcić się wokoło

Why can the spine be called a ‘protective tube’? What are the flexible structures of the spine? What is the function of the intervertebral disks? What can excessive forward bending movements result in?

46

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

What are facet joints responsible for? What are the functions of ligaments? Why is the process of healing ligaments so long? In what way are muscles different from ligaments? List all the structures responsible for movement of the spine.

Exercise 3: Choose the correct terms from the text and write next to the definitions below. …………………….. – tissue which forms the main part of bones, ligaments and tendons. …………………….. – to pull out, to make longer. …………………….. – thick tissue which lines the joints and forms part of the structure of an organ. …………………….. – the small triangular bone located at the base of the spinal column. Also called the coccyx. …………………….. – way of standing or sitting. …………………….. – the main part of the central nervous system. …………………….. – the ability to suffer pain with strength and patience. …………………….. – part of the CNS running in the vertebral canal of the spine. Exercise 4: Translate into English. 1. Praca biurowa, połączona z brakiem codziennej aktywności fizycznej może mieć negatywny wpływ na kręgosłup. 2. Pozycja siedząca może nie wydawać się męcząca, ale znacznie zwiększa ciśnienie wywierane na kręgi lędźwiowe. 3. Według lekarzy ortopedów konieczne jest wykonywanie chociaż 15 minut dziennie ćwiczeń, które angażują mięśnie brzucha i kręgosłupa. 4. Pisanie godzinami na komputerze może powodować ból w części szyjnej i piersiowej Exercise 5: Match the words from columns A and B to make correct expressions that have appeared in the text. spinal elastic blood postural neck facet excessive poor moderate

supply posture amounts pain movements material region joints habits

47

REVISION EXERCISES

Exercise 1: Work in pairs and follow the tasks below. • • • • • •

List the main parts of the human body. List the main body cavities and their contents. What are the elements of the axial skeleton? What are the bones of the upper and lower limbs? Describe 3 types of muscles. What are the structures responsible for spinal movement?

Exercise 2: Group the medical terms according to the category they are connected with. dendrites lungs gluteus maximus thigh brain stomach oxygenation forearm vertebrae cerebellum oesophagus bronchi skeletal muscles intestines toes larynx striated muscles longitudinal fissure clavicle spinal cord pelvic girdle metatarsals stimulus meninges wrist appendix calf respiration nephron ribs biceps femoris alveoli groin femur shoulder axon sternum

Respiratory System

Muscles

Nervous System

Digestive System

Skeletal System

Parts of the body

48

Exercise 3: Write the names of systems (digestive, respiratory, circulatory, reproductive, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, endocrine, nervous, urinary)next to their definitions. Name

Function is the internal support and flexible framework for movement of the body and for the production of blood cells. body movement and the production of heat. the regulation of all body activities as well as memory and learning. body immunity, absorption of fats and the drainage of tissue fluid. the transport of life-sustaining materials to body cells and the removal of metabolic wastes from cells. the breakdown and absorption of food materials and elimination of the wastes. the gaseous exchange between the atmosphere and blood. the filtration of blood; the maintenance of volume and chemical composition of the blood and the elimination of waste fluids. the secretion of hormones for chemical regulation. the function of the male system is the production of sperm and the transfer of semen to the female system: the functions of the female system are: the production of ova; receptacle for sperm; being the site of fertilization of ovum, implantation and development of embryo and foetus.; delivery of foetus.

References: „English Practice for Medical Students”, Anna Kuciejczyk, AMG, 2005 „Słownik Medycyny” Collin, P.H., Peter Collin Publishing & Wydawnictwo Wilga, Warszawa 2001. www.health.howstuffworks.com

49

WHAT MAKES A GOOD PHYSIOTHERAPIST?

Exercise 1: Read the text below and answer the questions. Physiotherapists treat a range of physical problems resulting from illness, injury, disability or ageing. These problems are treated with manual therapy, movement, exercise and the application of technological equipment, e.g. ultrasound. Physiotherapists treat people of all ages and assist the rehabilitation process by developing and restoring the function of the body, enabling patients to improve their mobility. They also offer advice on how to prevent further physical damage. When preparing a treatment programme, physiotherapists must take into consideration any psychological, cultural or social factors that may influence the patient's role in actively helping themselves. First of all, a modern physiotherapist has to be well-educated, that is professionally prepared to provide specialist care. The personal qualities needed for this profession are tolerance, patience and compassion, one will also need to be level-headed, practical and have a genuine interest in helping people. They should present strong interpersonal skills (in order to be able to educate patients about their physical therapy treatments), be understanding, and have the ability to motivate and encourage people. They should be in good health and demonstrate good physical stamina. To assess, diagnose, plan and treat, they should have strong analytical and problem solving skills and be very organized. Good verbal and written communication skills are essential in building up a rapport with patients and maintaining communication with their relatives or carers as well as occupational therapists, GPs, health visitors, district nurses and social workers. Thus, teamwork abilities are crucial. Physiotherapists should have a positive outlook and enjoy a challenge. Physiotherapists work within a broad range of practice settings from community health centres, to hospitals, schools and private practice or multidisciplinary clinics. They practice in nursing homes, individual homes, sports medicine clinics and within certain companies. Physiotherapists also have a role within the government and health planning agencies. Physiotherapists are increasingly participating in research, conducting studies on specific conditions and injuries as well as the effectiveness of physiotherapy. This may result in the development and application of new techniques and technologies as well as assessing existing products. In addition to the more technical aspects of the work, typical work activities also include: • writing patient case notes and reports; • collecting patient statistics; • educating and advising patients and their carers about how to prevent and/or improve conditions; • keeping up to date with new technologies available for treating patients; • being in contact with other health care personnel to supply and receive relevant information about the background and progress of patients, as well as to refer patients who require other specific medical attention. Physical therapists are expected to continue their professional development by participating in continuing education courses, workshops, taking part in professional seminars, conferences, reading professional journals, etc. In fact, for example in the USA, a number of States require continuing education as a condition of maintaining licensure. 50

Wordlist: ageing – starzenie się application - stosowanie challenge - wyzwanie carer - opiekun compassion – współczucie continuing education – kształcenie ustawiczne crucial - kluczowy district nurse – pielęgniarka rejonowa enable - umożliwiać genuine – prawdziwy GP = general practitioner – lekarz ogólny, rodzinny keep up to date – być na bierząco level-headed – zorientowany na osiągnięcie odpowiedniego poziomu licensure – posiadanie licencji, uprawnień 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

mobility - ruchomość multidisciplinary – związany z wieloma specjalnościami medycznymi occupational therapist – terapeuta zajęciowy participate – brać udział practice setting – miejsce wykonywania praktyki zawodowej rapport – dobra relacja refer – skierować (pacjenta) relatives - krewni relevant - odpowiednie restore – przywrócić stamina – wytrzymałość take into consideration – wziąć pod uwagę workshops - warsztaty

Who and what do physiotherapists treat? What is important while working out a treatment plan? List the psychological qualities important for a physiotherapist? Does any physical aspects matter for a physiotherapist? What skills should a physiotherapist possess? Why are communication skills important? Where do modern physiotherapists work? What additional activities do physiotherapists do at work? How can physiotherapists develop professionally?

Exercise 2: Discuss the following points in pairs or small groups. • • •

On the basis of the text and your own experience, describe an ideal physiotherapist. Think about: personal qualities, education, relation with patients, professional development, etc. Do you think you will be a good physiotherapist? Why (not)? Which qualities do you possess and which do you lack? Which aspect(s) of this profession seems the most difficult for you and why?

Exercise 3: Character and personality. Complete the sentences below with the correct words from the box. bossy lazy assertive sociable impatient sensible argumentative ambitious optimistic

51

1. He gets very annoyed if he has to wait for anything. He doesn’t like waiting. He’s very …………………. . 2. David doesn’t like working, he prefers doing nothing. He’s just …………… . 3. She loves meeting people and going to parties. She’s a …………….. person. 4. She has practical, not dreamy in approach to life – she’s ………………. . 5. Chris frequently disagrees with what other people say – he is quite ………………… . 6. Dona is ………………. – she finds it quite easy to tell her boss if she feels he had treated her badly. 7. He is very ……………….. – he enjoys telling other people what to do. 8. For Mike it is very important to succeed in his professional career, he is very …………………… . 9. He always has good hopes for the future, he thinks everything will be fine – he’s …………………… . Which of these qualities seem to be important for a physiotherapist? Why? Which of them should not a physiotherapist possess? Exercise 4: Translate into English. 1. Zdolność rozwiązywania problemów jest ważna podczas oceny, diagnozy i leczenia pacjentów. 2. Do dodatkowych obowiązków fizjoterapeuty należy instruowanie pacjentów i opiekujących się nimi osób co do leczenia i poprawy stanu zdrowia. 3. Zdolność do motywowania i zachęcania pacjentów do uczestnictwa w terapii jest szczególnie ważna w pracy z dziećmi i osobami starszymi. 4. Fizjoterapeuci powinni stale podnosić swoje kwalifikacje poprzez np. uczestnictwo w kursach, konferencjach i sympozjach. Exercise 5: Past Simple vs. Past Perfect Simple / Continuous. Put the verbs in the correct form. 1. It ………….(be) 8 p.m. Tom …………. (be) tired because he …………..(work) hard all day. He ………… (be) also hungry because he …………… (not/ have) anything to eat since breakfast. 2. I ………….. (think) the train …………. (leave) at 12.55, and I ……………(be) very disappointed when I ………….. (arrive) at 12.50 and …………… (learn) that it just ……………. (leave). Later I ………….. (find) that I ………….. (use) an old timetable. 3. He ………… (keep) looking at her, wondering where he ………….(see) her before. 4. He …………. (give) me back the book, …………. (thank) me for lending it to him and …………. (say) that he ………….. (enjoy) it very much; but I ………… (know) that he …………… (not / read) it because most of the pages ………… (be) still uncut. 5. A woman ………… (come) in with a baby and …………. (say) it just ………….. (swallow) a ring.

52

References: A Practical English Grammar – Exercises’A.J. Thomson, A.V. Martinet, Oxford University Press, 1994 www.bls.gov/oco/ocos080.htm www.physiotherapy.ca

53

TAKING THE HISTORY - AT THE DOCTOR’S

Exercise 1: Discuss the following points in pairs on the basis of your own experience. • • • •

When do people visit doctors? How often do you go to a doctor? What makes a good relationship between a doctor and his/ her patients? Why is this relationship not always perfect? What does a typical visit at a doctor’s surgery look like? What are the stages of a visit?

Exercise 2: Read the text below and answer the questions. People expect doctors to treat their diseases and relieve their suffering. Doctors should deal with patients on both physiological and psychological level. Physiological level covers such aspects as: taking patient’s history, examining a patient, making a diagnosis, indicating proper treatment (pharmacological or surgical). Psychological level is connected with treating each patient individually, considering and understanding his/ her problems, and taking into consideration a lot of related facts: emotional, historical, environmental, etc. Doctors’ personal relationship with their patients is as important as their professional knowledge. When patients come to a surgery the doctor takes their history first – the doctor asks questions about patients’ present and past complaints, their duration and location, diseases in childhood, operations, diseases present in the family, living and working conditions, lifestyle, etc. Next step is the physical examination. It consists of four stages: inspection (observation for changes on the skin, general appearance), palpation (taking the patient’s pulse, checking if the internal organs are not enlarged), percussion (tapping the chest to check if the vibrations are felt – they suggest the lack of lung disease), and auscultation (performed with a stethoscope – it is used to reveal the character of cardiac and respiratory sounds). After the physical examination the doctor makes a diagnosis, recommends proper treatment, prescribes drugs and explains the patient how to take them. Patient can be asked to come for a control visit after some time. When the doctor is not sure what is wrong with the patient, or he / she wants to confirm the initial diagnosis, the patient may be referred to a specialist or sent to specialist tests. They can be clinical (X-ray pictures, endoscopic examinations, ultrasonography, computer tomography, etc.) or laboratory (blood, urine, stool tests). Wordlist: aggravate - pogorszyć appearance – wygląd zewnętrzny appointment – umówiona wizyta auscultation – osłuchiwanie cardiac – sercowy chest – klatka piersiowa complaint – dolegliwość

confirm – potwierdzić duration – czas trwania enlarged – powiększony environmental – środowiskowy factor – czynnik frequency – częstotliwość

54

imaging tests – testy (diagnostyka) obrazowe indicate – wskazać initial diagnosis – diagnoza wstępna inspection – obserwacja knowledge – wiedza lack (of) - brak czegoś location – lokalizacja long-term - długotrwały lump - guzek palpation – badanie palpacyjne percussion – opukiwanie physical examination – badanie fizykalne

prescribe – przepisać (leki) respiratory – oddechowy reveal – ujawnić severity - ciężkość (o przebiegu choroby) shortness of breath – płytki oddech stool – stolec, kał strip to (sb’s) waist – rozebrać się do pasa taking history – przeprowadzanie wywiadu z pacjentem tapping – ostukiwanie timing – tu: pora występowania sytmptomów

1. What does the physiological aspect of dealing with patients include? 2. What is important from the psychological point of view? 3. What do doctors do while taking a patient’s history? 4. What is the physical examination composed of? 5. What is the patient observed for? 6. What can be checked by palpation? 7. What can percussion reveal? 8. What is used in auscultation? 9. What do doctors do when they are not sure what is wrong with a patient? 10. What types of additional examinations are usually recommended?

Exercise 3: Complete the dialogue with the correct words. Patient: Good morning. Doctor: Come in, Mr Smith. What seems to be the problem today? Patient: I have been 1) …………. very unwell. Actually, I'm really worried; I can feel a lump in my neck. D: But Mr Smith, you've just had a 2)……………. tomography and it was completely clear. P: Well maybe, but that's not my only 3)……………, I'm still suffering from shortness of breath and chest pains. D: When do these usually 4)……………? P: When I come back from my daily run. D: That sounds quite 5)…………… after physical exercise. You had an appointment with the cardiologist last week and according to his notes you have no problems with your 6)…………….. at all. P: Well maybe he missed something, I also get pains in my stomach, usually 7)…………….. eating. D: But Mr Smith, you had an endoscopic examination and it was completely 8)……………... How would you describe your diet? P: I like a lot of spicy food. D: Well maybe you should cut down on it and your stomach will feel better. 55

P: I think you should check me just in case. D: Okay, I'll examine you. Could you strip to your waist, please. A few moments later D: That seems fine. Mr Smith, I really can't see 9)…………….. wrong with you. P: Well, I've been having a lot of health problems. D: Yes, but you have seen a cardiologist, an oncologist and a neurologist and no one has 10)………….. anything wrong. P: But I have been feeling unwell, I am sure there is something wrong with me. D: Mr Smith, I think your 11)……………. may be psychological. I would like to refer you to a psychiatrist and maybe we can find out exactly what is wrong with you. P: Well if you think it will help.

Exercise 4: You are going to interview a patient about headache. First, prepare questions. Then, act out dialogues in pairs. Questions: 1. Location ………………………………………………………… 2. Severity ..………………………………………………………. 3. Duration ..………………………………………………………. 4. Frequency …….………………………………………………….. 5. Context (while driving, etc) ……………………………………………………….. 6. Timing (a.m. or p.m.) ………………………………………………………… 7. Aggravating factors .……………………………………………………….. 8. Relieving factors ………………………………………………………… Exercise 5: A role-play. Work in pairs and act out a dialogue. Change roles. A: You are a doctor. Take the patient’s history – ask several questions about symptoms, their duration, location, frequency. If necessary, ask about patient’s family history and lifestyle. Recommend proper treatment or refer the patient to a specialist / specialist tests. Remember, be friendly and professional. B: You are a patient. You are a young person and you have a frontal headache. It’s been bothering you for two months and it’s getting more and more intense. You’ve tried some drugs but without any long-term effect. You need help. Exercise 6: Match the specialists with the definitions. oncologist surgeon psychiatrist dermatologist allergist radiologist

heart specialist deals with skin diseases brain specialist relieves allergies deals with cancer specializes in imaging tests, such as X-ray

56

cardiologist neurologist

makes operations specializes in mental health

References: „English for Medical Students and Doctors 1”, Ewa Donesch-Jeżo, WPL, Kraków, 2000 „English Practice for Medical Students”, Anna Kuciejczyk, AMG, 2005 www.pulsmedycyny.com.pl/index/archiwum/6774,medical,english,lesson.html

57

THE PHYSIOTHERAPIST AND HIS PATIENT Exercise 1: Discuss the following points in pairs. • • • •

In what way is a visit at the physiotherapist’s different from a visit in a doctor’s surgery? Think about: a place, patients’ problems, questions asked, examination, etc. What does physical examination done by a physiotherapist look like? What problems may appear while examining a patient? Think about: pain, fear, lack of understanding, etc. Is it easy to instruct a patient to do exercises? How should it be done?

Exercise 2: Read the text and mark the sentences below True or False. Correct the false ones. Refer to the wordlist at the end of the unit. The basic task of a physiotherapist is to relieve a patient’s pain and restore his/her normal movement and function patterns. Patients come to a physiotherapist with various problems, such as e.g. injuries. They can only be successfully treated when the cause of the problem is fully investigated and corrected, that is when a detailed history is taken. Interpersonal communication skills are vital because a physiotherapist has to ask various questions concerning the location, duration, onset, character, severity, timing, exacerbating and relieving factors, radiation, but also patient’s lifestyle, job, other disorders, etc. It is very important to gather as much information as possible at this stage since it helps later in examining, diagnosing and preparing an adequate treatment plan. History taking is followed by a physical examination in which a complete posture, gait, and biomechanical assessment must be made. This is usually carried out by simple exercises that patients have to do. Physiotherapist instructs a patient in a clear way, using simple language and nice tone of voice. This helps the patient to relax and develops the feeling of trust towards the specialist. Wordlist: adequate - odpowiedni backache – ból pleców bend - zgiąć bottom – pośladki complaint – dolegliwość exacerbate – nasilać się extension exercises- ćwiczenia rozciągające firm - sztywny gait – chód gather - zgromadzić investigate – badać knee - kolano lean – pochylić się lift – unieść thigh – udo tummy – brzuch

numerous – liczny onset – początek pattern – wzór, model radiation – promieniowanie (o bólu) raise – unosić restore – przywracać roll over – przekręcić się severity – ciężkość (o przebiegu choroby) slide – ślizgać się sore – bolący, bolesny spot – miejsce, punkt stick out – wystawać staighten - wyprostować task – zadanie vital - ważny

58

1. A physiotherapist frequently deals with patients’ functional disabilities. 2. A successful treatment is not connected to the stage of history taking in any way. 3. While history taking a physiotherapist should ask numerous questions. 4. Physiotherapist is not interested in a patient’s lifestyle. 5. Communication skills only help while history taking. 6. A physiotherapist should collect as much information about the complaint as possible. 7. A physical examination should be careful and complete. 8. Patient does not have to do anything while physical examination. 9. Patients always trust specialists.

Exercise 3: Role play. Work in pairs. Change roles. A You are a physiotherapist. Ask several questions about the patient’s complaint (location, duration, onset, frequency, timing, character, etc.). B You are a patient. You have a backache. Answer the physiotherapist’s questions in a detailed way. Exercise 4: Physical examination. Read the dialogue and put the drawings in the correct order.

Ph(ysiotherapist): Would you take off your top things, please. Now I just want to see you standing. Keep your hands by your side, please. I can see your hip is sticking out a little bit, isn’t it?

59

Pa(tient): Yes, well, I can’t straighten up easily. Ph: Could you bend down as far as you can with your knees straight and stop when you’ve had enough. Pa: Oh, that’s the limit. Ph: Ok, stand up again, please. Now I would like you to lean backwards. Thank you, that’s enough. Now stand up straight again. Now, first of all, I would like you to slide your right hand down the right side of your thigh. See how far you can go. That’s fine. Now do the same thing on the opposite side. Fine. Now come back to standing straight, please. Keep the feet together just as they are. Keep your knees firm. Now try and turn both shoulders round to the right, please. Pa: Oh, that’s hurts. Ph: Now, try the same thing to the left side. That’s fine. Would you like to get onto the couch and lie face down, please. I’m just going to find out where the sore spot is.

Exercise 5: Complete the gaps with the correct words from the box with the help of the drawings below.

feel raise

press lift straighten

lie

bend bend

roll

Ph: Would you get onto the couch and 1)…………… on your back, please. Now, I’m going to take your left leg and see how far we can 2)………….. it. Keep the knee straight. Does it hurt you? Pa: Yes, just a little. Ph: Now let’s see what happens if I 3)………….. your toes back. Pa: Oh, that’s worse. Ph: I’m going to 4)…………….. your knee. How does it feel? Pa: A little better. Ph: Now let’s se what happens when we 5)…………….. your leg again. Pa: That’s sore. Ph: I’m just going to 6)…………… behind your knee. Pa: Oh, that hurts a lot, here in my back. Ph: Right. Now would you 7)…………… over on your tummy? Bend your right knee. How does that 8)…………….? Pa: It hurts. Ph: Now I’m going to 9)………….. your thigh off the couch. Pa: Oh, that really hurts!

60

Exercise 6: Match the drawings below to the correct descriptions of spinal extension exercises.

1. Lie down on your tummy, place your hands on your back and lift one leg without bending your knee. 2. Keeping the same position, place your hands on your back and lift your chest up off the floor, and then bring it down slowly. 3. Keep your hands at your sides and lie on your tummy, lift your right leg and left arm at the same time and then bring them down. Do the same with your right leg and arm. 4. Keep your hands on your back and lift your chest and legs up together and then bring them down slowly.

61

5. Lie on your back with your hands on your sides and bend your knees keeping your feet on the floor. Lift your bottom and bring it down slowly. Exercise 7: a) Choose 3 drawings form the handout and try to describe them as if you were instructing your patient. b) Work in pairs. Give 3 simple instructions to your partner. Exercise 8: Past tenses. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form. a) While I (try) …………….to get my car started, a passing car (stop).................. and the driver (offer).................. to help me. b) The police (pay).................. no attention to Clare's complaint because she (phone).................. them so many times before. c) Mary (not wear).................. her glasses at the time, so she (not notice) .................. what kind of car the man (drive)................... d) Nick (lie).................. down on the grass for a while, next to some tourists who (feed).................. the ducks. e) Tony (admit).................. that he (hit).................. the other car, but said that he (not damage).................. it. f) Sorry, I (not listen)............... to you then. I (think)............... about something else. g) Helen (feel).................. very tired, and while she (finish).................. her studying, she (fall).................. asleep. h) The police (get).................. to Clare's house as fast as they could, but the burglars (disappear)................... i) I (phone).................. you last night but you (not answer)................... What (you do).................. ? j) We (not go).................. out yesterday because it (rain)................... References: “English in Medicine. A course in communication skills”, E. Glendinning, B. Holmstrom, CUP, 2000 „FC Language Practice”, Michael Vince, Macmillan, London, 2001

62

INSTRUCTING A PATIENT

Exercise 1: Below there is a list of tips concerning instructing patients. In pairs discuss where to put them – under DO or DON”T? Be ready to justify your decisions. 1. Remember about your patient – do not use jargon and complex explanations. 2. Don’t bother to give any explanations. You don't have time for this, right? 3. Take phone calls during sessions – there is nothing wrong with this, you can easily come back to the exercises. 4. Be calm and speak clearly, use simple words – this will also make patients more relaxed and trusting. 5. Eye contact and posture are important. They will tell the patient you're interested into their problems and listening to what they are saying. 6. Be self-confident. Never change your decisions concerning the treatment type and the exercises you recommended. This will make patients trust you. 7. Pretend to listen – it’s not worth since you are sure already what the problem is and there is nothing more you want to know. 8. Slow down –speaking fast obviously makes the patient feel like they're being rushed out. Try to pay attention to your tone. 9. Let your patient take in the information, and ask 'Do you understand?' Get the patient to repeat instructions back to you to make sure they've got it. 10. Never let your patients see you are stressed - frustrations get the best of all of us, but try not to let your patients see it. Remember, they're probably stressed too. 11. Take a lot of notes - surprising as this may be, note taking can make patients nervous. Who cares? 12. Demonstrate the exercises when patients have problems with following your instructions. 13. Note down some key words concerning patent’s chief complaint, condition. 14. Don’t repeat the instruction you’ve just said. This will motivate patients to be more concentrated and careful next time. 15. Be nice and friendly. It is easier to work together in a good atmosphere. Your patients will be more relaxed and open. DO

DON’T

63

Exercise 2: Polite requests. Correct the mistakes in the sentences below. 1. Please tell me if you would feel any discomfort. 2. Do you like to just take off your shirt, please? 3. Could you moving your arms outwards in line with your body to 90 degrees? 4. Do you think you would lie on your left side, please? 5. I’d like you walk slowly along that wall. 6. Let’s having a look at your back! 7. Would you mind wait outside for a few moments? 8. Is it possibly for you to stand on one leg for 20 seconds? 9. I wondering if you could show me your right shoulder? 10. Please, try to raise you knee while I pressing the thigh. Exercise 3: Match the instructions to their Polish equivalents. 1. Please flex your neck so that your chin touches your chest. 2. Please try to touch your toes while I hold your pelvis with my hands. 3. Please keep your right leg straight but relaxed and I will try to raise it as far as I can. 4. Bend sideways, please, sliding your hand down the outer side of your leg. 5. Keeping your right arm straight, lift it up into the air several times. 6. Please lean backwards. 7. Lie flat on your back and flex your right hip and knee to 90 degrees. 8. Now rotate your leg away from the midline and then towards the midline. 9. Please tilt your head sideways, first to the right and then to the left. 10. Please put your arm behind your back and try to reach up to the base of your neck. 11. Place your palms together in a position of prayer and elevate your elbows. 12. Now move your arms across the front of your body. 13. Please curl your fingers up into full flexion. 14. Please try to move your foot upwards while I press against it. Proszę obracać nogę na zewnątrz i do środka. Proszę złożyć dłonie jak do modlitwy i unieść oba łokcie. Proszę pochylić się do tyłu. Proszę wyprostować i rozluźnić prawą nogę, będę się starać maksymalnie ja podnieść. Proszę sięgnąć ręką do tyłu i starać się dotknąć palcami podstawy karku. Proszę teraz poruszać poprzecznie ramionami przed sobą. Proszę podnosić do góry wyprostowane prawe ramię. Proszę zgiąć kark tak, aby dotknąć podbródkiem klatki piersiowej. Proszę położyć się na plecach i zgiąć prawą nogę w biodrze i kolnie pod kątem 90 stopni. Proszę przechylać głowę na boki, najpierw w prawo, a potem w lewo. Proszę spróbować podnieść stopę do góry, podczas gdy ja będę ją pchał do dołu. Proszę spróbować dotknąć palców stóp, podczas gdy ja przytrzymam Pana/i miednicę. Proszę zgiąć maksymalnie palce. Proszę wykonywać skłony na boki zsuwając rękę wzdłuż uda w dół.

64

Exercise 4: Complete the instructions below with the correct words from the box. foot against

push index forwards reflexes neck

fingers heels

sole keeping

Now extend your 1)…………… so that the back of your head touches your back. 2)…………… your legs straight move the right leg outwards as far as you can. Now raise your arms 3)…………….. and then backwards. Separate your 4)…………… and then move them together. Please push forcefully 5)…………….. the wall. Touch you nose with the tip of your 6)……………. finger and then touch my finger. I shall now test your 7)………………. with this tendon hammer. Now lie down again with your 8)……………. resting on the couch; try to move your 9)……………. upwards while I press against it. Please turn the 10)……………… of your foot inwards and then outwards. Please shrug your shoulders while I 12)……………… down on them. Exercise 5: Work in pairs. Give your partner 6 instructions and make sure he/she follows them correctly. Repeat the instructions if necessary. Exercise 6: Translate into English. 1. Proszę pokręcić głową w koło, najpierw w prawo, a potem w lewo. 2. Proszę skręcić tułów w lewo, a ja będę przytrzymywać Pana/ni miednicę. 3. Mając nogi wyprostowane, proszę odciągnąć prawą nogę jak najdalej na zewnątrz. 4. Proszę położyć się na brzuchu na kozetce. Proszę podnosić do góry wyprostowaną prawą nogę. 5. Proszę zgiąć i wyprostować łokieć. 6. Proszę poruszać stopą w górę i w dół. 7. Proszę dotknąć czubka głowy najpierw prawą a potem lewą dłonią. 8. Proszę wyprostować kolano i nie pozwolić mi go zgiąć. References: „English in medical practice. Język angielski w medycynie”, J.P. Murray, J. Radomski, W. Szyszkowski, PZWL 2006 „English Practice for Medical Students”, Anna Kuciejczyk, AMG, 2005 „Test Your Professional English – Medical”, Alison Pohl, Penquin, Harlow, 2002

65

THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM – HISTORY TAKING

Exercise 1: Discuss in pairs. • • • •

What does ‘taking a patient’s history’ mean? When is it carried out? What questions do physiotherapists ask in order to get information about the complaints? Give examples. Can you think of questions connected directly to the locomotor system? What should the physiotherapist do when: a patient does not seem to understand the question, does not know how to answer the question, is so stressed and shy that it’s difficult to talk with him?

Exercise 2: Below there are questions concerning patient’s locomotor system and abilities. Complete the questions with the correct words. weakness pains affected

sensation swelling bones worse cope diseases ligaments stiffness

wash cook relieved

1. Do you suffer from any ……………… in your bones, joints or muscles? 2. Have you noticed any ……………… or ..………….. of your joints? 3. Which joint is mostly ……………….? 4. Is the pain ……………….. by rest or by activity? 5. Does the pain get …………….. as the day goes on? 6. Do you ………………..suffer from any backache? 7. Can you ……………… at home by yourself? 8. Can you manage to ……………. yourself? 9. Can you manage to ……………. upstairs? 10. Can you manage to ……………. a meal? 11. Have you broken any ……………… in the past? 12. Have you sprained or torn your ankle or knee …………….. before? 13. Has anyone in your family ever suffered from bones or joints ……………? 14. Have you ever felt a tingling ……………….. in your feet? 15. Have you ever noticed any muscle …………………? Is it regular? When does it occur? Exercise 3: Work in pairs and act a role-play. A: You are a physiotherapist. Ask your patient 10 questions concerning his/her locomotor system. Ask about performing everyday activities, the severity of symptoms, etc. B: You are a patient. The physiotherapist is going to interview you with lots of questions concerning your locomotor system. Give detailed answers (not just Yes / No) Change roles. Exercise 4: Write questions for these answers.

66

1………………………………………………..? No, I’ve never felt anything like this. 2. ………………………………………………? Yes, my grandmother suffered from osteopenia. 3. ………………………………………………? No, I wasn’t. This is my first visit for the last two years. 4. ………………………………………………? It happens from time to time and the I cannot do anything. 5………………………………………………..? I am rather weak and tired all the time. 6………………………………………………..? I definitely feel better when I rest for an hour or two. 7. ………………………………………………? Both legs are much better since you gave me these painkillers. 8. ……………………………………………....? I started when I lifted a heavy box with my brother’s things. 9. …………………………………………….…? For a couple of months now. 10……………………………………………….? On the left side of my calf, somewhere here. Exercise 5: Translate into English. 1. Czy czuje Pan od czasu do czasu mrowienie w lewym barku? 2. Czy jest Pan w stanie dojść do toalety? 3. Czy ostatnio zauważył Pan obrzęk stawów w lewej nodze? 4. Czy jest Pan w stanie normalnie się poruszać? 5. Czy zauważył pan jakieś trudności podczas chodzenia? 6. Czy zeszłej zimy wystąpiły u Pana podobne objawy? 7. Czy podobne bóle odczuwa Pan również w nocy? 8. Czy problemom chodzeniem towarzyszą jakieś inne dolegliwości? 9. Czy codzienne czynności sprawiają Panu więcej problemów niż zwykle? 10. Czy ból występuje w jednym miejscu, czy promieniuje w kierunku kończyn dolnych? Exercise 6: You have a patient suffering from some locomotor system problems. You’ve been treating this patient for a couple of weeks but you feel you need some consultation with another specialist. Write a letter to professor Harris, a well-known physiotherapist, describe the case of your patient and ask for advice concerning further treatment. Exercise 7: Change the words in bold to complete the sentences below. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Drug …………………… is a problem causing great concern. addict She is very enthusiastic, but no well-…………………. . qualification His collection of old medical books is extremely ………………… value taking private patients is a ………………. business. profit

67

5. Can you tell me if the disease is ……………….? infect 6. He has written an ………………. review of a article. extend 7. Certain allergens stimulate the ……………… mechanism. defense 8. My ankle is really ………………, I can’t walk easily! swell 9. A patient has ………………… dropped a walking stick. accident 10. He specializes in ………………… disorders. develop 11. The exercises he suggested were unfortunately ………………… . effect 12. Unfortunately your illness is ………………… . cure Exercise 8: Past tenses. Complete the sentences below using the correct past forms of the verbs. Last year, Ruby and Steve 1) decided (decide) to buy a new house. They 2)…………………. (save up) for ages, and by the end of June they 3)……………….. (put by) enough for the deposit on a house. They 4)……………………. (live) in a tiny flat at the time and Ruby 5)……………………. (insist) that they 6)…………………….. (want) a house somewhere near the town they 7)…………………….. (work) in. They 8)………………………(search) for only a week when they found exactly what they 9)………………………(look for) – a nice house in a peaceful surrounding. Unfortunately, the owner 10)…………………….(ask) much more than they 11)……………………. (be able) to pay, and when they 12)……………………….. (look) more closely at the rooms, they 13)……………………… (see) that whoever 14)……………………. (live) there before, 15) ……………………... (make) an absolute mess of the walls and floors. Still, Ruby 16)………………………. (like) the house and the location so much that somehow she 17)…………………….. (manage) to convince Steve that, despite the price, it 18)……………………… (be) the perfect house for them.

References: „English in medical practice. Język angielski w medycynie”, J.P. Murray, J. Radomski, W. Szyszkowski, PZWL 2006 „Intermediate Language Practice”, Michael Vince, Macmillan, London, 2001

68

FIRST AID "According to the recent research, over half of those killed in road accidents die before they reach hospital. And well over a third of those could have been saved by first aid at the scene." Exercise 1: Discuss in pairs / small groups. 1. Where do accidents happen most often? 2. What are the most common causes of accidents? 3. Why do so many people die in accidents? 4. Are the witnesses usually willing to help? Why (not)? 5. What / who can cause problems in a situation you want to help an accident victim? 6. Have you ever been a witness to an accident? What happened? 7. Do you know what to do in case of some emergency situations? Are you familiar with any first-aid procedures? Give examples. 8. Think of possible ways how to teach more people first-aid procedures. Exercise 2: Read the text and answer the questions below. If necessary refer to the wordlist. First Aid in Medical Emergencies Medical problems do not always develop slowly. Sometimes there are emergencies. An emergency is a situation that requires immediate care to prevent greater harm to the patient. However, it is not always possible to get professional medical help right away, so it is important for everyone to be familiar with first-aid procedures. First aid is emergency treatment given before a physician can arrive. Its main task is to save life. Fortunately, most first-aid procedures are not complicated and can be performed by someone with a minimum of training. In emergency cases, a doctor should be called as well as an ambulance, if necessary. The doctor should be informed what treatment was administered and when it was started and completed. This information will be important to the medical personnel who treat the patient later. General Rules at the site of an accident: 1. Keep cool. The only way to help effectively is to learn beforehand what to do and how to do it. 2. Send at once for a doctor in all except the minor accidents. 3. Prevent panic, and keep the crowd at a distance. The patient needs fresh air to breathe, and space around him. 4. Loosen the clothing, especially around the neck or anything else that may interfere with breathing. 5. Keep the patient flat on his back if the accident is at all serious, with the head slightly down if his face is pale and he is faint, or slightly raised if his face is flushed and he is breathing heavily. 6. If there is vomiting, turn the head to one side, so that the mouth can drain. 7. Remove clothing if necessary, gently and in such a manner as to give the patient the least amount of suffering. Move any injured part as little as possible. 69

8. Transportation. Send for the ambulance, or make an improvised emergency stretcher. When the patient shows some signs of shock, is unconscious, has a serious fracture of some bone or bones, has a serious injury to any part of the body, or is bleeding excessively, he must be carried lying flat. A condition that accompanies many emergencies is shock. When in shock, the bodily tissues are not receiving an adequate supply of oxygen-containing blood. In consequence, severe disturbances of all functions of the organism and especially acute circulatory failure in the form of collapse may follow. It is caused by violent injury, particularly burns, fractures or heavy bleeding, or by strong emotions. Every injury is accompanied by some degree of shock and so should be treated promptly. Shock may be immediate or delayed, slight or severe, even fatal. The symptoms are: paleness, hands and nose cold and clammy (skin is cold), the pulse is weak, the breathing is shallow, faintness or unconsciousness. The patient may or may not be unconscious. The symptoms vary in intensity depending on patient and injury. The victim should be made to lie flat with the feet raised. External bleeding should be controlled, and the victim should be kept warm and comfortable until help arrives. Stimulants can only be given after the patient has recovered sufficiently to swallow, and when there is no serious bleeding. If internal haemorrhage is suspected, or presence of head injuries, no stimulants are allowed. (Stimulants are i.e. strong, hot, black coffee with sugar or strong, hot tea, or other warm drinks) Never try to give a stimulant to an unconscious person! Wordlist: accident victim – ofiara wypadku acute circulatory failure – ostra niewydolność krążenia beforehand – wcześniej blankiet – koc breathe – oddychać burn – oparzenie casualty – ofiara (wypadku) clammy – wilgotny collapse – zapaść delayed – opóźniony disturbance – zakłócenie drain – udrożnić, opróżnić effectively – skutecznie emergency – nagły wypadek, sytuacja excessive - nadmierny faint – omdlały, omdleć (be) familiar with – znać coś first aid procedures – zasady udzielania pierwszej pomocy flat – płaski, na leżąco flushed – rozpalony fracture – złamanie greaseproof paper – papier kuchenny natłuszczony z jednej strony

haemorrhage – krwotok immediate – nagły, natychmiastowy interfere – zakłócać kitchen film – folia kuchenna minor – mniejszy, mniej poważny oxygen – tlen pad – wacik pale – blady pinch - uszczypnąć prevent – zapobiec promptly – szybko require – wymagać shallow – płytki stimulants – środki pobudzające stretcher – nosze sufficiently - wystarczająco supply – zaopatrzenie (np. w krew) swallow – przełykać throat – gardło triangular – trójkątny tourniquet – opaska uciskowa unconscious – nieprzytomny vomit – wymiotować

70

1. What is the main purpose of emergency treatment? 2. Do you need long training to give first aid? 3. Should a doctor always be sent for? 4. Why should the people who observe the accident be kept at a distance? 5. When should a victim be transported in a flat position? 6. What can shock result from? 7. What are the types of shock? 8. What are the symptoms of shock? 9. Can stimulants be given to any patient when in shock? Exercise 3: Discuss the questions in pairs and choose the correct answer in the quiz below. 1. The best way to stop a bleeding cut is to: a) Hold a thick pad to it b) Put a tourniquet on the cut triangular bandage

c) Apply a

2. Which of these makes a good substitute for a bandage on a burn? a) Kitchen film b) Greaseproof paper c) Kitchen paper towel 3. What’s the recommended way of checking a casualty’s circulation? a) Look for eye movement b) Take casualty's pulse c) Pinch casualty’s ear 4. What might you suggest a heart attack victim should take? a) Nothing at all b) A cup of hot, sweet tea c) An aspirin 5. Anaphylaxis is: a) A severe allergic reaction

b) Not breathing

c) Loss of memory

6. How quickly after he stops breathing is a casualty in danger of brain damage? a) 1 minute b) 4 minutes c) 15 minutes 7. A person who has swallowed poison should first be treated by: a) Making the casualty vomit b) Giving the casualty a drink c) Calling an ambulance 8. Treating an elderly person with hypothermia, you should a) Wrap her in a blanket b) Put her in a warm bath c) Sit her by the fire 9. The "recovery position": a) Makes the casualty feel more comfortable b) Makes it easier to perform rescue breathing c) Keeps the tongue from blocking the throat 10. Which one of the following is true: a) Butter on a burn will help to heal it? b) Breathing into a paper bag will help the victim of a panic attack? c) A poisoning casualty should be encouraged to vomit?

71

Exercise 4: Past tenses. Choose the most suitable answer. a) I suddenly remembered that I forgot/had forgotten my passport. b) While Jake watched/was watching her favourite television programme, there was a power-cut. c) David used to live/would live in the house at the end of the street. d) Who was driving/drove the car at the time of the accident? e) By the time Sheila got back Parker went/had gone. f) Mike ate/had eaten Thai food before, so he knew what to order. g) I did/was doing some shopping yesterday, when I saw a friend of yours. h) I used to like/was liking sweets much more than I do now. i) What exactly were you doing/did you do when I came into your office yesterday? j) Ben missed the party because no-one was telling/had told her about it. k) Margaret would/used to be a doctor. References: „FC Language Practice”, Michael Vince, Macmillan, London, 2001 www.bbc.co.uk/apps/ifl/health/gigaquiz?path=firstaid_quick&infile=firstaid_quick www.healthy.net/scr/MainLinks.asp?Id=170

72

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY – FOR OR AGAINST?

Exercise 1: Discuss the following points in pairs. • • • • •

Does physical activity have a good or bad effect on human body? Why (not)? Is physical activity good for everyone? Can you think of any health problems caused by physical activity? Are you an active person? How much physical activity do you have every day? Are you happy with your current lifestyle? Would you like to change it? How?

Exercise 2: Read the text and decide whether the statements below are TRUE or FALSE. Correct the FALSE statements. Regular physical activity, fitness, and exercise are extremely important for health and well being of people of all ages. They have beneficial effects on most (if not all) organ systems, and consequently they help to prevent a broad range of health problems and diseases. People of all ages, both male and female, take substantial health benefits from physical activity. There are various types of exercises with different levels of intensity: some improve flexibility, some build muscular strength and some increase endurance. All of them bring lots of benefits, such as: reducing the risk of developing heart diseases (coronary artery disease), obesity, diabetes, stroke, high blood pressure, colon and breast cancer, helping to build and maintain healthy bones, joints, and muscles, helping to maintain a healthy weight, reducing feelings of depression and anxiety, improving mood, and promoting psychological well-being. Weight-bearing physical activity is essential for normal skeletal development during childhood and adolescence and for achieving and maintaining peak bone mass in young adults. Muscle-strengthening exercises appear to protect against falling and fractures among the elderly (probably by increasing muscle strength and balance), and may protect against the rapid decline in bone mass among post-menopausal women. In addition, such exercises may be beneficial for many people with arthritis. Besides, regular physical activity can help to improve the lives of young people beyond its effects on physical health. Studies have found that participation in physical activity increases adolescents’ self-esteem, reduces anxiety and stress and thus has significantly favourable effects on their academic achievements. Despite these well-known benefits of physical activity, most adults and many children lead a relatively sedentary lifestyle and are not active enough to achieve these health benefits. A sedentary lifestyle is defined as engaging in no leisure-time physical activity (exercises, sports, physically active hobbies) in a two-week period. However, being physically active helps to avoid the costs related to sedentary lifestyle: health care costs for preventive, diagnostic, and treatment services related to chronic conditions mentioned above, and the costs associated with the value of lost salary by people unable to work because of illness and disability. Since regular physical activity helps prevent disease and promote health, it may actually decrease health care costs. Because physical inactivity is a risk factor for many diseases and conditions, making physical activity an integral part of daily life is crucial. Physical activities need not be

73

strenuous to be beneficial. People of all ages benefit from moderate physical activity, such as 30 minutes of walking five or more times a week. But don't overdo it. Too much exercise can give you sore muscles and increase the risk of injury. Wordlist: achieve – osiągnąć, dokonać achievement – osiągnięcie, dokonanie adolescence – okres dojrzewania anxiety – niepokój arthritis - artretyzm beneficial – korzystny bone mass – masa kostna breast – pierś cardiovascular – sercowo-naczyniowy colon – okrężnica consequently – w konsekwencji coronary artery – tętnica wieńcowa decline – spadek diabetes – cukrzyca favourable – korzystny, pozytywny flexibility – elastyczność, giętkość 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

fracture – złamanie moderate - umiarkowany mood – nastrój mortality - śmiertelność peak – szczyt, szczytowy risk factor – czynnik ryzyka regardless – bez względu na sedentary – siedzący self-esteem – poczucie własnej godności significantly - znacznie strenuous – mozolny, wytężony substantial – znaczny weight-bearing – obciążeniowe (ćwiczenia)

Only the skeletal system benefits from physical exercises. Physical activity is good for everyone, regardless their age. Physical activity increases the risk of heart diseases. Physical activity has no good effect on people’s mental health. Elderly people should never engage in muscle-strengthening exercises. Regular physical activity is not connected with academic performance. Sedentary lifestyle is common only among adults. Sedentary lifestyle helps to save money since you avoid e.g. sports injuries. Physical exercises need not be very hard to be effective.

Exercise 3: Complete the following phrases from the text. 1. ……………………….. effects 2. ……………………….. effects 3. ……………………….. conditions 4. muscle …………………………. 5. breast …………………………. 6. ……………………….. part 7. sore ……………………….. 8. academic ……………………….. 9. ………………………… strength 10. ………………………. weight

74

Exercise 4: Work in small groups. Prepare a set of tips (about 10) for young people – university students who want to be active and healthy. Think about the following categories: exercises (frequency, intensity, time, type, etc.), diet, leisure activities, bad habits (cigarette smoking, drinking alcohol), etc. 1. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 6. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 7. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 8. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 9. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 10. …………………………………………………………………………………….. Exercise 5: Complete the sentences below with the correct words from the text. The first letters have been given. 1. Physical inactivity is a major r…………………. factor for heart disease and stroke and is linked to cardiovascular mortality. 2. Some forms of continuous activities involve using the large m………………. in your arms or legs. These are called e………………… or aerobic exercises. 3. Even m………………….-intensity activities, when performed daily, can have some long-term health benefits. 4. Start exercising slowly, and gradually increase the i……………... Trying too hard at first can lead to i…………………. 5. Approximately one-third of persons age 65 or older lead a s………………….. lifestyle. Older women are generally less physically a………………… than older men. 6. Participation in physical activity and sports can p……………… social wellbeing, as well as good physical and m………………… health, among young people. Exercise 6: FUTURE FORMS. Complete the sentences. Sometimes there may be more then one possibility. The future simple (will + infinitive)is used for: • future facts We'll celebrate our 100th anniversary next year. • predictions or expectations I think I'll get a promotion next week. • decisions about the future made at the time of speaking I’ll have the chicken with potatoes. Going to + infinitive is used for: • predictions based on present knowledge Be careful – or you are going to collapse!

• decisions or plans about the future made before the time of speaking I'm going to invite a lot of people to my party next week. The present continuous is used for: • actions or events in the future that have already been arranged I'm meeting my boss tomorrow morning. The present simple is used for: • scheduled or fixed events The concert starts at three o'clock on Saturday.

75

1. Do you think the car ___________ (start) if I turn on the key? 2. I've got to go now, but I _______________ (see) you next week, OK? 3. Look out! That ladder ______________ (fall)! 4. They say the weather _____________ (get) worse in the next few days. 5. I ___________ (be) a pilot when I grow up,' said the little boy. 6. The train _______________ (leave) in five minutes - let's go! 7. Now, let's look at the timetable. We ___________ (arrive) in Rome at 6.45 and we __________ (depart) at 7.30 for Naples. 8. We ____________ (plan) to buy a new house sometime this year. 9. You __________ (fail) the exam if you don't study more. 10. I ____________ (carry) those bags for you; they must be very heavy. References: “First Certificate Star,” Luke Prodromou, Macmillan – Heinemann, Madrid, 2003 http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4563 http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/physicalactivity/ http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/phy_act.htm

76

BALNEOTHERAPY

Exercise 1: Read the text below and answer the questions. Balneotherapy is one of the oldest therapies and medical procedures known, widely regarded and used for many centuries throughout Europe and Asia, where people have historically flocked to luxury spas for recreation and treatment. By original definition, balneotherapy is a 'treatment by bathing or soaking in mineral waters of hot springs'. In Japan, the traditional form of balneotherapy is hot water springs bathing; in Europe, mineral bathing. Both are characterized by repeated immersion of the whole body in hot water, that is stimulating to the body. Balneotherapy is a natural therapy which makes the best use of natural elements, such as hot springs, climatic factors, biological and circadian rhythmic phases and natural herbal substances. It is also called spa therapy, the water used in it has minerals added or naturally occurring. For centuries the benefits of therapeutic bathing have been recognized for the ability to relieve pain and improve the general well being of the body and the spirit. Today, soaking or bathing in special salts is an accepted way of relieving musculoskeletal and arthritic pain and discomfort, swelling and joint stiffness, improving blood flow and overall mobility, relaxing and relieving tension and stress. Salts - bath salts - can be added to bath tubs and jacuzzis for a satisfying, soothing, relaxing and/or refreshing soak at the end of the busy day. Therapeutic effects of 'dry' mineral salts are dependent upon their chemical composition, which is closely related to the sedimentation conditions of the deposit formation. The salts most commonly occurring in the natural mineral deposits are sodium, potassium and magnesium salts individually (mono) or as mixed salts (poly mineral). Although seldom practiced in the United States, balneotherapy is very much a part of routine medical care throughout Europe and Asia. Medical prescriptions are given there by licensed doctors for the treatment of a wide range of conditions (also in the post injury and post operative rehabilitation of the locomotor apparatus), and utilizing mineral waters as a part of preventive medicine is widely recognized and encouraged. Balneologists generally classify mineral springs into: cold (temperatures below 25°C), tepid (ranging from 25°-34°C), warm (34° - 42°C), hot (above 42°C). Waters may also be classified as acidic, basic / alkaline, or neutral, according to the balance of hydrogen in the water (Ph scale). The legal classification of a hot springs mineral content varies in different parts of the world. Generally speaking a mineral spring contains greater than 1000 mg/l of naturally dissolved solids. Research carried out by European medical doctors has found that hot springs bathing (thermal therapy): increases hydrostatic pressure in the body, increases blood circulation and cell oxygenation, stimulates body metabolism, digestion, elimination of toxins, regulates secretion of some hormones, relieves chronic pain associated with inflammation. However, not everyone should utilize high-temperature hot springs for therapeutic use since there are numerous contraindications, such as e.g. high fever, hypertension, cancerous conditions, liver, kidney, or circulatory disorders, pregnancy, anaemia. When any contraindicated condition exists, soaking in mineral waters should not be done at excessively high temperatures without medical consultation.

77

Wordlist: acidic – kwaśny alkaline – zasadowy arthritic – odnoszący się do zapalenia stawu balance – bilans, równowaga balneotherapy – balneoterapia, leczenie kąpielami wodnymi bathe – wykąpać się bath tube – wanna cancerous – nowotworowy cell – komórka circadian rhythm – rytm dobowy composition – skład (chemiczny) content – skład, zawartość contraindications – przeciwwskazania deposit – osad digestion – trawienie dissolved – rozpuszczone excessively – nadmiernie flock – tłoczyć się herbal – ziołowy hot springs – gorące źródła hydrogen – wodór hydrostatic pressure – ciśnienie hydrostatyczne hypertension – nadciśnienie immersion – zanurzenie inflammation – zapalenie 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

joint stiffness – sztywność stawów layer - warstwa magnesium – magnez neutral – obojętny occur – występować oxygenation – natlenianie phase – faza potassium – potas pregnancy – ciąża prescription – recepta, zalecenie range – sięgać (od – do) regard – uznawać coś (spa) resort - kurort secretion – wydzielanie sedimentation – opadanie, osadzanie się seldom - rzadko soak – wymoczyć, nasiąknięcie sodium – sód solid – substancja stała soothe – uspokoić, ukoić (np. ból) spa – uzdrowisko spirit – dusza swelling – opuchlizna tension – napięcie tepid – ciepławy, letni utilize – używać

What is balneotherapy? In what way are Japanese and European concepts of balneotherapy different? What does balneotherapy make use of? In which situations is balneotherapy applied nowadays? What do therapeutic effects of mineral salts depend on? How are mineral springs classified? What are the effects of thermal therapy on the body? Who should avoid hot springs bathing?

Exercise 2: Discuss the following questions in pairs. • • •

Have you ever had a spa therapy applied? Is it a common therapy nowadays? Are spa resorts popular in Poland? Why do people go there? What is offered in spa resorts? Where are the most popular spa resorts in Poland? Is their location connected to the kinds of therapies offered to patients?

78

•

Would you consider going to a spa resort? Why (not)? For what reason (medical treatment, holidays, relax, a weekend out with friends, etc.)?

Exercise 3: Complete the sentences using the information from the text or your own ideas. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

The original definition of balneotherapy ………………………………………….. Cold , tepid, warm, and hot are …………………………………….……………… People suffering from hypertension ………………………………………………. Medical doctors prescribe …………………………. postoperative rehabilitation. Musculoskeletal pain is ……………………………………………… special salts. In Europe ……………………………………………….. than in the United States. A mineral spring contains …………………………………………………… solids. Thermal therapy …………………. for example: …………………………………..

Exercise 4: Find the terms in the text that match the definitions below. 1. …………………… - a large, indoor bath that makes hot water move in strong currents around your body. 2. ……………………. - a list of chemicals that make up a substance 3. ……………………. - a substance which is produced by one part of the body and is carried to another part by the bloodstream where it has particular effect or functions. 4. ……………………. - a layer of mineral, metal, that is left in soil, rocks, or water in a natural process. 5. …………………….. - a state of expecting a baby by a woman. 6. …………………….. - long-term, lasting for a long time (of a disease) 7. …………………….. - the act of putting someone or something into a liquid so that it is completely covered. 8. …………………….. - an inner part of someone that includes their thoughts and feelings. 9. …………………….. - chemical processes which are continually taking place in the human body that are essential to life. 10. …………………….. - to go to a place in large numbers because something interesting is happening there. Exercise 5: Translate the sentences into Polish. 1. Many of the stimulating benefits of hot springs water are temperature dependent. 2. Balneologists have found that hot springs soaking temporarily relieves chronic pain directly associated with inflammation, even in cases where inflammation has not been reduced. 3. Due to balneotherapy, the elimination systems of the body are stimulated and the body's capacity to detoxify is improved. 4. 3 to 4 weeks of regular thermal bathing can assist in the normalization of endocrine glands and assist the activity of the automatic nervous system.

79

5. Mineral springs with different mineral content are often recommended for various therapeutic uses. 6. The balneologists believe that bathing in bicarbonate water assists opening peripheral blood vessels and helps to improve circulation to the body's extremities. 7. The state of one's metabolism and the presence of medical conditions is the determining factor when considering the most safe and healthy water temperature to bath in. 8. Some specialists believe that warm spring soaking is more beneficial than thermal therapy. Refereces: “Collins Cobuild English Dictionary”, London, 1995 http://www.winhealth.co.uk/Balneotherapy.htm http://www.balneotherapy.com/therapy.shtml http://www.eytonsearth.org/balneology-balneotherapy.php

80

KINESITHERAPY

Exercise 1: Read the text and answer the questions below. Kinesitherapy, as a part of physical therapy, represents one of the most important aspects of medical rehabilitation. A common definition of kinesitherapy states that it is a corrective application of passive and active movements, such as massage and exercise. It involves movement of various parts of the body, or the whole body, in order to maintain, establish, develop and change functions of the locomotor apparatus and organs of locomotion. Thus, treatment of diseases / disorders by means of kinesitherapy methods takes advantage of different forms of exercises. The aim of kinesitherapy is to use all potential of the treated patients, to achieve optimal recovery of the damaged function of locomotion. Main treatment objectives are e.g. to restore painless movements of spine and limbs, improve body efficiency, enhance muscle resistance, form correct movement habits, and achieve controlled weight drop. Kinesitherapy is used in prevention, rehabilitation and recreation programmes. It is commonly divided into active and passive, depending on the exercises it involves. Active exercises are divided into: active exercises with assistance, without assistance and active exercises with resistance. Kinesitherapy may also be divided into local (concentrates on a diseased organ – treatment involves e.g. application of passive exercises conducted by a physiotherapist or a CPM apparatus, isometric exercises, active-passive exercises, respiration exercises) and general (involves the whole body and includes e.g. overall fitness and relaxation gymnastics, exercises in water, team exercises). Therapeutic indications in kinesitherapy cover such problems as: disorders of the locomotor system, mobility problems, back pain, discopathy and degenerative changes in backbone and joints, limb paresis, post-injury or neurological changes, faulty posture, chronic cardiologic and respiratory diseases, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, it is also used after stroke, heart infarct, abdominal surgeries, etc. The treatment may be given in both pre- and post-operative stages. Kinesitherapy is applied in almost all medical branches in numerous pathological conditions, as well as a method of prevention. Practically, there are no absolute contraindications, and exceptions are extremely rare. Moreover, kinesitherapy can be used as supplementary treatment or as basic treatment form. The most common methods in kinesitherapy are for example: • the Bobath Concept – used in the management of adults and children suffering from cerebral palsy; • the McKenzie Method - used in the examination and treatment of mechanical disorders of the back and neck; • PNF (Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation) - originally developed as a form of rehabilitation, also used for increasing flexibility, (and range of movement) and improving muscular strength. • The Mulligan Concept – treating musculoskeletal injuries by the method of mobilisations with movement (MWMS).

81

Wordlist: abdominal – dotyczący jamy brzusznej achieve – osiągnąć active – czynny active-passive exercises – ćwiczenia czynno-bierne application – zastosowanie backbone – kręgosłup cerebral palsy – porażenie mózgowe chronic – przewlekły concept – metoda contraindication – przeciwwskazanie CPM – aparat CPM (Continuous Passive Motion – ciągły bierny ruch) degenerative changes – zmiany zwyrodnieniowe discopathy – dyskopatia disturbance - zakłócenie drop – spadek enhance – wzmagać, podnosić establish - ustanowić exception – wyjątek facilitation – ułatwianie, torowanie (ruchu) faulty – nieprawidłowy

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

heart infarct – zawał serca in advance – z wyprzedzeniem indication – wskazanie, oznaka isometric – izometryczny local – miejscowy locomotion – czynność ruchowa locomotor apparatus – narząd ruchu locomotor system – układ ruchu mobilisation with movement – mobilizacje połączone ruchem mobility – ruchomość neuromuscular – nerwowo-mięśniowe paresis – niedowład passive – bierny post-injury – pourazowy post-operative – pooperacyjny proprioceptive – dotyczące receptorów ciała rare - rzadki resistance – opór respiration – oddychanie supplementary – uzupełniający susceptibility – podatność na coś take advantage of – korzystać z

What is kinesitherapy? What is movement needed for? What are the treatment objectives? How can kinesitherapy be divided? What is the difference between local and general kinesitherapy? In which conditions can kinesitherapy be applied? Is it possible to treat disorders only by means of kinesitherapy? What can be treated by the Bobath method? What is the Mulligan method about?

Exercise 2: Discuss the following points in pairs. • • •

What are the advantages and disadvantages of individual and group therapy? When is each of these therapies applied? Is it better to work only with a specific type of patients (e.g. people after stroke) or to have contact with different people (children, group therapy, etc.). Why? Is it very different to work with children and for example elderly people? Why (not)? What is important when dealing with certain types of patients?

82

Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with words from the text: 1. Pneumonia and lung cancer are the examples of the …………………….. system diseases. 2. The process of …………………. of the patient after an antibiotic therapy was quite fast. 3. Anaemia is a ………………. disease, it can last even several months. 4. Cardiology, neurology and pediatrics are different …………………. of medicine. 5. Last year there was a sudden ………………. in the number of children born in our country. 6. Massage and yoga are the most common ……………………. techniques. 7. There’s every ………………… that the operation has been a success. 8. The operation was performed with the ………………… of a well-known anesthesiologist. Exercise 4: Find opposites to the words given below in the text in Exercise 1. healthy ……………………. rare ……………………. individual - ……………………. worsen …………………… immobility - ……………………. correct ……………………. painful ……………………. active ……………………. post-operative ……………. repaired …………………….

Exercise 5: Ask about the underlined parts of the sentences. 1. Continual work posture, such as over a desk/computer, causes biomechanical disturbances. 2. Susceptibility to disorders can be noticed even a few years in advance. 3. Exercises are performed individually by patient and under the physiotherapist’s supervision. 4. Aqua environment relieves man’s joints and provides optimal conditions for muscle training. 5. A therapist sticks a few elastic plasters on the patient’s body. 6. Thanks to a detailed initial diagnosis it is possible to permanently remove the cause of your problem. 7. Most back and limb disorders (in non-injury cases), are results of biomechanical disturbances. 8. We could not expect good results from the therapy. Exercise 6: Translate the sentences into English. 1. Kinezyterapia jest jedną z metod fizjoterapii i polega na leczeniu ruchem. 2. Obecnie kinezyterapię dzieli się na miejscową, w której wszystkie oddziaływania dotyczą bezpośrednio narządu zmienionego chorobowo, oraz ogólną – wykorzystującą ćwiczenia nie objętych chorobą części ciała.

83

3. Kinezyterapia stosuje bardzo efektywne metody - specjalistyczne sposoby aplikowania ruchu. 4. Kinezyterapia najczęściej stosowana jest w schorzeniach i dysfunkcjach narządu ruchu, bólach kręgosłupa, po udarach mózgu, po zawale serca, w niektórych chorobach układu oddechowego, po zabiegach operacyjnych w jamie brzusznej. 5. Kinezyterapia może być stosowana jako podstawowa i jedyna forma leczenia. 6. Jeżeli choroba wymaga leczenia operacyjnego, kinezyterapia może być prowadzona zarówno w okresie przedoperacyjnym jak i po zabiegu. 7. Kinezyterapię często łączy się z innymi formami leczenia w celu zwiększenia efektu terapeutycznego. Exercise 7: Future forms. Read the conversation and put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. Use: will, going to, present continuous, or present simple. A: ………............ (you/do) anything tomorrow? B: I haven't decided yet. Maybe I ………………........... (just/stay) at home. What about you? A: Oh, I …………………............. (play) football with Ben and some friends if the weather's OK. In the evening we ……............ (go) to the open-air cinema. They ………............. (show) Leo Fisher's latest movie. B: Have you heard the weather forecast? It ……………........... (rain) all day tomorrow. A: Oh, no! We can't miss the film. Well, we ………….......... (just/have to) take our umbrellas. Anyway, we …………............ (probably/not notice) the weather. Who cares about the rain if the movie's good? B: That's true. What time ………............. (the film/begin)? A: The doors ………….......... (open) at six o'clock. I …………........... (meet) Ben at 6.15. B: It sounds too good to miss. I think I …………............ (come) too! A: Why not? We ……………........ (try) to get you a ticket if you like. B: Great, thanks. I …………........... (pay) you back when I see you.

References: “Fast Track to FCE” Stanton, A., Stephens, M., , Longman, 2001 http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinezyterapia http://www.ravopt.phg.pl/prod03.htm www.ippt.com/Cranio%20Sacral%20Therapy%20and%20Kinesitherapy.doc www.podtezniami.pl/_cpd,en/6,68/kinesytherapy.html

84

HYDROTHERAPY Exercise 1: Read the text and answer the questions below. As it was said before, balneotherapy means applying mineral water or hot springs baths in order to relieve certain symptoms. In hydrotherapy, however, similar effects are achieved by means of drinking and tap water. Hydrotherapy is defined as the use of water for therapeutic aims. Water is used in different forms, various temperatures and under different pressure. Physiological effects of hydrotherapy may be classified as thermal, mechanical, and chemical. Thermal effects (the most common) are produced by the application of water at temperatures above or below that of the body. The mechanical effects are produced by the impact of water upon the surface of the body in the form of sprays, douches, whirlpools, etc. The chemical effects are produced when it is taken by mouth or used to irrigate a body cavity, such as the large colon. Water also has a hydrostatic effect - a massage-like feeling as the water gently kneads the body. Hydrotherapy is mainly applied in the initial stages of arterial hypertension, migraine, insomnia, peripheral circulatory disorders. It is also used to stimulate digestion, circulation, the immune system, to bring relief from pain. Water seems to have special powers in getting rid of stress and rejuvenating our body. It affects the skin (stimulates touch receptors) and releases tight muscles. It calms the lungs, heart, stomach, and endocrine system by stimulating nerve reflexes on the spinal cord. Today, a wide variety of water-related therapies are used: baths, showers, douches (jet, transition) sitz baths, foot baths, cold / hot rubbing, steam inhalation, steam baths or saunas, hot compresses, cold compresses, alternating hot and cold compresses (an important part of sports massage training), body wrap, whirlpool- or motion-based techniques, nasal / colonic irrigation, physical therapy in pools, aromatherapy or baths with added essential oils, water yoga, and water massage. Common contraindications to hydrotherapy include: diabetes (hot application to the feet or legs, hot saunas should be avoided), pregnancy, multiple sclerosis (hot immersion baths and long, hot saunas should be avoided), bladder or rectal irritation, sciatica, pelvic inflammation, rheumatism in the toes and ankles (cold foot baths are not recommended). Moreover, elderly people and young children may be exhausted by too much heat and should avoid long full-body hot treatments such as immersion baths and saunas. Wordlist: alternating – naprzemienne (bath) tub – wanna bladder – pęcherz briskly – żwawo butterfly bath – wanna motylkowa compress – kompres constriction – ściśnięcie douche – natrysk drinking water – woda pitna endocrine system – układ wewnątrzwydzelniczy, dokrewny envelop – owinąć, otoczyć

moisten – zwilżyć multiple sclerosis – stwardnienie rozsiane pearly bath – kąpiel perełkowa peripheral – obwodowy pressure – ciśnienie rectal – odbytniczy rejuvenate – odmładzać rubbing - nacieranie tap water – woda wodociągowa sciatica – rwa kulszowa sitz bath – kąpiel nasiadowa 85

excess – nadmiar excrete - wydalać exhausted – wyczerpany hose – wąż (gumowy) impact – wpływ irrigate - nawadniać irritation – podrażnienie jet douche – bicz wodny knead – gnieść, masować large colon – jelito grube, okrężnica linen – płótno

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

soak – nasiąknąć spray – rozpylać splash – rozpryskiwać się steam - para stroke – głaskać sweat gland – gruczoł potowy touch – dotyk transition douche – natrysk naprzemienny, zimno-gorący chip - bicz whirpool – wir (kąpiel wirowa) wrap – otulać, owijać wring out – wyżąć

What is hydrotherapy? What is the difference between hydro – and balneotherapy? What are the thermal effects of water? Which forms of hydrotherapy produce mechanical effects? What are the chemical effects connected with? In which situations hydrotherapy is applied? What effects does hydrotherapy produce for the skin? Give examples of common hydrotherapy techniques. In case of which conditions is hydrotherapy nor recommended?

Exercise 2: Write the names of hydrotherapy techniques next to the correct descriptions. sitz bath, pearly bath, Scottish whips, douche, compresses, cold rubbing, steam bath, wrapping

1.

2.

3.

A linen cloth is soaked in cold water, wrung out and then you should briskly rub the upper and lower trunk, or the entire body. Go to bed until warm and dry. It can be carried out with a watering can or hose. The water should not splash, but gently envelop the skin. The water stream should always be directed from the periphery toward the heart. After it, stroke off excess water, dress, and exercise. A linen cloth is moistened with cold water (warm water for respiratory diseases), well wrung out, and then wrapped tightly around the appropriate part of the body, but not so tightly as to cause constriction. The moist linen cloth is in turn wrapped with a dry cotton or linen cloth. The patient is then usually wrapped in a blanket or another cloth, and should rest for 45-60 minutes.

86

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

A partial immersion bath of the pelvic region. Often it is taken with the feet immersed in a separate tub of hot water before or during the bath. It is the shower of physically powerful stream of water of changeable temperatures applied to body. For 1-2 minutes water of 40º C is changeably used with water of 20º C, which is applied for about half a minute. There are three basic types of them: hot, cold, and alternating hot and cold. They are applied using cloth which is wrung out to the desired amount of moisture, and then applied to any surface of the body. Bath in a bathtub with ordinary water connected with delicate massage of air bubbles. It causes the loosening of body and gives the feeling of relaxation, has the soothing and sleeping effect. Whether dry (sauna) or wet , it has been considered as one of the simplest ways to rid the body of toxins. As the pores in the skin open up millions of sweat glands start to excrete, the body gets rid of metabolic and other waste products.

Exercise 3: Discuss the following points in pairs. • Is hydrotherapy popular in Poland? Where are such services offered? Is it expensive? • Is hydrotherapy easily accessible to people? • Have you ever had contact with hydrotherapy? What techniques have you tried / would you like to try and why? Did you like it? • There are people who are afraid of water. What can be done to fight the fear? Exercise 4: Match the words in the columns to make expressions. multiple arterial therapeutic chemical initial stimulate touch nasal water linen sweat partial

effects circulation sclerosis glands cloth massage stages receptors immersion aims hypertension irrigation 87

Exercise 5: Translate into English. 1. Odpowiednia temperatura i ciśnienie wody użytej odpowiednio do danej terapii są ważnymi czynnikami w hydroterapii. 2. Hydroterapia wpływa korzystnie na układ krążenia, układ nerwowy oraz wiele innych narządów organizmu. 3. W zabiegach wodnych działają na chorego czynniki: termiczny, hydrostatyczny i mechaniczny. 4. Zabiegi lecznicze możemy podzielić na: zabiegi z wykorzystaniem ciśnienia hydrostatycznego wody (np. kąpiele całkowite, częściowe), zabiegi z wykorzystaniem ciśnienia strumienia wody (np. natryski), zabiegi z użyciem tkanin (np. nacieranie, zawijanie, kompresy). 5. Chorzy na cukrzycę nie powinni wystawiać stóp i nóg na długotrwałe działanie gorącej wody. Exercise 6: Fill in the gaps with the future perfect simple or the future perfect continuous forms of the verbs in brackets. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

This is terrible weather! By tonight it (rain) ...............................for ten days without stopping. Why are they having a party for your Mum in her office next week? (she / work) ....................................... there for twenty years! It's taking Katie a long time to clean the car. (she / finish) ............................................ by the time I get back? Steve went into the kitchen at five o'clock, so by the time our guests arrive he (cook) .............................................. for four hours. Tom is a shop assistant, and when she gets home tonight she will be exhausted. She (stand) ............................................. up for about nine hours. You can phone Betty, if you hurry. She (not / leave) ........................................................ for work yet. I sent my pen-friend a letter on Monday. (he / get) ………………………. it by Wednesday? I'm glad you can mend my watch, (you /repair) ..…………………………. it before I go on holiday next week? We need a stereo for the party, (your parents / buy) ………………………………. a new one by then? Oh no! Now the bus is caught in a traffic jam, and I'm already late! John (wait) ..................................... for an hour when I finally get there.

References: http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/8513/34968/362192.html?d=dmtCon tent http://www.podtezniami.pl/_cpd,en/6,67/hydrotherapy.html http://www.tuberose.com/Hydrotherapy.html http://www.tuberose.com/Sweating.html

88

MANUAL THERAPY

Exercise 1: Read the text and answer the questions below. Manual physical therapy is a specialized form of physical therapy in which the diagnosis and treatment of the disorders of various etiology is carried out through hands-on intervention, as opposed to a device or machine. In manual therapy, practitioners use their hands to put pressure on muscle tissue and manipulate joints in an attempt to decrease back pain caused by muscle spasm, tension and joint dysfunction. Manual therapy is practiced by people within various health care professions, including Physiotherapists, Massage Therapists, Occupational Therapists, Chiropractors / Osteopaths, and more. Manual physical therapy techniques are aimed at relaxing tense back muscles and restricted joints in order to decrease back pain and increase flexibility. In general, the following types of movement are employed in MT techniques: • Soft tissue work, including massage, which applies pressure to the soft tissues of the body, e.g. the muscles. This helps to relax muscles, increase circulation, break up scar tissue, and ease pain in the soft tissues. • Mobilization/manipulation, which uses measured movements of varying speed (slow to fast), force (gentle to forceful), and distances (called ‘amplitude’) to twist, pull, or push bones and joints into position. This helps to loosen tight tissues around a joint, reduces pain in a joint and surrounding tissue, and increases flexibility. Such limitations as inadequate joint mobility and range of motion in certain musculoskeletal conditions can cause discomfort, pain, and an alteration in function, posture, and movement. Manual physical therapy involves restoring mobility to stiff joints and reducing muscle tension in order to return the patient to more natural movement without pain. Thus, manual physical therapy may provide back pain relief both for patients with chronic back pain involving joint problems, such as sacroiliac joint dysfunction, joint dysfunction in lateral, central stenosis and spondylolisthesis, sacroiliac syndrome in post-operative low back pain and acute back pain from soft tissue injuries such as a back muscle strain or a pulled back ligament. Contraindications are e.g. osteopenia, advanced arthropathies, spinal anomalies, using anticoagulant drugs, vascular disorders, pregnancy, neoplastic lesions of the spine, ribs, and pelvis, tuberculosis, osteoporosis, inflammatory conditions (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, septic arthritis), healing fracture or dislocation. Advocates of manual therapy claim that these techniques, when correctly applied, are very effective and most often result in dramatic improvement of the patient's signs and symptoms. Wordlist: ankylosing spondylitis – zesztywniające zapalenie stawów kręgosłupa arthropathy – choroba odnosząca się do stawów attempt - próba neoplastic – nowotworowy

etiology - pochodzenie device – przyrząd ease – złagodzić, ulżyć (o bólu) force – siła inflammatory condition – stan zapalny lesion – zmiana chorobowa 89

osteopenia – osteopenia, zmniejszenie masy kości pressure – nacisk provoke - wywołać restrict – ograniczać rheumatoid arthritis – rematoidalne zapalenie stawów sacroiliac – staw krzyżowo-biodrowy

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

scar – tkanka bliznowata septic arthritis – posocznicowe zapalenie stawów spasm – skurcz spondilitis – zapalenie kręgosłupa spondylolisthesis – kręgozmyk stenosis – zwężenie tuberculosis – gruźlica varying – zróżnicowane, zmienne

What is manual therapy? What is the treatment in manual therapy like? Who practices manual therapy? When is the technique of ‘soft tissue work’ applied? What is used in the mobilization method? What can cause back pain? In which conditions manual therapy is commonly used?

Exercise 2: Discuss the following points in pairs. • • • •

Is manual therapy commonly applied in Poland? Is it a safe method of treatment? There are lots of contraindications to this method. How can a physiotherapist know manual therapy should not be used with a given patient? Do you think you will be well-prepared to apply manual therapy to your patients after the studies? Do you have any opportunity to learn it at the university? Would you like to learn more? What would you say to a patient who is very much afraid of manual therapy he/she is going to have?

Exercise 3: Translate the extract into Polish. Manual Assessment uses a variety of hands-on tests in an effort to determine which structure may be responsible for the pain being assessed. Unfortunately, there are no reliability studies demonstrating the ability of such tests to accurately determine the structure responsible for the pain. In fact, the scientific literature has shown that palpation as a manual assessment tool is unreliable and that the underlying cause of 85% of low back pain cannot be determined by any means. Several manual tests that provoke or relieve pain have been shown to be reliable.

Exercise 4: Group the words from the box under the following headings.

90

physical tense acute

treatment various muscle manipulate vascular flexibility soft circulation mobility stiff lateral attempt inflammatory claim fracture loosen Noun

Verb

Adjective

Exercise 5: A role play. Act out a conversation in pairs. A You are a patient. You have problems with your back and you come to physiotherapist to help you. Describe your complaint, answer the physiotherapist’s questions in detail. Ask several questions about the therapy that will be applied to you. B You are a physiotherapist, a specialist in manual therapy. The patient has some back problem. Carry out a detailed interview, take the patient’s history. You want to apply manual therapy method to help the patient. Say few words about the therapy and answer the patient’s questions. Exercise 6: Translate the sentences into English. 1. Przed przystąpieniem do terapii przeprowadza się z pacjentem wywiad lekarski oraz badanie palpacyjne i funkcjonalne narządu ruchu. 2. Badanie to odbywa się zarówno w spoczynku jak i podczas ruchów czynnych oraz biernych. 3. Zmiany funkcjonalne w układzie ruchu, stanowiące przyczynę zespołu bólowego, ustępują po jednym lub kilku zabiegach manualnych. 4. Zabiegi terapii manualnej skutecznie leczą między innym: bóle głowy i karku, rwę kulszową, wady postawy, schorzenia bioder, schorzenia kończyn górnych i dolnych, bóle stawów kręgosłupa i kończyn. Exercise 7: Future forms. Put the verbs into the correct future forms. a) I can't see you on Thursday afternoon.. I (visit) …………………..... my grandmother. b) Steve (not be)......................... back until four. Can I take a message? c) What (you buy)......................... with the money you won in the lottery? d) I don't think you (have)......................... any problems at the university. e) (you take)......................... your dog with you to England? f) I’m waiting for an important phone call. Can you answer the phone for me? I (take)......................... a shower. g) All the hotels are full. Where (we spend)......................... the night?

91

h) What time (your plane leave)......................... ? j) Leave the car here. Maybe the police (not notice)......................... it. Exercise 8: Future forms. Choose the correct form. a) When are you going to buy / will you buy a new computer? b) Don't phone me between 9.00 and 11.00. I'll study / I'll be studying then. c) Look out! That tree will fall / is going to fall! d) Let me know as soon as Karen will get / gets here. e) Great news! Mary and Matthew will come / are coming to stay with us. f) According to this timetable, the train is going to arrive / arrives at 8.00. g) I have a feeling that something strange is going to happen / is happening in a minute. h) The doctor says I will have / am going to have a baby! i) Can you call me at 6.00, because I'll leave / I'm leaving tomorrow. j) If you arrive late at the summer sale, the best things will go / will have gone. References: „FC Language Practice”, Michael Vince, Macmillan, London, 2001 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_therapy http://www.alkon.pl/reha/terapia.htm http://www.spine-health.com/topics/conserv/manual/manualtherapy01.html

92

MASSAGE

Exercise 1: Discuss the following points in pairs. • Is massage a common way of treatment in Poland? What conditions / disorders can be treated by means of massage? • Is massage always safe? Can it be dangerous in any cases? Why (not)? • What can happen if you are treated by someone who is not a professional? How should we recognize a professional massage therapist? • Have you ever tried massage? How was it? • Would you like to work as a massage therapist when you finish the studies? Why (not)? Exercise 2: Read the text and answer the questions below. It is widely believed massage is one of the oldest form of medical therapy practiced on the human body. As early as about 2,700 B.C., ancient Eastern Chinese cultures practiced massage to heal a variety of ailments from labour pain to paralysis. Various techniques and types of massage derive from traditional beliefs celebrated in ancient civilizations of Greece, Rome, India, China. Massage involves a manual application of pressure, tension, motion, or vibration to the soft tissues of the body (the skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and fascia - membranes surrounding muscles). Massage therapy is performed primarily by a professional massage therapist but is also often used as a form of therapy by other healthcare providers e.g. chiropractors, reflexologists, physical therapists. Massage can be applied to parts of the body or successively to the whole body and its benefits can be divided into such groups as physiological, mental, and mechanical. Massage is believed to increase blood circulation and promote the flow of lymph. Moreover, it helps the body to heal itself by stimulating nerves, conditioning the skin, fostering faster healing of strained muscles and sprained ligaments, reducing pain, swelling, reducing formation of excessive scar tissue, stretching and loosening muscles to keep them elastic, improving postural problems. Massage also has a positive psychological effect. When we are stressed, our breathing becomes more rapid and shallow, our hearts work harder and the process of digestion slows down. Chronic stress can influence a number of illnesses including migraines, depression, and hypertension. Massage therapy can help to relieve tension and counteract the effects of stress on the body. Certain medical conditions require caution concerning giving or receiving massage. This therapy is not recommended for anyone with an infectious skin disease, a rash, or an unhealed wound. It should also be avoided immediately after surgery, if the patient has phlebitis or varicose veins, thrombosis, areas of bleeding or tissue damage, bruises, recent bone fractures and sprains. Massage on the abdomen should be avoided during the first three months of pregnancy when the risk of miscarriage is highest. Massage normally involves the client being treated while lying on a massage table, sitting upright in a massage chair, or lying on a pad on the floor. The person is generally unclothed or partially unclothed. Before being treated, it is important to

93

make sure that the massage therapist is well-qualified. A therapist should have good communication skills so that he / she can make the patient openly express their needs – what feels best to them, what makes them comfortable and what they expect from the session. Wordlist: ailment – choroba, dolegliwość alleviate - złagodzić bruise – siniak condition – odżywiać counteract – przeciwdziałać coution -ostrożność derive from – pochodzić od enhance – poprawić fascia – powięź foster – wspomagać

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

labour – poród miscarriage – poronienie phlebitis – zapalenie żyły rash - wysypka scar tissue – tkanka bliznowata sprain – skręcić (staw), naderwać strian – nadwyrężyć successively – następnie, stopniowo thrombosis – zakrzepica varicose veins – żylaki warm-up – rozgrzewka

How far does the tradition of massage go back into the past? What is massage and where is it applied? Who practices massage? What types of benefits does massage provide? In what way is the body affected by a massage? Who should massage be avoided by? Why are communication skills important for a massage therapist?

Exercise 3: Complete the table where possible.

NOUN

VERB

ADJECTIVE

digest benefit circulatory swell infection apply tense pregnancy depress

94

Exercise 4: Match the words from the two columns below to make phrases. partially tissue bone condition shallow massage healthcare postural traditional manual infectious chronic sprained

breathing the skin provider therapist application disease beliefs stress unclothed ligament problem fracture damage

Exercise 5: Work in pairs. One by one, give definitions of the following terms.

spine

injury

nervous system

surgery

ribs

tissue

pregnancy inflammation

blood therapist

Exercise 6: Complete each gap in the passage with ONE word. Sports Massage Sports massage consists of specific components designed to cut down on 1)…………….-related injuries. It specifically alleviates 2)…………….. tension and provides a warm-up to loosen muscles for amateur and 3)………………….. athletes. All athletes are looking to improve their sports 4)…………………. . To do this, a rigorous training schedule is prepared in order to enhance their skills, strength, endurance and speed. Unfortunately, as the level of training is increased, so is the risk of 5)……………….. . During 6)………………… athletes often overuse their muscles, causing strain, and imbalances in the soft muscle tissues. Moreover, most 7)………………. ignore aches and pains until they turn into 8)………………… injuries. One way to encourage muscle repair after training is with sports 9)………………. . Sports massage will help release any built up tension and lactic acid in the overworked 10)……………….. so that blood and oxygen can return to the muscle and effectively promote its repair. Sports massage, if received as part of a sports program, can help an athlete 11)………………. injury due to overuse. There are two basic categories of sports massage: pre-event massage - helps athletes prepare for a competitive event, and 12)……………..-event massage - should be calming and relaxing, its goal is to ease muscle pain and to reduce inflammation.

95

Exercise 7: Translate into English. 1. Wzrost przepływu krwi w obwodowych częściach ciała wpływa korzystnie na pracę serca i nerek. 2. Masaż przyśpiesza cyrkulację krwi w naczyniach krwionośnych, a tym samym zwiększa ilość krwi dostarczanej do płuc, gdzie następuje wymiana gazowa. 3. Pod wpływem masażu zdolność stawów do pracy jest szybciej przywracana, a ryzyko kontuzji zmniejszone do minimum. 4. Pod wpływem masażu tkanka mięśniowa jest lepiej zaopatrywana w tlen i substancje odżywcze. 5. Masaż znajduje zastosowanie w profilaktyce, leczeniu i rehabilitacji chorób z zakresu ortopedii, neurologii, ginekologii, pediatrii i chorób wewnętrznych. References: http://e-masaz.pl/wplyw.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massage http://www.cityclinic.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemi d=31 http://www.holisticonline.com/massage/mas_benefits.htm http://www.holisticonline.com/massage/mas_dysfunctions.htm http://www.massagetherapy101.com/massage-techniques/massage-techniques.aspx

96

ELECTROTHERAPY Exercise 1: A role-play. Work in pairs and practice the dialogue. A You are a physiotherapist. Your patient phones your surgery. He / she is in pain. Ask questions concerning the pain (e.g. location, duration, onset, frequency). Arrange the visit. B Your back hurts and you cannot stand it any longer. You phone a physiotherapist’s surgery and describe your problem. Answer the questions in detail. Try to arrange the visit as soon as possible. Exercise 2: Read the text and answer the questions below. Electrotherapy is the use of low-level electrical stimulation of the peripheral nervous system to relieve pain and to induce muscle contractions. Electrotherapy provides patients with a cost-effective, non-addictive alternative for pain relief and rehabilitation. Electricity has been used to treat pain for over 100 years. Early proponents of electricity were labeled as charlatans, but recent scientific studies have proven that electricity can reduce both acute and chronic pain. Various cells in the body are influenced by electricity, these include fibroblasts, macrophages, neutrophils and erythrocytes, along with bone, cartilage, ligaments and tendons. It is believed that stimulating these cells can promote healing in injured tissue. The exact mechanism of electrical stimulation’s beneficial effect remains controversial. Electrical stimulation may directly block transmission of pain signals along nerves. In addition, electrical stimulation has been shown to promote the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body. From a treatment perspective, the questions with electrotherapy are related to the type of injury (sprain, haematoma, fracture, etc.) and the current stage of the injury (acute, repair phase, remodeling phase). From that position we must decide what type of cells we want to stimulate and what is the best way to influence them. Electrical stimulation to nerves and muscles is applied via adhesive pads placed on the skin. These devices are most often powered by batteries. Side effects are rare, but include allergic skin irritation under the adhesive pads and transient pain from the electrical charge. Placing the pads over the heart or over pacemaker leads could conceivably cause cardiac arrhythmia; placing them over the throat could conceivably cause low blood pressure; and placing them over a pregnant uterus could conceivably cause fetal damage. Because of these risks, electrical stimulation over these areas should be avoided. Electrical stimulation should also not be applied over malignancies or infected areas. Several different electrical stimulation devices exist, each producing different frequencies, waveforms, and effects. These are for instance: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) - this is the application of electrical stimulation for pain relief using mild electrical stimulation to reduce the transmission of pain messages along the nerves. TENS is used for the symptomatic relief and management of chronic, intractable pain (associated with such conditions as e.g. back pain, arthritis, neuralgia), for post-surgical and post-trauma acute pain. 97

Interferential current (IFC) is essentially a deeper form of TENS. It uses two separate electrical frequencies that work together to stimulate large impulse nerve fibers. The frequencies interfere with the transmission of pain messages at the spinal cord level, and help block their transmission to the brain. The skin is penetrated more deeply than with a regular TENS unit. Such a therapy may be useful for patients who have not had relief from TENS. Neuromuscular Electrical Nerve Stimulation (NMES) is the application of an electrical stimulus for muscle rehabilitation. During NMES, an electrical stimulus is passed from the device to an electrode placed on the skin over a targeted muscle or muscle group. The stimulation causes the muscle(s) to contract. Patients with a wide range of orthopedic and neurological problems can benefit from the use of NMES. Some common applications include rehabilitation after knee surgery or traumatic injury, shoulder rehabilitation and stroke. Wordlist: abstract - streszczenie addictive – uzależniający adhesive – samoprzylepne conceivably – możliwie concern – przedmiot zainteresowań confirm - potwierdzić contraction – skurcz current - prąd device – urządzenie fetal – dotyczący płodu frequency – częstotliwość haematoma – krwiak IFC – prąd interferancyjny intractable – niesforny label – przylepić etykietę lead – przewód (elektryczny) malignancies – nowotworowe zmiany chorobowe

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

neuralgia – nerwoból NMES – neuromięśniowa elektrostymulacja nerwów pacemaker – rozrusznik serca pad – poduszeczka, podkładka participation - udział peripheral – obwodowy proponent – zwolennik remodeling – przebudowa (tkanki) submit - dostarczyć symptomatic – objawowy target – cel, obrać cel TENS – przezskórna stymulacja nerwów transient – przejściowy, tymczasowy uterus – macica waveform – rodzaj fali

How can electrotherapy be defined? When is electrotherapy applied? What does electricity influence in the body? How does the electrical stimulation work? What should be taken into consideration while deciding on the type of electrotherapy treatment? Are there any side effects possible? If yes, give examples. What are the indications for TENS? What is the difference between TENS and IFC? Who may benefit from NMES?

98

Exercise 3: Finish the sentences on your own. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Electrotherapy ……………………………………………………….. pain relief. Acute and chronic pain …………………………………………………..…….. . Adhesive pads are ………………………………………………………………. . Electrotherapy …………………………………………… skin irritation. TENS ………………………………………………………………… IFC. Cardiac arrhythmia can ……………………………………..………… . Endorphins may………………………………………... electrotherapy. Electricity influences ……………………………………… erythrocytes.

Exercise 4: What would you do in the following cases? Discuss possible solutions / reactions / consequences in pairs. • • • • • •

Your patient seems not to understand what you are telling him / her to do. Your patient cannot concentrate on the exercises and doesn’t follow your instructions carefully. Your patient doesn’t speak Polish and hardly understands English. You suspect your patient is drunk. You feel your patient doesn’t trust you at all, you are sure, however, the therapy will help him / her. Your patient does not come for visits regularly although he / she makes appointments.

Exercise 5: Translate the sentences into English. 1. Do wszystkich zabiegów z zakresu elektroterapii używa się specjalnie do tego celu skonstruowanych aparatów. 2. Zabiegi elektroterapii muszą być wykonywane przez lub pod kontrolą fizjoterapeuty. 3. Elektrody umieszcza się na skórze, w odpowiednich miejscach, a celem zabiegu jest pobudzenie mięśni do skurczu. 4. Stymulacja za pomocą prądu elektrycznego stosowana jest do badania i leczenia tkanki nerwowej i mięśniowej. 5. Elektroterapia stosowana jest powszechnie w terapii fizykalnej do leczenia różnych stanów patologicznych tkanki nerwowo-mięśniowej, polepszania lokalnego krążenia i zdrowienia tkanek, zmniejszenia bólu, zwiększania zakresu ruchu i siły mięśniowej. Exercise 6. Letter writing. Complete the letters below with the correct words from the list. Words taken from one letter are grouped together. • • • •

participation, pleasure, abstract, held, present, enclosed; foreign, grateful, convenient, obliged, undergraduates; graduated, application, employed, apply, concern; meeting, confirm, deliver, receive, submit;

99

1. A letter inquiring about scholarships Dear Sir or Madam, I should like to _______ for one of the scholarships your country/state offers to physiotherapists from other countries. I _______ from the Faculty of Public Health, the University of Gdańsk in 1998. Currently, I am _______ in the Department of Physiotherapy of the University Hospital in Gdańsk where my main _______ is backpain. I have a good knowledge of written and spoken English. I should be grateful if you could send me some information and the _______ forms. Yours faithfully, __________________________ 2. A letter applying for medical training Dear Sir or Madam, I should be very _______ if you let me have a monthly physical therapy training for _______ in the Department of Physiotherapy of the University of Cambridge. I have heard that this department offers such training to _______ students. Currently, I am a fifth year student of physiotherapy from Gdańsk. It would be most _______ for me to come to Cambridge during my summer holidays in July – August. I should be very _______ if you could send me more details about the training. I enclose my curriculum vitae. Yours faithfully, ___________________________ 3. A letter inviting to a conference Dear Prof. Sanders, I take great _______ in inviting you to the 5th Conference of Physiotherapy, which will be _______ in Gdańsk from May 15th - 20th, 2007. The Conference will be organized by the Polish Physiotherapy Society. The title of the Conference will be 'Backpain Management in the Elderly'. We should be much obliged if you could _______ a talk on the above topic. A tentative programme is _______. A detailed programme will be submitted later. We should appreciate if you could confirm by letter your _______ and send an _______ of your paper within the next three weeks. We look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely, ____________________________ 4. A letter thanking for an invitation Dear Prof. Norman, I was very glad to _______ your letter inviting me to attend the Conference. I should like to _______ my participation and paper presentation. I enclose an abstract of my paper, which I am going to _______ before 1st May. I can _______ a lecture of 15-45 minutes, as suits your programme. Thank you very much for your kind letter. I am looking forward to _______ you in Gdańsk. Yours sincerely, References: „English for Medical Students and Doctors 2”, Ewa Donesch-Jeżo, WPL, Kraków, 2001 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_electrotherapy_stimulation

100

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrotherapy#Applications_and_fields http://www.empi.com/patient/electrotherapy.cfm/ http://www.fizjo.pl/html/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=21 http://www.fizjoterapia.com/fizykoterapia/elektroterapia.htm http://www.rehabilicare.com/how_it_works.html http://www.spine-health.com/topics/conserv/electro/el04.html

101

APPLYING FOR A JOB OF A PHYSIOTHERAPIST

Exercise 1: Discuss the following points in pairs. • • •

What are the job prospects for physiotherapists in Poland? Think about: number of job offers – vacancies advertised, salary, chances for promotion, etc. What are the requirements for the post of a physiotherapist in Poland? Think about: qualifications, certificates, experience, personal qualities, etc. Do you consider going abroad to work as a physiotherapist in future? Why (not)? In what way is the situation abroad different from Polish reality?

Exercise 2: Read the text about finding a job of a physiotherapist in the UK and answer the questions below. Refer to the wordlist if necessary. When you want to become a physiotherapist in the United Kingdom first you have to take 3 or 4 year university-based course leading to a BSc in physiotherapy. When you come from abroad (within the EU) it is necessary to present a diploma that will correspond with the UK degree programme in terms of academic equivalence and scope of study. All candidates are assessed against the standards of proficiency expected of a newly qualified UK-trained physiotherapist. The assessment examines the whole range of skills and knowledge required. You would then be eligible for registration with the Health Professions Council, which is essential to working as a physiotherapist in the UK National Health Service. HPC is a legal organisation with responsibility for registration of physiotherapists and other health professions. It deals with standards of education and training; conduct, performance, and ethics. Once you have registered with the Health Professions Council, you will normally be in a position to apply for jobs. The UK is short of physiotherapists so the government is encouraging non-UK trained physiotherapists to come to the UK. The majority of physiotherapists in the UK are employed in the public sector within the National Health Service. They get a national contract that sets their pay and basic conditions such as sick pay, days of paid leave and hours of work (normally 36 hours per week). However, there is also a growing number of private hospitals, clinics, and individual private practices throughout the country (private sector) where you may find a job. Wordlist: advantage – korzyść advertise – zamieścić ogłoszenie apply for – ubiegać się (o pracę) approximately – w przybliżeniu assign – przypisać conduct – postępowanie convenient – dogodny, wygodny correspond (with)– odpowiadać czemuś

eligible – odpowiedni, nadający się equivalence – zgodność flexible – elastyczny in terms with – pod względem maternity leave – urlop macierzyński package - pakiet paid leave – płatny urlop peer – tu: współpracownik

102

review – tu: oceniać, sprawdzać reward – wynagrodzić scope – zakres (to be) short of sth – brakować czegoś sick pay – płatne zwolnienie lekarskie skilled - wykwalifikowany supervision – nadzór utilize – wykorzystać

performance – wykonywanie (obowiązków zawodowych) proficiency - biegłość promotion – awans prospect – szansa register – zarejestrować się reputed – mający dobrą reputację requirements - wymagania responsibilities – zakres obowiązków

1. How long does the university course for a physiotherapist last? 2. What documents are required when you want to work as a physiotherapist in the UK? 3. When can a candidate from abroad register with the HPC? 4. Why is the registration process needed? 5. What is the HPC? 6. Where do most of the physiotherapist in the UK work? 7. What does a typical work contract include? Exercise 3: Job offers. Read the job advertisements below and answer the questions below. A Job for YOU!!! A leading occupational health company based in Slough seeks an experienced senior physiotherapist on a short term contract to cover maternity leave from Feb/March until approximately Oct. Must be enthusiastic, self motivated and able to demonstrate a minimum of x 5 years post grad experience of treating both sports and occupational type injuries. Good benefits package. Potential to lead to full time work. Contact: Bratford Health Centre, Majorie Bennet, 23876 Slough, England

B We’re looking for a Physiotherapist This is a multi disciplinary hospital providing assessment and treatment to clients with an interest in care of the elderly and general rehab. Post graduate experience in Care of the Elderly is essential, with possession of full current driving license. You must have the ability to work both as a team member and on your own and have some experience of supervision of support staff.

Which advertisement(s):

103

You will become a member of the NHS. Personal Development plans are reviewed regularly, which may lead to further training opportunity. We offer 24.5 hours per week as a starting point. Contact: Nuffield Health House, Inverness, IV2 3UJ, Scotland.

C A fantastic job for the right candidate We require a skilled and dynamic physiotherapist to join our busy and expanding clinic. You will receive good peer support, flexible hours. You should be well motivated and 2 years qualified with good manual therapy skills. Previous private practice experience an advantage. You will need to have a solid musculoskeletal background and a big interest in rehabilitation. We are offer-ing an exciting work environment with great financial rewards. Contact: Studley Physiotherapy Centre, 8 Centech Park, Read-ing 2356, England

1. deals with treating older patients? 2. requires professional development from a candidate? 3. experience in private sector? 4. offers high salary? 5. offers prospects for full time employment? 6. requires a driving license from a candidate? 7. requires team working skills? 8. requires experience with sports injuries? 9. requires experience of being in charge of a group of people? 10. offers a job outside England? Exercise 4: Complete the covering letter below with the correct words from the list. planning patient

interview responsibilities potential skills experience outgraduated home post orthopedic

ul. Krótka 10 345- 87 Łódź Poland 12. 02. 2007 Studley Physiotherapy Centre 8 Centech Park London 345 England Dear Sirs, I am writing to apply for the 1)…………… of a physiotherapist in the Studley Physiotherapy Centre in London advertised in Physiotherapy Journal of 4th January 2007. I am a fully qualified physiotherapist with over 4 years 2)…………… . I 3)…………….. from the Medical University in Łódź, Poland (B.A. in physiotherapy). My work experience includes: working in a hospital environment (physiotherapy department), 4)……………… clinics (massage treatment) and private 5)……………… visits. In my professional career I was assigned the following responsibilities: treatment 6)………………, taking various clinical decisions, supervising kinesitherapy, electrotherapy and massage therapy in patients with neurological, 7)………………., geriatric and cardiac disorders. I am a flexible, team-oriented person with good communication 8)……………… . I can speak and write English and German fluently. Currently I am looking for a position in a reputed and well-managed hospital or a medical organization, where I can enjoy more 9)……………….. and an environment, which would allow me to utilize my 10)…………….. to the maximum. I am available for an 11)……………… at any time convenient to you. Yours faithfully, Patryk Bąk

104

Exercise 5: You are an ideal candidate for one of the posts described in Exercise 3 and you want to apply for this job. Write a CV including the following information: • • • • • •

Personal information (name, address, telephone, date of birth, nationality, marital status, etc.) Current position / Employment / Work experience (starting from the most recent) Education / Qualifications Languages Leisure interests References

Exercise 6: Work in pairs. Read you partner’s CV and act out a job interview. Take turns to be an interviewer and a candidate. Ask and answer question about education, qualifications, work experience, languages, reasons for working abroad, etc. Exercise 7: Various tenses. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct forms. Dear Susan I just ……………. (hear) that my father isn't very well, and I ……………. (like) to go and see him. The trouble is I can't take my dog Trigger with me. You…………………….. (think) you ………………(be able) possibly look after him for a week? You ……………………(have) him for a week last year, you ……………………(remember), and you ……………………… (say) he ………………….(be) no trouble, and…………………………. (get) on well with your dog. If you …………………… (be able) have him, I …………………….(be able) bring him along any time that …………………………(suit) you. He ………………………..(have) his own bed and bowl, and I ………………………..(bring) enough tinned dog food to last him a week. But if it …………………….(not be) convenient, ………………………(not hesitate) to say so. There ……………………(be) quite good kennels near here, and they ………………….(take) him if I ………………(ask). He ………………………(be) there once before and ……………………..(seem) to get on all right. Love Pat References: “A Practical English Grammar”, A.J. Thompson, A.V. Martinet, Oxford, 1994 http://www.csp.org.uk http://www.jobescalator.com/

105

APPENDIX – PHYSIOTHERAPY EQUIPMENT

Tilt table

Suspension frame and a couch

Tilt table Examination couch

Continuous Passive Motion Unit (CPM) High – low treatment table

106

Computer-controlled traction unit

Complex exercise unit

Multi exercise therapy unit

Quadriceps exercise table

Exercise chair

Quadriceps exercise table

107

Shoulder wheel

Rotary wrist machine

Axial shoulder exerciser

Shoulder elbow cycle

108

Hand exercise table

Traction set – cervical

Grip exerciser

Exercise board

Wall bar

109

Medicine balls Activator

Rowing machine

Activator

Ped-o-cycle

Compression therapy unit – air massager Exercise staircase

110

APPENDIX – HYDROTHERAPY EQUIPMENT

Full body hydrotherapy tank Whirpool bath

High chair (used together with the whirpool bath)

Hydrotherapy tank with accessories

References : www.indiamedico.com (pictures used with permission)

111