English for Medical Students Coursebook

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UNIT 1 – VITAMIN I. CLOZE TESTS 1.1. Fill each gap with one of the words given in the box. A. acid, B. amounts, C. called, D. catalysts, E. clotting, F. decades, G. involved, H. ingested, I. intake, J. stored What are Vitamins? Vitamins are nutrients required in very small _________(1) for essential metabolic reactions in the body. Vitamins are biomolecules that act both as _________(2) and substrates in chemical reactions. When acting as a catalyst, vitamins are bound to enzymes and are _________(3) cofactors, for example vitamin K forms part of the proteases _________(4) in blood _________(5) . Vitamins also act as coenzymes to carry chemical groups between enzymes, for example folic _________(6) carries various forms of carbon groups (methyl, formyl or methylene) in the cell. Until the 1900s, vitamins were obtained solely through food _________(7). Many food sources contain different ratios of vitamins. Therefore, if the only source of vitamins is food, changes in diet will alter the types and amounts of vitamins _________(8). However, as many vitamins can be _________(9) by the body, short-term deficiencies do not usually cause disease. Vitamins have been produced as commodity chemicals and made widely-available as inexpensive pills for several _________(10), allowing supplementation of the dietary intake. biomolecule catalyst clotting cofactor

phân tử sinh học chất xúc tác sự đông (máu) đồng yếu tố

protease ratio substrate supplementation

enzym tiêu protein tỷ lệ chất nền / chất phản ứng bổ sung

1.2. Fill each gap with one of the words given in the box. A. accepted B. caused C. eating D. feeding E. healing F. known G. maintaining H. plagued I. practicing J. using History of Vitamin research The value of _________(1) certain foods to maintain health was recognized long before vitamins were identified. The ancient Egyptians knew that _________(2) a patient liver would help cure night blindness, now _________(3) to be caused by a vitamin A deficiency. In 1747, the Scottish surgeon James Lind discovered that citrus foods helped prevent scurvy, a particularly deadly disease in which collagen is not properly formed, and is characterized by poor wound _________(4), bleeding of the gums, and severe pain. In 1753, Lind published his Treatise on the Scurvy, which recommended _________(5) lemons and limes to avoid scurvy, which was adopted by the British Royal Navy. This led to the nickname Limey for sailors of that organization. Lind's discovery, however, was not widely _________(6) by individuals in the Royal Navy's Arctic expeditions in the 19th century, where it was widely believed that scurvy could be prevented by _________(7) good hygiene, regular exercise, and by _________(8) the morale of the crew while on board, rather than by a diet of fresh food. As a result, Arctic expeditions continued to be _________(9) by scurvy and other deficiency diseases. In the early 20th century, when Robert Falcon Scott made his two expeditions to the Antarctic the prevailing medical theory was that scurvy was _________(10) by "tainted" canned food. MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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adopt citrus crew expedition gum hygiene lime, lemon

chấp nhận cam, chanh thuỷ thủ đoàn thám hiểm lợi vệ sinh chanh

morale night blindness plague (n,v) prevailing scurvy tainted treatise

tinh thần quáng gà dịch, gây dịch thịnh hành bệnh sco-bút hư, hỏng chuyên luận

1.3. Fill each gap with one of the words given in the box. A. avoid B. classified C. consumption D. couple E. deficiency F. interfere G. limits H. liver I. occurs J. result

Vitamin Deficiencies Deficiencies of vitamins are _________(1) as either primary or secondary. A primary deficiency _________(2) when you do not get enough of the vitamin in the food you eat. A secondary deficiency may be due to an underlying disorder that prevents or _________(3) the absorption or use of the vitamin, due to a “lifestyle factor”, such as smoking, excessive alcohol _________(4), or the use of medications that _________(5) with the absorption or the body's use of the vitamin. Individuals who eat a varied diet are unlikely to develop a severe primary vitamin _________(6). In contrast, restrictive diets have the potential to cause prolonged vitamin deficits, which may _________(7) in often painful and potentially deadly diseases. Because humans do not store most vitamins in their bodies, a human must consume them regularly to _________(8) deficiency. Human corporeal stores for different vitamins vary widely; vitamins A, D, and B12 are stored in significant amounts in the human body, mainly in the _________(9), and an adult human may be deficient in vitamin A and B12 for long periods of time before developing a deficiency condition. Vitamin B3 is not stored in the human body in significant amounts, so stores may only last a _________(10) of weeks. consumption, consume interfere with avoid primary secondary

tiêu thụ

underlying absorption varied diet deficit regularly corporeal

can thiệp tránh nguyên phát thứ phát

căn nguyên hấp thu chế độ ăn thay đổi thiếu hụt đều đặn thuộc thân thể

1.4. Fill each gap with one of your own. Classification of Vitamins Vitamins are classified _________(1) water soluble, meaning that they dissolve easily in water, or fat soluble, and are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids. Each vitamin is typically used in multiple reactions and therefore, most have multiple functions. In humans there are thirteen vitamins, divided _________(2) two groups; four fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K), and nine water-soluble vitamins (eight B vitamins and vitamin C). Vitamins are essential _________(3) the normal growth and development of a multicellular organism. Using the genetic blueprint inherited _________(4) its parents, a fetus begins to develop, at the moment of conception, from the nutrients it absorbs. The developing fetus requires certain vitamins and minerals to be present _________(5) certain times. These nutrients facilitate the chemical reactions that produce, among other things, skin, bone, and muscle. If there is serious deficiency _________(6) one or more of these nutrients, a child may develop a deficiency disease. Even minor deficiencies have the potential to cause permanent damage. For the most part, vitamins are obtained through food sources. However, a few vitamins are obtained _________(7) other means: for example, microorganisms in the intestine - commonly known as "gut flora" - produce vitamin K and biotin, while one form of vitamin D is synthesized in the skin MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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_________(8) the help of natural ultraviolet in sunlight. Humans can produce some vitamins _________(9) precursors they consume. Examples include vitamin A, which can be produced from beta carotene; and niacin, from the amino acid tryptophan. Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs that make up a multicellular organism; they also enable a multicellular life form to efficiently use chemical energy provided by food eaten, and to help process the proteins, carbohydrates, and fats required _________(10) respiration. blueprint conception damage(v,n) facilitate gut flora inherit

bản vẽ sự thụ thai tổn thương làm thuận lợi hệ vi khuẩn ruột thừa kế

maintenance permanent potential (n, adj) precursors ultraviolet obtain

sự duy trì lâu dài tiềm năng, tiềm tàng tiền chất tia UV, tử ngoại thu được, có được

II. READING PASSAGES Read the passages and answer the questions below. 2.1. PASSAGE 1: Risk Factors for Vitamin D Deficiency Exclusively breast fed infants: Infants who are exclusively breast fed and do not receive vitamin D supplementation are at high risk of vitamin D deficiency, particularly if they have dark skin and/or receive little sun exposure. Human milk generally provides 25 IU of vitamin D per liter, which is not enough for an infant if it is the sole source of vitamin D. Older infants and toddlers exclusively fed with milk substitutes and weaning foods that are not vitamin D fortified are also at risk of vitamin D deficiency. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all infants that are not consuming at least 500 ml (16 ounces) of vitamin D fortified formula or milk be given a vitamin D supplement of 200 IU/day. Dark skin: People with dark skin synthesize less vitamin D on exposure to sunlight than those with light skin. The risk of vitamin D deficiency is particularly high in dark-skinned people who live far from the equator. In the U.S., 42% of African American women between 15 and 49 years of age were vitamin D deficient compared to 4% of white women. Aging: The elderly have reduced capacity to synthesize vitamin D in the skin when exposed to UVB radiation, and are more likely to stay indoors or use sunscreen. Institutionalized adults are at extremely high risk of vitamin D deficiency without supplementation. Covering all exposed skin or using sunscreen whenever outside: Osteomalacia has been documented in women who cover all of their skin whenever they are outside for religious or cultural reasons. The application of sunscreen with an SPF factor of 8 reduces production of vitamin D by 95%. Fat malabsorption syndromes: Cystic fibrosis and cholestatic liver disease impair the absorption of dietary vitamin D. Inflammatory bowel disease: People with inflammatory bowel disease like Crohn’s disease appear to be at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency, especially those who have had small bowel resections. Obesity: Obesity increases the risk of vitamin D deficiency. Once vitamin D is synthesized in the skin or ingested, it is deposited in body fat stores, making it less bioavailable to people with large stores of body fat. bioavailable sinh khả dụng institutionalized ở hoài trong nhà bowel ruột malabsorption hấp thu kém cholestatic ứ mật obesity chứng béo phì cystic fibrosis xơ nang osteomalacia nhuyễn xương deposit(v,n) lắng đọng resection cắt bỏ equator xích đạo substitute (n,v) thay thế exclusively chỉ riêng mỗi sunscreen chất chống nắng fortify tăng cường toddler trẻ mới biết đi infant trẻ em wean cai, dứt, kiêng Questions MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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1. 2.

3. 4.

5.

People with _________ skin are at high risk of vitamin D deficiency. A. fair B. white C. dark D. bright Which of the following is NOT true? A. Infants cannot get enough Vitamin D from breastfeeding. B. Older infants exclusively fed with milk substitutes are at risk of vitamin D deficiency. C. All infants should be given a vitamin D supplement of 200 IU/day. D. Infants receiving little sun exposure are at risk of vitamin D deficiency. It is better for dark-skinned people to live in _________ areas to get sufficient vitamin D. A. tropical B. temperate C. polar D. coastal The percentage of African American women suffering from vitamin D deficiency is _________ times as high as that of American white women aged 15-49 A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 10 Which of the following does NOT facilitate a vitamin D deficiency? -_________. A. frequently staying indoors B. using sunscreen outdoors C. overdressing D. reducing obesity

2.2. PASSAGE 2: Vitamin C Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin used to treat and prevent a wide variety of conditions. Often, people use it to prevent or treat the common cold. However, there are other claimed uses of vitamin C as well, such as for reducing the risk of heart disease. Some of these uses are more valid than others. The vitamin has several different effects in the human body, such as: - Antioxidant -- Many of the effects of vitamin C can be attributed to its antioxidant effects. As an antioxidant, it helps prevent the formation of free radicals, damaging molecules or atoms that can start a chain reaction of cellular damage. Free radicals play a role in various age-related conditions, such as cancer and heart disease. - Immune function -- There are numerous different proposed mechanisms by which vitamin C may improve immune function. At this time, it is not entirely clear how the vitamin stimulates the immune system. - Iron absorption -- Vitamin C aids in the absorption of iron from the digestive tract into the body. - Various metabolic pathways and synthesis processes -- It is important for many different crucial processes in the body, including forming cartilage and proteins and building or breaking down numerous other compounds or tissues in the body. Vitamin C may be effective for several different uses. However, there is much controversy about some uses, such as for the common cold. Most people do not experience side effects with vitamin C (at normal doses). However, some people may experience side effects (especially with high doses), including, but not limit to nausea, vomiting, heartburn or indigestion, insomnia, kidney stones. Normal doses are probably safe for most people, but high doses can cause problems. Some people may be more likely to experience problems due to vitamin C. Questions 1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

As an antioxidant Vitamin C can be used to treat _______. A. hepatitis B. heart disease C. common cold D. All of these Vitamin C play an important part in the processes of _______ A. iron absorption B. cartilage formation C. protein synthesis D. All of these The mechanism of by which Vitamin C fight common cold is _______. A. entirely clear B. has been proved C. debatable D. its antioxidant effects Which of the following is NOT true? A. Vitamin C is believed to reduce the risk of heart disease B. Antioxidant effects of Vitamin C result in its many uses in prevention and treatment of diseases . C. High doses of Vitamin C can be safe for most people. D. Vitamin C can strengthen the body’s defence against diseases. Which one is NOT a side effect caused of vitamin C? A. bringing up food B. sleeplessness C. nephrolithiasis D. malnutrition

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III. STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY Choose the best answer among A, B, C, and D.

1.

2.

3.

4. 5.

6.

7. 8.

9.

10 .

Although most Americans consume a wide variety of food additives daily, only a small number have been associated _________ reactions. A. by B. to C. with D. of In vitamin deficiency, normal body functions can break down and make a person susceptible _________ disease. A. to B. with C. of D. for The combination of vitamin A and iron seems to reduce anemia more effectively than either iron or vitamin A alone. A. decrease B. increase C. shorten D. minimize People with diabetes have problems converting food to energy. A. digesting …to B. changing …into C. exchanging … for D. introducing… into The ancient Egyptians knew that feeding a patient with liver would help cure night blindness, now _________ to be caused by a vitamin A deficiency. A. knowing B. to know C. known D. is known Women of all ages should be _________ about heart disease. All women should take steps to prevent heart disease. A. related B. concerned C. associated D. linked In infants, rickets may result in delayed closure of the fontanels (soft spots) in the skull. A. cause B. led to C. be due to D. be associated with Your plasma glucose is measured immediately before and 2 hours after you drink a liquid containing 75 grams of glucose _________ in water. A. solved B. soluble C. dissolved D. unsolved Antibiotics are essential tools in improving and maintaining the quality of life by helping to prevent infectious diseases A. initial B. final C. principle D. extremely necessary People with substance abuse problems, e.g. drinking alcohol excessively, find it very difficult to take medicines reliably every day. A. immoderately B. frequently C. irregularly D. continuously

IV. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Put one term in each gap A. coenzymes, B. catalyst, C. arthritis, D. hypercalcemia, E. homeostasis F. hyperalimentation, G. contagious, H. hypercalciuria, I. gut flora, J. fermentation, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 .

_______ might be produced if there is a high amount of calcium in the blood. _______ is a relatively common clinical problem. It typically manifests as mild chronic calcium elevation _______ does not use the digestive system. It may be given to people who are unable to absorb nutrients through the intestinal tract Human _______ refers to the body's ability to regulate physiologically its inner environment to ensure its stability. The term _______ refers to the delicate balance of microbes and other 'germs,' both good and bad. During the primary _______, the fermentable sugars, mainly maltose and glucose are converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide _______ disease is an infectious disease that is spread through contact with infected individuals; also called a communicable disease. _______ are small organic non-protein molecules that carry chemical groups between enzymes. A _______ is a substance which alters the rate of a chemical reaction but is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction. _______ is a disease that causes pain and loss of movement of the joints.

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V. REWRITING Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the given initials.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The currently available antibiotics are known to inhibit or kill some of these microorganisms  People _______ This hormone that is believed to control how the beta cells make and release insulin  They believed _______ Daily multivitamin supplements have been found to reduce HIV disease progression among men and women.  It has _______ The disease has been reported to be reduced significantly with 4000 IU of Vitamin D3 daily over 6 months. It has _______ The pain results from a narrowing of the blood vessels feeding the muscle.  The pain is caused _______

VI. LISTENING 1 Listen to an article about Vitamin D and answer the following questions 1 2 3 4

Vitamin D is manufactured naturally in the _______. A. liver B. intestine C. blood Which is NOT mentioned as a natural source of vitamin A? A. liver B. egg C. fish Vitamin D helps to increase levels of _______ in the blood. A. sugar B. calcium C. sodium Vitamin D was added to milk in order to prevent _______ A. rickets B. beri-beri C. scobut

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D. cell D. meat D. serum D. All of these

UNIT 2

–

ALLERGY

I. CLOZE TESTS 1.1. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. antibodies B. characterized C. leading F. refer G. response H. stem

D. life-threatening I. suffer J. which

E. named

Allergy An allergy can _________(1) to several kinds of immune reactions including Type I hypersensitivity in _________(2) the person's body is hypersensitised and develops immunoglobulin E (IgE), a certain class of _________(3) to typical proteins. When a person is hypersensitised, these substances are known as allergens. The word allergy derives from the Greek words allos meaning "other" and ergon meaning "work". Type I hypersensitivity is _________(4) by excessive activation of mast cells and basophils by immunoglobulin E, resulting in a systemic inflammatory response that can result in symptoms as benign as a runny nose, to _________(5) anaphylactic shock and death. Allergy is a very common disorder and more than 50 million Americans _________(6) from allergic diseases. Allergies are the sixth _________(7) cause of chronic disease in the United States, costing the health care system $18 billion annually. The term and concept of "allergy" was coined by a Viennese pediatrician _________(8) Clemens von Pirquet in 1906. He observed that the symptoms of some of his patients might have been a _________(9) to outside allergens such as dust, pollen, or certain foods. For a long time all hypersensitivities were thought to _________(10) from the improper action of inflammatory immunoglobulin class IgE, however it soon became clear that several different mechanisms utilizing different effector molecules were responsible for the myriad of disorders previously classified as "allergies". A new four-class (now five) classification scheme was designed by H. Gell and A. Coombs. Allergy has since been kept as the name for Type I Hypersensitivity, characterised by classical IgE mediation of effects. activation anaphylactic shock annually basophils benign coin derive effector

sự hoạt hoá sốc quá mẫn, phản vệ hàng năm bạch cầu ái toan lành tính tạo nên xuất phát chất tác động

hypersensitivity improper mast cells mediation myriad pollen scheme utilize

1.2. Fill each of the gaps with one word of your own. MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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sự quá mẫn không thích hợp tế bào bón, dưỡng bào trung gian vô số phấn hoa hệ thống, sơ đồ sử dụng

Signs and symptoms of Allergy Allergy is characterised _________(1) a local or systemic inflammatory response to allergens. Local symptoms are: Nose: swelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) Eyes: redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis) Airways: bronchoconstriction, wheezing and dyspnoea, sometimes attacks of asthma Ears: feeling of fullness, possibly pain, and impaired hearing due _________(2) the lack of eustachian tube drainage. Skin: various rashes, such _________(3) eczema, hives (urticaria) and contact dermatitis. Head: while not as common, headaches are seen in some with environmental or chemical allergies. Systemic allergic response is also called anaphylaxis. Depending _________(4) the rate of severity, it can cause cutaneous reactions, bronchoconstriction, edema, hypotension, coma _________(5) even death. Hay fever is one example of an exceedingly common minor allergy - large percentages of the population suffer _________(6) hay fever symptoms _________(7) response to airborne pollen. Asthmatics are often allergic _________(8) dust mites. Apart _________(9) ambient allergens, allergic reactions can be caused _________(10) medications. ambient asthma bronchoconstriction characterise coma conjunctiva drainage dyspnoea

xung quanh hen co phế quản đặc trưng hôn mê kết mạc dịch thoát ra khó thở

eczema eustachian tube hay fever hive, urticaria impaired itching rash swelling

chàm vòi nhĩ sốt cỏ khô, cảm mạo mày đay suy yếu, suy tổn ngứa ban sưng

1. 3. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. allergic B. injected C. known D. marked E. performing F. reduce G. sensitive H. suspected I. testing J. within Diagnosis of Allergy There are several methods for the diagnosis and assessment of allergies. Skin test The typical and most simple method of diagnosis and monitoring of Type I Hypersensitivity is by skin testing, also _________(1) as prick testing due to the series of pricks made into the patient's skin. Small amounts of _________(2) allergens and/or their extracts (pollen, grass, mite proteins, peanut extract, etc.) are introduced to sites on the skin _________(3) with pen or dye (the ink/dye should be carefully selected, lest it cause an allergic response itself). The allergens are either _________(4) intradermally or into small scratchings made into the patient's skin, often with a lancet. Common areas for _________(5) include the inside forearm and back. If the patient is _________(6) to the substance, then a visible inflammatory reaction will usually occur _________(7) 30 minutes. This response will range from slight reddening of the skin to full-blown hives in extremely _________(8) patients. After _________(9) the skin test and receiving results, the doctor may apply a steroid cream to the test area to _________(10) discomfort (such as itching and inflammation). apply assessment discomfort extract full-blown intradermally

bôi đánh giá khó chịu dịch chiết toàn phát trong chân bì, nội bì

lancet lest monitor peanut prick scratching

dao mỗ để không, để khỏi theo dõi lạc chích, chọc, châm xước, cào

1.4. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. additionally

B. by

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C. if 10

D. react

E. sensitize

F. through

G. to H. which I. while J. without Problems with skin test _________(1) the skin test is probably the most preferred means of testing because of its simplicity and economics, it is not_________(2) complications. Some people may display a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction _________(3) can occur as far as 6 hours after application of the allergen and last up to 24 hours. This can also cause serious long-lasting tissue damage _________(4) the affected area. These types of serious reactions are quite rare. _________(5), the application of previously unencountered allergens can actually _________(6) certain individuals to the allergen, causing the inception of a new allergy in susceptible individuals. Skins tests also are not always able to pinpoint a patient's specific allergies _________(7) the patient has an allergy but does not _________(8) to the skin test allergen. Total IgE count: Another method used to qualify type I hypersensitivity is measuring the amount of serum IgE contained within the patient's serum. This can be determined _________(9) the use of radiometric and colormetric immunoassays. Even the levels the amount of IgE specific to certain allergens can be measured _________(10) using of the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). colormetric damage(v,n) determine immunoassay inception measure pinpoint

đo màu thương tổn xác định xét nghiệm miễn dịch khởi đầu đo chỉ ra, xác định

qualify radioallergosorbent radiometric serum specific susceptible unencountered

định tính hấp thu phóng rạ dị ứng đo phóng xạ huyết thanh đặc hiệu mẫn cảm chưa gặp phải

II. READING PASSAGES Read the passages and answer the questions below. 2.1. PASSAGE 1: Relationship with parasites Some recent research has also begun to show that some kinds of common parasites, such as intestinal worms (e.g. hookworms), secrete immunosuppressant chemicals into the gut wall and hence the bloodstream which prevent the body from attacking the parasite. This gives rise to a new slant on the "hygiene hypothesis" — that co-evolution of man and parasites has in the past led to an immune system that only functions correctly in the presence of the parasites. Without them, the immune system becomes unbalanced and oversensitive. Gut worms and similar parasites are present in untreated drinking water in undeveloped countries, and in developed countries until the routine chlorination and purification of drinking water supplies. This also coincides with the time period in which a significant rise in allergies has been observed. So far, there is only sporadic evidence to support this hypothesis — one scientist who suffered from seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever) infected himself with gut worms and was immediately 'cured' of his allergy with no other ill effects. Full clinical trials have yet to be performed however. It may be that the term 'parasite' could turn out to be inappropriate, and in fact a hitherto unsuspected symbiosis is at work. chlorination xử lý bằng clo hygiene vệ sinh clinical trial thử nghiệm lâm sàng hypothesis giả thuyết, lí thuyết co-evolution đồng tiến hoá immunosuppressant ức chhé miễn dịch coincide with trùng với purification làm tinh khiết evidence bằng chứng significant đáng kể gut wall thành ruột slant thiên kiến hence sau đó sporadic đơn lẻ hitherto từ nay trở đi symbiosis cộng, đồng sinh hookworm giun móc unsuspected không nghi ngờ TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. _________ Intestinal worms harm the human body by secreting immunosuppressant chemicals. 2. _________ According to the text the human immune system cannot function correctly without the parasites. 3. _________ It can be inferred that a significant rise in allergies in developed countries is related to MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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4. 5.

the routine chlorination and purification of drinking water supplies. _________ One scientist was successful in curing him of hay fever by infecting himself with gut worms. _________ The presence of parasites in the human body is inappropriate.

2.2. PASSAGE 2: Read the passage and answer the questions below Medical scientists are becoming more and more interested in allergies. An allergy is a condition caused by an excessive reaction in some people to a substance or substances which would not normally cause a disease. In fact, some researchers do not classify allergies as diseases, although they can be just as troublesome. Severe reactions can even result in death. Substances that cause allergies are called allergens. The most common natural allergens are dust and pollen. Some plants and flowers give out pollen to the atmosphere during spring and early summer. Many people develop symptoms like those of the common cold such as watery eyes and nose, sneezing and a slight rise in temperature. This is commonly called the hay fever. Allergic reactions can also be caused by food. Milk and eggs are known to be allergenic for some people. However, almost anything eaten, drunk, inhaled or touched can cause a reaction. Drugs, even the common ones like aspirin, can result in distressing symptoms. Some are dangerous. When penicillin was first manufactured on a large scale, it proved to be effective against many pathogens. But it had a tendency to cause reactions so strong that patients sometimes died. The sulpha drugs were also quite dangerous, although they did not kill as many people as penicillin did. We now have better antibiotics, but they must be taken with great care. There is no sure remedy for allergies. Sometimes the body cures itself. Treatment might consist of giving drugs either to reduce the symptoms or to suppress the reaction. Drugs of the second type are called antihistamines. They are not always effective, and they tend to make the patient sleepy. Some doctors think it is better to identify and avoid the allergen, but this in not always possible. A. Circle the letter of the best answer. 1. A good title for this passage is A. Treatment of Allergies B. Causes of Allergies C. Definition and Classification of Allergies D. Allergies 2. Sulpha drugs were _______ than penicillin. A. less dangerous B. more dangerous C. more common D. less common 3. The word ‘they’ refers to _______ A. drugs B. sulpha drugs C. penicillin drugs D. better antibiotics 4. The word ‘antibiotics’ means _______. A. chemicals that work with life B. chemicals that work for life C. drugs that work against allergies D. drugs that work against life 5. From the last paragraph you can infer that antihistamines are _______ A. allergy causing substances. B. disease causing agents. C. drugs to suppress allergic reactions D. drugs to reduce the severity of the symptoms. 6. Which of the following statements is true, according to the passage? A. Dust and pollen are the rarest allergens in nature. B. There is no definite treatment for allergies. C. Antibiotics are given to patients to reduce the symptoms. D. People should avoid milk and eggs to prevent allergies. B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Say whether the following statements are true or false. _______ A substance causing an allergy can easily be avoided. _______ Some scientists do not think allergies are diseases. _______ Early antibiotics were quite dangerous. _______ Penicillin is an effective antihistamine. _______ The common cold is also known as the hay fever.

III. STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY Choose the best answer among A, B, C and D.

1.

The value of eating certain foods to maintain health was recognized long before vitamins were identified.

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2.

3.

4.

5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

10 .

A. invented B. recognized C. produced D. consumed The manufacturer should be responsible for ensuring that its dietary supplement products are safe before they are marketed. A. seller B. physician C. consumers D. producer Consequently, PTH (pancreatropic hormone) production by the parathyroid glands is increased and calcium is mobilized from the skeleton to maintain normal serum calcium levels A. In fact B. Moreover C. As a result D. Finally A healthcare provider diagnoses sinusitis after obtaining a complete medical history and physical examination. A. checking B. getting C. making D. reporting This can occur as a cold, which may clear rapidly or continue with symptoms longer than a week. A. last B. end C. happen D. serve The symptoms of contact dermatitis need to be brought under control; otherwise the results will be unreliable. A. or else B. unless C. likewise D. other than Patients should take medications as prescribed by your doctor. A. demanded B. commented C. remarked D. recommended Waste is released in water from factories and processing plants. A. dissolved B. disposed of C. transported D. treated Most of the physiological effects attributed to vitamin A appear to result from its role in cellular differentiation. A. ascribed B. contributed C. described D. mentioned A deficiency may result in changes in the conjunctiva (corner of the eye) _________ Bitot's spots. A. known as B. called as C. told as D. spoken as

IV. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Put each term in each gap. A. hyperparathyroidism, B. irradiation, C. metabolism, D. metabolites E. micronutrient F. nausea, G. night blindness, H. nutrients, I. obesity, J. osteomalacia 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 .

Billions of people in developing countries suffer from _______ malnutrition, also known as "hidden hunger," that is caused by lack of vitamins and minerals. Food _______ can prevent the growth of microorganisms that cause food spoilage _______ is overactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in excess production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) Lack of vitamin A causes _______ or inability to see in dim light _______ is the sensation that there is a need to vomit _______ from food are absorbed by the body as it passes through the digestive system _______ is a condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected _______ is the general term for the softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization. Our bodies get the energy they need from food through _______. Secondary _______ are organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development or reproduction of organisms.

V. REWRITING Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the given initials.

1. 2. 3.

Long-term chemical exposure is capable of causing many systemic disturbances.  Long-term chemical exposure is _______ Thickening of the skin of the palm results in loss of ability to hold hand straight.  Loss of ability to hold hand straight _______ It is thought that the use of purified insulin helps avoid or reduce some of the problems of people with diabetes such as allergic reactions.

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4. 5.

 The use of purified insulin _______ Patients find that it is hard to remember things  Patients find it _______ You may find it useful to breathe through a wet towel or tissue when you feel the symptoms are acute.  You may find that _______

VI. LISTENING 2 Listen and fill in the gaps the words you hear.

Tobacco smoke contains many harmful chemicals including nicotine which is a _______(1), addictive drug. It also damages the heart, blood vessels and _______(2). Smokers become addicted to nicotine and so find it hard to give up smoking. Tar causes lung cancer and other types of cancers. This has been _______(3) by comparing the numbers of smokers and non-smokers who _______(4) cancer. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas. It reduces the amount of oxygen that can be _______(5) in the blood by irreversibly combining with the haemoglobin in red blood cells. In pregnant women, this can deprive the developing foetus of oxygen resulting in a low birth mass or a _______(6) birth. Tiny particles in the smoke get trapped in the _______(7) of the trachea and bronchial tubes and extra mucus is produced. Chemicals in the smoke paralyse the tiny _______(8) which normally clear the mucus out of the air passages. The only way to clear this is by _______(9). Because the lungs cannot be kept clean, smokers often develop bronchitis and chest infections. Repeated coughing causes the delicate walls of the alveoli to be _______(10), which reduces the surface area for gas exchange. This is one of the reasons why smokers are often short of breath. The lungs can develop large holes which blow up like balloons. This condition is called emphysema (khí phế thủng).

UNIT 3 NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES

I. CLOZE TESTS 1.1. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. accounting,

B. considered, C. developed,

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D. diabetes,

E. estimated,

F. factors,

G. level,

H. preventable,

I. urban,

J. vulnerable

Chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), mental health disorders, and injuries and violence are major problems, _________(1) for over 40 per cent of the disease burden in high mortality developing countries, and over 75 per cent in lower mortality developing countries. NCDs, such as cardiovascular disease, _________(2), chronic respiratory disease and major cancers, are often _________(3) to be "diseases of affluence". However, the majority of their disease burden occurs in developing countries, and at rates, particularly in _________(4) areas, that are often higher than in _________(5) countries. As the populations of developing countries age, and with rapid urbanisation and globalisation driving increases in the risk _________(6) for chronic NCDs, their burden is increasing rapidly. Of the _________(7) 400 million persons affected by mental disorders, most live in developing countries which command only a fraction of global mental health resources. Mental disorders account for 5-10 per cent of the burden of disease in these countries. _________(8) populations, such as the poor and those affected by disasters, are at greater risk. Mental disorders can be effectively and affordably treated at the local _________(9). However, most of those in need do not receive any treatment. Injuries, including those caused by violence, are also a major public health concern, leading to over five million deaths worldwide each year. They include motor vehicle crashes, homicide, suicide, falls, poisoning, drowning, fires and burns. On the whole, injuries do not occur at random: they are largely predictable and, therefore, _________(10). affluence affordable age at random burden chronic command a fraction concern drive drown estimate globalisation

sự giàu có có thể, đủ sức mua già đi ngẫu nhiên gánh nặng mạn tính chiếm tỷ lệ quan tâm thúc đẩy, tạo động lực chết đuối ước tính toàn cầu hoá

health resource homicide mental disorder mortality predictable preventable public health risk factor suicide urbanisation violence vulnerable to

nguồn lực y tế giết người rối loạn tâm thần tỷ lệ tử vong có thể dự đoán được có thể đề phòng được y tế công cộng yếu tố nguy cơ tự sát đô thị hoá bạo hành dễ bị tổn thương

1.2. Fill each of the gaps with one word of your own. Common non-communicable Diseases Cancers: Cancer is amongst the three leading causes _________(1) death in the UK. The most common killers are lung, breast, colorectal and prostate cancer _________(2) together account _________(3) about 62,000 deaths each year. Lung cancer: About one fifth of all cancer cases and one quarter of cancer deaths in men are due _________(4) lung cancer. This represents about 23,000 cases and 18,000 deaths in men each year (12,000 and 10,000 respectively in women). In both men and women only about six patients _________(5) every hundred will still be alive five years after diagnosis. More than £130 million is spent by the NHS _________(6) lung cancer care each year. MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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Breast cancer: Nearly one third of cancer cases and one fifth of cancer deaths in women result _________(7) breast cancer. This represents about 30,000 cases and 11,000 deaths each year. About two thirds of women with breast cancer survive _________(8) at least five years after diagnosis. More than £150 million is allotted by the NHS _________(9) breast cancer care each year. Prostate cancer: In men approximately one cancer case out_________(10) seven are associated _________(11) prostate cancer. This represents about 15,000 cases and 8,000 deaths each year. About two fifths of men with prostate cancer can expect to live for at least five years after diagnosis. Nearly £100 million is spent by the NHS every year to cope _________(12) prostate cancer each year. account for allot approximately colorectal diagnosis

giải thích cho, chiếm tỷ lệ phân cho, giao cho, cấp xấp xỉ thuộc kết-trực tràng chẩn đoán

NHS prostate represent respectively survive

National Health Service tiền liệt tuyến đại diện cho, thể hiện theo thứ tự đó sống qua, sống sót

1. 3. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. E. gap,

A. circulatory, B. death, C. developing, D. factors, F. intake, G. lifestyle, H. pressure, I. reductions, J. target

Coronary heart disease and strokes Coronary heart disease and stroke, along with other diseases of the _________(1) system, account for over 200,000 of the half a million deaths which occur in this country each year. While _________(2) rates are improving substantially for the best off in society, the worst off have not benefited to anything like the same extent, thus widening the health _________(3). Several of the major risk _________(4) which increase the chances of people _________(5) coronary heart disease or having a stroke are now well established. The key _________(6) risk factors, shared by coronary heart disease and stroke, are smoking, poor nutrition, obesity, physical inactivity and high blood _________(7). Excess alcohol _________(8) is an important additional risk factor for stroke. Many of these risk factors are unevenly spread across society, with poorer people often exposed to the highest risks. In England the Department of Health has set a _________(9) to reduce the death rate from cancer in people under 75 years by at least a fifth by 2010 - saving up to 100,000 lives in total. It supports all efforts to reduce the toll cancer take on our society. There are many supported actions including improved screening programs, the promotion of healthy diets and occupational health protection. However, the biggest gains will be made through further controls and campaigns to reduce smoking. The target includes: major changes in diet, particularly among the worst off, with increased consumption of such foods as fruit, vegetables, and oily fish; large _________(10) in tobacco smoking particularly among young people, women and people in disadvantaged communities; people keeping much more physically active - by walking or cycling, for example - on a regular basis; people controlling their body weight so as to keep to the right level for their physique; avoiding drinking alcohol to excess. benefit (n,v) best off campaign consumption disadvantaged effort extent improve occupational on a regular basis

lơị ích, làm lợi, hưởng lợi nhà giàu, người giàu chiến dịch tiêu thụ bất lợi, yếu thế nỗ lực mức độ, tầm cải thiện thuộc nghề nghiệp đều đặn

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physique reduce screening society stroke substantially support target toll, take toll on worst off

16

cơ thể giảm khám, tét sàng lọc xã hội đột quỵ về thực chất, căn bản ủng hộ, hỗ trợ mục tiêu tử vong, gây tử vong người nghèo, nhà nghèo

II. READING PASSAGES Read the passages and answer the questions below. 2.1. PASSAGE 1: Non-communicable Diseases are not disease of Affluence Non-industrialized regions often have lower life expectancies, even for non-communicable causes of death. Although these diseases, including heart disease and stroke, are the largest proportional killers of people in the industrialized world, they often kill a large population in non-industrialized world, and at a younger age. For example in 1990, of the 6.3 million people that died of heart disease, 57% were in the non-industrialized regions; among the 4.4 million people that died of stroke, 68% were in non-industrialized countries. When one looks at the probability of dying between the ages of 15 and 60, the industrialized and non-industrialized worlds have similar rates for non-communicable diseases. For people between the ages of 60 and 70, some non-industrialized regions have a higher rate of death from noncommunicable diseases than the industrialized regions. This shows that unequal access to treatment and other factors causes premature mortality rates in non-industrialized countries. This refutes the myth that non-communicable diseases, such as stroke and heart disease, mainly impact the affluent. Instead, it highlights that communicable diseases kill children in non-industrialized countries most often, and these deaths have a significant impact on overall world mortality rates. Controlling these diseases, through immunization and other means, can be one large step toward achieving health equality. access to equality expectancy highlight immunization impact (n,v) industrialized killer 1.

2.

3.

4. 5.

tiếp cận với bình đẳng tuổi thọ nêu bật, làm nổi rõ chủng ngừa tác động đã công nghiệp hoá nguyên nhân tử vong

means myth overall premature probability proportion refute significant

phương tiện quan niệm sai lầm toàn bộ, toàn diện chưa tới tuổi trưởng thành xác suất tỷ lệ bác bỏ quan trọng, có ý nghĩa

The number of people dying of heart disease in the non-industrialized regions in 1990 was _________. A. 6.3 million B. 3.6 million C. 5.7 million D. 4.4 million The mortality from non-communicable diseases between the ages of 15 and 60 in the nonindustrialized world is _________ that of the industrialized world. A. higher than B. lower than C. different from D. similar to The mortality from non-communicable diseases between the ages of 60 and 70 in the nonindustrialized world is _________ that of the industrialized world. A. higher than B. lower than C. different from D. similar to The word refute in the last paragraph is similar in meaning to _________. A. improve B. disprove C. prove D. discover Which of the following statements is not true? A. Non-communicable diseases kill a large population in industrialized countries. B. Non-communicable diseases are found only in aged people. C. Non-communicable diseases increase overall world mortality rates. D. Non-communicable diseases impact both the rich and the poor.

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2.2. PASSAGE 2: CANCER It would be much easier to detect and treat cancer if it were a single disease, as many people think. There are actually some 200 different diseases that can be called cancers. They all have different causes; originate in various tissues; develop for various reasons and in different ways; and demand very different types of treatment. Cancers can be categorized into three major groups: those arising in epithelial (covering) tissue are called carcinomas; those originating in connective tissue, such as bones and muscle, are sarcomas; and the third group called leukemias and lymphomas are cancerous diseases of blood tissue and lymphatic system respectively. The last group is very different from the previous two in that it does not produce solid tumors. Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer that people suffer from. They develop on the surface of an organ such as the skin, the lining of the uterus, mouth, nose, throat, air tubes in the lungs, inside a duct in the breast or any other site. Most of these cancers can be treated successfully as long as the cancerous (malignant) cells remain as a separate mass— without invading the nearby tissues. Sarcomas include tumors of the kidney, pancreas, liver and brain, and bone tissue like the spine, pelvis, ribs and femur. Cancers of muscle, tendons and ligaments are very rare. The bone cancers, named separately as myelomas, usually cause the bone to break easily or collapse under pressure. Again, as in many forms of cancer, early detection can lead to treatment by excision or destruction (using radiation) of the affected part or area of an organ. The third category is that of cancers of blood tissue and the lymphatic system known as leukemias and lymphomas. Leukemias (usually referred to in the plural) are different forms of cancer affecting various white blood cells. Children under 12 outnumber adults of all ages in developing leukemias. Lymphosarcomas and lymphomas are cancers of lymph nodes and reticular cells respectively. Cancer of the thyroid glands is the most common example in this group. Whatever the type, cancer remains one of the fatal diseases of modern times. It is the second biggest killer in the developed world and may soon become the number one killer. After detection, only one out of five survives—only for a period of five years. A. Circle the letter of the best answer. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Cancer of the skull would be called a _______ A. myeloma B. carcinoma C. sarcoma D. leukemia The word ‘two’ refers to _______ A. leukemias and lymphomas. B. carcinomas and sarcomas C. leukemias and carcinomas. D. myelomas and sarcomas. The most frequent type of cancer in man is _______. A. carcinoma B. sarcoma C. leukemia D. A&B If a patient has lung cancer, he has a _______ A. leukemia B. sarcoma C. carcinoma D. myeloma Cancer is a deadly disease because it _______ A. develops in various ways and reasons. B. it is treated very differently. C. develops in various body organs. D. it kills four out of five patients. The topic of the second paragraph is _______ A. causes of cancer. B. classification of cancer. C. explanation of cancer. D. treatment of cancer. From the passage it can be inferred that _______ A. there is no definite treatment for cancer. B. all forms of cancer are fatal.

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C. cancer is an incurable disease.

D. any part of the body can develop cancer.

B. Fill in the following classification chart by using the given words. A. myelomas, B. leukemias, C. prostate gland, E. lung cancer, F. pancreas, G. carcinomas,

D. blood cells, H. sarcomas

CANCER

1. _______ affect nose, throat and 4. _______ include: 7. _______ and breast cancer

2. _______ affect 5. _______ include: 8. _______ and brain tumors

3. _______ & lymphomas, affect 6. _______ include thyroid cancer

C. Write the synonyms of the following words from the passage. 1. begin/start (v) = _______ 2. classified (v) = _______ 3. covering (adj) = _______ 4. in the same order (adv) = _______ 5. attacking (v) = _______ 6. resulting in death (adj = _______

Leukemia III. STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY Choose the best answer among A, B, C, and D.

1.

Rapidly growing bones are most severely affected by rickets. A. changed B. increased C. stopped D. moved 2. _________ average, the intake of this vitamin from food in the U.S. is approximately 9 mg daily for men and 6 mg daily for women A. In B. On C. At D. For 3. The best way to prevent allergic rhinitis is to avoid the things to which you are allergic. A. keep on B. keep away from C. get used to D. prevent 4. It may create a potential pathway for infection, which could result in meningitis. A. reduce B. produce C. delay D. block 5. Ultrasound investigation of the renal tract is often used to distinguish between various sources of bleeding. A. differ B. differentiate C. extinguish D. distinct MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected] 19

6.

7. 8. 9. 10 .

Chemical exposure - particularly long-term - is capable of causing many systemic disturbances, especially within the functioning of the immune and central nervous systems. A. disorder B. contribution C. discomfort D. distance An estimated 14.6 million have been diagnosed with diabetes A. required B. roughly calculated C. highly valued D. predicted Nonsmokers who are exposed _________ constant smoke also have an increased risk. A. with B. for C. to D. of Other symptoms include fatigue, blurred vision, increased hunger, and sores that do not heal. A. extreme cold B. extreme heat C. excitement D. extreme tiredness Measles and malaria, are more frequent causes of death in Sub-Saharan Africa than elsewhere. A. severe B. habitual C. unusual D. special

IV. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Put one term into each gap A. osteoporosis B. overdose C. parathyroid D. plague E. precursors F.rickets G. scurvy H.substrate I.sunscreen J. tuberculosis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 .

Accidental drug _______ may be the result of misuse of prescription medicines or commonly used medications like pain relievers and cold tablets. In biochemistry, a _______ is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. _______ is the silent disease that makes bones prone to fracture and is a major public health threat for more than 28 million Americans. _______ hormone is the most important endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid. Persons with a history of intravenous drug abuse also are more likely to have _______ of the lungs. _______ is a disease of rodents that can be spread to humans another animals by infected fleas. _______ is a disorder primarily caused by lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate, which leads to softening and weakening of the bones. _______ was a serious problem in the past, when fresh fruitsand vegetables were not available during the winter in many parts of the world. _______ can be applied to the bridge of the nose, ear tips, skin surrounding the lips, and any area where pigmentation is low. The _______ of vitamin A (retinol) are the carotenoids (most commonly beta-carotene).

V. REWRITING Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the given initials. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Organisms causing an infectious disease in a host with depressed resistance are classified as opportunistic pathogens.  Organisms that _______ Malaria is caused by Plasmodial parasites.  Plasmodial parasites are _______ You should take care of yourself so that a disease has less of an effect on your body.  You should take care of yourself in _______ An area near the center of the retina of the eye is responsible for fine or reading vision.  An area near the center of the retina of the eye is involved _______ Although there are many claims of nutritional cures, there is no reliable proof of their effectiveness.  Despite _______

VI. LISTENING 3

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Diseases can cause many problems. Alzheimer's disease makes people have problems with their _______(1). Even easy tasks are _______(2) to do. A German doctor discovered the disease in _______(3). Back then, it was considered a _______(4) disease. Today, it is known to be more _______(5). Alzheimer's disease attacks the _______(6). It slowly destroys a person's _______(7). It changes their thinking and the way they act. About 4 million American adults have this disease. At times, a person with this disease can become confused. They can have a hard time trying to _______(8). Sometimes they forget where they are. Sometimes they do not remember their own _______(9). Eventually, people who have this disease can no longer take care of themselves. Alzheimer's disease cannot be cured, but it can get better with treatment. It is important to see a _______(10) doctor if you have this disease.

6. 2. Listen to the story and answer the questions. 1 2 3 4 5

How many people died of skin cancer this year? A. 900 B. 1900 C. 9000 How many types of cancer are mentioned? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 Your chances of skin cancer are higher if you _______. A. have light-colored skin B. have black eyes C. have black hair D. are fat If found and treated early about _______ victim of skin cancer can be cured. A. 18% B. 28% C. 80% How many therapies for skin cancer are mentioned here? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3

D. 90,000 D. 4

D. 78% D. 4

UNIT 4 DIABETES I. CLOZE TESTS 1.1. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. blindness, B. developed, C. glucose, D. hyperglycemia, E. incurable, F. interaction, G. leading, H. pregnancy, I. renal, J. single Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by _________(1) (high glucose blood sugar), among other signs. The World Health Organization recognizes three main forms of diabetes: type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes (or type 3, occurring during _________(2)). Although these share MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected] 21

signs and symptoms, they have different causes and population distributions. They are not a _________(3) disease or condition. Type 1 is generally due to autoimmune destruction of the insulinproducing cells — pancreatic beta cells — while type 2 is characterized by tissue wide insulin resistance and varies widely. Gestational diabetes is due to a poorly understood _________(4) between fetal needs and maternal metabolic controls. Type 2 sometimes progresses to loss of beta cell function as well. Since the first use of insulin (1921) Types 1 and 2 have been _________(5), but treatable chronic conditions; gestational diabetes typically resolves with delivery. Aside from acute _________(6) levels abnormalities, the main risks to health are the characteristic long-term complications. These include cardiovascular disease, chronic _________(7) failure (the main cause of dialysis in developed world adults), retinal damage (which can lead to _________(8) and is the most significant cause of adult blindness in the non-elderly in the _________(9) world), nerve damage, microvascular damage, the _________(10) cause of non-traumatic amputation in developed world adults. abnormality adult amputation aside from autoimmune blindness cardiovascular characterize chronic complication delivery dialysis

bất thường người lớn cắt cụt (chi) ngoài, bên cạnh tự miễn mù thuộc tim mạch đặc trưng mạn tính biến chứng sinh, cuộc sinh thấm tách

distribution failure gestational diabetes interaction loss metabolic pregnancy renal resolve retinal damage traumatic typically

phân bố, phân phối suy đái dường thai nghén tương tác mất chuyển hoá mang thai thuộc thận hồi phục tổn thương võng mạc thuộc chấn thương thông thường

1.2. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. attracted, B. dependent, C. excessive, D. kidney, E. mean, F. named, G. related, H. sweet, I. tasting, J. urine Diabetes mellitus - Terminology The term diabetes (Greek: διαβήτης) was coined by Aretaeus of Cappadocia. It is derived from the Greek word διαβαίνειν, diabaínein that literally means "passing through," a reference to one of diabetes' major symptoms - _________(1) urine production. In 1675 Thomas Willis added mellitus from the Latin word meaning a sweet taste. This had been noticed long before in ancient times by the Greeks, Chinese, Egyptians, and Indians. In 1776 Matthew Dobson confirmed the _________(2) taste was because of an excess of a kind of sugar in the _________(3) and blood of people with diabetes. The ancient Indians tested for diabetes by observing whether ants were _________(4) to a person's urine, and called the ailment "sweet urine disease". The Korean, Chinese and Japanese words for diabetes all _________(5) "sweet urine disease". Medieval European doctors tested for it by _________(6) the urine themselves. While the term, diabetes, usually refers to diabetes mellitus, there are several other, rarer, conditions also _________(7) diabetes. The most common of these is diabetes insipidus, in which the urine is not sweet; it can be caused by either _________(8) (nephrogenic DI) or pituitary gland (central DI) damage. The term "type 1diabetes" has universally replaced several former terms, including childhood onset diabetes, juvenile diabetes and insulin dependent diabetes. "Type 2 diabetes" has also replaced several older terms, including adult-onset diabetes, obesity _________(9) diabetes, and non-insulin dependent diabetes. Beyond these numbers, there is no standard, so a type 2 who has become insulin _________(10) has sometimes been called type 3, while the same term is also used for gestational diabetes in some cases. A. attracted, B. dependent, C. excessive, D. kidney, E. mean, F. named, G. related, H. sweet, I. tasting, J. urine, ailment

bệnh

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literally 22

theo nghĩa đen

ancient times attract coin confirm derive from diabetes insipidus excessive juvenile

thời cổ đại thu hút tạo ra thừa nhận, khẳng định xuất phát từ đái tháo nhạt thừa thanh thiếu niên

Medieval nephrogenic obesity observe onset pituitary gland refer to universally

thuộc thời Trung cổ do thận chứng mập phì quan sát sự khởi, phát bệnh tuyến yên đề cập đến phổ biến

1. 3. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. accumulated, B. addition, C. associated, D. consumption, E. elevated, F. levels, G. prevented, H. preventive, I. protective, J. reliable Diabetes - Prevention As little is known on the exact mechanism by which type 1 diabetes develops, there are no _________(1) measures available for that form of diabetes. Some studies have attributed a _________(2) effect of breastfeeding on the development of type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can be _________(3) in many cases by making changes in diet and increasing physical activity. Some studies have shown delayed progression to diabetes through the use of metformin or valsartan. Breastfeeding might also be correlated with the prevention of type 2 of the disease in mothers. As of late 2006, although there are many claims of nutritional cures, there is no _________(4) proof of their effectiveness. In _________(5), despite claims by some that vaccinations may cause diabetes, there are no studies proving any such connection. Individuals with _________(6) levels of persistent organic pollutants (DDT, dioxins, Chlordane…) in their body are 38 times more likely to have diabetes than individuals with low _________(7) of these pollutants, according to a Korean study. Among study participants, obesity was _________(8) with diabetes only in people who was tested high for these pollutants. These pollutants are _________(9) in animal fats, so minimizing _________(10) of animal fats may reduce the risk of diabetes. accumulate tích lũy minimize giảm tới mức tối thiểu attribute cho là, quy cho participant người tham gia claim sự cáo buộc , cho rằng persistent lâu dài, bền bĩ correlate tương quan pollutant chất gây ô nhiễm delay chậm, trì hoãn reduce làm giảm elevate gia tăng reliable đáng tin vậy

II. READING PASSAGES Read the passages and answer the questions below. 2.1. PASSAGE 1: Types of Diabetes Diabetes mellitus is a disorder that is marked by elevated blood glucose (commonly referred to as blood sugar). A large portion of the food that we eat is converted by the body into glucose. The blood delivers glucose throughout the body, but the hormone insulin is needed in order for it to be transported into most cells. Insulin comes from the pancreas. If the pancreas does not make sufficient insulin or cells are resistant to its activity of promoting glucose uptake, the blood glucose level becomes elevated. Type I diabetes represents approximately 5-10% of diabetic patients. It usually has a rapid onset and most frequently manifest in children and adolescents. Because the body cannot use dietary glucose, the level in the blood is elevated and excess glucose is lost in the urine, causing weakness, thirst and hunger. The treatment for type I diabetes is insulin replacement. MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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Type II diabetes is found in some 120 million adults, who are able to produce insulin but the liver and body cells are resistant to its actions. Some type II diabetics can be effectively treated with diet alone, but many require oral medications. Historically, this has been thought of as maturity onset diabetes because it tends to occur after age 50, but there has been a dramatic increase in the number of adolescents with the disease. This is thought to be due to increased obesity and decreased physical activity in this age group. The major complication of diabetes is damage to the heart and blood vessels, which can cause heart attacks, strokes, and poor circulation. The effects on blood vessels also increase the risk of developing high blood pressure (hypertension). Diabetics have an increased risk of eye disease. Damage to the retina associated with diabetes is the leading cause of blindness in adults under age 65 in the US. When blood glucose is high, nerve cells swell and scar. The disease associated with damage to the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord is referred to as peripheral neuropathy. The most common type of neuropathy in diabetics involves impairment of sensory nerves. Impaired nerve signals to the brain about sensations such as the detection of heat or pain may lead to burns or undetected cuts that can become infected. If untreated, infected foot and leg ulcers can spread to the bone and may require amputation. Burning, pain or tingling sensations in the hands, legs and feet are also common. adolescent convert detection dietary impairment peripheral neuropathy promote

1.

2. 3. 4.

5.

6.

7.

8. 9.

vị thành niên chuyển đổi theo dõi thuộc chế độ ăn suy yếu đau thần kinh ngoại vi gia tăng, tăng cường

scar sensation swell thirst tingling sensation ulcer uptake

sẹo, thành sẹo cảm giác sưng khát cảm giác đau nhói loét sự hấp thu

Insulin is used to _________. A. break down glucose. B. change food into glucose. C. transport glucose into cells. D. make glucose. Insulin is made by this organ _________. A. liver B. brain C. pancreas D. heart When blood sugar levels are elevated, glucose is lost through the _______. A. urine B. blood C. pancreas D. liver The treatment for type I diabetes is _________. A. controlling diet. B. drinking lots of water. C. increased exercise. D. insulin replacement. The treatment for type II diabetes is _________. A. controlling diet. B. drinking lots of water. C. increased exercise. D. insulin replacement. Type II diabetes is increasing in adolescents because of _________ A. increased obesity. B. decreased physical activity. C. both of these D. none of these The major complication of diabetes is _________. A. damage to the eyes. B. nerve damage. C. damage to the heart and blood vessels. D. damage to the kidneys. A disease damaging nerves outside the brain and spinal cord ________. A. diabetes. B. hypertension. C. stroke. D. neuropathy. A diabetic may be forced to have an amputation if_________ A. infection begins. B. hypertension begins. C. poor circulation develops. D. infection spreads to the bone.

2.2. PASSAGE 2: Type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes is the most common of the two forms of diabetes, affecting 90% or greater of the people with diabetes. In type 2 diabetes the pancreas produces insulin but the cells of the body become resistant or the amount of insulin produced is not enough. Glucose builds up in the blood stream (hyperglycemia) and the cells of the body are unable to function properly. MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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Type 2 diabetes can affect anyone at any age but is more common in overweight populations, people with a family history of type 2 diabetes, the elderly, and people with metabolic syndrome (problems with hypertension and cholesterol issues.) Some life-threatening problems that can occur with uncontrolled blood glucose levels. Retinopathy is caused by damage to the small blood vessels of the retina. These blood vessels begin to leak fluid into the retina, which leads to blurred vision. Kidney damage is caused by destruction of the small vessels in the nephrons allowing protein to flow into the urine. As this neuropathy continues, the function of the kidney declines and leads to kidney failure and end-stage kidney disease. Circulatory problems and nerve damage are cause by a hardening of the arteries. This causes loss of sensation, risk of ulcers, infection and can lead to amputation. 51 What is the problem with insulin in type 2 diabetes? . A. The pancreas stops producing insulin. B. The body cells are resistant to insulin. C. There is not enough insulin. D. B&C 52 What populations are most likely to get type 2 diabetes? . A. too fat people B. too tall people C. young people D. All of these 53 What causes retinopathy in diabetes patients? . A. Damage to retina capillaries B. Damage to retina fluid C. Damage to the kidneys D. Metabolic syndrome 54 What causes kidney damage in diabetes patients? . A. Damage to small vessels in the nephrons B. Damage to small vessels in the liver C. Damage to small vessels in the retina D. Damage to small vessels in the stomach 55 What causes the circulatory problems in diabetes patients? . A. hardening of the arteries B. loss of sensation C. ulcers D. All of the

III. STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY Choose the best answer among A, B, C, and D.

1.

2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8.

9. 10 .

Because the microbes and their hosts have co-evolved together, the hosts have gradually become resistant _________ the microorganisms. A. to B. with C. by D. for In people with allergies, the immune system becomes sensitive to normally _________ substances known as allergens. A. harmful B. harmless C. harm D. unharmed Central air conditioning also has the benefit of lowering the humidity within the home. A. fresh air B. ventilation C. temperature D. moisture This test is less convenient to administer. A. effective B. appropriate C. harmful D. complicated Sometimes disability is caused by abnormal genes inherited from parents A. separated B. received C. resulted D. suffered Unless the HIV lifecycle is interrupted by treatment, the virus infection spreads throughout the body and results in the destruction of the body's immune system. A. stopped B. intensified C. increased D. relieved A possible source for the misconception holds that AIDS infects only homosexual men A. misuse B. incorrect use C. incorrect view D. abuse In early childhood mild disability (IQ 60–70) may not be obvious, and may not be diagnosed until they begin school. A. clean B. clear C. bright D. light Symptoms are not localized to one particular site. A. sensitive B. insensitive C. specific D. unspecific The misconceptions prevent many people _________ HIV testing. A. to seek B. seeking C. in seeking D. from seeking

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IV. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Put one term in each gap A. adrenalin B. allergic C. allergy D. alternative E. antibodies F. antihistamine G. threshold H. ultraviolet I. viscera J. vomit 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 .

An _______ is a drug that blocks the receptor on the smooth muscle known as H1 Complementary and _______ medicine is a group of medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine. In Chinese medicine, the internal organs in a human body can be classified into five _______ organs (Wu Zang) and six bowel organs (Liu Fu). Long-term exposure to _______ irradiation from sunlight causes premature skin aging (photoaging), characterized in part by wrinkles, altered pigmentation, and loss of skin tone. People tend to diagnose themselves, believing they have _______ reactions to certain foods or food ingredients. The body’s immune system recognizes an allergen in a food as foreign and produces _______ to cope with the “invasion.” The feeling that one is about to _______ is called nausea. The level below which all sounds are inaudible to the human ear is called the _______ of hearing. While pollen or other environmental sources are typical allergens causing a lot of discomfort during spring, summer, and fall, food _______ is one condition that knows no season. In case of anaphylactic shock _______ can be injected subcutaneous or intravenously using doses of 0.2 - 0.5 mg, maximally - up to 1 mg.

V. REWRITING Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the given initials.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Despite the fact that over three hundred years have passed since the discovery of microbes, the field of microbiology is clearly in its infancy relative to other biological disciplines  Although _______ Bacteria were first observed by Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using a single-lens microscope  Leeuwenhoek _______ The first microbiological observation was made by Robert Hooke.  Robert hook was the _______ Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and Robert Koch (1843-1910) are often considered to be the founders of medical microbiology. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and Robert Koch (1843-1910) are regarded _______ Robert Koch is famous for his contributions to the germ theory of disease. Robert Koch is best-_______

VI. LISTENING 4 Listen and complete the text with what you hear.

Diabetes -- What Is It? To have _______(1) you need sugar, so there's a little bit of sugar in your blood at all times. Your body uses a _______(2) called "insulin" to let this sugar into your cells. Insulin is produced in the pancreas, which is an organ that sits behind your stomach. Most cells in your body have insulin receptors on their outer _______(3). Insulin fits into these receptors like a key opening a lock. When this connection is made, it signals special transporter MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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proteins to move up to the cell membrane, where they allow more sugar _______(4) to enter the cell. This sugar fuels your body's cells, giving them the energy they need to work properly and _______(5) themselves. Normally, your body is able to maintain proper levels of sugar in your blood and inside your cells. But in people with diabetes, the body's cells stay locked and sugar can't get in to provide energy. This causes too much sugar to _______(6) in the blood. Over time, high levels of sugar in the blood can lead to serious health problems in the eyes, feet and hands, _______(7), and heart. There are two main types of diabetes -- type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes usually begins in young children and _______(8). People with this type of diabetes have a pancreas that doesn't produce enough insulin -- or stops producing it altogether. This means they need to have insulin shots on a _______(9) basis to help keep their blood sugar at the right level. Type 2 diabetes happens in people whose pancreas DOES make insulin. But in a person with this type of diabetes, the insulin receptors on the cells' surface become less _______(10). Since the receptors don't respond to the insulin anymore, sugar stays locked out of the cells and _______(11) in the blood. Type 2 diabetes is usually seen in older people. Also, things like being overweight and _______(12) can make a person more likely to get type 2 diabetes. This is especially true for those who are African American or Hispanic.

UNIT 5 MENTAL RETARDATION I. CLOZE TESTS 1.1. Fill each of the gaps with one word of your own. What Is Mental Retardation? To understand mental retardation, it helps to know what intelligence is. Intelligence is a way of describing someone's ability to think, learn, and solve problems. Mental retardation means that someone has _______(1) than average intelligence. The person may have _______(2) learning and might need longer to learn social skills, such as how to be friends or how to communicate _______(3) others. People with mental retardation also might be less able to care for themselves or unable to live _______(4) their own as adults. During school, a kid _______(5) mental retardation will probably need help. Some kids have aides that stay with them during the school day. Special education and other services are available to help with learning and behavior. They can also receive help in learning "life skills” to take _______(6) of themselves as they get older, such as how to ride a public bus to get to work. More and more people with mental retardation are _______(7) to have jobs and to live independently. Mental retardation is not a disease itself. It occurs when something injures the brain or a problem prevents the brain _______(8) developing normally. These problems can happen while the baby is growing inside his or her mother, during the baby's birth, or after the baby is born. Some medicines can cause serious problems if a woman takes them when she is going to have a baby. A woman also can put her baby _______(9) risk of mental retardation if she drinks alcohol or takes certain drugs _______(10) her pregnancy. aide

sự trợ giúp

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behavior 27

hành vi

available independently

có sẵn độc lập

risk pregnancy

nguy cơ sự mang thai

1.2. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. adults, B. considered, C. diagnosed, D. distinguish, E. encounter, F. join, G. life, H. services, I. solving, J. speaking, Children with developmental disabilities may learn to sit up, to crawl, or to walk later than other children, or they may learn to talk later. Both _________(1) and children with intellectual disabilities may also have trouble _________(2), find it hard to remember things, have trouble understanding social rules, have trouble discerning cause and effect, have trouble _________(3) problems and thinking logically. In early childhood mild disability (IQ 60–70) may not be obvious, and may not be _________(4) until they begin school. Even when poor academic performance is recognized, it may take expert assessment to _________(5) mild mental disability from learning disability or behavior problems. As they become adults, many people can live independently and may be _________(6) by others in their community as "slow" rather than "retarded". Moderate disability (IQ 50–60) is nearly always obvious within the first years of _________(7). These people will _________(8) difficulty in school, at home, and in the community. In many cases they will need to _________(9) special classes in school, but they can still progress to become functioning members of society. As adults they may live with their parents, in a supportive group home, or even semi-independently with significant supportive _________(10) to help them, for example, manage their finances. Among people with intellectual disabilities, only about one in eight will score below 50 on IQ tests. A person with a more severe disability will need more intensive support and supervision his or her entire life. academic thành tích học tập intensive support hỗ trợ tích cực performance behavior hành vi manage finance quản lý tài chính community cộng đồng mental disability thiểu năng tâm thần crawl bò, trườn mild nhẹ discern phân biệt obvious rõ ràng, hiển nhiên encounter gặp phải score điểm số expert assessment đánh giá chuyên môn supervision giám sát intellectual trí tuệ, trí thức supportive group nhóm hỗ trợ

1.3. Fill each of the gaps with one word of your own. Causes of mental retardation Genetic conditions: Sometimes disability is caused _________(1) abnormal genes inherited _________(2) parents, errors when genes combine, or other reasons. Examples of genetic conditions include Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and phenylketonuria (PKU). Problems during pregnancy: Mental disability can result when the fetus does not develop inside the mother properly. _________(3) example, there may be a problem with the way the fetus's cells divide as it grows. A woman who drinks alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome) or gets an infection like rubella during pregnancy may also have a baby _________(4) mental disability. Problems at birth: If a baby has problems during labor and birth, _________(5) as not getting enough oxygen, he or she may have developmental disability _________(6) to brain damage. The use of forceps during birth can lead _________(7) mental retardation in an otherwise normal child. They can fracture the skull and cause brain damage. Health problems: Diseases like whooping cough, measles, or meningitis can cause mental disability. It can also be caused by extreme malnutrition, not getting enough medical care, or by being exposed _________(8) poisons like lead or mercury. Iodine deficiency, affecting approximately 2 billion people worldwide, is the leading preventable cause of mental disability in areas of the developing world where iodine deficiency is endemic. Iodine deficiency also causes goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland. Among the nations affected _________ (9) iodine deficiency, China and Vietnam have begun taking action. MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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Institutionalisation at a young age can cause mental retardation in normal children. So can sensory deprivation _________(10) the form of severe environmental restrictions (such as being locked in a basement), prolonged isolation, or severe atypical parent-child interactions. Psycho-social disadvantage: Contributing factors are lacks of reading material, use of language not common in that community, poor diet, poor health practices, and poor housing. atypical không điển hình lead chì deprive, deprivation tước bỏ measles sởi endemic bệnh dịch meningitis viêm màng não error sai lạc, sai sót mercury thuỷ ngân exposed to tiếp xúc với otherwise nếu khác đi extreme malnutrition suy dưỡng trầm trọng phenylketonuria Axit phenylpyruvic-niệu fetus thai poison chất độc forceps phuốc-xép prolonged isolation cách ly lâu ngày fracture làm gãy restriction hạn chế fragile dễ vỡ, mong manh rubella bệnh sởi ru-be-on goiter bướu severe nặng, trầm trọng labor sinh đẻ whooping cough ho gà

II. READING PASSAGES Read the passages and answer the questions below. 2.1. PASSAGE 1: DEMENTIA Dementia is a medical term for mental deterioration (worsening), especially in thought and memory processes. Such worsening of mental condition can be caused by infection, injury, toxins from alcoholism and tumors, and cerebral arteriosclerosis (clogging of small arteries in the brain). The presenile dementias (Alzheimer’s disease) represent a group of degenerative diseases of the brain in which the mental deterioration becomes obvious in the middle age (around 45). Commonly, the first symptom is the patient becomes unusually unreasonable in his actions and judgements. He can no longer fully understand a situation at hand; and therefore, reacts inappropriately. Memory gradually fades and recent events are no longer remembered. However, events that occurred early in life can easily be recalled. The patient may move around aimlessly and get lost in his own house. There is a progressive deterioration of personal care and cleanliness. Eventually, the patient loses his command over language and is unable to express himself clearly. This process, unfortunately, continues weakening the patient’s muscular system to the extent that he is finally confined to bed, completely helpless and dependent on others until he dies. The mental deterioration in aged patients (above 60) is known as senile dementia. Whether it is caused by the degenerative processes of the brain or cerebral arteriosclerosis is not clear yet. However, it does appear that senile dementia is probably secondary to a degenerative process similar to that of Alzheimer’s disease but occurring late in life. Whether or not dementia can be halted depends very much on its cause. If, for example, the dementia is the result of some brain infection or exposure to toxins from alcohol or any other drug, killing the infectious agent or removing the toxins may be very useful in arresting it. There is no specific cure for any of the degenerative diseases of the brain. A. Circle the letter of the best answer. 1. The word ‘it’ refers to _______ A. presenile dementia C. senile dementia 2. Presenile dementia can be caused by _______ A. mental deterioration B. old age MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected] 29

B. brain D. the mental deterioration C. memory loss

D. cerebral tumors

3. 4.

5.

6.

The topic of the last paragraph is _______ A. Causes of Dementia B. Treatment of Dementia C. Presenile Dementia D. Senile Dementia Senile dementia is similar to Alzheimer’s disease in that it _______. A. is secondary to brain infection B. occurs late in life C. is secondary to cerebral arteriosclerosis. D. may be secondary to a degenerative process One of the latest symptoms of dementia is _______ A. the patient’s inability to understand a given situation B. the patient reacts unreasonably to a situation C. the patient forgets recent events D. the patient’s inability to talk properly Both presenile and senile dementias are alike in that they _______. A. lead to cerebral arteriosclerosis B. cause mental deterioration C. occur late in life D. result in brain injury

B. Match the following causes to their effects. Put the letter in the blanks. 1. CAUSE EFFECT 2. ____ removal of toxins from the patient A. confinement to bed and complete helplessness 3. ____ memory loss B. deterioration of thought and memory process 4. ____ physical weakness C. making wrong judgements 5. ____ inability to think clearly D. inability to remember recent events 6. ____ infection, injury, toxins, tumors etc. E. arrest of dementia due to poisoning

2.2. PASSAGE 2:

Lead poisoning

Lead poisoning in children is a major health concern. Both low and high doses of paint can have serious effects. Children exposed to high doses of lead often suffer permanent nerve damage, mental retardation, blindness, and even death. Low doses of lead can lead to mild mental retardation, short attention spans, distractibility, poor academic performance, and behavioural problems. This is not a new concern. As early as 1904, lead poisoning in children was linked to leadbased paint. Microscopic lead particles from paint are absorbed into the bloodstream when children ingest flakes of chipped paint, plaster, or paint dust from sanding. Lead can also enter the body through household dust, nail biting, thumb sucking, or chewing on toys and other objects painted with lead-based paint. Although American paint companies today must comply with strict regulations regarding the amount of lead used in their paint, this source of lead poisoning is still the most common and most dangerous. Children living in older, dilapidated houses are particularly at risk. absorb attention span chipped paint concern dilapidated 1.

hấp thu thời gian chú ý sơn bong quan tâm dột nát

distractibility flake ingest microscopic particle plaster

mất khả năng tập trung mảnh, mẩu ăn vào, nuốt vào hạt vi thể, cực nhỏ vữa

What is the main topic of the passage? A. problems with household paint B. major health concerns for children C. lead poisoning in children D. lead paint in older homes 2. As used in paragraph 1, which of the following is closest in meaning to the word academic? A. experience B. educational C. scholarship D. scientific 3. The word spans is closest in meaning to which of the following? A. durations B. distances C. visions D. lengths MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected] 30

4.

5.

According to the passage, what is the most common source of lead poisoning in children? A. household dust B. lead-based paint C. painted toys D. dilapidated houses What does the author imply in the final sentence of the passage? A. Lead-based paint chips off more easily than newer paints. B. Poor people did not comply with the regulations. C. Old homes were painted with lead-based paints. D. Old homes need to be rebuilt in order to be safe for children.

III. STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY Choose the best answer among A, B, C, and D.

1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8.

9. 10 .

This results in the previously described symptoms of dyspnea. A. early B. earlier C. before D. prior Some studies have attributed a protective effect of breastfeeding on the development of type 1 diabetes. A. defensive B. offensive C. relative D. selective It is an inappropriate antibody reaction _________ normal proteins found on beta cells A. on B. with C. for D. to Some physicians recommend a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin C. A. command B. demand C. suggest D. allow Chlorampheramine relieves the symptoms of a hay fever. A. increases B. lessens C. maintains D. expresses When the pancreases of dogs were removed, the dogs developed all the signs and symptoms of diabetes A. treated B. operated on C. taken away D. transplanted Accidents are responsible _________ 10,000 deaths a year across England. A. to B. for C. of D. with In some cases (particularly in children), people may outgrow an allergy as the immune system becomes less sensitive _________ the allergen. A. of B. at C. to D. with Vitamin supplements are part of the solution to prevent nutrition deficiencies. A. unavailability B. insufficiencies C. inconvenience D. decalcification This occurs when the normally sterile lower urinary tract (urethra and bladder) is infected by bacteria. A. bacteria-infected B. fertile C. bacteria-free D. anaerobic

IV. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Put one term in each gap A. antiseptics B. antiserum C. antiserum D. autoimmune E. asthma F. basophils G. bronchoconstriction H. coma I. conjunctiva J. chronic

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

The _______ also secretes oils and mucous that moisten and lubricate the eye. A _______ tumor is basically a tumor that doesn't come back and doesn't spread to other parts of the body. _______ and disinfectants are extensively used in hospitals and other health care settings for a variety of topical and hard-surface applications. _______ is used to pass on passive immunity to many diseases. _______ diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, respiratory diseases and diabetes, are by far the leading cause of mortality in the world. _______ can be caused by an underlying illness, or it can result from head trauma.

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7. 8. 9. 10 .

his narrowing of the airways is known as _______ . Along with inflammation of the airways, it leads to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing… If you have an _______ disease, your immune system attacks itself by mistake, and you can get sick. If you have _______, you are two to three times more likely to be allergic to a pet than someone who doesn't have it. Mast cells and _______ play a central role in inflammatory and immediate allergic reactions.

V. REWRITING Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the given initials.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Koch was one of the first scientists who focused on the isolation of bacteria.  Koch was one of the first scientists _______ Pollens of insect-pollinated plants are too large to remain airborne and pose no risk.  Pollens of insect-pollinated plants are so _______ It is important that people use new or properly sterilized needles for each injection.  It is important that new or properly sterilized needles _______ IgG is present in the body, known to respond to foods.  IgG is present in the body and _______ Allergies are caused by an oversensitive immune system, leading to a misdirected immune response.  Allergies are caused by an oversensitive immune system and _______

VI. LÍSTENING LISTENING 5 6.1. Listen and complete the text with what you hear. Body Scan Sometimes it takes many _______(1) for diseases to be found. Now there is a way to look for them before someone is feeling sick. Some illnesses can be found and _______(2) very early by having a body scan. Body scans allow doctors to look into a person’s body. They can see bones, _______(3), and blood vessels. By looking into a person’s body like this doctors can sometimes see how _______(4) a person is. People that have a family _______(5) of illness might want to have a body scan. Others that are young and healthy would _______(6) not need one. Some people have body scans because it makes them feel more secure. Many doctors do not think everyone should have body scans. Body scans are _______(7). They are often not necessary. Sometimes body scans can be _______(8). When this happens it can cause a lot of unnecessary worry. Body scans can be very _______(9) to doctors and patients. They can help find diseases at early stages. If diseases are found early they can be treated more _______(10). It would be a good idea to talk to a doctor before spending money on one.

LISTENING 6 6.2. Listen and answer the questions. 1 2 3

Choking is the _______ leading cause of death in young children. A. first B. second C. third Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of choking? A. toys B. jewelry C. coins What kind of food is mentioned as a cause of choking? A. bread B. carrots C. cakes

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D. fourth D. chalk D. banana

4

To ensure safety for your child you should _______. A. not let him/her run with anything in his or her mouth. B. not let your child lie down while eating C. not leave him/her alone with a propped up bottle. D. All of these

unit 6

heart diseases

I. CLOZE TESTS 1.1. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. affect, B. caused, C. hereditary, D. include, E. hypertensive, F. known, G. leading, H. suggests, I. supply, J. surrounding Heart disease is an umbrella term for a number of different diseases which _________(1) the heart. The most common heart diseases are: Coronary heart disease, a disease of the heart itself _________(2) by the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the arteries that _________(3) the myocardium Ischaemic heart disease, another disease of the heart itself, characterized by reduced blood supply to the organ. Cardiovascular disease, a sub-umbrella term for a number of diseases that affect the heart itself and/or the blood vessel system, especially the veins and arteries _________(4) to and from the heart. Research on disease dimorphism _________(5) that women who suffer with cardiovascular disease usually suffer from forms that affect the blood vessels while men usually suffer from forms that affect the heart muscle itself. Well- _________(6) causes of cardiovascular disease _________(7) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. - Pulmonary heart disease, a failure of the right side of the heart. - _________(8) heart disease, heart disease caused by unavoidable genetic factors - _________(9) heart disease, heart disease caused by high blood pressure, especially localised high blood pressure - Inflammatory heart disease, heart disease that involves inflammation of the heart muscle and/or the tissue _________(10) it. - Valvular heart disease, heart disease that affects the valves of the heart. accumulation atheromatous plaque coronary heart disease

tích luỹ mảng vữa mạch bệnh mạch vành

MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

ischaemia localise myocardium 33

thiếu máu cục bộ khu trú cơ tim

dimorphism hereditary

tính lưỡng hình di truyền

pulmonary heart disease umbrella term

hypercholesterolemia hypertensive

tăng cholesterol máu cao huyết áp

unavoidable

bệnh tâm phế thuật ngữ bao trùm, chung không tránh được

1. 2. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. artery, B. buildup, C. decades, D. death, E.evidence, F. flow, G. myocardium, H. period, I. reason, J. symptoms

Coronary heart disease and atherosclerotic heart disease Coronary heart disease (CHD), also called coronary _________(1) disease (CAD) and atherosclerotic heart disease, is the end result of the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the _________(2) (the muscle of the heart). While the _________(3) and signs of coronary heart disease are noted in the advanced state of disease, most individuals with coronary heart disease show no evidence of disease for _________(4) as the disease progresses before the first onset of symptoms, often a "sudden" heart attack, finally arise. After decades of progression, some of these atheromatous plaques may rupture and (along with the activation of the blood clotting system) start limiting blood _________(5) to the heart muscle. The disease is the most common cause of sudden _________(6), and is also the most common _________(7) for death of men and women over 65 years of age. Atherosclerotic heart disease can be thought of as a wide spectrum of disease of the heart. At one end of the spectrum is the asymptomatic individual with atheromatous streaks within the walls of the coronary arteries (the arteries of the heart). These streaks represent the early stage of atherosclerotic heart disease and do not obstruct the flow of blood. A coronary angiogram performed during this stage of disease may not show any _________(8) of coronary artery disease, because the lumen of the coronary artery has not decreased in calibre. Over a _________(9) of many years, these streaks increase in thickness. While the atheromatous plaques initially expand into the walls of the arteries, eventually they will expand into the lumen of the vessel, affecting the flow of blood through the arteries. While it was originally believed that the growth of atheromatous plaques was a slow, gradual process, some recent evidence suggests that the gradual _________(10) of plaque may be complemented by small plaque ruptures which cause the sudden increase in the plaque burden due to accumulation of thrombus material. asymptomatic atheromatous streak atherosclerotic blood clotting system burden complement evidence expand

không triệu chứng dải vữa mạch vữa xơ động mạch hệ đông máu gánh nặng bổ sung bằng chứng mở rộng

gradual heart attack initially lumen of the vessel progress rupture spectrum thrombus material

dần dần cơn đau tim đột ngột lúc đầu lòng mạch tiến triển rách, gãy, đứt, thoát vị phổ, phạm vi huyết khối, cục máu đông

Intravascular ultrasound image of a coronary artery (left), with color coding on the right, showing the lumen (yellow), external elastic membrane MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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(blue) and the atherosclerotic plaque burden (green). As the plaque burden increases, the lumen size will decrease.

1.3. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. considerably, B. differently, C. especially, D. long-acting, E. orally, F. regularly, G. severe, H. stable, I. usually, J. urgent Angina The pain associated with very advanced CHD is known as angina, and _________(1) presents as a sensation of pressure in the chest, arm pain, jaw pain, and other forms of discomfort. The word discomfort is preferred over the word pain for describing the sensation of angina, because it varies _________(2) among individuals in character and intensity and most people do not perceive angina as painful, unless it is _________(3). There is evidence that angina and CHD present _________(4) in women and men. Angina that occurs _________(5) with activity, upon awakening, or at other predictable times is termed _________(6) angina and is associated with high grade narrowings of the heart arteries. The symptoms of angina are often treated with nitrate preparations such as nitroglycerin, which come in shortacting and _________(7) forms, and may be administered transdermally, sublingually or _________(8). Many other more effective treatments, _________(9) of the underlying atheromatous disease, have been developed. Angina that changes in intensity, character or frequency is termed unstable. Unstable angina may precede myocardial infarction, and requires _________(10) medical attention. It is treated with morphine, oxygen, intravenous nitroglycerin, and aspirin. Interventional procedures such as angioplasty may be done.

activity angina angioplasty awaken character CHD chronical heart disease discomfort frequency high grade narrowing intensity intervention

hoạt động đau thắt ngực tạo hình mạch máu thức giấc đặc tính bệnh tim mạn

myocardial infarction perceive precede predictable preparation procedures

nhồi máu cơ tim cảm nhận xảy ra trước có thể đoán được chế phẩm thủ thuật

khó chịu tần số hẹp mức độ cao cường độ can thiệp

stable sublingually transdermally urgent

ổn định dưới lưỡi qua da khẩn cấp

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II. READING PASSAGES Read the passages and answer the questions below. 2.1. PASSAGE 1: Heart disease and life style As heart disease continues to be the number-one killer in the United States, researchers have become increasingly interested in identifying the potential risk factors that trigger heart attacks. High-fat diets and "life in the fast lane" have long been known to contribute to the high incidence of heart failure. But according to new studies, the list of risk factors may be significantly longer and quite surprising. Heart failure, for example, appears to have seasonal and temporal patterns. A higher percentage of heart attacks occur in cold weather, and more people experience heart failure on Monday than on any other day of the week. In addition, people are more susceptible to heart attacks in the first few hours after waking. Cardiologists first observed this morning phenomenon in the mid-1980, and have since discovered a number of possible causes. An earlymorning rise in blood pressure, heart rate, and concentration of heart stimulating hormones, plus a reduction of blood flow to the heart, may all contribute to the higher incidence of heart attacks between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m. In other studies, both birthdays and bachelorhood have been implicated as risk factors. Statistics reveal that heart attack rates increase significantly for both females and males in the few days immediately preceding and following their birthdays. And unmarried men are more at risk for heart attacks than their married counterparts. Though stress is thought to be linked in some way to all of the aforementioned risk factors, intense research continues in the hope of further comprehending why and how heart failure is triggered. Questions 1.

2. 3. 4.

5.

What does the passage mainly discuss? A. Risk factors in heart attacks B. Seasonal and temporal patterns of heart attacks C. Cardiology in the 1980s D. Diet and stress as factors in heart attacks The word potential in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by which of the following? A. harmful B. unknown C. primary D. possible The word trigger in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to which of the following? A. involve B. cause C. affect D. encounter According to the passage, which of the following is not possible cause of many heart attacks? A. Decreased blood flow of the heart B. Increased blood pressure C. Lower heart rate D. Increase in hormones The word phenomenon in paragraph 2 refers to which of the following? A. habit B. illness C. occurrence D. activity

2.2. PASSAGE 2: Arthritis MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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Arthritis is a general term that refers to over a hundred different types of joint inflammation. This joint inflammation causes swelling, pain and stiffness. The typical signs of arthritis are swelling of the joint that is warm to the touch, pain, tenderness, stiffness, redness and loss of function. Arthritis is not always limited to the joints of the body and can affect soft tissues and internal organs. In the joint, inflammation causes damage to the cartilage and synovial lining. When the cartilage is worn down, the bones may rub together. Damage to the synovial lining cause synovial fluid to leak and produce fluid in the joint lining. This adds to the swelling. If the joint lining continues to grow, it can permanently damage the bone. All of this causes pain, swelling and distress for the patient. The most common types of arthritis are: Osteoarthritis. This is the most prevalent. In osteoarthritis, the cartilage covering the bone slowly wears away with age and the bones rub together. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA.) In rheumatoid arthritis the body’s immune system begins to attack the joints of the body causing the joint lining to swell. Gout. Gout is a condition where the body cannot effectively remove uric acid and the uric acid crystallizes in the joints like needles, causing swelling and severe pain. Questions 51 What type of disease is arthritis? . A. Inflammation disease B. Muscle disease C. Acute disease D. All of these 52 How many common signs of arthritis are mentioned? . A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7 53 What happens when the cartilage is worn down? . A. the bones may be drier B. the bones may contact each other C. the bones may be thinner D. All of these 54 How many common types of arthritis are mentioned? . A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 55 Which type of arthritis is an autoimmune disease? . A. Osteoarthritis B. Rheumatoid C. Gout D. All of these

III. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Put one term in each gap A. conditions, B. dermatitis, C. dermatologist, D. desensitize, E. diagnosis F. differentiate, G. dyspnoea, H. eczema, I. edema, J. effector 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 .

A dermatologist’s examination must _______ this type of dermatitis from other skin from atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis… A molecule that binds to an enzyme with an effect on its catalytic activity, i.e. either an activator or inhibitor is a(n) _______. An accurate _______ must be made in order to obtain important medical information necessary to treat COPD. Diagnosing _______ can be difficult because it may be confused with other skin conditions such as contact dermatitis. _______, or shortness of breath, is one of the earliest and most common symptoms of heart disease. _______ means swelling caused by fluid in your body's tissues Immunotherapy comprises a series of shots given over time that can help _______ you to allergens. Your allergist can help you choose the right plan for you. Itching is a common symptom of eczema and other skin _______. Skin and soft tissue infections such as abscesses and _______ should be treated for 5–7 days Topical steroids may relieve itching, but their use should be prescribed by a(n) _______ to assure safe and effective use.

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IV. STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY Choose the best answer among A, B, C, and D.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 .

Which word is used to describe something not being done to the extreme? A. unconscious B. natural C. embarrassed D. moderate Which word is used in place of advise or insist? A. urge B. spread C. call for D. waste Which word is used in place of life-threatening? A. warning B. short of breath C. fatal D. resuscitation Which word means not absorbing food properly? A. discomfort B. indigestion C. embarrassment D. sweating When the pancreases of dogs were removed, the dogs developed all the signs and symptoms of diabetes A. treated B. operated on C. taken away D. transplanted Waste is released in water from factories and processing plants. A. dissolved B. disposed of C. transported D. treated Type 2 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin. A. shortage B. lot C. part D. great deal Tuberculosis sometimes causes mild fever in the afternoon. A. high B. slight C. light D. wild This results in the previously described symptoms of dyspnea. A. early B. earlier C. after D. prior The disease also causes decreased blood circulation in the limbs. A. hand B. foot C. hands and foots D. legs and arms

V. REWRITING Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the given initials.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The blood test may be helpful in determining specific allergen sensitivity.  The blood test may help …………………….. Someone allergic to birch pollen may also find that they have an allergic reaction to the skin of apples or potatoes.  Someone who ………….. This occurs because of similarities in the proteins of the pollen and the food.  This occurs because there ………………….. The goal of the treatment is to reduce allergy symptoms caused by the inflammation of affected tissues.  the treatment is aimed …………….. The goal of treatment is to reduce allergy symptoms caused by the inflammation of affected tissues.  The goal of treatment is to reduce allergy symptoms which ………………….

VI. LISTENING LISTENING 7 6. 1. Listen and complete the text with what you hear.

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Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Coronary heart disease is when the arteries that carry blood to the heart become blocked with cells, _______(1), and fatty deposits, called plaque. The purpose of the blood inside these vessels is to bring oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle. If an artery becomes narrowed or _______(2), oxygen and nutrients cannot be _______(3) to areas of the heart tissue. This can cause temporary changes to these areas. If heart tissue goes too long without oxygen or nutrients, heart tissue can die. This is called a heart _______(4). There are many tests available to look for coronary heart disease. The choice of which and how many tests to perform depends on your history of heart problems and current _______(5). If coronary heart disease is diagnosed there are many ways to _______(6) it. These can include lifestyle changes such as _______(7) exercise, changes in diet, and quitting smoking. Or you may need medication. However, medication can only help treat the symptoms of blocked coronary arteries, it cannot fix them. In more _______(8) cases of heart disease, surgery is needed to make a new path for blood, going around a narrowed or blocked vessel. This surgery is called coronary artery bypass graft. During coronary artery bypass graft surgery a blood vessel is taken from somewhere else in the body and is used to bypass a _______(9) or blocked vessel in the heart. This improves the blood _______(10) to the heart and in turn, improves the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle.

LÍSTENING 8 6.2. Listen and answer the questions. 1 2 3

4

5

The number of American people dying from smoking every year is _______. A. 90,000 B. 300,000 C. 930,000 D. 390,000 1 out of _______ deaths is caused by smoking tobacco. A. 4 B. 5. C. 6. D. 7 Which of the following is true? A. More women die from lung cancer than breast cancer. B. More women die from breast cancer than lung cancer. C. Breast cancer and lung cancer cause the same deaths of women. Children usually begin smoking _______. A. When they go to primary school. B. Before they go to high school. C. When they go to college. The most common diseases in both smoking men and women is _______. A. breast cancer B. lung cancer C. heart attack D. pneumonia

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UNIT 7

INFECTIOUS DISEASES I. CLOZE TESTS 1.1. Fill each gap with one of the words given in the box. A. agents, B. damages, C. capable, D. contact, E. describes, F. fluids, G. fungi, H. occur, I. results, J. synonymous Infectious disease and contagious disease An infectious disease is a clinically evident disease of humans or animals that _________(1) or injures the host so as to impair host function, and _________(2) from the presence and activity of one or more pathogenic microbial _________(3), including viruses, bacteria, _________(4), protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions. Transmission of an infectious disease may _________(5) through several pathways; including through _________(6) with infected individuals, by water, food, airborne inhalation, or through vector-borne spread. A contagious disease (also called a communicable disease) is an infectious disease that is _________(7) of being transmitted from one person or species to another. Contagious diseases are often spread through direct contact with an individual, contact with the bodily _________(8) of infected individuals, or with objects that the infected individual has contaminated. The term infectivity _________(9) the ability of an organism to enter, survive and multiply in the host, while the infectiousness of a disease indicates the comparative ease with which the disease is transmitted to other hosts. An infection however, is not _________(10) with an infectious disease; as an infection may not cause clinical symptoms or impair host function. aberrant protein clinically contagious = communicable contaminate evident impair

bất thường, sai lạc trên lâm sàng lây, truyền nhiễm làm nhiễm rõ rệt gây suy yếu

infectivity pathway species survive vector-borne spread

khả năng gây nhiễm khuẩn con đường, quá trình loài sống qua, sống sót lây truyền qua véc-tơ

prion /’pri:ən/ a protein particle that is believed to be the cause of brain diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalophathy (bệnh bò điên), scrapie (bệnh thần kinh của dê cừu). Prions are not visible microscopically, contain no nucleic acid, and are highly resistant to destruction. 1.2. Fill each gap with one of the words given in the box. A. cause, B. contact, C. defenses, D. disease, E. exposure, F. infect, G. microorganisms, H. occur, I. resist, J. tract Bacterial pathogens Among the almost infinite varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the _________(1) of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to _________(2) the pathogen. Infectious _________(3), or microbes, are therefore classified as either primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens according to the status of host defenses. Primary pathogens _________(4) disease as a result of their presence or activity within the normal, healthy host, and their intrinsic virulence (the severity of the disease they cause) is, in part, a necessary consequence of their need to reproduce and spread. Many of the most common primary pathogens of humans only _________(5) humans, however many serious diseases are caused by organisms acquired from the environment or which infect non-human hosts. MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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Organisms which cause an infectious _________(6) in a host with depressed resistance are classified as opportunistic pathogens. Opportunistic disease may be caused by microbes that are ordinarily in _________(7) with the host, such as bacteria or fungi in the gastrointestinal or the upper respiratory _________(8), and they may also result from microbes acquired from other hosts or from the environment as a result of traumatic introduction (as in surgical wound infections). An opportunistic disease requires impairment of host defenses, which may _________(9) as a result of genetic defects, exposure to antimicrobial drugs or immunosuppressive chemicals (as might occur following poisoning or cancer chemotherapy), _________(10) to ionizing radiation, or as a result of an infectious disease with immunosuppressive activity (such as with measles, malaria or HIV disease). Primary pathogens may also cause more severe disease in a host with depressed resistance than would normally occur in an immunosufficient host. A. cause, B. contact, C. defenses, D. disease, E. exposure, F. infect, G. microorganisms, H. occur, I. resist, J. tract acquire chemotherapy defense depressed immunosufficient immunosuppressive impairment infect

mắc phải, tập nhiễm hoá trị liệu phòng thủ, bảo vệ suy nhược, chán nản đủ khả năng miễn dịch ức chế miễn dịch suy yếu gây nhiễm trùng

interplay intrinsic opportunistic pathogen radiation resist, resistance status virulence

tác động lẫn nhau nội tại cơ hội tác nhân gây bệnh bức xạ đề kháng, chống lại tình trạng, trạng thái độc lực

1.3. Fill each gap with one of the words given in the box. A. encounters, B. introduce, C. manifested, D. mechanisms, E. parasitized, F. pathogens, G. symptoms, H. transmitted, I. vaccination, J. vector

Agents and vectors Infectious disease requires an agent and a mode of transmission (or vector). A good example is malaria, which is caused by Plasmodial parasites, chiefly Plasmodium falciparum but does not affect humans unless the _________(1), the Anopheles mosquito, is around to _________(2) the parasite into the human bloodstream. The vector does not have to be biological. Many infectious diseases are _________(3) by droplets which enter the airway (e.g. common cold and tuberculosis). Infection with most _________(4) does not result in death of the host and the offending organism is ultimately cleared after the symptoms of the disease have waned. This process requires immune _________(5) to kill or inactivate the inoculum of the pathogen. Specific acquired immunity against infectious diseases may be mediated by antibodies and/or T lymphocytes. Immunity mediated by these two factors may be _________(6) by: - a direct effect upon a pathogen, such as antibody-initiated complement-dependent bacteriolysis, phagocytosis and killing, as occurs for some bacteria, - neutralization of viruses so that these organisms cannot enter cells, - or by T lymphocytes which will kill a cell _________(7) by a microorganism. The immune response to a microorganism often causes _________(8) such as a high fever and inflammation, and has the potential to be more devastating than direct damage caused by a microbe. Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by _________(9). Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for opportunistic pathogens. Immune resistance to an infectious disease requires a critical level of either antigen-specific antibodies and/or T cells when the host _________(10) the pathogen. Some individuals develop natural serum antibodies to the surface polysaccharides of some agents although they have had little or no contact with the agent, these natural antibodies confer specific protection to adults and are passively transmitted to newborns. antibody-initiated do kháng thể khởi đầu inoculum chất tiêm truyền, cấy MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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antigen-specific bacteriolysis complementdependent critical level crossreact devastating droplet harbor immunity

đặc hiệukháng nguyên tiêu vi khuẩn phụ thuộc bổ sung

manifest mediate neutralization

biểu hiện gián tiếp, trung gian trung hoà

mức độ tới hạn phản ứng chéo tàn phá, tiêu huỷ giọt nhỏ cư trú miễn dịch

offending phagocytosis tuberculosis ultimately vector wane

gây hại sự thực bào lao cuối cùng trung gian truyền bệnh lui, bớt, thuyên giảm

1.4. Fill each gap with one of the words given in the box. A. contract, B. criteria, C. cultured, D. determine, E. discovery, F. identified, G. number, H. occurring, I. proving, J. used,

The classification of infectious disease One way of _________(1) that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (Robert Koch), which demand that the infectious agent is _________(2) in patients and not in controls, and that patients who _________(3) the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were tried and tested in the _________(4) of Mycobacteria as the cause for tuberculosis. Often, it is not possible to meet some of the _________(5), even in diseases that are quite clearly infectious. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be _________(6) in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. Epidemiology is another important tool _________(7) to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to _________(8) if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often _________(9) in a region), epidemic (an unusually high _________(10) of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic). agent demand endemic epidemic epidemiology in vitro outbreak

tác nhân yêu cầu, đòi hỏi dịch địa phương dịch dịch tễ học trong ống nghiệm bùng phát dịch

pandemic population postulates rabbit testes sporadic syphilis tool

II. READING PASSAGES Read the passages and answer the questions below. 2.1. PASSAGE 1: Treating Infectious diseases MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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đại dịch quần xã nguyên lý, tiên đề tinh hoàn thỏ đơn phát giang mai công cụ

When a culture has proven to be positive, the sensitivity (or, conversely, the antibiotic resistance) of an agent can be determined by exposing it to test doses of antibiotic. This way, the microbiologist determines how sensitive the target bacterium is to a certain antibiotic. This is usually reported as being: Sensitive, Intermediate or Resistant. The antibiogram can then be used to determine optimal therapy for the patient. This can reduce the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and lead to a decrease in antibiotic resistance. Doctors who specialise in the medical treatment of infectious disease are called infectiologists or infectious disease specialists. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The services of the infectious disease team are called for when: - The disease has not been definitively diagnosed after an initial workup - The patient is immunocompromised (for example, in AIDS or after chemotherapy); - The infectious agent is of an uncommon nature (e.g. tropical diseases); - The disease has not responded to first line antibiotics; - The disease might be dangerous to other patients, and the patient might have to be isolated. The work of the infectiologist therefore entails working with patients and doctors on one hand and laboratory scientists and immunologists on the other hand.

antibiogram broad-spectrum culture diagnose entail first line antibiotics immunocompromised immunologist

kháng sinh đồ phổ rộng cấy, nuôi cấy chẩn đoán kéo theo kháng sinh hàng đầu thoả hiệp miễn dịch nhà miễn dịch học

initial workup intermediate isolate nature optimal pulmonologist specialise in tropical

thăm khám sơ bộ trung gian phân lập, cách ly bản chất, tự nhiên tối ưu bác sỹ tim phổi chuyên sâu về nhiệt đới

Questions 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

An antibiogram is done when _________. A. after a positive culture B. before a positive culture C. after a negative culture D. before a negative culture An antibiogram is used so as to _________. A. find the agent of the infection B. reduce the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics C. determine the exposure to the target bacterium D. determine a positive culture The sensitiveness of the bacterium to an antibiotic is defined by using _________. A. broad-spectrum antibiotics B. an optimal therapy C. an antibiogram D. primary care In which case of the following are the services of the infectious disease team NOT sent for? A. The cause of the disease is impossible to identify. B. The cause of the disease is strange. C. The disease is life-threatening. D. The disease has responded to antibiotics. Which of the following is NOT an example of an infectious disease? A. pneumonia B. malaria C. dysentery D. ricket

2.2. PASSAGE 2: Cholera Cholera has been observed for centuries among human populations and has been responsible for many epidemics, resulting in millions of deaths. It is an infectious disease, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae , first isolated by Robert Koch in 1884. The organism enters the body through the digestive tract during the ingestion of contaminated food and water. A common source in many countries is eating raw or poorly cooked seafood taken from contaminated water. The disease is especially prevalent after a natural disaster or other destruction MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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that results in a lack of fresh water. When sewer systems fail so that waste travels into the rivers or streams and piped water is not available so that people must take their drinking and cooking water from the rivers or streams, the disease will frequently strike. Since many populations establish along waterways, the disease can be spread along waterways from one community to the next community downstream. 51. Cholera is caused by _______. A. a virus B. a bacterium C. kidney failure D. viruses 52. The word epidemics is closest in meaning to _______. A. studies B. vaccines C. bacteria D. plagues 53. Which of the following is not a probable cause of infection? A. Eating food cooked with contaminated water B. Eating undercooked seafood C. Eating overcooked pork D. Eating raw vegetables 54. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage? A. Dysentery and Its Effects B. Water Purification Systems and Their Importance C. Results of War and Natural Disaster on Disease D. The Cause and Effects of Cholera 55. It can be inferred from the reading that _______. A. good cooking and hygiene practice can reduce the chance of getting disease B. water mixed with other substances will not pass the disease C. people are likely to get this disease when their intestines are not infected D. Robert Kock developed the disease in a laboratory

III. STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY Choose the best answer among A, B, C, and D.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 .

_______ milk alone is the only food and drink an infant needs until the age of six months A. Cow B. Breast C. Chest D. Bottle _______ can protect children against six common infectious diseases during childhood. A. vaccination B. radiology C. surgery D. dehydration _______ diseases spread easily from one person to another directly or indirectly. A. Chronic B. Acute C. Serious D. Contagious _______ is a condition in which the body loses more liquid than it takes in. A. Dehydration B. Rehydration C. Hydration D. Malaria _______ is the inflammation of the lungs caused primarily by bacteria, viruses, dusts and allergy. A. Hepatitis B. Cancer C. Pneumonia D. Meningitis _______ is when the blood pressure is above 120/80. A. Tension B. Hypertension C. Hypotension D. Tense Before you buy any medicine, read the _______ to see what's in it. A. box B. tablet C. label D. drug But when too much histamine is released from the cells, it affects the blood vessels and causes the tissues around them to swell. A. become larger in size B. become odorless C. become smaller D. become transparent Diabetes may cause _______ problems such as Diabetic Retinopathy, Cataracts, and Glaucoma. A. eye B. heart C. sugar D. blood Do not stop _______ the medicines just because you feel better. A. to take B. taking C. taken D. took

IV. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Put one term in each gap A. excrement B. exposure C. extract D. hive E. homeopathy F. hygiene G. hypotension H. fatigue I. immunoglobulin J. susceptibility MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 .

A central thesis of _______ is that an ill person can be treated using a substance that can produce, in a healthy person, symptoms similar to those of the illness. A test is positive when a small _______ occurs, which may include itching and redness at the site of the prick. All pet _______ must be cleaned and disinfected immediately. An _______ from grape seeds forces laboratory leukemia cells to commit cell suicide, according to researchers from the University of Kentucky. Health workers in the country are at serious risk of contracting the hepatitis B virus due to _______ to blood and body fluids. _______ refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness _______ A is an antibody playing a critical role in mucosal immunity. More IgA is produced in mucosal linings than all other types of antibody combined. Impaired immunity increases _______ to pathogens and can increase the likelihood of sickness or death. Physical _______ or muscle weakness is a direct term for the inability to exert force with one's muscles to the degree that would be expected. Postural _______ can occur in persons of all ages but is much more common among the elderly, especially in those on medications for high blood pressure

V. REWRITING Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the given initials.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Specific illnesses caused by allergies may require other treatments.  Specific illnesses that are _______ The best thing to do is to avoid what causes your allergic symptoms in the first place.  It is best _______ The proteins causing allergies are found not only in the animals' fur or hair but also in saliva, urine, mucous, and hair roots  The proteins which _______ A company called Allerca has recently announced to be able to produce a so called hypoallergenic cat  A company called Allerca has recently announced that _______ A human being has cat allergy if he shows an allergic reaction towards proteins produced by cats  A human being has cat allergy if he shows an allergic reaction towards proteins which _______

VI. LISTENING LISTENING 9 6.1. Listen and answer the questions.

1 2 3 4

The epidemic in September 2006 in the United States was caused by _______. A. stomach flu B. E. Coli C. milk D. meat _______ people in 25 states got sick from the bacteria in fresh spinach. A. 600 B. 660 C. 166 D. 160 How many patients died? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 What kinds of spinach were safe to eat? A. bagged B. canned C. frozen D. B&C

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5

Since 1995 there have been _______ cases of spinach or lettuce contaminated with E. coli. A. 12 B. 20 C. 30 D. 22

LISTENING 10 6.2. Listen and complete the text with what you hear. Wound handling Even _______(1) cuts can become infected if they are left _______(2) . Any break in the skin can let bacteria enter the body. An increasing number of bacterial skin infections are resistant to _______(3) medicines. These infections can spread throughout the body. But taking good care of any _______(4) that breaks the skin can help prevent an infection. Medical experts say the first step in treating a wound is to use clean water. Lake or _______(5) water should not be used. To clean the area around the wound, experts suggest using a clean cloth and _______(6) . They say there is no need to use products like hydrogen peroxide or _______(7) . It is important to _______(8) all dirt and other material from the wound. After the wound is clean, use a small amount of antibiotic _______(9) or cream. Studies have shown that these medicated products can aid in healing. They also help to keep the surface of the wound from becoming dry. Finally, cover the cut with a clean bandage while it heals. Change the bandage _______(10) and keep the wound clean.

UNIT 8

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE I. CLOZE TESTS 1.1. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. artificially, B. consequence, C. develop, D. exposed, MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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E. generation,

F. greatly,

G. pass,

H. patients,

I. survive,

J. withstand

Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to _________(1) the effects of an antibiotic. It is a specific type of drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance can _________(2) naturally via natural selection through random mutation. Antibiotic resistance can also be introduced _________(3) into a microorganism through transformation protocols. This can be a useful way of implanting artificial genes into the microorganism. Antibiotic resistance is a _________(4) of evolution via natural selection or programmed evolution. The antibiotic action is an environmental pressure; those bacteria which have a mutation allowing them to _________(5) will live on to reproduce. They will then _________(6) this trait to their offspring, which will be a fully resistant _________(7). Several studies have demonstrated that patterns of antibiotic usage _________(8) affect the number of resistant organisms which develop. Overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as second- and third-generation cephalosporins, greatly hastens the development of methicillin resistance, even in organisms that have never been _________(9) to the selective pressure of methicillin per se (thus the resistance was already present). Other factors contributing towards resistance include incorrect diagnosis, unnecessary prescriptions, improper use of antibiotics by _________(10), and the use of antibiotics as livestock food additives for growth promotion. artificially consequence

nhân tạo hậu quả

offspring overuse

demonstrate evolution food additives generation growth promotion hasten

biểu thị, thể hiện tiến hoá phụ gia thực phẩm thế hệ kích thích tăng trưởng thúc đẩy

implant livestock

cấy ghép gia súc

per se prescription random mutation selection, selective trait transformation protocol withstand

con cháu sử dụng quá mức, qua liều về thực chất đơn thuốc đột biến ngẫu nhiên chọn lọc đặc tính cách thức biến đổi chịu đựng

1. 2. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. bioactive, B. distinct, C. estimated, D. infectious, E. pathogenic, F. possible, G. limitless, H. resistant, I. traditional, J. useful Development of newer antibiotics The resistance problem demands that a renewed effort be made to seek antibacterial agents effective against pathogenic bacteria _________(1) to current antibiotics. One of the _________(2) strategies towards this objective is the rational localization of _________(3) phytochemicals. Plants have an almost _________(4) ability to synthesize aromatic substances, most of which are phenols or their oxygen-substituted derivatives such as tannins. Most are secondary metabolites, of which at least 12,000 have been isolated, a number _________(5) to be less than 10% of the total. In many cases, these substances serve as plant defense mechanisms against predation by microorganisms, insects, and herbivores. Many of the herbs and spices used by humans to season food yield _________(6) medicinal compounds including those having antibacterial activity. _________(7) healers have long used plants to prevent or cure _________(8) conditions. Many of these plants have been investigated scientifically for antimicrobial activity and a large number of MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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plant products have been shown to inhibit growth of _________(9) bacteria. A number of these agents appear to have structures and modes of action that are _________(10) from those of the antibiotics in current use, suggesting that cross-resistance with agents already in use may be minimal.

1. 3. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. avoiding, B. induced, C. limited, D. produced, E. separately, F. spreading, G. testing, H. theoretically, I. undercooked, J. washing Alternatives to antibiotics _________(1) hands properly reduces the chance of getting infected or _________(2) infection. Thoroughly washing or _________(3) of raw foods such as fruits, vegetables, raw eggs, and _________(4) meat can also reduce the chance of an infection. Vaccines do not suffer the problem of resistance because a vaccine enhances the body's natural defenses, while an antibiotic operates _________(5) from the body's normal defenses. Nevertheless, new strains may evolve that escape immunity _________(6) by vaccines. While _________(7) promising, anti-staphylococcal vaccines have shown _________(8) efficacy, because of immunological variation between Staphylococcus species, and the limited duration of effectiveness of the antibodies _________(9). Development and _________(10) of more effective vaccines is under way. Phage therapy is a more recent alternative that can cope with the problem of resistance. cope with duration enhance escape evolve immunological variation induce nevertheless operate phage therapy

đối phó với thời gian tăng cường thoát khỏi tiến hoá biến thể miễn dịch gây ra, kích thích tuy nhiên hoạt động trị liệu bằng thể thực khuẩn

properly raw food separate staphylococcus strain theoretical thoroughly under way undercook

đúng cách, thích đáng thực phẩm tươi sống tách ra tụ cầu chủng, giòng về lý thuyết thận trọng, cẩn thận được tiến hành, áp dụng nấu không chín

II. READING PASSAGES Read the passages and answer the questions below.

2.1. PASSAGE 1: Tannins and Cancer Botanists and biomedical scientists have been collecting evidence for decades that tannins, compounds of plant origin that are found in tea and red wine, can cause cancer of the esophagus, which is almost always fatal. In 1962, they began to investigate a fivefold increase in the rate of cancer of the esophagus among the Bantu of Africa from 1943 to 1953 Soon after, they began to search for causes of the disease among the inhabitants of Curacao and other Caribbean islands. Interviews with victims and surviving relatives led them to suspect that something in the diet was causing the cancer. Three of the dietary plants that they had collected produced tumours in 100 percent of their experimental animals. The suspect plants were all native teas with medicinal application. Though the plants were not related botanically, the one thing they had in common was condensed tannin. Tannins, like caffeine and nicotine, serve plants as defenses against insects and other predators. Tannins were found in the sorghum that serves both the Bantu and the people of Curacao as a dietary staple. The botanists theorized that a drought had been indirectly responsible for the cancer MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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epidemic among the Bantu, because it forced them to rely more on tannin-rich sorghum, which is extremely drought resistant, after their other staple crops died out. While studies have shown that tannins produce liver cancer in lab animals, human studies involving tannins so far have been only field observations, under controlled conditions. Some scientists believe other factors, such as smoking and drinking ethanol (beverage alcohol) also contribute to esophageal cancer in humans. beverage biomedical botanist compound condensed tannin drought resistant field observation fivefold 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

bia rượu y sinh nhà thực vật học hợp chất ta-nanh cô đặc chống hạn quan sát thực địa 5 lần

native predator sorghum staple suspect theorize tumour

bản địa côn trùng ăn mồi sống cây lúa miến thức ăn chính nghi ngờ đưa ra giả thuyết khối u

According to the passage, where are tannins found? A. in some plants like tea and sorghum B. in animal tumours and liver cancers C. in caffeine and nicotine D. in human studies and field observation According to the passage, in what way are tannins beneficial? They _________. A. give native teas medicinal applications B. serve as a dietary staple C. are very drought resistant D. protect plants against insects What do scientists think was the reason for the increase in esophageal cancer among the Bantu? A. They used too much caffeine and nicotine B. They drank too much tea and red wine C. Sorghum became a larger part of their diet D. They began smoking and drinking alcohol. What did scientists observe about the native teas they collected in the Carribean? A. They protected people from insects B. They caused tumours to grow in lab animals C. They were related botanically to sorghum D. They were also found among the Bantu When did the scientists begin to look for causes of esophageal cancer in Curacao and the Caribbean? A. shortly after 1962 B. shortly after 1953 C. between 1943 and 1953 D. between 1953 and 1962

2.2. PASSAGE 2: Measles Measles is an extremely contagious, febrile disease of high morbidity characterized by rash and catarrhal inflammation of the eyes and respiratory tract. It is principally a benign disease of childhood, but may afflict with equal frequency persons of any age not previously attacked by the virus. It is a disease of cosmopolitan distribution, endemic in all but isolated populations. It may occur at any time of the year, but most outbreaks are in late winter and early spring, with a peak at the end of April.

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Throughout most of the world measles is a disease of children; most adults possess acquired immunity. Beyond the age of ten more than 90% of the population have specific antibody. Morbidity and mortality rates do not appear to be influenced by sex or race. Case fatality rates are highest in children less than five years of age, and are also relatively high in the aged. Congenital infection has occurred. There is no evidence that the virus may vary in virulence in nature. The oft-cited and notorious (được biết đến nhiều) virulence of the disease in primitive, isolated or crowded populations may be explained by (1) more prevalent (thịnh hành, phổ biến) infection of feeble and aged adults, (2) poor environmental conditions, (3) inadequate medical care, and (4) secondary bacterial infections. Because measles rarely induces fatal disease, it is evident that fatalities attributable to measles may vary in incidence according to the prevalence of bacterial pathogens and the resistance of the population to their presence. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Measles occurs in only a few countries. B. Adults do not usually have measles. C. Measles rarely causes fever. D. Measles is not a contagious disease. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Measles is endemic in all populations except isolated ones. B. Measles is principally a benign disease of childhood. C. Measles never occurs in summer. D. Rash, inflammation of the eyes, etc. are the usual symptoms of measles. According to the text, measles is a disease of children because: A. most adults possess acquired immunity. B. they often die from measles. C. they aren’t brought up well. D. they often play together. According to the text, 10% of the population over ten years of age A. do not possess acquired immunity. B. die from measles. C. never have measles. D. have specific antibody. Fatalities caused by measles may vary in incidence A. according to the ability of the population to develop acquired immunity. B. according to the time of the year when measles occurs. C. according to sex or race. D. according to every country.

IV. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Put one term in each gap A. immunosuppressants B. immunotherapy C. inflammation D. intradermally E. intravenous F. mucosa G. monoclonal H. pediatrics I. wheeze J. wheezing 1. 2.

BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin), the _______ used tuberculosis vaccine, has been used all aroud the world for more than 40 years. _______ is moist tissue that lines some organs and body cavities throughout the body,

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3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

including your nose, mouth, lungs, and digestive tract. _______ antibodies are widely used as diagnostic and research reagents. _______ therapy or IV therapy is the giving of liquid substances directly into a vein. _______ is a process by which the body’s white blood cells and chemicals protect us from infection and foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses. _______ refers to types of treatment that stimulate, enhance or suppress the body's own defence system. It is used to treat certain types of cancer and inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis… _______ are drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system. _______ is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants and children. _______ is an asthma symptom that results from narrowing of the airways. A _______ sounds like a high-pitched whistle as you breathe through your mouth or nose.

V. REWRITING Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the given initials.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Opportunistic disease may be caused by microbes that are ordinarily in contact with the host.  Opportunistic disease may _______ Infection with most pathogens does not result in death of the host.  Infection with most pathogens does not cause _______ The immune response to a microorganism often causes symptoms such as a high fever and inflammation  The immune response to a microorganism often lead _______ Certain agents cannot be cultured, for example Treponema pallidum and most viruses.  It is _______ Between 1518 and 1568 pandemics diseases are said to have caused the population of Mexico to fall from 20 million to 3 million.  It is _______

VI. LÍSTENING 11 Listen and complete the text with what you hear. In order to have a healthy baby, it is _______(1) not to do certain things while pregnant. The most common _______(2) that babies have problems when they are born is because the mother took _______(3) or drank alcohol while pregnant. Any food she eats, any liquid she drinks, and any drug she takes passes through the mother's body and into the _______(4) baby. There is nothing that stops the baby from getting whatever the mother has in her body. There is no _______(5) amount of alcohol or drugs a pregnant woman can take. Doctors do not know how any baby will _______(6) to the alcohol or drugs in the mother's body. The best advice it is to not use any alcohol or drugs while pregnant. There is no safe time to take any drugs or alcohol during pregnancy. If a woman _______(7) she is pregnant, she should stop smoking or using drugs and alcohol immediately. The sooner the woman stops taking them, the better _______(8) the baby has to be born healthy. After the baby is born, it is important for the mother to not take drugs or alcohol if she is _______(9) feeding her child. Any drug or alcohol can be _______(10) on to the baby through the mother's milk. It is best if you eat healthy foods, get plenty of sleep, and see a doctor regularly if you are pregnant.

UNIT 9

HIV INFECTION This is a symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS.

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I. CLOZE TESTS 1.1. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. access, B. contact, C. cure, D. deaths, E. infections, F. morbidity, G. pandemic, H. pregnancy, I. stage, J. transfusion

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS or Aids) is a collection of symptoms and resulting from the specific damage to the immune _________(1) system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The late _________(2) of the condition leaves individuals prone to opportunistic infections and tumors. Although treatments for AIDS and HIV exist to slow the virus's progression, there is no known _________(3). HIV is transmitted through direct _________(4) of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, and breast milk. This transmission can come in the form of anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood _________(5), contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during _________(6), childbirth, or breastfeeding, or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.

Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1 budding from cultured lymphocyte. claim extend beyond hypodermic opportunistic infections originate

Most researchers believe that HIV originated in sub-Saharan Africa during the twentieth century; it is now a _________(7), with an estimated 38.6 million people now living with the disease worldwide. As of January 2006, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized on June 5, 1981, making it one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history. In 2005 alone, AIDS claimed an estimated 2.4– 3.3 million lives, of which more than 570,000 were children. A third of these _________(8) are occurring in sub-Saharan Africa, retarding economic growth and destroying human capital. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the _________(9) of HIV infection, but routine _________(10) to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries.

cho rằng vượt ra ngoài dưới da nhiễm trùng cơ hội xuất phát

prone to record semen transfusion vaginal fluid

có khuynh hướng bị ghi nhận, ghi chép tinh trùng truyền máu dịch âm đạo

1.2. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. benefit B. intake C. maintain D. malabsorption E. prevents F. progression G. recommended H. remains I. vulnerable J. weakened Prevention and treatment for opportunistic infections Opportunistic infections occur when HIV has _______(1) the body’s defence against disease. Common examples are tuberculosis, pneumonia and candidiasis. Providing prevention and treatment for these infections not only helps the sufferer, but also _______(2) the further spread of disease. Even in the best-resourced areas, treatment for opportunistic infections _______(3) essential, especially for those who have yet to start, or have only recently started, antiretroviral therapy. For MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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young children and people with weak immune systems, drugs such as cotrimoxazole may be _______(4) to prevent opportunistic infections. Managing nutritional effects As the immune system weakens, people living with HIV become more _______(5) to weight loss and malnutrition. There are likely to be three overlapping causes: - Reductions in food _______(6), perhaps due to painful sores in the mouth, fatigue, psychological factors or loss of income. - Nutrient _______(7) due to HIV itself, gut infections or diarrhoea. - Metabolic alterations caused by HIV or other infections, leading to increased energy expenditure. As already mentioned, weight loss and malnutrition can worsen disease _______(8). In addition, people are less likely to _______(9) from antiretroviral treatment if they are malnourished. It is therefore important that people who receive the help _______(10) a healthy diet. opportunistic infection sufferer recommend vulnerable overlapping

nhiễm trùng cơ hội

reduction

giảm

bệnh nhân, nạn nhân đề nghị, khuyến cáo dễ bị chồng chéo

alteration malnourished maintain malnutrition

thay đổi suy dinh dưỡng duy trì suy dinh dưỡng

1.3. Fill each of the gaps with one word of your own HIV test Many people are unaware that they are infected _________(1) HIV. Less _________(2) 1% of the sexually active urban population in Africa has been tested, and this proportion is even lower _________(3) rural populations. Furthermore, only 0.5% of pregnant women attending urban health facilities are counseled, tested or receive their test results. Again, this proportion is even lower in rural health facilities. Therefore, donor blood and blood products used in medicine and medical research are screened _________(4) HIV. Typical HIV tests, including the HIV enzyme immunoassay, detect HIV antibodies in serum, plasma, oral fluid, dried blood spot or urine of patients. However, the window period (the time _________(5) initial infection and the development of detectable antibodies _________(6) the infection) can vary. This is why it can take 3-6 months to seroconvert and test positive. Commercially available tests to detect other HIV antigens, HIV-RNA, and HIV-DNA _________(7) order to detect HIV infection prior _________(8) the development of detectable antibodies are available. For the diagnosis _________(9) HIV infection these assays are not specifically approved, but are nonetheless routinely used _________(10) developed countries. approve commercially available counsel detectable health facility

chấp nhận có trên thị trường

immunoassay nonetheless

xét nghiệm miễn dịch tuy nhiển

tư vấn có thể phát hiện cơ sở y tế

screen seroconvert unaware

test sàng lọc biến đổi huyết thanh thiếu ý thức

II. READING PASSAGES Read the passages and answer the questions below.

2.1. PASSAGE 1: DIAGNOSIS A hundred years ago a doctor had to recall all his experience and use his judgment to diagnose what was wrong with a patient. Quite often he would be right, but sometimes he would make mistakes. A doctor’s mistake can be dangerous, even fatal, for a patient.

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Nowadays, a doctor usually follows certain procedures when he diagnoses a patient. First, he looks at the patient for any visible symptoms such as skin, fingernails or eye discoloration, or to observe his posture or the way he moves. Then he asks the patient to describe his own problems. For example, if there is any pain, what kind and where it is. The doctor can usually make a good guess at this stage. However, for further confirmation he might physically examine the patient. This includes checking the pulse, examining the eyes and the tongue, the skin (to see if it is dry), checking how the patient breathes, measuring the temperature and the blood pressure etc. If the physician is still not quite sure of the patient’s problem, he then sends the patient to the lab for some tests like blood or urine test or for x-ray pictures of certain parts of the body. This will confirm his prognosis. He’ll then suggest suitable line of treatment and prescribe medicines. Diagnosis is becoming better all the time because of new methods and machines. Computers have made a big difference in diagnosis. They, now, can store a lot of information about the patient, and can even suggest suitable lines of treatment. Many laboratory machines depend on them—without them machines like CAT, MRI or Ultrasound could not have developed at all. We also have new kinds of endoscopes (which enable us to look inside the body) and electronic sensors; therefore, getting rid of a lot of guesswork. 1.

2. 3.

4.

5. 6.

A good title for this passage is _______ A. Medical Machines B. Computers and Diagnosis C. Diagnosis D. Stages of Diagnosis The letter ‘C’ in CAT probably stands for A. confirmation. B. checking. C. chemical. D. computerized The pronoun ‘them’ refers to _______ A. computers. B. new methods. C. lines of treatment. D. many laboratory machines. Which of the following statements is true, according to the passage? A. Modern doctors do not make mistakes in diagnosis. B. Modern doctors do not need to use their judgement because of many good machines. C. Modern doctors are less likely to make mistakes in diagnosis than old-time physicians. D. Old-time doctors were less likely to make mistakes in diagnosis because of their experience. From the second paragraph you can infer that there are _________ stages of diagnosis. A. four B. five C. three D. many From the passage you can infer that an endoscope is a/an _______ A. instrument in use for a long time. B. tool to suggest suitable lines of treatment. C. tool to examine the exterior of the body. D. instrument to examine the inside of the body.

2.2. PASSAGE 2: ASTHMA Asthma is a disease of the lungs that causes wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and difficulty breathing. It can be very scary for the patient. Luckily, asthma and its effects are reversible with medication. Asthma attacks are the periods when symptoms suddenly become worse. Some common triggers for these attacks are exercise, infections, dust, tobacco smoke, allergens, cold air and nervousness. Limiting exposure to these triggers may help improve quality of life. When an asthma attack occurs, take your medication according to your asthma action plan, and wait 10 to 15 minutes if symptoms worsen or don’t improve immediate medical attention may be necessary. Some MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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danger signs are severe wheezing or coughing, trouble walking, and blue lips or fingernails. If any of these danger signs occur go to the emergency room or call 911. Asthma is a lifelong disease. The effects of asthma attacks on the lungs can cause serious problems later in life. Proper management of asthma is very important. Questions 1. How many triggers for asthma attacks are mentioned? A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7 2. What can be seen in an asthma patient during his/her asthma attack? A. wheezing B. difficulty breathing. C. chest tightness D. All of these 3. Which of the following is NOT true? A. Asthma is a respiratory disease B. It is a scary disease C. It cannot be treated D. It has typical attacks 4. What are some danger signs associated with asthma attacks? A. severe wheezing B. trouble speaking C. blue skin D. All of these 5. What should a patient do if any danger signs occur? A. Wait 10 to 15 minutes B. Take medication C. Go to the hospital D. Send for a doctor

III. STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY Choose the best answer among A, B, C, and D.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 .

In order not to spread the disease, the patient should stay in a _______ room. A. separate B. small C. big D. bright In vitro fertilization (test-tube babies) is a widely used technique to aid infertile couples. A. treat B. make C. help D. allow Insulin is the natural ______ hormone. A. antidiuretic B. antibiotic C. antidiabetic D. antidiarrheal It is comparatively easy to avoid a particular kind of vegetable or fish. A. relatively B. intensively C. constantly D. certainly It is important for patients to consult their doctor to know the severity of their illness A. cause B. seriousness C. sign D. symptom It is necessary to assess the effectiveness of new drugs. A. interfere with B. define C. evaluate D. attack Modern vaccines are among our most effective strategies to _______ disease. A. protect B. protest C. treat D. prevent Most people are convinced that it is a good practice. A. are firmly persuaded B. do not believe C. suspect D. are separated Mumps also usually causes fever and headache. A. high pressure B. high temperature C. sugar levels D. diarrhea Overweight people have an increased risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, and other illnesses. A. Too thin B. Too fat C. Too tall D. Too short

IV. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Put one term in each gap A. parasites B. pneumonitis C. remedy D. saliva E. salivary F. sublingual G. receptor H. rehabilitating I. rhinitis J. serum K. susceptible

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

This medication is an excellent and wonderful _______ to get rid of acne scars. There are three major pairs of _______ glands in the mouth. The largest pair are called the parotid glands. _______ drugs are administered by placing the medication under the tongue. She stressed the hospital's main goal is _______ patients and moving them back into the community. _______ is the watery and usually frothy substance produced in the mouths of humans and most other animals.

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6. 7. 8. 9. 10 . 11 .

_______, commonly known as a runny nose, is the medical term describing irritation and inflammation of some internal areas of the nose. _______ is a general term that refers to inflammation of lung tissue. In biochemistry, a _______ is a protein molecule, embedded in either the plasma membrane or cytoplasm of a cell, to which a mobile signaling molecule may attach. Human intestinal _______, worms, infection, food, water cause constipation, stomach bloating, and other health problems. Blood _______ is blood plasma without fibrinogen or the other clotting factors. As Chennai gets cleaner and as cattle are shifted out of the city, its residents might be getting more _______ to asthma attacks.

V. REWRITING Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the given initials.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

People infected with a new disease can carry the disease to the far side of the world before their first symptoms appear.  People who _______ The relationship between virulence and transmission is complex, and has important consequences for the long term evolution of a pathogen.  The relationship between virulence and transmission is complex, Edward Jenner, Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin were successful in developing vaccines for Smallpox and polio, reducing the threat of these debilitating diseases.  Edward Jenner, Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin succeeded _______ They successfully developed vaccines for Smallpox and polio, reducing the threat of these debilitating diseases.  They successfully developed vaccines for Smallpox and polio, and _______ Organisms which are normally non-pathogenic can become pathogenic under the right conditions.  Normally non-pathogenic _______

VI. LÍSTENING 6.1. Listen and complete the text with what you hear. Diseases caused by sex When people have sex together, they can _______(1) things. The fluids from the body can pass from one person to the other. These fluids can _______(2) different things. Some things that can be shared are germs. Some germs can cause disease and make people _______(3). These germs can turn into an _______(4). They can cause a lot of problems for men and women for a long time. A government person says that a certain kind of germ is being _______(5) very quickly. It is an infection that can _______(6) a person to have health problems later in their life. The government wants to warn people about it. A lot of young people are _______(7) to have this infection. Many of these people are young women. The government wants to tell these women about the disease. The government will _______(8) people for this disease. They will do it so no one else finds out. They will tell people how to get _______(9) of the disease. They will also tell them how to _______(10) getting it.

6.2. Listen to a UNICEF’s report and answer the questions. MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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1 2 3 4

What is the main topic of the report? A. Mother-to-child STD transmission B. Mother-to-child HIV transmission C. Man-to-woman STD transmission D. Man-to-woman HIV transmission Between 2004 and 2005 there was an increase from _______ to _______ of women receiving antiretroviral drugs in Namibia. A. 16%-20% B. 6%-29% C. 26%-39% D. 29%-36% Between 2004 and 2005 there was an increase from _______ to _______ of women receiving antiretroviral drugs in South Africa. A. 34%-40% B. 42%-50% C. 24%-30% D. 42%-60% Only _______ of women infected with HIV in poor countries were getting the medicines in two thousand five. A. 5% B. 7% C. 9% D. 12%

UNIT 10

URINARY TRACT INFECTION I. CLOZE TESTS 1.1. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. accompanied, B. although, C. bacterial, D. called, E. known, F. lasting, G. multiply, H. promptly, I. since, J. urine A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a _________(1) infection that effects any part of the urinary tract. Although _________(2) urine contains a variety of fluids, salts, and waste products, it usually does not have bacteria in it. When bacteria gets into the bladder or kidney and _________(3) in the urine, it causes a UTI. The most common type of UTI is a bladder infection which is also often _________(4) cystitis. Another kind of UTI is a kidney infection, _________(5) as pyelonephritis, and is much more serious. Although they cause discomfort, urinary track infections are usually quickly and easily treated by seeing a doctor _________(6). Symptoms and signs

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Symptoms of urethritis include discomfort or pain at the urethral meatus or a burning sensation throughout the urethra with dysuria. For cystitis there may be pain in the midline suprapubic region and/or frequent urination and hematuria with pus or blood in _________(7), which may be cloudy and foul-smelling. High temperature _________(8) for more than 3 days should be a trigger to get the urine culture done to ascertain whether the fever is due to UTI or not. UTI is very harmful especially in infants _________(9) it can cause permanent renal damage. Nausea and vomiting, _________(10) by high fever may indicate a more complicated UTI in which the kidney is infected. Some urinary tract infections are asymptomatic.

1.2. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. antibodies, B. build, C. from, D. in, E. indicate, F. levels, G. likely, H. oral, I. tend, J. vagina

Is there a vaccine to prevent recurrent UTIs? In the future, scientists may develop a vaccine that can prevent UTIs _________(1) coming back. Researchers _________(2) different studies have found that children and women who _________(3) to get UTIs repeatedly are _________(4) to lack proteins called immunoglobulins, which fight infection. Children and women who do not get UTIs are more likely to have normal _________(5) of immunoglobulins in their genital and urinary tracts. Early tests _________(6) that a vaccine helps patients _________(7) up their own natural infectionfighting powers. The dead bacteria in the vaccine do not spread like an infection; instead, they prompt the body to produce _________(8) that can later fight against live organisms. Researchers are testing injected and _________(9) vaccines to see which works best. Another method being considered for women is to apply the vaccine directly as a suppository in the _________(10).

1.3. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box. A. based, B. blood, C. chills, D. diagnose, E. discharge, F. emergency, G. fever, H. inflammation, I. period, J. treated

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Prostatitis is any form of _________(1) of the prostate gland. Because women do not have a prostate gland, it is a condition only found in men. Signs and symptoms Men with this disease often have _________(2), fever, pain in the lower back and genital area, urinary frequency and urgency often at night, burning or painful urination, body aches, and an infection of the urinary tract, as evidenced by white _________(3) cells and bacteria in the urine. There may be _________(4) from the penis. Diagnosis Acute prostatitis is relatively easy to _________(5) due to its symptoms that suggest infection. Common bacteria are E. Coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas… This can be a medical _________(6) in some patients and hospitalization with intravenous antibiotics may be required. A full blood count reveals increased white blood cells. High _________(7) and malaise generally prompt blood cultures, which are often positive in sepsis. Treatment Antibiotics are the first line of treatment in acute prostatitis. Antibiotics usually resolve acute prostatitis infections in a very short _________(8) of time. Appropriate antibiotics should be used, _________(9) on the microbe causing the infection. Some antibiotics have very poor penetration of the prostatic capsule, others, such as Ciprofloxacin, penetrate well. Severely ill patients may need hospitalization, while nontoxic patients can be _________(10) at home with bed rest, analgesics, stool softeners, and hydration.

II. READING PASSAGE Read the passage and answer the questions below. Joseph Lister Joseph Lister (1827-1912), British surgeon, whose discovery of antiseptics in 1865 greatly reduced the number of deaths due to operating-room infections. Born in Upton, Essex, and educated at the universities of London and Edinburgh, Lister began to study the coagulation of blood and the inflammation that resulted from injuries and surgical wounds. In 1861 he was appointed surgeon of the Glasgow Royal Infirmary in a new surgery unit designed to reduce gangrene and other infections, then thought to be caused by bad air. Despite his efforts to keep surgical instruments and rooms clean, the death rate remained close to 50 percent. Believing infections to be caused by airborne dust particles, Lister sprayed the air with carbolic acid, a chemical that was then being used to treat foul-smelling sewers. In 1865 he came upon the germ theory of the French bacteriologist Louis Pasteur, whose experiments revealed that fermentation and putrefaction were caused by micro-organisms brought in contact with organic material. By applying carbolic acid to instruments and directly to wounds and dressings, Lister reduced surgical mortality to 15 percent by 1869. Lister's discoveries in antisepsis met initial resistance, but by the 1880s they had become widely accepted. In 1897 he was made baron by Queen Victoria, who had been his patient for sometime.

A. Number the following events in the correct time order. Write numbers from 1 to 8 in the blanks. _____ The death rate was reduced to about 15 percent with the use of carbolic acid. _____ By the 1880’s Lister’s discoveries in antisepsis had become widely accepted. _____ In 1861, Lister was made the surgeon of the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. _____ Lister was made baron by the Queen, who had been his patient for some years. _____ Lister came to know about Louis Pasteur’s theory of micro-organisms. MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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_____ Lister was born in Upton, Essex in the year 1827. _____ Lister died in the year 1912, at the age of 85. _____ Lister began to study the coagulation of blood and the infections in the operating room. B. Say whether the following statements are true or false. 1. _______ Initially, Lister believed that infections were caused by airborne dust particles. 2. _______ Lister discovered antiseptics in the year 1861. 3. _______ By 1869, the surgical mortality was brought down to around 15%. 4. _______ Carbolic acid was the first antiseptic used by Lister to kill micro-organisms. 5. _______ Lister studied Pasteur after he was made baron by Queen Victoria. C. Write the opposites of the following words from the passage. Keep the same part of speech. 1. rejected (v) _______ 2. final (adj) _______ 3. birth rate (n) _______ 4. narrowly (adv) _______ 5. increased (v) _______ D. Choose the word or phrase in the brackets by underling it. 1. The number of deaths due to operating-room infections were greatly reduced (before, after, during) Lister’s discoveries of antiseptics in 1865. 2. (After, Before, While) Lister was appointed surgeon of the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, he began to study the coagulation of blood and the inflammation. 3. (While, Prior to, Before) Lister was the surgeon of the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, gangrene and other infections were thought to be caused by bad air. 4. Lister studied Pasteur (after, before, during) he was made baron by Queen Victoria. 5. Carbolic acid was the first antiseptic used to kill micro-organisms (during, after, later) Lister’s time

III. STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY Choose the best answer among A, B, C, and D.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 .

Overweight people should avoid _______ fatty food. A. eat B. to eat C. eaten D. eating People can get anemia for not eating foods that are rich in _______. A. iron B. fat C. fruit D. salt Progress has been made in eradication or control of many infectious diseases. A. eliminating B. maintaining C. replicating D. suggesting Scientists think that antibodies also play a part in the release of histamine. A. secretion B. absorption C. stimulation D. extraction She has elevated cholesterol. A. high B. low C. quick D. slow She is obese. She should do more exercise. A. too weak B. overweight C. thirsty D. thin The amounts of vitamins made in the human body are too small to meet its needs. A. slow down B. speed up C. satisfy D. define The death rate from breast cancer in women fell during the 90s. A. rose B. dropped C. increase D. raised The digesting food _______ hours to pass through the intestine. A. makes B. spends C. takes D. gets The doctor gives the patient injections of a sterile solution of the substance in small doses. A. free from germs B. effective C. transparent D. colorless

IV. REWRITING Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the given initials.

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1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

Cat allergy will usually result in sneezing.  Sneezing will _______ These chemicals are not yet recognized to cause allergic reactions.  Researchers do not _______ Enclosed, air-conditioned buildings are generally considered particularly bad environments for the chemically-sensitive people.  Enclosed, air-conditioned buildings are generally considered particularly bad environments for the people _______ Many soy-allergic individuals are sensitive to soy protein.  Many individuals _______ Transmission of an infectious disease may occur through several pathways  An infectious disease may be _______

V. LÍSTENING Listen and complete the text with what you hear.

AIDS AIDS is a disease that kills people. It is caused by a germ. It is spread by sharing drug _______(1) or having sex. All people are at _______(2) . A person with AIDS can get sick in different ways. Half of the people who have gotten AIDS have died. There is no _______(3), but you can protect yourself from getting the disease. You can _______(4) AIDS by knowing your sex partner well. Talk to them about it and ask them _______(5) questions about themselves. Do not have sex with a person who has had the virus or used needles for drugs. Sex is safest if you and your partner are AIDS-_______(6) and only have sex with each other. Always use _______(7) protection during sex. Another _______(8) to avoid AIDS is to never share needles. If you must share, always clean the needle and the _______(9) to kill the AIDS virus. Doing without drugs will lower your risk of getting AIDS. AIDS is not spread by everyday contact. You do not get AIDS from food, sneezing, telephones, social kissing, toilets, hugging, swimming pools or giving _______(10) .

6.2. Listen to the story and answer the questions. 1 2 3 4 5

What did the man had in his ribcage? A. a knife B. a snail C. a nail D. a pin When did the man have the incident? A. In 1967 B. in 1970 C. In 1980 D. In 1987 What did the doctor do with the foreign object? A. They did not see it. B. They saw it but left it there C. They operated to take it away D. They sent the man to another hospital Where was the foreign object when it was examined 35 years later? A. In the stomach B. In the lung C. In the liver D. In the heart What did the doctor do with the foreign object in 2005? A. They operated and remove it B. They got it out without an operation C. They operated but could not take it out D. They did nothing

V. TERMINOLOGY CROSSWORD 1: Find the vertical word by doing the crossword, using the definitions given below it and given letters as prompts. THE VERTICAL WORD: The name of a famous Dutch scientist MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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1 2 3 4

U

E S

A R 5

9

C R S

H 6 7 8 A 1 0 1 1

M A

X X

A

A B

L R

R

T

S

HORIZONTAL WORDS each of the two upper cavities of the heart from which blood is passed to the ventricles. substances that prevent the growth of disease-causing micro-organisms a blood serum containing antibodies against specific antigens, injected to treat or protect against specific diseases 4 any of the major air passages of the lungs which arise from the windpipe 5 a parasitic animal which inhabits the intestines of humans and other animals. 6 a tube-shaped sac attached to and opening into the lower end of the large intestine 7 the long thread-like part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells 8 a respiratory condition marked by attacks of spasm in the bronchi of the lungs 9 the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism 10 any tube by which blood is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body. 11 a disease of children caused by vitamin D deficiency 1 2 3

CROSSWORD 2: Find the vertical word by doing the crossword, using the definitions given below it and given letters as prompts. THE VERTICAL WORD The name of the German neurologist who first identified a progressive mental deterioration caused by degeneration of the brain. 1

R

3 T

Y

S

2

7

6 A

4 5 A 8 9

E E

A M S

C

HORIZONTAL WORDS 1 2 3 4 5

a disease causing painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints a damaging immune response by the body to a substance, especially a particular food, pollen, fur, or dust, to which it has become hypersensitive. a fertilized ovum an instrument through which the interior of a joint may be inspected or operated on. any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange.

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6 7 8 9

a condition in which there is a deficiency of red blood cells or of haemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness. disease caused by antibodies or lymphocytes produced against substances naturally present in the body a substance that induces insensitivity to pain the main artery of the body, supplying oxygenated blood to the circulatory system.

CROSSWORD 3: Find the vertical word by doing the crossword, using the definitions given below it and given letters as prompts. THE VERTICAL WORD A disease in young children with an unknown cause, giving rise to a rash, glandular swelling and sometimes damage to the heart.

HORIZONTAL WORDS German bacteriologist who identified the organisms causing anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera. a rod-shaped bacterium. involuntary urination during the night a white blood cell readily stained with basic dyes the science of the application of the laws of physics to biological phenomena. any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules. the joint between the thigh and the lower leg in humans not harmful in effect, not malignant

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

PAST PAPERS FOR REVIEW TEST 1: TIME 60 minutes SECTION I: VOCABULARY A. Choose one word or phrase that best defines the underlined words. 1.

A smoker with high blood pressure can increase her incidence of heart disease. A. birth rate B. mortality C. number of cases D. obesity MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected] 63

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A. a number of tests B. a set of disease conditions C. chronic disease D. prevention An individual will often have different forms of allergy at different stages in his life. A. germs B. troubles C. periods of time D. types Any side effects on the patients must be noticed. A. desirable effects B. undesirable effects C. beneficial effects D. lateral effects Desensitization should be recommended in this case. A. making less sensitive to an allergen. B. malnutrition C. multiplication D. weight control Diabetes also causes its own unique complications. A. happening very often B. lasting for a long time C. belonging and connected with a particular disease. D. being rich Diabetes insipidus results from injury of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. A. serious B. behind C. beneath D. main Different viruses are attracted to different types of cells A. caused to come near B. altered C. immune D. enough Drinking lots of water helps the bladder flush itself. A. clean with water B. enlarge C. infect D. invade Good anti-microbial stewardship is required to limit the impact of drug resistance. A. risk B. result C. managing D. increase He should avoid such allergens when possible. A. poisons B. substances that can combat allergy C. fish D. substances that can cause allergy. His illness resulted from an improper diet. A. came from B. was responsible for C. led to D. equired Hormone replacement therapy is sometimes given to combat the effects of menopause. A. continue B. fight against C. increase D. raise It is necessary to assess the effectiveness of new drugs. A. interfere with B. define C. evaluate D. attack Mortality for some non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in many developing countries are particularly high. A. infectious B. contagious C. not contagious D. most noticeable A blood serum analysis can help the ID specialist detect antibodies that indicate what type of infection you have. A. express B. show C. administer D. manifest Most urinary tract infections are caused by bacteria from the bowel that invade the urinary tract. A. stomach B. esophagus C. kidney D. intestine Most babies are born with their brains and bodies intact. A. complete and not damaged B. malnourished C. impaired D. free from germs Scientists have uncovered several causes of mental retardation. A. discovered B. altered C. developed D. advised She has elevated cholesterol. A. high B. low C. quick D. slow The best way to obtain vitamins is to eat fruit. A. avoid B. discover C. make up D. receive The infected person will become more susceptible to infections. A. dangerous B. vulnerable C. normal D. protected The outcome of any infection depends on the number and virulence of infectious agents. A. ingestion B. sites C. weakness D. ability to harm or to kill The practice of infection control has been inadequate. A. enough B. not enough C. important D. achieved They are now considered predominant health problems in several countries in Asia. A. contagious B. most noticeable C. chronic D. preventable This drug interfered with the development of the embryo. A. increased B. hindered C. aided in D. killed Vitamin A also helps the eyes to function normally in light that varies in intensity. A. causes B. assists C. differentiates D. differs We are convinced that chemotherapy will help in this case. A. worry B. believe C. suggest D. don't believe

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29. 30.

It is very important to stop the spread of the disease immediately. A. transmission B. outbreak C. consequence D. outcome The new findings help explain why HIV – infected people with active TB have a poorer prognosis than HIV – infected people without TB. A. tuberculosis B. thoracic bleeding C. thoracic bacilli D. treated bronchitis

B. TERMINOLOGY – Match each medical term on the left with its meaning listed on the right 31 . 32 . 33 . 34 . 35 . 36 . 37 . 38 . 39 . 40 .

ANTISERUM

a . b . c . d . e . f.

painful urination

objects that may appear in more than one shape

POSTMORTEM

g . h . i.

URETHRAL SPHINCTER

j.

too much calcium in the blood

DYSURIA ENCEPHALOPATHY HYPERCALCEMIA HYPOALIMENTATION MALFORMATION MENOSTASIS MULTIFORM

an abnormal structure in the body an inflammation of the brain examination after death it contains antibodies against a certain disease nourishment insufficiency

products of menstruation cannot escape the muscle at the neck of the bladder

SECTION II: READING COMPREHENSION A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. A. promote / B. ingestion / C. antibodies / D. appropriate/ E. prevent / F. devastating / G. control / H. fight / I. prescribe / J. resistant 41. One common way in which infectious agents enter the body is through ___________ of contaminated food or water. 42. Modern vaccines are among our most effective strategies to __________ disease. 43. Many ___________ diseases can now be prevented through aggressive immunization programs. 44. It is very important to ________ the spread of infectious disease. 45. The development of antibiotics has played an important role in the _________ against infectious disease. 46. Modern physicians should __________ antibiotics carefully. 47. Many of pathogenic microorganisms may be ____________ to available antibiotics. 48. A blood serum analysis can help the ID specialist detect ___________ that indicate what type of infection you have. 49. __________use of antimicrobials will slow the development of drug resistance. 50. It is important to _____________ strategies to prevent antimicrobial resistance.

B. CLOZE TEST Fill each gap with ONE word from those given in the box condition / tuberculosis / bent / suspect / serious / signs / possible / upward / complication / too Meningitis is a very (51)_________ infection of the brain which is more common in children than in adults. It may begin as a (52)_________ of another illness such as measles, mumps, whooping cough or an ear infection. Children of mothers who have (53)_________sometimes get tubercular meningitis in the first few months of life. Fever, severe headaches and stiff neck are MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected] 65

(54)_________ of meningitis. The child is very sick and lies with his head (55)_________ back. Usually, the back is (56)_________ stiff to put the head between the knees. In babies under one year old, the fontanel, the soft spot on the head, bulges (57)___________. The child is very sleepy and his (58)__________ gets worse and worse until he loses consciousness. If you (59)_________that a child has meningitis , get medical help fast. If it is (60) ____________, take the person to hospital. C. TRUE – FALSE TEST. Read the passage and answer the True/False questions below. Hysteroscopy has recently been performed either for diagnostic or operative purposes. Many reports confirm that operative hysteroscopy is safe and effective, but as more gynecologists perform an increasing number of procedures, we must be aware of potential complications and do our best to minimize the risk for our patients. When the AAGL surveyed its members in 1993, it found a complication rate of 2% for operative hysteroscopy. The rate of major complications such as perforation, hemorrhage, and bowel or urinary tract injury was less than 1%. Complications of operative hysteroscopy cannot be completely avoided, and may occur even when a procedure is done correctly by experienced doctors. They are far more likely if techniques or equipment are used improperly. One of the most common complications of operative hysteroscopy is uterine perforation, which is illustrated by this case. It could have been avoided if the obstetrician had stopped the procedure when bleeding first occurred, removed the instrument and allowed the uterus to contract. This is just one of the strategies that can reduce the risks of hysteroscopic surgery. We can reduce the risk of complications if attention is paid to contradictions, equipment is thoroughly checked and the surgeon goes through a mental checklist and plans each procedures. Hysteroscopy: soi tử cung Uterus: tư cung Perforation: thủng, khoan thủng 1. Hysteroscopy is always done to diagnose, not for any other purposes of treatment. 2. Operative hysteroscopy is not always safe and effective as many reports confirm. 3. It is essential for surgeons to be aware of the possibility of complications and try to reduce the risk. 4. It is possible to avoid uterine perforation, one of the major complications of operative hysteroscopy. 5. There are several ways to reduce the risks of hysteroscopic surgery. SECTION III WRITING & TRANSLATION A. Writing with prompts 66 Most people /be / familiar / Down’s Syndrome /which / occur / more often / babies / mothers / . over / 35 years old. 67 Newborn babies / mothers/ tuberculosis / should / vaccinate / B.C.G. / birth. . 68 Antimicrobials /should / use / appropriately. . B. English- Vietnamese Translation 69 AIDS is a disease characterized by progressive damage to the body’s immune system which . results in the development of opportunistic infections. 70 Babies born with Down’s syndrome have 47 chromosomes instead of 46, which is the normal number. .

TEST 2: TIME 60 minutes

PART 1: STRUCTURES AND VOCABULARY Choose the best answer among A, B, C, and D. 1.

His face turned blue _______ cold.

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2. 3.

4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

A. for B. with C. from D. to The pupil of the bad eye is bigger than _______ of the good eye. A. which B. what C. that D. this The examiner should notice _______ both sides of the chest move equally when the patient breathes. A. if B. unless C. weather D. that if A diet lacking meat, vegetable and other foods rich _______ iron can cause anemia. A. at B. on C. about D. in Blood loss from large wounds, bleeding ulcer or dysentery can cause anemia. _______ can the monthly bleeding of women if they do not eat the foods the body needs. A. Such B. So C. Too D. Also _______ the patient to cover one eye and with the other to look at an object straight ahead of him. A. Ask B. Let C. Make D. Have Also examine the mouth _______ sores, inflamed gums, sore tongue. A. for B. by C. from D. with Cough can keep us _______ sleeping. A. of B. from C. off D. out of Symptoms include things the sick person feels or _______ . A. sends B. thinks C. reports D. hands Great pain, large burn, severe illness, dehydration, etc. can _______ in shock. A. cause B. result C. make D. be caused If a person with shock feels cold, cover him with a _______ A. bandage B. blanket C. blank D. gap Tilt the patient’s head back and to one side so that he does not breathe the vomit into his _______ . A. heart B. ears C. lungs D. stomach Diseases can be transmitted by giving injections with needles that are _______ . A. sharp B. dull C. not sterilized D. well-boiled _______ is a condition in which loss of vision occurs because of abnormally high pressure in the eye. A. Anemia B. Cancer C. Hepatitis D. Glaucoma In malaria the patient _______ for 15 minutes to an hour at each attack. A. sleeps B. shivers C. lies D. faints The patient’s temperature is not _______ as it was last night. A. higher B. high C. as high D. much higher The person _______ care should wash his hands well each time he goes to the sick person. A. provided B. provides C. providing D. provide Bacteria are _______ small to be seen without a microscope. A. so B. such C. too D. very _______ the patient slowly move his eyes up and down. A. Get B. Have C. Ask D. Tell In children anemia can come from not_______ food rich in iron. A. eat B. to eat C. eating D. eaten A baby _______ cries a lot or pulls at his ears may have infection. A. who B. whose C. whom D. he Continue with other questions _______ learn the details of the illness. A. in to B. as to C. in order to D. so to He bothers me too much and I cannot do my work properly. A. helps B. troubles C. doubles D. rubs I see her off and on about three times a week A. now and again B. all the time C. always D. rarely - Is Dr. Smith in his office now? – I’m not sure. He _______ be in his office. A. will B. must C. may D. should The talented surgeon _______ the open heart operation successfully. A. performed B. formed C. informed D. deformed The baby is having difficulty _______ . A. breath B. breathe C. to breathe D. breathing The victim is badly injured and has lost much blood. He must be _______ to hospital. A. taken B. took C. taking D. to take Those people _______ are overweight should be on a diet under the supervision of the doctor.

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30.

A. who B. whose C. whom You should have your lungs _______ if your cough lasts for over a month. A. X-rayed B. X-ray C. X-raying

D. which D. to X-ray

PART 2: Fill the gaps with appropriate words given in the box attack, care, cardiovascular, chest, contains, disease, rest, signs, specific, swelling Heart _______ (31) is a commonly used term for any disease that affects the heart. A more appropriate term is _______ (32) disease, which include both heart and blood vessel disorders. Different heart diseases may require different _______ (33) medicines, which must be used with great _______(34). If you think a person has heart trouble, seek medical help. It is important that he has the right medicine when he needs it. People with heart diseases should not work so hard that they get _______(35) pain or have trouble breathing. However, regular exercise helps prevent a heart _______(36). If an old person begins having attacks or difficult breathing or _______(37) of the feet, he should not use salt or eat food that _______(38) salt. For the rest of his life he should eat little or no salt. If a person has angina pectoris or a heart attack, he should _______(39) quietly in a cool place until the pain goes away. If the chest pain is very strong and does not show _______(40) of shock, the heart has probably been damaged. PART 3: Read the passage and answer the TRUE/FALSE questions below Some infections, such as measles, malaria, typhus and yellow fever, affect the entire body. Other infections, however, affect only one organ or system of the body. The most frequent local infections, including the common cold, occur in the upper respiratory tract. Other common sites of infection include the digestive tract, the lungs, the reproductive and urinary tracts, and the eyes and ears. Local infections can cause serious illnesses if they affect vital organs such as the heart, brain or liver. They also can spread through the blood stream to cause widespread symptoms. The outcome (kết thúc bệnh) of any infection depends on the number and virulence of infectious agents, and the response of the immune system. A compromised (thỏa hiệp) immune system, which can result from diseases such as AIDS or treatment of diseases such as cancer, may allow organisms that are ordinarily harmless to proliferate (sinh sản) and cause life-threatening illness.

41 .

Typhus can cause only local infection.

42. 43. 44. 45.

Local infections occur the most often in the upper respiratory tract. The heart is never affected by local infections. The outcome of an infection depends on the toxins of the infectious agents. A compromised immune system helps fight against such diseases as AIDS or cancer

PART 4: Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the given words so that the meaning keeps unchanged. 46 They didn’t take the boy to hospital and his life was not saved. . - If …………………………………………………………… 47 New equipment enables us to detect more diseases. . - New equipment makes it …………………………………………………………… 48 You need to have your blood pressure checked regularly. . - It is …………………………………………………………… 49 St Louis Hospital, the biggest hospital in the City, has just received a lot of modern . equipment. - St Louis Hospital, which ………………………………… 50 The child will die if nobody sends for a doctor. . - Unless …………………………………………………………………… MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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TEST 3: TIME 60 minutes I. GRAMMAR & GENERAL VOCABULARY Choose the best answer among A, B, C and D. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

These organisms may proliferate and cause life-threatening illness. A. multiply B. die C. become harmless D. become weak This disorder relates to what she ingests. A. breaths in B. eats, drinks or swallows C. believes D. says Only sterile needles are used for injection. A. dirty B. small in size C. free from germs D. modern Progress has been made in eradication or control of many infectious diseases. A. eliminating B. maintaining C. replicating D. suggesting She is obese. She should do more exercise. A. too weak B. overweight C. thirsty D. thin Microscopic organisms can penetrate the body’s natural barriers. A. destroy B. go through C. inhibit D. enlarge

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7.

His improper diet has resulted in his illness at present. A. led to B. resulted from C. investigated D. prepared 8. Humankind remains vulnerable to many new and resurgent diseases. A. resistant to B. allergic to C. liable to be damaged or harmed by D. free from 9. Antimicrobials must be used responsibly to preserve their utility and value. A. destroy B. reduce C. maintain D. eliminate 10. Appropriate use of antimicrobial agents will slow the resistance. A. suitable B. extensive C. expensive D. invasive 11. A smoker with high blood pressure can increase her incidence of heart disease. A. birth rate B. mortality C. number of cases D. obesity 12. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A. a number of tests B. a set of disease conditions C. chronic disease D. prevention 13. Any side effects on the patients must be noticed. A. desirable effects B. undesirable effects C. beneficial effects D. lateral effects 14. Desensitization should be recommended in this case. A. making less sensitive to an allergen B. malnutrition C. multiplication D. weight control 15. Drinking lots of water helps the bladder flush itself. A. clean with water B. enlarge C. infect D. invade 16. Other symptoms include fatigue, blurred vision, increased hunger, and sores that do not heal. A. extreme cold B. extreme heat C. excitement D. extreme tiredness 17. The best way to prevent allergic rhinitis is to avoid the things to which you are allergic. A. keep on B. keep away from C. get used to D. prevent 18. Ultrasound investigation of the renal tract is often used to distinguish between various sources of bleeding. A. differ B. differentiate C. extinguish D. distinct 19. Some studies have attributed a protective effect of breastfeeding on the development of type 1 diabetes. A. defensive B. offensive C. relative D. selective 20. Chlorampheramine relieves the symptoms of a hay fever. A. increases B. lessens C. maintains D. expresses 21. Patients should take medications as prescribed by your doctor. A. desceribed B. commented C. remarked D. recommended 22. Measles and malaria, are more frequent causes of death in Sub-Saharan Africa than elsewhere. A. severe B. habitual C. unusual D. special 23. Vitamin supplements are part of the solution to prevent nutrition deficiencies. A. unavailability B. insufficiencies C. inconvenience D. decalcification 24. This occurs when the normally sterile lower urinary tract (urethra and bladder) is infected by bacteria. A. bacteria-infected B. fertile C. bacteria-free D. anaerobic 25. When the pancreases of dogs were removed, the dogs developed all the signs and symptoms of diabetes A. treated B. operated on C. taken away D. transplanted 26. A deficiency may result in changes in the conjunctiva (corner of the eye) _______ Bitot's spots. A. known as B. called as C. told as D. spoken as 27. Women of all ages should be _______ about heart disease. All women should take steps to prevent heart disease. A. related B. concerned C. associated D. linked 28. Nonsmokers who are exposed _______ constant smoke also have an increased risk. A. with B. for C. to D. of 29. _______ average, the intake of this vitamin from food in the U.S. is approximately 9 mg daily for men and 6 mg daily for women A. In B. On C. At D. For 30. In vitamin deficiency, normal body functions can break down and make a person susceptible _______ disease. MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected] 70

A. to

B. with

C. of

D. for

II. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Match a term on the right with its corresponding definition on the left. 31. rhinitis a a disease causing painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints. 32. precursor b spread from one person or organism to another by direct or indirect contact 33. hypotension c substance required in trace amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms 34. immunity d being grossly fat or overweight 35. intradermally e a substance from which another is formed, especially by metabolic reaction 36. micronutrient f persisting for a long time or constantly recurring; not acute 37. obesity g abnormally low blood pressure 38. contagious h the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells 39. chronic i existing or taking place within the skin 40. arthritis j inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose III. READING COMPREHENSION 3.1. CLOZE TEST 1: Choose the best word or phrase to fill in each gap. The most prevalent cause of heart diseases is high blood pressure, also called hypertension. High blood pressure cannot be cured. However, it can be brought (41)______, so that it may not cause (42)______ to the heart and other body system. (43)______ the person who has high blood pressure often must continue treatment for the disease for the (44)______ of his life. The usual treatment for cases of high blood pressure is a change of diet to reduce the amount of sodium (45)______ into the body. Because table salt is the commonest source of sodium in food, the diet usually calls for eating salt- (46)______ foods. For severe cases of high blood pressure a doctor usually (47)______ antihypertensile drugs. Although doctors do not know all the cause of high blood pressure, they (48)______ know that overweight people and cigarette smokers have a tendency to high blood pressure. Since emotions and worry also can cause blood pressure to rise, regular (49)______ and adequate sleep and rest are desirable for (50)______ persons. 41 A. out of control B. off control C. under control D. from control . 42 A. damages B. damage C. infection D. injection . 43 A. Moreover B. Otherwise C. However D. Therefore . 44 A. all B. whole C. rest D. some . 45 A. taken B. take C. taking D. disastrous . 46 A. free B. freedom C. freely D. freed . 47 A. describes B. prescribes C. provides D. supplies . 48 A. do B. will C. must D. would . 49 A. digestion B. respiration C. relaxation D. contraction . 50 A. all B. every C. all of D. each . 3.2. CLOZE TEST 2 Choose the best word or phrase to fill in each gap. MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. They do not provide energy, (51)______ do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for transforming foods (52)______ energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if (53)______ is missing a (54)______ disease becomes apparent. Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements - usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and (55)______ nitrogen. They are different (56)______ their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin (57)______ one or more specific functions in the body. (58)______ enough vitamins is essential to life. Scientists say the body has no nutritional use for (59)______ vitamins. Many people, (60)______, believe in being on the "safe side" and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the body's vitamin needs. 51 A. either B. so C. nor D. no . 52 A. from B. out of C. of D. into . 53 A. any B. some C. anything D. something . 54 A. deficiency B. sufficiency C. efficiency D. defective . 55 A. mostly B. rare C. never D. rarely . 56 A. in that B. so that C. such that D. from . 57 A. takes B. makes C. informs D. performs . 58 A. Supplying B. Buying C. Selling D. There’s . 59 A. except B. exceed C. excess D. external . 60 A. nevertheless B. therefore C. moreover D. although . 3.3. READING WITH MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Read the passage and answer the question given below it. People with disabilities comprise a large part of the population. It is estimated that over 35 million Americans have physical, mental, or other disabilities. About half of these disabilities are "developmental", i.e., they occur prior to the individual's twenty-second birthday, often from genetic conditions, and are severe enough to affect three or more areas of development, such as mobility, communication, employment, etc. Most other disabilities are considered "adventitious", i.e., accidental or caused by outside forces. Prior to the 20th century, only a small percentage of people with disabilities survived for long. Medical treatment for these disabilities was unavailable. Advancements in medicine and social services have created a climate in which people with disabilities can expect to have such basic needs as food, shelter, and medical treatment. Unfortunately, these basics are often not available. Civil liberties such as the right to vote, marry, get an education, and gain employment have been denied on the basis of disability. In recent decades, the disability rights movement has been organized to fight against these infringements of civil rights. Congress responded by passing laws recognizing people with disabilities as a protected class under civil rights statutes. Still today, people with disabilities must fight to live their lives independently. It is estimated that more than half of Americans with disabilities are unemployed, and a majority of those who do work are underemployed. About two-thirds live at or below the official poverty level. Significant barriers, especially in transportation and public awareness, prevent disabled people from taking part in society. For example, while no longer prohibited by law from marrying, a person with no access to transportation is excluded from community and social activities which might lead MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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to the development of long-term relationships. It will only be when public attitudes advance as far as laws have that disabled people will be fully able to take their rightful place in society. infringements (vi phạm), Congress (Quốc hội), statutes (quy chế), attitude (thái độ) 61.

62.

63.

64. 65.

A "developmental" disability _____. A. develops very slowly over time B. is caused by outside forces C. occurs in youth and affects development D. is getting more and more severe Most disabled people used to die early because _____. A. disabilities destroyed major bodily functions B. they were not very well looked after C. medical techniques were not available D. they were too poor to get proper treatment In the author's opinion, to enable the disabled people to take their rightful place in society _____. A. more laws should be passed B. public attitudes should be changed C. government should provide more aids D. more public facilities should be set up _______ Americans with disabilities are unemployed. A. Over a quarter of B. Over 50% C. About 1/3 D. About 2/3 The word significant is closest in meaning to _______. A. considerable B. favourable C. disable D. preventable

IV. WRITING. Rewrite the following question so that the new sentence is similar in meaning to the original one. 66. The pain results from a narrowing of the blood vessels feeding the muscle.  The pain is caused …………….. 67. Organisms causing an infectious disease in a host with depressed resistance are classified as opportunistic pathogens.  Organisms that ………………. 68. Although there are many claims of nutritional cures, there is no reliable proof of their effectiveness.  Despite …………………… 69. These chemicals are not yet recognized to cause allergic reactions.  Researchers do not …………………… 70. Many soy-allergic individuals are sensitive to soy protein.  Many individuals ……………….

TEST 4: TIME 60 minutes I. GRAMMAR & GENERAL VOCABULARY Choose the best answer among A, B, C and D. 1. A blood serum analysis can help the ID specialist detect antibodies that indicate what type of infection you have. A. express B. show C. administer D. manifest 2. Other symptoms include fatigue, blurred vision, increased hunger, and sores that do not heal. A. extreme cold B. extreme heat C. excitement D. extreme tiredness 3. A diet low in fat will reduce your chances of getting certain diseases and help you maintain a healthy weight. A. increase B. decrease C. rise D. vary 4. A possible source for the misconception holds that AIDS infects only homosexual men A. misuse B. incorrect use C. incorrect view D. abuse 5. Antimicrobials must be used responsibly to preserve their utility and value. A. destroy B. reduce C. maintain D. eliminate 6. Blood test can detect this defect at birth. A. discover B. destroy C. end up D. contract 7. Chlorampheramine relieves the symptoms of a hay fever. A. increases B. lessens C. maintains D. expresses MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Desensitization should be recommended in this case. A. making less sensitive to an allergen B. malnutrition C. multiplication D. weight control Diabetes insipidus results from injury of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. A. serious B. behind C. beneath D. main Drinking lots of water helps the bladder flush itself. A. clean with water B. enlarge C. infect D. invade Excess sugar accumulates in the blood. A. presents B. accommodates C. appears D. builds up Good anti-microbial stewardship is required to limit the impact of drug resistance. A. risk B. result C. management D. increase He is suffering from chronic dysentery. A. acute B. lasting C. mild D. severe Headache is the most frequent human discomfort. A. feeling uneasy B. feeling easy C. feeling hot D. feeling cold In early childhood mild disability (IQ 60–70) may not be obvious, and may not be diagnosed until they begin school. A. clean B. clear C. bright D. light It is necessary to assess the effectiveness of new drugs. A. interfere with B. define C. evaluate D. attack Malaria begins suddenly with rising temperature and chills. A. coldness B. fever C. sweating D. pains Microscopic organisms can penetrate the body’s natural barriers. A. destroy B. go through C. inhibit D. enlarge Most urinary tract infections are caused by bacteria from the bowel that invade the urinary tract. A. stomach B. esophagus C. kidney D. intestine NCDS are often referred to as diseases of affluence. A. being poor B. malnutrition C. sudden onset D. being rich You should have your lungs _______ if your cough lasts for over a month. A. X-rayed B. X-ray C. X-raying D. to X-ray Women of all ages should be _______ about heart disease. All women should take steps to prevent heart disease. A. related B. concerned C. associated D. linked When food is _______ it passes down the esophagus. A. produced B. swallowed C. digested D. cooked When a person is _______ with HIV, there is an initial period when the virus multiplies rapidly. A. contaminated B. infected C. reproduced D. replicated We say a disease is ________ when it does not last for a long time. A. chronic B. acute C. severe D. preventable Vitamins have such _______uses that one cannot replace or act for the other. A. dangerous B. general C. allergic D. specific Urinary tract infection is an _______ treated disease. A. ease B. easily C. easy D. eased Type 2 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin. A. shortage B. lot C. part D. great deal This layer is _______ as the subcutaneous. A. known B. called C. knew D. calling These bacteria may be associated with symptoms and thus require treatment with _______. A. antibiotics B. antibodies C. antigens D. antihistamine

II. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Match a term on the right with its corresponding definition on the left. 31 antiseptics A. a group of symptoms which consistently occur together or a condition characterized by a set of associated symptoms. . 32 anus B. a headache that typically affects one side of the head and is often accompanied by nausea and disturbed vision . 33 gastritis C. the opening at the end of the alimentary canal through which solid waste matter leaves the body . 34 hyperalimentation D. inflammation of the lining of the stomach . MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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35 . 36 . 37 . 38 . 39 . 40 .

migraine

E.

relating to the period after childbirth

obesity

F.

artificial supply of nutrients, typically intravenously.

osteoporosis

G.

being grossly fat or overweight

post-natal

H.

rickets

I.

a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue a disease of children caused by vitamin D deficiency

syndrome

J.

substances that prevent the growth of disease-causing microorganisms

III. READING COMPREHENSION 3.1. CLOZE TEST 1: Choose the best word or phrase to fill in each gap. A. cause B. exposure C. help D. intake E. keep F. lead G. preventive H. remedy I. symptoms J. vegetables Diabetes and numb feet Question: MY mother has been suffering from diabetes for more than five years. Lately she has been experiencing numbness and occasional tingling in the feet. Is there any alternative treatment? Will her condition lead to amputation? Answer: She may be suffering from diabetic neuropathy. Prolonged _______(41) to high glucose levels can _______(42) nerve damage due to glucose oxidation. The common _______(43) of diabetic neuropathy include pain, numbness, tingling and burning sensation. The key prevention is to _______(44) her blood sugar levels at near normal levels. She may consider taking alpha lipoic acid, which protects microcirculation to nerves, making it especially effective for diabetic neuropathy. It is a recognised _______(45) for diabetic neuropathy. Increasing her _______(46) of B-vitamins may also be beneficial. B-vitamins are necessary for normal nerve function and supplementing is a good _______(47) measure. Her diet should be high in fibre and complex carbohydrates but low in simple sugars and fats. A high fibre intake may _______(48) control sugar levels as well as reduce oral anti-diabetic medication. Grains, fresh fruits and _______(49) are highly recommended. Start off with gentle exercises such as walking and cycling three times a week. Physical activity can enhance insulin sensitivity and improve glucose tolerance in those with diabetes. You should check on her feet everyday for cuts and break of the skin, injury, and toenail infection. This is because untreated injuries may _______(50) to amputation. numbness: tê; tingling: cảm giác kiến bò, kim châm; alternative: thay thế; amputation: cắt cụt chi 3.2. READING WITH MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Read the passage and answer the question given below it. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver due to five hepatitis viruses - A, B, C, D or E. In its early stages, the disease may be mistaken for flu, with fever, fatigue, nausea, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, muscle and joint aches. These are followed by the characteristic jaundice or yellowing of the eyes and skin due to a build-up of bile in the blood. Excessive bile can also cause severe itchiness and a darkening of urine. Hepatitis A is transmitted through contaminated food. Hepatitis B is transmitted through blood, semen, saliva and other body fluids. It is spread by blood transfusion, sharing of needles, sexual contact and other exposure to bodily fluids. Hepatitis C is mostly transmitted through blood transfusion. For unknown reasons, people with alcoholic liver disease often have hepatitis C as well. Hepatitis D & E occur only in people who already have infection with hepatitis B virus and it makes the hepatitis B infection more severe. Follow a diet that is low in animal fats, oily fried foods and carbohydrates but high in dietary fibre like fruits and vegetables. All water should be boiled before drinking, and if you are traveling use bottled water. Eat home-cooked food, where you can be assured of hygiene. Alcohol and medications that are potentially toxic to the liver must be avoided. You may check with your doctor before taking any medications. Lecithin, being exceptionally rich in a compound called phosphatidylcholine, is MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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excellent for optimum liver function. Regular intake of high phosphatidylcholine (35 per cent) has been shown to accelerate liver regeneration in the treatment of chronic liver disease resulting from viral infection, drug poisoning or excessive alcohol consumption. Nutritional anti-free radicals such as beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, and minerals zinc are essential in protecting the liver from free radical damage. Jaundice: vàng da; itchiness: ngứa; accelerate: gia tăng; optimum: tối ưu; free radical: gốc tự do 51. 52. 53.

54.

55.

Which of the following is the characteristic symptom of hepatitis? A. fatigue B. nausea C. jaundice D. loss of appetite Hepatitis A is transmitted through _______. A. digestive tract B. semen C. bodily fluids D. blood Which of the following statement is NOT true? A. There are five type of hepatitis viruses B. Drinking people are vulnerable to hepatitis C C. Blood transfusion may be a risk of hepatitis C. D. Hepatitis D & E are never seen in people with hepatitis B Lecithin is good for the liver because _______. A. it prevents liver viral infection B. it increases liver regeneration C. it prevents liver drug poisoning D. It contains beta-carotene Which of the following cannot protect the liver from the damage of free radicals? A. Vitamin A B. Vitamins C C. Vitamins E D. Vitamin D

IV. WRITING. Rewrite the following question so that the new sentence is similar in meaning to the original one. 56. Certain agents cannot be cultured, for example Treponema palladium and most viruses.  It is _______ 57. Infection with most pathogens does not result in death of the host.  Infection with most pathogens does not cause _______ 58. Transmission of an infectious disease may occur through several pathways  An infectious disease may be _______ 59. You should check on her feet everyday for cuts and break of the skin, injury, blisters and toenail infection.  Her feet _______ 60. Regular intake of high phosphatidylcholine has been shown to accelerate liver regeneration.  They _______

GOOD SUCCESS IN YOUR ENGLISH STUDY!

GLOSSARY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

a wide variety of (det) aberrant protein abnormal (adj) abnormality abruptly (adv) abundance (n) abundant (adj)

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8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65.

academic performance access (vt), (n) accessory accompanied by accompany (vt) account for accumulate (vt) accumulation achieve (vt) acquire Acquired Immune eficiency Syndrome (AIDS) activation (n) active TB (n) activity (n) acute (adj) additional (adj) address (vt) adolescent adopt (vt) adult (n) advanced (adj) adversely (adv) affect (vt) affluence (n) affordable age (vi) agent (n) age-specific (adj) aggressive (adj) aid (vi), (n) ailment (n) aim to do st (v) airborne (adj) alcohol (n) alert for (v) allergen (n) allergic (adj) allergist (n) allergy (n) allot (vt) allow (vt) alter (vi), (vt) ambient amount (n) amputation anaemic (adj) anaphylactic shock ancient times anesthesia (n) angina angioplasty annually antibacterial (n), (adj) antibiogram antibiotic-resistant (adj) antibody (n) antibody-initiated antidiuretic (adj), (n)

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66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 10 0. 10 1. 10 2. 10 3. 10 4. 10 5. 10 6. 10 7. 10 8. 109 . 11 0. 11 1. 11 2. 11 3. 11 4. 11 5.

antifungal (n), (adj) antigen-specific antihistamine (n) antimicrobial (n), (adj) antineoplastic (adj) antiparasitic (n), (adj) antiretroviral drugs antiseptic (n), (adj) antiserum (n) antivirals (n), (adj) anxiety (n) apart from prep appear (v) appetite (n) application (n) apply (v) approach to (n) appropriate(adj) approve (v) approximately (adv) aquarium (n) array (n) arthritis (n) artificially (adv) as a result of (prep) as long as (conj) ascertain (vt) aside from (prep) aspect (n) assess = value (vt) assessment (n) assist (vt) associated with (adj) assure (vt) asthma (n) asymptomatic (adj) at birth at present at random atheromatous plaque atheromatous streak atherosclerosis (n) atherosclerotic attack (n), (vt) attention to (n) attract (vt) attribute (vt) atypical (adj) autoimmune (adj) available (adj)

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11 6. 11 7. 11 8. 11 9. 12 0. 12 1. 12 2. 12 3. 12 4. 12 5. 12 6. 12 7. 12 8. 12 9. 13 0. 13 1. 13 2. 13 3. 13 4. 13 5. 13 6. 13 7. 13 8. 13 9. 14 0. 14 1. 14 2. 14 3. 14 4. 14 5. 14 6. 14 7. 14 8. 14 9. 15 0. 15 1. 15 2. 15 3.

average (n), (adj) avoid (vt) avoidance (n) awaken (v) award (n) aware of (adj) awareness (n) bacteriolysis balance (n) barrier (n) basis (n) basophils bear a child (vt) behavior (n) benefit (n), (v) benign (adj) best off (adj) beverage biliary tract (n) bioactivity (n) bioavailable (adj) biomedical (adj) biomolecule (n) blindness block (vt) blockage (n) blood clotting system blood serum analysis blood work (n) blueprint (n) boil (n) boost (vt) botanist (n) bowel (n) break sth down (vt) breast (n) breathlessness (n) broader array of

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15 4. 15 5. 15 6. 15 7. 15 8. 15 9. 16 0. 161 . 16 2. 16 3. 16 4. 16 5. 16 6. 16 7. 16 8. 16 9. 17 0. 17 1. 17 2. 17 3. 17 4. 17 5. 17 6. 17 7. 17 8. 17 9. 18 0. 18 1. 18 2. 18 3. 18 4. 18 5. 18 6. 18 7. 18 8. 18 9. 19 0. 19 1.

broad-spectrum bronchoconstriction bubble bath(n) bulge (vi) burden burning on urination burst of (n) calcitonin (n) campaign canal (n) cancel (vt) cancer (n) capacity (n) carbuncle (n) cardiologist (n) cardiovascular (adj) carrot (n) carry out (vt) catalyst (n) catch (vt) catheter (n) catheterization (n) caution (n) cautious (adj) cervix (n) challenge (n) character characterize characterized by CHD chronical heart disease chemotherapy chickenpox(n) chief (n) chill (n) chlorination cholera (n) cholestatic chromosome (n)

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19 2. 19 3. 19 4. 19 5. 19 6. 19 7. 19 8. 19 9. 20 0. 20 1. 20 2. 20 3. 20 4. 20 5. 20 6. 20 7. 20 8. 20 9. 21 0. 21 1. 21 2. 21 3. 21 4. 21 5. 21 6. 21 7. 21 8. 21 9. 22 0. 22 1. 22 2. 22 3. 22 4. 22 5. 22 6. 22 7. 22 8.

chronic (adj) chronic immune activation citrus (n) claim (n), (v) clean water supplies (n) cleanliness (n) climacteric (n), (adj) clinic trial (n) clinically clotting (n) co-evolution coexisting cofactor (n) coin coincide with co-infected with colleague (n) colon (n) colorectal colormetric coma combat (n), (vt) combination (n) command a fraction commercially available commission (n) communicable (adj) community companionship (n) comparatively (adv) complaint (n) complement complementdependent complication (n) component (n) compound compromised (adj)

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22 9. 23 0. 23 1. 232 . 23 3. 23 4. 23 5. 23 6. 23 7. 23 8. 23 9. 24 0. 24 1. 24 2. 24 3. 24 4. 24 5. 24 6. 24 7. 24 8. 24 9. 25 0. 25 1. 25 2. 25 3. 25 4. 25 5. 256 . 25 7. 25 8. 25 9. 26 0. 26 1. 26 2. 26 3. 26 4. 26 5. 26

concentration (n) conception concern concerned with (adj) condensed tannin condition (n) confirm (v) conjunctiva (n) conjunctivitis (n) conscious (adj) consequence (n) consistent (adj) constituent (n) consumption (n) contagious = communicable (adj) contaminate (vt) context contract (vt) contrast (n), (vt) contribute to (vt) contributor (n) convert (vt) convince (vt) cooperate with (vi) coordinate a plan (vt) cope with coronary heart disease correct (vt) correlate with (vi) counsel (vt), (vi) counterpart (n) couple (n) crawl create (vt) crew (n) critical bacterial species critical level crossreact

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26 7. 26 8. 26 9. 27 0. 27 1. 27 2. 27 3. 27 4. 27 5. 27 6. 27 7. 27 8. 27 9. 28 0. 28 1. 282 . 28 3. 28 4. 28 5. 28 6. 28 7. 28 8. 28 9. 29 0. 29 1. 29 2. 29 3. 29 4. 29 5. 29 6. 29 7. 29 8. 29 9. 300 . 30 1. 30 2. 30 3. 30 4.

culture (vt), (n) cure for (n) current (adj) currently (adv) cystic fibrosis cystitis (n) cystoscopy (n) damage (n), (vt) damage (v,n) dander (n) data, datum (n) deal with (v) death rate (n) deemphasize defect (n) defend (vt) defense deficiency (n) define (vt) degenerative joint disease (n) delay (v), (n) delivery (n) demand (n), (vt) demographic (adj) demonstrate (vt) dendritic cell deposit (n, v) depressed deprive, deprivation derive from descriptive (adj) desensitization (n) design (vt), (n) destruction (n) detect (vt) detectable (adj) detection (n) determinant (adj), (n)

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30 5. 30 6. 30 7. 30 8. 30 9. 31 0. 31 1. 31 2. 31 3. 31 4. 31 5. 31 6. 31 7. 31 8. 31 9. 32 0. 32 1. 32 2. 32 3. 32 4. 32 5. 32 6. 32 7. 328 . 32 9. 33 0. 33 1. 33 2. 33 3. 33 4. 33 5. 33 6. 33 7. 33 8. 33 9. 34 0. 34 1. 34

determine (vt) devastate (vt) devastating development (n) diabetes (n) diabetes insipidus (n) diabetes mellitus (n) diabetic (n), (adj) diagnose (vt) diagnosis (n) diagnostic tools (n) dialysis (n) diet (n) dietary (adj) dimension (n) dimorphism (n) diphtheria (n) disability (n) disadvantaged (adj) discern (v) discharge (n), (vt) discomfort (n, v) disease-fighting drugs (n) disorder (n) dispose (vt) dissolve (vi), (vt) distention (n) distinguish (vt) distribution (n) disturbance (n) diverse (adj) do harm to st (v) dosage (n) drainage dribble (vi) drive droplet drought resistant

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34 3. 34 4. 34 5. 34 6. 34 7. 34 8. 34 9. 35 0. 35 1. 35 2. 35 3. 35 4. 35 5. 35 6. 35 7. 35 8. 35 9. 36 0. 36 1. 36 2. 36 3. 36 4. 36 5. 36 6. 36 7. 36 8. 36 9. 37 0. 37 1. 37 2. 37 3. 37 4. 37 5. 37 6. 37 7. 37 8. 37 9. 38

drown due to (prep) duration duration of therapy dust (n) dyspnea (n) dyspnoea dystonia (n) dysuria (n) eczema effectiveness (n) effector effort (n) egg yolk (n) elevate elevated (adj) elicit (vt) eliminate (vt) elsewhere elsewhere (adv) embryo (n) emerge (vi) emergence (n) emotionally powerful enable (vt) encephalocele (n) encephalomyocarditis (n) encephalopathy(n) encounter (v) encourage (vt) end up with (v) endemic enhance (vt) entail (v) entry (n) environment (n) epidemic (n) epidemiology

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38 1. 38 2. 38 3. 38 4. 38 5. 38 6. 38 7. 38 8. 38 9. 39 0. 39 1. 39 2. 39 3. 39 4. 39 5. 39 6. 39 7. 39 8. 39 9. 40 0. 40 1. 40 2. 40 3. 40 4. 40 5. 40 6. 40 7. 40 8. 40 9. 41 0. 41 1. 41 2. 41 3. 41 4. 41 5. 41 6. 41 7.

equator eradication (n) error escape (vt), (n) essential (adj) establish (vt) estimate (vt) eustachian tube evaluate (vt) evaluation (n) evidence (n) evident (adj) evolution (n) evolve (v) examine (vt) excessive (adj) exclusively (adv) excrement (n) excretory and intravenous urography exemplify (vt) exist (vi) existence (n) existing (adj) expand (v) expectation (n) expedition (n) expert assessment exposed to exposure (n) extend beyond extent (n) extract (n), (vt) extraordinary (adj) extreme malnutrition face with (v) facial expression (n) facilitate

(v)

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41 8. 41 9. 42 0. 42 1. 42 2. 42 3. 42 4. 42 5. 42 6. 42 7. 42 8. 42 9. 43 0. 43 1. 43 2. 43 3. 43 4. 43 5. 43 6. 43 7. 43 8. 43 9. 44 0. 44 1. 44 2. 44 3. 44 4. 44 5. 44 6. 44 7. 44 8. 44 9. 45 0. 45 1. 45 2. 45 3. 45 4. 45 5.

factor (n) fail to do st (vi) failure (n) fall behind (v) familiar with (adj) fatal (adj) fatigue (n) fat-soluble (adj) fault (n) FDA = Food and drug administration fecal matter (n) fermentation (n) fetus field observation finding (n) firmly (adv) first line antibiotics fit (adj) fivefold flour (n) fluid (n) flush (vt) foetus, fetus (n) food additives forceps fortify fortunately (adv) foul-smelling (adj) foundation (n) fracture fragile free from (adj) frequency (n) frequent (adj) frontal lobe (n) fuel (n) full-blown function (vi), (n)

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45 6. 45 7. 45 8. 45 9. 46 0. 46 1. 46 2. 46 3. 46 4. 46 5. 46 6. 46 7. 46 8. 46 9. 47 0. 47 1. 47 2. 47 3. 47 4. 47 5. 47 6. 47 7. 47 8. 47 9. 48 0. 48 1. 48 2. 48 3. 48 4. 48 5. 48 6. 48 7. 48 8. 48 9. 49 0. 49 1. 49 2. 49 3.

fungi, fungus (n) fur (n) gallstones (n) gangrene (n) gather (vi), (vt) general public (n) generation (n) genetic inheritance genetic makeup (n) germ (n) gestational (adj) gestational diabetes gestures (n) give sth off (vt) give sth up (vt) global extent globalisation (n) goiter gradual (adj) gradually (adv) growth (n) growth promotion guideline (n) gum (n) gut flora gut wall habit (n) Haemophilus influenzae (n) harbor harm (vt) harmful food additives harmless (adj) hasten hay fever (n) health facility health officials (n) health resource healthcare (n)

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49 4. 49 5. 49 6. 49 7. 49 8. 49 9. 50 0. 50 1. 50 2. 50 3. 50 4. 50 5. 50 6. 50 7. 508 . 50 9. 51 0. 51 1. 51 2. 51 3. 51 4. 51 5. 51 6. 51 7. 51 8. 51 9. 52 0. 52 1. 52 2. 52 3. 52 4. 52 5. 52 6. 52 7. 52 8. 52 9. 53 0.

heart attack (n) hence hepatitis (n) hereditary hernia (n) high grade narrowing highlight (vt), (n) hinder (vt) hip (n) history (n) hitherto hive, urticaria hives (n) hold sth back (vt) homeostasis (n) homicide hookworm Hormone replacement therapy household (n) human being (n) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) humidity (n) hygiene hygiene (n) hygiene (n) hyperalimentation (n) hypercalcemia (n) hypercalciuria (n) hypercholesterolemia hyperlipidemia (n) hyperparathyroidism (n) hypersensitivity hypertension (n) hypertensive hypoalimentation (n) hypocalcemia (n) hypochromic (n)

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53 1. 53 2. 53 3. 53 4. 53 5. 53 6. 53 7. 53 8. 53 9. 54 0. 54 1. 54 2. 54 3. 54 4. 54 5. 546 . 54 7. 54 8. 54 9. 55 0. 55 1. 55 2. 55 3. 55 4. 55 5. 55 6. 55 7. 55 8. 55 9. 56 0. 56 1. 56 2. 56 3. 56 4. 56 5. 56 6. 56 7.

hypodermic hypodermic (adj) hypoparathyroidism (n) hypothesis immune system (n) immunity (n) immunization (n) immunoassay immunocompromised immunological variation immunologist immunosufficient immunosuppressa nt immunosuppressive impact (n), (vt) impair, impaired (vt), (adj) impairment(n) imperative (adj) implant implementation (n) imply improper improve in a rational manner in addition in proportion to in the belief that in the normal range in vitro inactivity (n) inadequate (adj) inception incidence (n) include (vt) income(n) incomplete voiding (n) incontinence (n)

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56 8. 56 9. 57 0. 57 1. 57 2. 57 3. 57 4. 57 5. 57 6. 57 7. 57 8. 57 9. 58 0. 58 1. 58 2. 58 3. 58 4. 58 5. 58 6. 58 7. 58 8. 58 9. 59 0. 59 1. 59 2. 59 3. 59 4. 59 5. 59 6. 59 7. 59 8. 59 9. 60 0. 60 1. 60 2. 60 3. 60 4. 60 5.

inconvenient (adj) indefinitely (adv) indicate (vt) indication (n) individual (n), (adj) induce (v) industrial wastes (n) infant (n) infect (v) infected with infectious (adj) infectious agent (n) infectivity inflammation (n) ingest (vt) ingestion (n) ingredient (n) inhalation (n) inherit (v) inherit (vt) initial period (n) initial workup (n) initially (adv) inject (vt) injection(n) inoculum (n) insect bite (n) insert (vt) institutionalized intact (adj) intake (n) intellectual (adj) intelligence quotient (IQ) intend (vt) intensity (n) intensive support interaction (n) interfere with (vi)

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60 6. 60 7. 60 8. 60 9. 61 0. 61 1. 61 2. 613 . 61 4. 61 5. 61 6. 61 7. 61 8. 61 9. 62 0. 62 1. 62 2. 623 . 62 4. 62 5. 62 6. 62 7. 62 8. 62 9. 63 0. 63 1. 63 2. 63 3. 63 4. 63 5. 63 6. 63 7. 63 8. 63 9. 64 0. 64 1. 64 2.

intermediate (adj,n) interplay (n) interupt (vt) intervention (n) interviewee (n) interviewer (n) intestinal tract (n) intestine (n) intracellular (adj) intradermally intrinsic (adj) invade (vt) invader (n) invasive medical technology investigate (vi), (vt) investigator (n) involve (vt) irradiation (n) irritant (n), (adj) ischaemia isolate itch (n), (vi) jelly (n) Journal of Immunology juvenile keen to do sth (adj) keep a record of keep pace with; keep up with (v) key words kidney transplant (n) labor (n) Laboratory of Immunoregulation lack (n), (vt) lag (behind) (v) lancet (n) latent (adj) lead (n)

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64 3. 64 4. 64 5. 64 6. 64 7. 64 8. 64 9. 65 0. 65 1. 65 2. 65 3. 65 4. 65 5. 65 6. 65 7. 65 8. 65 9. 66 0. 661 . 66 2. 66 3. 66 4. 665 . 66 6. 66 7. 66 8. 66 9. 67 0. 67 1. 672 . 67 3. 67 4. 67 5. 67 6. 67 7. 67 8. 67 9. 68 0.

leading cause lest (conj) level(n) liable to do (adj) life – threatening (adj) likely to (adj) lime, lemon (n) limit (vt), (n) linked to (adj) literally (adv) livestock (n) lobe (n) localise (v) long-term (adj) look forward to (v) loss (n) lumen of the vessel macrophage (n) maintain (vt) maintenance (n) major (adj) malabsorption (n) mal-absorption (n) malaria (n) malnourished (adj) manage finance manageable(n) mandatory (adj) manifest manifestation (n) manner (n) manufacture (n), (vt) mast cells measles (n) measure (n) measurement (n) median time mediate

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68 1. 68 2. 68 3. 68 4. 68 5. 68 6. 68 7. 68 8. 68 9. 69 0. 69 1. 69 2. 69 3. 69 4. 69 5. 696 . 697 . 69 8. 69 9. 70 0. 70 1. 70 2. 70 3. 704 . 70 5. 70 6. 70 7. 70 8. 70 9. 71 0. 71 1. 71 2. 71 3. 71 4. 71 5. 71 6. 71 7. 71 8.

mediation medication (n) Medieval member countries meningitis (n) menopause (n) menorrhagia (n) menostasis (n) menstruation (n) mental disability mental disorder mental illness (n) mental retardation (n) mercury (n) metabolic metabolism (n) metabolite (n) micronutrient mild (adj) minimize(vt) misconception (n) misuse (n) (v) mite (n) mobilize (vt) mode (n) mold (n) molecular biology monitor morale (n) morbidity (n) mortality rate (n) mosquito (n) multinational (adj) multiplication (n) multiply(vi) mumps (n) muscle tone (n) muscle wasting (n)

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71 9. 72 0. 72 1. 72 2. 72 3. 72 4. 72 5. 72 6. 72 7. 72 8. 72 9. 73 0. 73 1. 73 2. 73 3. 73 4. 73 5. 73 6. 73 7. 73 8. 73 9. 74 0. 74 1. 74 2. 74 3. 74 4. 74 5. 74 6. 74 7. 74 8. 74 9. 75 0. 75 1. 75 2. 75 3. 75 4. 75 5.

mutate, mutation (vi), (n) myocardial infarction myocardium (n) myriad (n) native (ad) nature (n) nausea (n) neck of the bladder (n) need (n) nephrogenic (adj) neutralization (n) nevertheless (adv) newborn (n), (adj) NHS night blindness (n) no longer nocturia (n) non-communicable (adj) nonetheless (adv) nonverbal clues (n) notable (adj) notice (vt) nourishment (n) nutrient (n) nutrition (n) obese (adj) obesity (n) objective (n) observe (v) obstetric (adj) obtain (vt) obvious (adj) occupational occur (vi) occurrence (n) offend (vt) offending (adj)

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75 6. 75 7. 75 8. 75 9. 76 0. 76 1. 76 2. 76 3. 76 4. 76 5. 76 6. 76 7. 76 8. 76 9. 77 0. 77 1. 77 2. 77 3. 77 4. 77 5. 77 6. 77 7. 77 8. 77 9. 78 0. 78 1. 78 2. 783 . 78 4. 78 5. 78 6. 78 7. 78 8. 78 9. 79 0. 79 1. 79 2. 79 3.

offspring (n) on a regular basis onset (n) operate (v) operation (n) opportunistic (adj) optimal (adj) optimistic (adj) oral contraceptive order laboratory tests originate (v) osteoporosis (n) otherwise (adv) outbreak (n) outcome (n) ovary (n) overall problem (n) overfeed (vt) overstretching (n) overuse (n, v) overweight (n), (adj) owner (n) painful subject pancreas (n) pandemic (n, adj) paralysis (n) parasite (n) parathyroid (adj) participant particular (adj) pathogen (n) pathway (n) patient (n) pattern (n) peanut (n) pellagra (n) pelvic region (n) penetrate (vt)

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79 4. 79 5. 79 6. 79 7. 79 8. 79 9. 80 0. 80 1. 80 2. 80 3. 80 4. 80 5. 80 6. 80 7. 80 8. 80 9. 81 0. 81 1. 81 2. 81 3. 81 4. 81 5. 81 6. 81 7. 81 8. 81 9. 82 0. 82 1. 82 2. 82 3. 82 4. 82 5. 82 6. 82 7. 82 8. 82 9. 83 0.

per se perceive (v) perform (vt), (vi) perfumed feminine hygiene products periodic (adj) peripheral neuropathy permanent (adj) persistent (adj) persistently (adv) pertussis (n) pet (n) phage therapy phagocytosis (n) phenylketonuria (n) phrase (n) physical exam (n) physique (n) pinpoint (v) pituitary gland (n) placenta (n) plague (n) pneumonia (n) pneumonitis (n) poison (n, vt) policy (n) poliovirus (n) pollen (n) pollutant (n) polycystic kidney disease poor prognosis (n) population (n) pose (vt) posterior (adj) postmenopausal (adj) postoperative (adj) postpartum (adj) postulate

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83 1. 83 2. 83 3. 83 4. 83 5. 83 6. 83 7. 83 8. 83 9. 84 0. 84 1. 84 2. 84 3. 84 4. 84 5. 84 6. 84 7. 84 8. 84 9. 85 0. 85 1. 85 2. 85 3. 85 4. 85 5. 85 6. 85 7. 85 8. 85 9. 86 0. 86 1. 86 2. 86 3. 86 4. 86 5. 86 6. 86 7.

postulates potent (adj) potential ( (n), (adj)) powerful practice good hygiene practitioner (n) precede precursors predator predictable predictable predispose smb to predominant (adj) prefer pregnancy (n) pregnancy-related (adj) pregnant (adj) preparation (n) prescribe (vt) prescription preserve (vt) prevailing (adj) prevalent (adj) prevent (vt) preventable (adj) preventive measures previously (adv) prick (v) principal (adj) principle (n) priority (n) procedure (n) professional (n), (adj) profound (adj) prognosis (n) progress (v) progression (n)

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86 8. 86 9. 87 0. 87 1. 87 2. 87 3. 87 4. 87 5. 87 6. 87 7. 87 8. 87 9. 88 0. 88 1. 88 2. 88 3. 88 4. 88 5. 88 6. 88 7. 88 8. 88 9. 89 0. 89 1. 89 2. 89 3. 89 4. 89 5. 89 6. 89 7. 89 8. 89 9. 90 0. 90 1. 90 2. 90 3. 90 4.

progressive (adj) proliferate (vt), (vi) prolong (v) prolonged isolation promote (vt) prone to (adj) properly (adv) propose (v) prostate (n) prostatectomy (n) protease (n) protect (vt) protective (adj) proteinuria (n) provitamin (n) psychiatric assessment (n) psychiatrict patient (n) psychosocial (adj) puberty (n) public health (n) pulmonary heart disease pulmonologist pure (adj) purification (n) pyelonephritis (n) qualify (v) rabbit testes radiation (n) radioallergosorben t radiometric (n) raise (vt) random mutation range from … to (v) rank (n), (vi) rapid (adj) rash (n) ratio (n)

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90 5. 90 6. 90 7. 90 8. 90 9. 91 0. 91 1. 91 2. 91 3. 91 4. 91 5. 91 6. 91 7. 91 8. 91 9.

rational = reasonable (adj) raw food reabsorb (vt) reaction (n) realistic (adj) recessive-gene (n) recommend (vt) record (n), (vt) rectum (n) reduce (vt) refer smb to (vt) refer to (v) reference (n) reflect (vt) reflux esophagitis

92 0.

regional (adj)

92 1. 92 2. 92 3. 92 4. 92 5. 92 6. 92 7. 92 8. 92 9. 93 0. 93 1. 93 2. 93 3. 93 4. 93 5. 93 6. 93 7.

regular (adj)

93 8. 93 9. 94 0. 94 1. 942 .

reject (v) related to (adj) release (v), (n) relevant to (adj) reliable (adj) relieve (vt) remove (vt) renal angiography (n) renal surgery (n) replace (vt) replicate (v) represent (v) reproductive phase research resection (n) resist, resistance (v,n) resolve (v) respectively (adv) responsibility (n) responsively (adv) responsiveness (n)

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94 3. 94 4. 94 5. 94 6. 94 7. 94 8. 94 9. 95 0. 95 1. 95 2. 95 3. 95 4. 95 5. 95 6. 95 7. 95 8. 95 9. 96 0. 96 1. 96 2. 96 3. 96 4. 96 5. 96 6. 96 7. 96 8. 96 9. 97 0. 97 1. 97 2. 97 3. 97 4. 97 5. 97 6. 97 7. 97 8. 97 9.

restriction (n) result (vi), (n) result from (vi) result in (vi) resurgent (adj) retardation (n) retinal damage reverse (vt) rickets (n) rid sth of (vt) rigorous (adj) risk factor (n) RNA = ribonucleic acid rubella run rupture saliva (n) sample of blood (n) sandlike (adj) sanitary handling of food sanitary napkins (n) sarcoid (adj) SARS saturated (adj) scar (n) scheme (n) science-based (adj) score (n) scratching (n) screen (v) screening (n) scurvy (n) security (n) sedentary (adj) sediment (n) selection, selective (n, adj) semen (n)

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98 0. 98 1. 98 2. 983 . 98 4. 98 5. 98 6. 98 7. 988 . 98 9. 99 0. 99 1. 99 2. 99 3. 99 4. 99 5. 99 6. 99 7. 99 8. 99 9. 10 00. 10 01. 10 02. 10 03. 10 04. 10 05. 10 06. 10 07. 10 08. 10 09. 10 10. 10 11. 10 12. 10 13. 10 14. 10 15. 10 16. 10 17.

sensation (n) sense of comfort sensitive (adj) sensitivity (n) separate ( (adj), (v)) separate (v) seroconversion (n) seroconvert (v) seropositive (adj) serum (n) serum creatinine (n) setting (n) severe (adj) severity (n) sewage treatment (n) sexual contact (n) shed (v) shift (v), (n) shy away from (v) side effect (n) sigmoid flexure (n) sign (n) significant significant (adj) similar (adj) single (adj) skin flakes (n) skin scales (n) skull (n) slant slow down (v) sneeze (vi) so far (adv) soap (n) society (n) sodium (n) soluble (adj) solution (n)

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10 18. 10 19. 10 20. 10 21. 10 22. 102 3. 10 24. 10 25. 10 26. 10 27. 10 28. 10 29. 10 30. 10 31. 10 32. 10 33. 10 34. 10 35. 10 36. 10 37. 10 38. 10 39. 10 40. 10 41. 10 42. 10 43. 10 44. 10 45. 10 46. 10 47. 10 48. 10 49. 10 50. 10 51. 10 52. 10 53. 10 54. 10 55.

sorghum (n) spasm (n) specialise in (v) species (n) specific to (adj) spectrum (n) spermicidal foams sporadic (adj) spread (n), (vi) stable (adj) stage (n) stand for (v) stand in the way of standard (n) staphylococcus (n) staple food status (n) steadily (adv) stenosis (n) step (n) sterile (adj) stewardship (n) store (vt) strains of microorganisms strategy (n) strengthen (vt) strenuous exercise (n) stroke (n) sublingually substance (n) substantially (adv) substrate (n) succeed (vi) suffer from (v) sufficient (adj) suggestive of (adj) suicide (n) suitable (adj)

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10 56. 10 57. 10 58. 10 59. 10 60. 10 61.

sunscreen (n)

10 62 .

surveillance (n)

10 63. 10 64. 10 65. 10 66. 10 67. 10 68. 10 69. 107 0.

survival time

10 71. 10 72. 10 73. 10 74. 107 5. 10 76. 10 77. 10 78. 10 79. 10 80. 10 81. 10 82. 108 3. 108 4. 10 85. 10 86. 10 87. 10 88. 10 89. 10 90. 10 91. 10 92.

supervision (n) supplementation (n) support (n), (vt) supportive group surgical procedure

survive (vt) susceptible (adj) suspect (v) sweet potato (n) swell (vi) symbiosis (n) synthesize, synthesis (vt), (n) syphilis (n) tainted (adj) take by mouth (vt) take care of (v) take hold of (vt) target (n) TB (tuberculosis) (n) tend (v) tendency (n) theme (n) theoretical (adj) theorize (v) therapeutic (adj) there is no need to do thigh (n) thirst (n) thirsty (adj) thoroughly (adv) thromboembolic, -lism (adj), (n) thrombus material thus (adv) tingling sensation

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10 93. 10 94. 10 95. 10 96. 10 97. 10 98. 10 99. 11 00. 11 01. 11 02. 11 03. 11 04. 11 05. 11 06. 110 7. 11 08. 11 09. 11 10. 11 11. 11 12. 11 13. 11 14. 11 15. 11 16. 11 17. 11 18. 11 19. 11 20. 11 21. 11 22. 11 23. 11 24. 11 25. 11 26. 11 27. 11 28. 11 29. 11 30.

to a certain extent tobacco (n) toddler toll, take toll on tones of voice (n) tool (n) toxic (adj) trait (n) transdermally (adv) transfer (vt) transformation protocol transfusion (n) transmission (n) transmittal (n) transport (vt), (n) trauma (n) traumatic treatise (n) treatment (n) tropical (adj) tuberculosis (n) tumor (n) typhoid fever (n) typhus (n) typical (adj) typically (adv) ubiquitous (adj) ulcer (n) ultimately (adv) ultraviolet (n) umbrella term unavoidable (adj) unaware (adj) unborn (adj) unconscious (adj) uncovere (vt) undamaged (adj) under way

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11 31. 11 32. 11 33. 113 4. 11 35. 113 6. 11 37. 11 38. 11 39. 11 40. 11 41. 11 42. 11 43. 11 44. 11 45. 11 46. 11 47. 11 48. 11 49. 11 50. 11 51. 11 52. 11 53. 11 54. 11 55. 11 56. 11 57. 11 58. 11 59. 11 60. 11 61. 11 62. 11 63. 11 64. 11 65. 11 66. 11 67.

undercook (v) underscore(vt) understanding of (n) undesirable = unwanted (adj) unencountered uniform (adj) unique (adj) universally (adv) unpolished rice (n) unsuspected uptake urbanisation ureter (n) ureterosigmoidostom y (n) urethra (n) urethral opening (n) urethral sphincter (n) urethroplasty (n) urgent need (n) urinary tract infection (n) urinate urination (n) urine bladder (n) urine retention (n) urine, urinary (n), (adj) uterus (n) utility (n) utilize vaccination (n) vaccine (n) vagina vaginal fluid vaginal, urethral drainage value (n), (vt) variable varicella (n) variety (n)

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11 68. 11 69. 11 70. 11 71. 11 72. 11 73. 11 74. 11 75. 117 6. 11 77. 11 78. 11 79. 11 80. 11 81. 11 82. 11 83. 11 84. 11 85. 11 86. 11 87. 11 88. 11 89. 11 90. 11 91. 11 92. 11 93. 11 94. 11 95. 11 96. 11 97.

vary (vi) vector (n) vector-borne spread venereal disease (n) via (prep) viewpoint (n) violence (n) virulence (n) viscera (n) vital signs (n) void (vi) vulnerable to vulnerable to (adj) wane ward (n) water - soluble (adj) wealthy (adj) wean (v) wheat (n) wheeze (vi) whereas (conj) whooping cough wipe (vt) wipe sth out (vt) withstand work on (v) worldwide (adj), (adv) worst off wound (n) yellow fever (n)

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ENGLISH FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS 2 SUGGESTED KEYS TO EXERCISES (WORKBOOK)

Second Edition 2009 The following answers are suggested by the author in order to make the teaching somewhat uniform. However, in many cases they are not considered to be the unique ones. The teachers who use the book are expected to add any possible answers that they think appropriate to certain questions. UNIT 1: I. CLOZE TESTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 amoun catal call involved clotti acid intak ingeste store deca . ts ysts ed ng e d d des 2 eating feedi kno healing using accept practi maintai plag cause . ng wn ed cing ning ued d 3 classifi occur limit consumpt interfe deficie result avoid liver coupl s s ion re ncy e . ed 4 as into for from at in by with from for . II. READING PASSAGES 1.CDADC 2. BDCCD III. STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. A IV. TERMINOLOGY 1. Hypercalciuria 2. Hypercalcemia 3. Hyperalimentation 4. homeostasis 5. gut flora 6. fermentation 7. Contagious 8. Coenzymes 9. catalyst 10. Arthritis V REWRITING 1.The currently available antibiotics are known to inhibit or kill some of these microorganisms  People know that the currently available antibiotics inhibit or kill some of these microorganisms. 2.This hormone that is believed to control how the beta cells make and release insulin MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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 They believed this hormone controls how the beta cells make and release insulin 3. Daily multivitamin supplements have been found to reduce HIV disease progression among men and women.  It has been found that daily multivitamin supplements reduce HIV disease progression among men and women. 4.The disease has been reported to be reduced significantly with 4000 IU of Vitamin D3 daily over 6 months.  It has been reported that the disease is reduced significantly with 4000 IU of Vitamin D3 daily over 6 months. The pain results from a narrowing of the blood vessels feeding the muscle. 5.  The pain is caused by a narrowing of the blood vessels feeding the muscle. VI. LISTENING 1: CDBA SCRIPT1:In recent years, research has suggested more health value from vitamin D than had once been thought. Vitamin D is produced naturally in the blood. Sunlight is a major source. It is also found in some foods. These include eggs, liver and some fish. Vitamin D is also found in pills. Vitamin D helps to increase levels of calcium in the blood. It helps build strong bones and teeth. It also helps in muscle development. It also appears to do more than just protect against rickets. That serious bone disease was the reason vitamin D was added to milk. Rickets is now rare in the western world. But it is still a common childhood disease in developing countries. Rickets can cause bone pain and weakness, teeth problems and muscle loss. UNIT 2: I. CLOZE TEST 1 2 1. refer which 2. 3.

by known

3 antibo dies

4 charac terize d on injecte d to

5 lifethreat ening or/and testin g additi onally

6 suffer

7 leadin g

8 name d

9 respo nse

10 stem

to as from in to from by suspe marke allergi within sensiti perfor reduce cted d c ve ming 4. while withou which sensiti if react throug by t ze h II. READING PASSAGES 1. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F 2. A: 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. B 2. B: 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T III. STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. A IV. TERMINOLOGY 1. micronutrient, 2. irradiation 3. Hyperparathyroidism 4. night blindness 5. Nausea 6. Nutrients 7. Obesity 8. Osteomalacia 9. metabolism 10. metabolites V. REWRITING 6. Thickening of the skin of the palm results in loss of ability to hold hand straight.  Loss of ability to hold hand straight results from thickening of the skin of the palm. 7. Long-term chemical exposure is capable of causing many systemic disturbances.  Long-term chemical exposure can cause many systemic disturbances. 8. It is thought that the use of purified insulin helps avoid or reduce some of the problems of people with diabetes such as allergic reactions.  The use of purified insulin is though to help avoid or reduce some of the problems of people with diabetes such as allergic reactions. 9. Patients find that it is hard to remember things  Patients find it hard to remember things 10. You may find it useful to breathe through a wet towel or tissue when you feel the symptoms are acute.  You may find that it is useful to breathe through a wet towel or tissue when you feel the symptoms are acute. VI. LISTENING 2: Poisonous, nerves, proved, develop, carried, premature, lining, cilia, coughing, damaged UNIT 3: I. CLOZE TEST 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 accou diabet consid urban develo factors estima vulner level preven MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

109

. 2 .

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to

table 10. of 11, with 12 with reducti ons

3 circula death gap factors develo lifestyl pressu intake target . tory ping e re II. READING PASSAGE 1 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B 2.A. 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. B 2.B. 1.carcinomas, 2. sarcomas, 3. leukemias 4. prostate gland 5. pancreas 6. blood cells 7. lung cancer 8. myelomas 2.C. 1.originate 2. categorized 3. epithelial 4. respectively 5. invading 6. fatal III. STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY 1. A 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. B IV. TERMINOLOGY 1 overdose 2. substrate 3. Osteoporosis 4. Parathyroid 5. tuberculosis 6. Plague7. Rickets8. Scurvy 9. Sunscreen10 precursors V. REWRITING 1. Organisms causing an infectious disease in a host with depressed resistance are classified as opportunistic pathogens.  Organisms that cause an infectious disease in a host with depressed resistance are classified as opportunistic pathogens. 2. Malaria is caused by Plasmodial parasites.  Plasmodial parasites are the cause of malaria. 3. You should take care of yourself so that a disease has less of an effect on your body.  You should take care of yourself in order that a disease has less of an effect on your body. 4. An area near the center of the retina of the eye is responsible for fine or reading vision.  An area near the center of the retina of the eye is involved in fine or reading vision. 5. Although there are many claims of nutritional cures, there is no reliable proof of their effectiveness.  Despite the fact that there are many claims of nutritional cures, there is no reliable proof of their effectiveness. VI. LISTENING 3&4 6.1. 1) thinking 2) 3) 1907. 4) rare 5) common. 6) brain. 7) memory. 8) talk. 9) family. 10) special 6.2. CBACC- Script In California about 9,000 people will die this year because of skin cancer. There are two types of skin cancer. One type is caused by the sun. The second type of skin cancer happens when the skin cells are turned into cancer cells. Your risk for getting skin cancer depends on a number of things. Your chances are higher if you have light-colored skin, have blue eyes, are getting older, or are in the sun a lot. The survival rate for skin cancer is 80% when found and treated early. Depending on how deep the skin tumors are, different therapies can be tried. They are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Skin cancer can be prevented by staying out of the sun during the hottest part of the day. Using sun block with a protective factor of at least 15 will also help. Other ways of protecting yourself would be to wear hats and long-sleeve shirts. It is also good to look at your skin each month to find any skin cancers early. Watching for any changes in your skin and staying out of the sun during peak hours are the two best ways to prevent skin cancer. UNIT 4: I. CLOZE TEST 1 2 3 1. hypergl pregna single ycemia ncy 2. excessi sweet urine ve 3. prevent protecti prevent ive ve ed II. READING PASSAGE 1. 1. C 2. C 3. A 4. D 2. 1. D 2. A 3. A 4. A

4 interact ion attracte d reliable 5. A 5. A

5 incurab le mean

6 glucos e tasting

7 renal

additio n

elevate d

levels

6. C

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8. D

named

9. D

8 blindne ss kidney

9 develo ped related

associ ated

accum ulated

10 leading depend ent consu mption

III. STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY 1.A 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B9. C 10. D IV. TERMINOLOGY 1. antihistamine 2. alternative 3. viscera 4. ultraviolet 5. allergic 6. antibodies 7. vomit 8. threshold 9. allergy 10 adrenalin V. REWRITING 1. Despite the fact that over three hundred years have passed since the discovery of microbes, the field of microbiology is clearly in its infancy relative to other biological disciplines  Although over three hundred years have passed since the discovery of microbes, the field of microbiology is clearly in its infancy relative to other biological disciplines 2. Bacteria were first observed by Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using a single-lens microscope.  Leeuwenhoek first observed bacteria in 1676, using a single-lens microscope. 3. The first microbiological observation was made by Robert Hooke.  Robert hook was the first person to observe microbes / bacteria. 4. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and Robert Koch (1843-1910) are often considered to be the founders of medical microbiology. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and Robert Koch (1843-1910) are regarded as the founders of medical microbiology. 5. Robert Koch is famous for his contributions to the germ theory of disease. Robert Koch is bestknow for his contributions to the germ theory of disease. VI. LISTENING 5 1) energy 2) chemical 3) surface. 4) molecules 5) repair 6) build up 7) kidneys, 8) teenagers 9) regular 10) sensitive 11) remains 12) smoking UNIT 5: I. CLOZE TEST 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 low trouble/diffic with on with/havi care abl from at durin . er ulty ng e g 2 adult speaking solvi diagnos distinguis consider life encount joi servic . s ng ed h ed er n es 3 by from for with such due to to by in . II. READING PASSAGE 1.A 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. D 5. D 6. B 1.B. 1E 2D 3A 4C 5B 2. 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A III. STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C IV. TERMINOLOGY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. conjun benign Antise Antiser Chroni Coma bronch autoim asthma basoph ctiva ptics um c oconst mune ils riction V. REWRITING 1. Koch was one of the first scientists who focused on the isolation of bacteria.  Koch was one of the first scientists to focus on the isolation of bacteria. 2. Pollens of insect-pollinated plants are too large to remain airborne and pose no risk.  Pollens of insect-pollinated plants are so large that they cannot to remain airborne to pose any risk. 3. It is important that people use new or properly sterilized needles for each injection.  It is important that new or properly sterilized needles be used. 4. IgG is present in the body, known to respond to foods.  IgG is present in the body and is known to respond to foods. 5. Allergies are caused by an oversensitive immune system, leading to a misdirected immune response.  Allergies are caused by an oversensitive immune system and lead to a misdirected immune response. VI. LISTENING 6&7 6.1. 1) years 2) treated 3) tissue 4) healthy 5) history 6) probably 7) expensive. 8) wrong. 9) useful 10) easily. 6.2. DDBD script Choking is the fourth leading cause of death in young children. Children will put anything in their mouths. Small toys, jewelry, tacks, and coins are just a few. MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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Protect them by keeping small items out of their reach. Some foods can cause young children to choke. Round, hard foods are especially dangerous to young children. Ask your doctor if your child is old enough to have foods like hot dogs, nuts, carrots, and grapes. These foods can lodge in a child's throat and be very hard to get out. There are other safety tips you should keep in mind. Do not let your child run with anything in his or her mouth. Do not let your child lie down while eating. Never leave your baby alone with a propped up bottle. Being aware of what your child puts in his or her mouth may save his or her life. UNIT 6: I. CLOZE TEST 1 2 1. affect caused 2.

3 supply

4 leading

5 sugges ts flow

6 known

7 include

death reason myocar sympto decade dium ms s 3. usually consid severe differe regular stable longerably ntly ly acting II. READING PASSAGE 1. 1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C 2. 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. B III.TERMINOLOGY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Differe effector diagno eczema Dyspno Edema desensi ntiate sis ea tize artery

8 heredi tary eviden ce orally

9 hypert ensive period

10 surrou nding buildup

especi ally

urgent

5. C 5. B 8. conditi ons

9. dermati tis

10. dermat ologist

IV. STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY 1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. D V. REWRITING 1. The blood test may be helpful in determining specific allergen sensitivity.  The blood test may help to determine specific allergen sensitivity. 2. Someone allergic to birch pollen may also find that they have an allergic reaction to the skin of apples or potatoes.  Someone who are allergic to birch pollen may also find that they have an allergic reaction to the skin of apples or potatoes. 3. This occurs because of similarities in the proteins of the pollen and the food.  This occurs because there are similarities in the proteins of the pollen and the food. 4. The goal of the treatment is to reduce allergy symptoms caused by the inflammation of affected tissues.  The treatment is aimed to reduce / at reducing allergy symptoms caused by the inflammation of affected tissues. 5. The goal of treatment is to reduce allergy symptoms caused by the inflammation of affected tissues.  The goal of treatment is to reduce allergy symptoms which are caused by the inflammation of affected tissues. VI. LISTENING 8&( 6.1. 1) cholesterol, 2) blocked 3) delivered 4) attack. 5) symptoms.6) treat 7) daily 8) severe 9) damaged 10) supply 6. 2. DCABB script Smoking kills more Americans than AIDS, drug abuse, car accidents and crime. Did you know that 390,000 Americans die each year from cigarette smoking? Smoking tobacco causes 1 out of 6 deaths. Smoking can also cause some very serious diseases. Some people become addicted to smoking. Lung cancer has caused more deaths in women than breast cancer. If a pregnant woman smokes, she has a greater chance of medical problems with her baby. Cigarette smoking is the number one cause of cancer death in men. Male smokers over the age of 35 are more likely to die from smoking-related diseases like lung cancer. Many children start smoking before they reach high school. They run the risk of smoking most of their lives. They could die of smoking-related diseases. UNIT 7: I. CLOZE TEST MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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1 2 3 4 5 6 1 dama result agents fungi occur contact s . ges 2 defen resist microorga cause infect diseas nisms e . ses 3 vector introd transmitte pathog mecha manife uce d ens sted . nisms 4 provin identif contract discov criteria culture ied ery d . g II. READING PASSAGE 1. 1. A 2. B 3. C 2. 1. B 2. D 3. C III. STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. B IV. TERMINOLOGY 1. 4. 5. 6. 2. hive 3. homeo excre extract expos Hygien pathy ment ure e

7 capabl e contac t parasit ized used

8 fluids tract

9 describ es occur

sympt oms deter mine

vaccin ation occurri ng

4. D

5. D

4. D

5. A 7. C

7. Immun oglobu lin

8. A 8. susce ptibilit y

10 synony mous exposur e encount ers number

9. A 9. fatigue

10. hypote nsion

V. REWRITING 1. The best thing to do is to avoid what causes your allergic symptoms in the first place.  It is best to avoid what causes your allergic symptoms in the first place. 2. Specific illnesses caused by allergies may require other treatments.  Specific illnesses that are caused by allergies may require other treatments. 3. The proteins causing allergies are found not only in the animals' fur or hair but also in saliva, urine, mucous, and hair roots.  The proteins which cause allergies are found not only in the animals' fur or hair but also in saliva, urine, mucous, and hair roots. 4. A company called Allerca has recently announced to be able to produce a so called hypoallergenic cat.  A company called Allerca has recently announced that they are able to produce a so called hypoallergenic cat. 5. A human being has cat allergy if he shows an allergic reaction towards proteins produced by cats.  A human being has cat allergy if he shows an allergic reaction towards proteins which are produced by cats. VI. LISTENING 10&11 6.1. BCADB. Scrip In September 2006 many people became sick all around the United States. Doctors were very puzzled. The doctors thought that the people had all gotten stomach flu. Then they discovered it was something worse. The doctors and health officials discovered that all of the people ate fresh spinach around the same time. The spinach that was eaten was not good. It had bacteria on it or in it called "E. coli". The E. coli bacteria cause lots of health problems. If a plant is near contaminated water it can become infected with E. coli. There are other ways E. coli can get on or into fruits and vegetables. When someone gets E. coli their symptoms are very similar to the flu. Most healthy adults can recover from it. Some people can get very sick and die from it. About 166 people in 25 states got sick from the bacteria that was in fresh spinach. Many of them had to go to the hospital because they were so sick. One person did not recover and died. The Food and Drug Administration investigated the problem. They wanted to make sure that no one was tampering with food and making people sick on purpose. They found that there was probably a problem with the way growers handled the food. They did not think there was any tampering. People were told not to eat fresh or bagged spinach while the FDA was investigating. Washing the produce will not solve the problem. They told grocery stores to throw the spinach away and not sell it. Many companies who process spinach had to throw what they had away so that no more people would get sick. Frozen and canned spinach were safe. The bacteria can not live if it is frozen or cooked at a very high heat in a can. It is not known where exactly the outbreak started. Other outbreaks were caused by water that was contaminated by cow waste and other things. The state of California is trying to figure out where the problem started. Knowing where the spinach came from helps investigators figure out how it became contaminated. MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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10. B

The Food and Drug Administration said that it warned California farmers to do more to make _______(18) sure their spinach and lettuce was safe to eat. Since 1995 there have been 20 cases of spinach or lettuce contaminated with E. coli. Food growers in California and other states wanted to _______(19) prevent this from happening again. They put together new guidelines for produce growers. The guidelines are like rules that produce growers should follow when planting, _______(20) picking, and packaging food. The plan is designed to protect food from E. coli so that people do not get sick again. 6.2. 1minor 2 untreated. 3 antibiotic 4injury 5 ocean 6 soap. 7 iodine.8 remove 9ointment 10 daily UNIT 8: I. CLOZE TEST 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 withsta develo artifici conseque survive pass generati greatly expose patie p ally nce on d nts . nd 2 resista possibl bioacti limitless estimat usefu tradition infecti pathoge distin e ve ed l al ous nic ct . nt 3 washi spread avoidi undercoo separat induc theoretic limited produce testin ing ng ked ely ed ally d g . ng II. READING PASSAGE 1. 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. A 2. 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. A III. STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY 1. A 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. A 9. A 10. C IV. TERMINOLOGY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. intrade Mucos Monoc Intrave Inflam Immun Immun Pediatr Wheezi wheez rmally a lonal nous mation othera osuppr ics ng e py essant s V. REWRITING 6. Opportunistic disease may be caused by microbes that are ordinarily in contact with the host.  Opportunistic disease may result from microbes that are ordinarily in contact with the host. 7. Infection with most pathogens does not result in death of the host.  Infection with most pathogens does not cause death to the host. 8. The immune response to a microorganism often causes symptoms such as a high fever and inflammation.  The immune response to a microorganism often lead to symptoms such as a high fever and inflammation. 9. Certain agents cannot be cultured, for example Treponema pallidum and most viruses.  It is impossible to culture certain agents, for example Treponema pallidum and most viruses. 10 Between 1518 and 1568 pandemics diseases are said to have caused the population of . Mexico to fall from 20 million to 3 million.  It is said that between 1518 and 1568 pandemics diseases caused the population of Mexico to fall from 20 million to 3 million. VI. LISTENING 12 1)best 2) reason 3) drugs 4) unborn 5) safe 6) react 7) discovers 8) chance 9) breast 10) passed UNIT 9: I. CLOZE TEST 1 2 3 4 1 immu stage cure contact . ne 2 weake preve rema recomme . ned nts ins nded 3 with than in for . II. READING PASSAGES 1. CDCAD 2. DDCDC

5 transf usion vulner able betwee n

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6 pregn ancy intake agains t

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7 pandemic

8 deaths

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progres sion to

9 morbi dity benef it of

10 acces s maint ain in

III. STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. B IV. TERMINOLOGY Remedy salivary Sublingual rehabilitating Saliva Rhinitis Pneumonitis receptor parasites serum susceptible V. REWRITING 1. People infected with a new disease can carry the disease to the far side of the world before their first symptoms appear.  People who are infected with a new disease can carry the disease to the far side of the world before their first symptoms appear. 2. The relationship between virulence and transmission is complex, and has important consequences for the long term evolution of a pathogen.  The relationship between virulence and transmission is complex, having important consequences for the long term evolution of a pathogen. 3. Edward Jenner, Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin were successful in developing vaccines for Smallpox and polio, reducing the threat of these debilitating diseases.  Edward Jenner, Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin succeeded in developing vaccines for Smallpox and polio, reducing the threat of these debilitating diseases. 4. They successfully developed vaccines for Smallpox and polio, reducing the threat of these debilitating diseases.  They successfully developed vaccines for Smallpox and polio, and reduced the threat of these debilitating diseases. 5. Organisms which are normally non-pathogenic can become pathogenic under the right conditions.  Normally non-pathogenic organisms can become pathogenic under the right conditions. VI. LISTENING 13&14 6.1. 1) share 2) contain 3) sick. 4) infection. 5) spread 6) cause 7) found 8) test 9) rid 10) avoid. 6.2. 1. B 2. B 3. C 4.C Script The United Nations Children's Fund, UNICEF, has just released a report on a campaign launched in October of two thousand five. UNICEF, the U.N. AIDS program and other groups wanted to bring greater attention to the needs of children affected by AIDS. The report on the "Unite for Children, Unite Against AIDS" campaign says there are signs of progress. One of the biggest problems is the spread of HIV from mothers to children. Mother-to-child transmission was the main cause of the estimated half-million new infections last year in children under the age of fifteen. UNICEF reports that several countries in eastern and southern Africa have made what it calls breakthroughs. It says they greatly increased the number of mothers who receive antiretroviral drugs. These medicines can prevent mother-to-child transmission. For example, the report says Namibia increased coverage from six percent of mothers to twentynine percent. That was between two thousand four and two thousand five. And in South Africa, it says, the number rose during that same period from twenty-two percent of mothers to thirty percent. However, the report says there are still far too many pregnant women infected with HIV who do not get antiretroviral treatment. Only nine percent of them in poor countries were getting the medicines in two thousand five. UNIT 10: I. CLOZE TEST 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. bacteri althou multip called known promptly urin lasting sinc accompan al gh ly e e ied 2. from in tend likely levels indicate buil antibodi oral vagina d es 3. inflamm chills blood dischar diagno emerge fev period bas treated ation ge se ncy er ed II. READING PASSAGE A. 56374182 B. 1T 2F 3T 4T 5F C. 1 accepted 2 Initial 3 mortality 4 widely 5 reduced D. 1 after 2 Before 3. While 4. before 5. During III. STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY 1. D 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. A IV. REWRITING 1. Cat allergy will usually result in sneezing.  Sneezing will usually result from cat allergy. 2. These chemicals are not yet recognized to cause allergic reactions.  Researchers do not MEDICAL ENGLISH 2 – WORKBOOK – [email protected]

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recognize that these chemicals cause allergic reactions. Enclosed, air-conditioned buildings are generally considered particularly bad environments for the chemically-sensitive people.  Enclosed, air-conditioned buildings are generally considered particularly bad environments for the people who are chemically-sensitive / sensitive to chemicals 4. Many soy-allergic individuals are sensitive to soy protein.  Many individuals who are allergic to soy are sensitive to soy protein. 5. Transmission of an infectious disease may occur through several pathways.  An infectious disease may be transmitted through several pathways. V. LISTENING 15&16 3.

1) needles 2) risk. 3) cure4) avoid 5) personal 6) free 7) proper 8) way 9) syringe 10) blood.

6.2. CBBBD Script In 1970, a man was mowing his lawn. He felt a pain in his throat. He saw a little bit of blood. The man said that he was not too worried, but a few hours later it really started to hurt. The next day, the man said that it felt like he had a hot knife cutting him when he coughed. He also had a high fever. His family rushed him to the hospital. The doctors found a small nail that had embedded itself in the man’s rib cage. Doctors gave the man some medicine to help fight an infection. They said that he should be okay. They thought that the nail would seal itself off in his body. They did not think that he needed surgery to remove the nail. More than 35 years after the incident, doctors saw the nail again in the man’s body. The nail was no longer in his rib cage. It was now in his lung. Doctors decided that the nail needed to be removed. They made the 84- year old man an appointment to have it taken out. Before the day of the appointment, the man was brushing his teeth in the bathroom. He said that he felt a tickle in his throat. He started coughing. The nail popped right out. Doctors said that the man is doing fine. They do not think that the nail caused any damage to his health. VI. TERMINOLOGY 1. KEYS 1 2 3 4 B

A A A R 5

U N N O H 6 7 8 9 A 1 0 1 1

R T T N O A A A N A

I I I C O P X S A R

R I

2. KEYS C S S H K P O T B T

L E E U W E N H O E

E P R S O N

T I C U M 4 5 6 A 7 A U

R M D I X

M A L I S M R Y

1 2 A L 3 A R T A L V N E M T O I 8 A N 9 A O

C K E T S

3. KEYS 1

5

R

B

O

I

B

E

3

B

O

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8

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R 2 E 4 H 6 E

T B D B Y C 7 N

K A W A S A K I

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