English For Academic Study - Grammar For Writing Answers PDF
May 11, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
Download English For Academic Study - Grammar For Writing Answers PDF...
Description
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
1
Getting started with academic X1 writing: some key features
1
Stage Task 1
Formality and objectivity in academic writing
1. 1.11
1b
1.2
1
2a
3a 2
1a
2a
People / their
3b
there are
1.3 Beijing, the capital city of China, is / is located in the north-east of the country. There are many new offices, factories and shops. shops. The cities are polluted because people use their cars to go to work every day. There are not many trees, and some rivers do not have clear water. Air and water pollution is becoming more serious, so people must act to stop pollution and make China more beautiful. Diet is also changing. People are wealthier than a generation ago, and they always have enough to eat. They also understand more about which food is healthy, so they eat more fish and chicken and less red meat than before. There are more supermarkets now, so shopping is easier.
1. 1.4 4
S
V
The supermarket
is / are
closed.
Dogs
is / are
beautiful animals.
They
walks / walk
slowly.
She
studies / study
every day.
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
2
Getting started star ted with academic writing: some key features
Task 2
Describing permanent events using the present simple tense
2. 2.11
S
The cause of earthquakes earthquakes is the sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust. This creates seismic waves.
b
S aeroplanes use V more fuel than empty ones. Heavily loaded S
V
People use their cars to go to work every day.
c
Task 3
S V
a
2. 2.2 2
V
1
S
V
d
Management Manageme nt style sometimes affects the employees.
a
are
b
does not reach
c
have
d e
are have
f
understand
g
eat
Present simple tense – form S
AV
Main verb ( MV)
Students
learn
+
English. He / She
-
?
S
AV
Students
do
learns
BI not
learn science.
He / She
does
AV
S
BI
Do
the students
learn
Does
he / she
English for Academic Study
not
learn
English?
learn
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
3
Getting started star ted with academic writing: some key features
3. 3.2 2
b
The university library is open on Sundays. Sundays.
c
Do many students go home in the vacations?
d
The government does not usually pay for childcare.
e
The committee discusses new projects every month.
f
Do shoppers spend more money in summer?
g
International students do not like English food.
3.3
+
-
S
MV
The students
are
Task 4
Adjective (Adj )
young. He / She
is
S
MV
The students
are
not
He / She
is
not
MV
S
Are ? Is 3. 3.4 4
1
young.
the students young? he / she
depend
b
Developing countries are depend on aid from charities.
c
Dubai have has many cinemas.
d
The population of Tokyo are large. is
e
Many people in Oman speaks English. speak
f
Do students cook for themselves every day?* do
g
People does not seem to be interested. interested. do
h
IT skills are do not only benefit children children but adults too.
i
Nowadays, developing countries are need help from developed countries.
j
Accidents are happen frequently on this road. happen
k
Many animals are die if there is insufficient water.
l
Depression occur for several reasons.
has
do not
die
occurs
Using plural nouns to describe situations in general
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
4
Getting started star ted with academic writing: some key features
a
Women and men still have a wide gap between them. For example, job opportunities are not fair for women. Employers claim that if women have enough ability, they will get jobs. However, this is not true. The government should prosecute employers who do not follow the equal opportunities law.
b
There are many benefits to travel. When travellers visit new countries,
1
there are many interesting differences such as houses, shops and religious buildings. Holidays are also good for learning new languages and understanding more about new cultures. They are useful for extending knowledge and broadening people’s minds.
Task 5
Presenting new information – using there
5. 5.11
a
In Reading, there are many jobs available. Some are for skilled and some are for unskilled workers.
b c
In China, there are many different types of food. Most … In Qatar, there are many new buildings. Some …
d
At university, there are three problems. The first is …
e
In London, there is a lot of pollution, so …
f
In the UK, there are many people who live alone. This means …
g
There is a famous underground system called ‘the Metro’ in Paris. It is …
h
In Reading town centre there is an area …
i
There are many universities in China. The biggest …
j
There are many reasons why …
a
There is a new airport in Jeddah.
b c
There are some beautiful mosques in Istanbul. There is an old castle in Kerak.
d
There are many modern buildings in Amman.
e
There is a large harbour in Mumbai.
5. 5.2 2
English for Academic Study
is / / there are
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
5
Getting started star ted with academic writing: some key features
2
Stage Task 1
Quantity expressions – describing people and ‘things’
1. 1.11
a b
Nearly everyone in the UK own owns a car. Most people in the UK has have a television.
c
Most people in Italy eats eat pasta.
d
Nearly everyone at university are is worried about money.
a
Most couples in China only have / has one child.
b
Nearly everyone / everybody feel / feels nervous when he or she starts a new job.
c
A lot of elderly people does not like / do not like going out in the evenings.
d
The majority of Chinese people do not eat / does not eat with a knife and fork; they use chopsticks.
e
Many people in Saudi Arabia thinks / think that petrol is cheap.
f
Almost all international students are / is a little homesick at first.
g
People is / are always in a hurry in Japan.
a
Some students arrive / arrives late every day.
b
Few students have / has discovered the beauty of Morocco.
c
A few students always arrive / arrives late.
d
Not many English people is /are able to use chopsticks.
a
A small part of few students cook together.
b
The way of life for great part most people in Oman is farming, the oil industry and coconut planting.
c d
Oman has large many people. Most of people in Oman speak Arabic.
e
China has lot of a lot of / many farmers.
f
People is are friendly in Taiwan.
g
Everyone / everybody Most people own a bicycle bic ycle in China. China.
h
Almost no-one Few people in China has have naturally curly hair.*
i
Many of people in Qatar likes like shopping.
1.2
1.3
1. 1.4 4
1
*Note: the Note: the original form of h), Almost no no one in in China China has natura naturally lly curly hair , is actually grammatical, but it has a specific meaning – i.e., the writer wants to show she is disappointed that not many people in China have curly hair!
1.5
a b
(no plural) is an uncountable uncountable noun. Milk (no Mosque (plural mosques) is a countable noun.
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
6
Getting started star ted with academic writing: some key features
1. 1.6 6
Noun
C
homework
luggage
language book
advice essay
Noun
solution
research
permission
help
U
minute
question
traffic
behaviour
C
*
pollution
*
*
student
news
meat
computer
information
U
air
*
oil
*
*
problem
accommodation
C
food
paper
Noun
time
U
equipment
*
evidence
damage
milk
*
*
progress
*
1
*
*Note: these Note: these nouns are normally uncountable, uncountable, but can sometimes be countable (or the other way round). Here, there is a special meaning; e.g., you may read about the range of behaviours of disturbed children; children; the number of scientific papers someone has written; meats, foods and milks meaning ‘different types of meat, food and milk’ in food science; or people paying damages in legal cases.
1. 1.7 7
1. 1.8 8
a
essays
b
behaviour
c
Paper was
d
accommodation is
e
information
f
Much research is
g
was
h i
is some advice
j
much homework
a
information
b
time
c
research
d
books
e
pollution / traffic
f
money
g
evidence
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
7
Getting started star ted with academic writing: some key features
1. 1.9 9
a b c d e f
much some a lot of any a / some some
g
any
1
1.10 Jeddah is located in the Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia Ar abia hav havee has a population of 2 million. Nearly everyone everyone there speak speaks spea ks Arabic, and few people speaks spea speak k English. In summer the weather is very hot and dry, and it is difficult to live in the city because there is a lot of pollutions pollution. The people in Saudi Arabia is are very friendly, and the majority of them lives live with their families.
1.11
a
Nuclear power causes a pollution for people p eople and the environment. environment.
b c
Solar power does not cause damages to the environment. The students are doing a large number of a lot of /a large amount of research.
d
Scientific researches seems to prove that poverty is an important factor.
e
The Careers Service at the university gives helps to both British and international international students.
f
The government should give useful advices to young unemployed people.
g
This essay will discuss the importance of preventing the damages.
h
The children’s behaviours are is unacceptable.
i
Other types of energy, such as wind power or wave power, should replace oils in the future.
j
Some very expensive equipments equipments were was used in the experiment.
Task 2
Using the present continuous
2. 2.11
1
Paragraph a).
2
Paragraph b).
3
Give your own answer here.
2. 2.2 2
At the moment, Deansfield’s …
2.3
a
The Hyundai company is currently manufacturing more cars (than before).
b
These days, people are becoming more interested in healthy eating (than before).
c d
More young children are learning English early in China. Mobile phones sales are growing every day.
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
8
Getting started star ted with academic writing: some key features
2. 2.4 4
+
-
? 2.5
S
AV
BI + -ing -ing (present participle, PrP)
The students
are
studying
1
English. He / She
is
studying
S
AV
BI + -ing -ing (PrP) (PrP)
The students
are
He / She
is
studying
AV
S
BI + -ing -ing (PrP) (PrP)
Are
the students
studying
not
studying
science.
science? Is
he / she
studying
Many changes are taking taking place in Bindeen at the moment. The local IT industry is growing rapidly, the which is encouraging is alsoinincreasing, which is helping economy. Bindeenforeign earnedinvestment. £2.3 billion Tourism from tourism 2011, and 8.2% of the adults now work in the tourist industry. This provides seasonal work for local teenagers. However, there are some negative changes. The cost of housing is increasing rapidly. Also many people are working longer hours and spending more time travelling to work.
Four example sentences to describe the changes in Bindeen: The IT industry has grown. Tourism has increased. The cost of housing has increased. increased. Many people work longer hours.
2. 2.6 6
a
People are eating more junk food nowadays.
b
Mobile phones are becoming more expensive.
c
Nowadays, more and more people are learning English.
d
Student numbers are increasing every year.
e
Most primary schools are teaching French nowadays.
f
More people are visiting China these days.
g
More students are going to the UK to study than before.
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
9
Getting started star ted with academic writing: some key features
2. 2.7 7
a
This essay discusses the reasons why pollution is becoming worse.
b
In Iraq, employers choose people according to their qualifications.
c
Oil companies usually pay good salaries.
d
Most people agree that global warming is happening because the amount of CO 2 is increasing.
e
In rural areas, governments usually do not build enough roads.
f
The current pay freeze is discouraging doctors from entering the profession.
g
Saudi Arabia has the biggest population in the Gulf.
h
England does not grow bananas.
i
Global warming is making temperatures rise.
j
The buildings in Qatar are very beautiful.
k
Many people drive too fast.
1
Stage
3
Task 1
Understanding simple clauses
1.2, 1.3
a
The report does not include a description of the changes.
b
The economy is slowing down, so people are worried about their jobs.
c
Scientists do not completely completely understand why people sleep.
d
The students on the Real Estate course are studying hard.
e
Soil, air and water are all essential for plant life.
f g
Running sometimes damages people’s knees. Children sometimes play too many computer games, but their parents do not stop them.
Task 2
The subject
2. 2.11
a
Which teachers have six weeks’ holiday in the summer?
b
Which people usually feel relaxed?
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
10
Getting started star ted with academic writing: some key features
2. 2.2 2
b
1
The library resources are excellent.
Which resources are excellent? The library resources. resources. c
Students in the UK usually want to find a good job at the end of their course.
Which students usually want to find a good job at the end of their course? Students in the UK . d
The Sierra Leone government does not pay for children’s education.
Which government does not pay for children’s education? The Sierra Leone government. governm ent. e
Sometimes, local people are not very friendly to immigrants. immigrants.
Which people are not very friendly to immigrants? Local people. people. f
Heavy smoking is bad for people’s health.
Which (type of) smoking is bad for people’s health? Heavy smoking. smoking. g
The people in Kang do not have hot water.
Which people do not have hot water? The people in Kang.
Task 3
The object
3. 3.11
b
S
V O
Some criminals sell drugs.
What do some criminals sell? Drugs.
c
S
V
O
Many young people like computer games.
What do many young people like? Computer games.
d
S
V
O
The hospital does not need more administrators.
What does the hospital not need? More administrators.
e
S
V
O
Playing football improves fitness levels.
What does playing football improve? Fitness levels.
f
S
V
O
Nowadays people are eating less red meat.
What are people eating nowadays? Less red meat .
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
11
Getting started star ted with academic writing: some key features
3. 3.2 2
b
S
V
1
O
Playing football improves fitness levels.
Which levels does football improve? Fitness levels.
c
S
V
O
Many young people like computer games.
Which games do many young people like? Computer games.
d
S
V
O
The report gives helpful solutions.
Which solutions does the report give? Helpful solut solutions. ions.
e
S
V
O
Some criminals sell hard drugs.
Which drugs do some criminals sell? Hard drugs. drugs.
f
S
V
O
Students always have written homework.
Which homework do students always have? Written homework.
g
S
V
O
Nowadays,, more people are driving electric cars. Nowadays
Which cars are more people driving nowadays? Electric cars.
Task 4
The complement
b
S
V
O
The company is developing new products.
S
V
C
c
Mr Smith is fast becoming a good leader.
d
One of the reasons for climate change is human activity.
e
S
S
g
h
C
O
The charity is using the money wisely.
f
V
V
S
V
O
The government is changing the tax laws.
S
V
C
Internet crime is a serious problem in many countries.
S
V
C
A ‘hotspot’ is a small area of intense activity within a bigger area of calm.
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
12
Getting started star ted with academic writing: some key features
Task 5
1
Review Nowadays, many people moves are moving from the countryside to Riyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia. People who move move there never never retur returning ning return to the countryside countrysi de because he find they find fi nd everything easier than in his their hometown. hometown. Of course, they move to get better school schools for their child children or job jobs for himself themselves because they want to improve their life lives. The government help helps them with what they need when they arrive, so this encourage encourages more people to move. There is are many facility facilities in Riyadh: university universities, modern markets, ministries, and embassies. However, Riyadh become is becoming overcrow overcrowded ded and the city suffer is suffering from traffics traff ics traffic congestion congestion and environmental pollutions pollution. The government try is trying to solve the problem by providing more service services in other towns in Saudi Arabia.
5. 5.2 2 In the world there is are many developing nation nations which are depending depend on developed countries. This essay will show how to help developing country countries in a better way than simply giving them foods food, medicine and machinery. Firstly, it have scholarship there are scholarships for people in developing countries, given giv en by industrialized countries. Such scholarship scholarship is scholarships scholarships are important as they offer subject subjects such as engineering, maths, medicine and computer science. Student Students need to compete for these, to improve themselves and them their country. Hospital Hospitals, for example, need professional people. If developing country countries can have help to send a few student students abroad every year to medical college, they will improve them their healthcare service. There is are a re also some organization organizations organizations now nowadays adays which try are trying to help developing countries; for example, the Fairtrade Foundation is one of them. It is work working to help developing countries’ farmers and workers. It asking asks companies to pay sustainable prices which must never fall lower than the market price. Divine Chocolate Ltd are is are is one company which promote promotes fair trade. It produce produces chocolate, chocolate, and cocoa farmers in Africa both sells sell their cocoa to Divine and owns own 45% of the Divine company. It is not a good idea to give developing countries advanced equipments equipment if the local people does do not know what to do if their machine breaks brea ks down machines break down. Perhaps nobody in the whole town can fix it them, which means that local people losing lose a lot of money while they wait for engineer engineers from abroad to come and repair them. t hem. It is better to train local people to make their own machines using local sustainable resources. In conclusion, developing countries cannot improve by itself themselves. Other countries should try to help in many ways, such as granting scholarship scholarships, training people p eople and promoting fair trade organization organizations. These initiatives can help society in the long run.
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
13
Getting started star ted with academic writing: some key features
5. 5.3 3
5. 5.4 4
a
At the moment, society change is changing fast.
b
Factories releasing release poisonous gases every day.
c
In Saudi Arabia, it has there are oil companies which offer well-paid jobs.
d
Students Studen ts often spend too much time surf surfing the Internet.
e
China have has the biggest population in the world.
f
Currently, the quality of education is not get improve is not improving.
g
Everyone in Qatar speak speaks Arabic.
h
The majority of shops are dependent on advertisements advertisements to sell their products.
i
In Japan, teenagers do not like study studying so hard.
a
At the moment, the government encourage encourages businesses to give money to build new universities. universities. This is a good idea, but there are not enough jobs for all the graduates even now. (2 errors)
b
Global warming happens because the sun is shining shines on the Earth, and CO2 particles are trapping trap the sun’s rays. (2 errors)
c
The government limiting limits the salary according to the level of applicants’ qualification qualifica tion qualifications. qualifications. Nowadays, more young people try are trying to study at
d
1
university so that they can get a good job. (3 errors) There is a lot of pollution in China. Most air pollution come comes from car fumes and contaminated air comes from factories. Most of countries and cities has have this problem. (4 errors)
e
Firstly, the majority of main official language in many country countries is English. International markets all use English, including business, politics, science, arts and even education. It is important for us to learn English because if we people do well at English, Englis h, you they can get good jobs. (6 ( 6 errors)
f
Firstly, football give gives us people healthy body bodies Firstly, bo dies because this game moving moves all parts of our people’s people’s / players’ bodies, and it help helps our their blood to circulate oxygen. As a result, the footballer footballers remain active even when they are old. (8 errors)
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
14
2 Text flow Stage Task 1
Task 2 2. 2.11
2. 2.2 2
1
Text flow: linking old and new information a
refers back to mathematics. It refers
b
These refers back to industries in the UK .
c
Consumers refers back to people in the UK .
d
refers back to one of the biggest banks in the UK . It refers
e
refers back to a recent report . It refers
f
Tests refers back to an exam.
Using noun phrases to link old and new information a
These pages refers back to documents.
b
The situation refers back to winters have been getting cold recently .
c
Litter and traffic congestion refers back to disadvantages … associated with tourism.
d
Two or three reasons refers back to many people choose to move to the city .
e
Their views refers back to people. Sentence
a
b
c
d
e
Type of noun phrase : 1– 6
4
1
6
2
5
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
15
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
15
Text flow
2.3
Key: (A) These commuters refers back to many residents. (B) These facilities refers back to three separate noun phrases:
a library, a theatre, a concert hall, an art gallery, a museum, two multi-screen cinemas and a football stadium many pubs, restaurants, and nightclubs many parks and gyms (C) This new shopping centre refers back to the Oracle. (D) The countryside refers back to beautiful countryside. (E) Some of these and (F) they both both refer back to many students. (G) Reading here refers back to the initial mention of Reading. (H) Many students students refers back to earlier mention of many students at (E).
Reading has has become a popular place to live because it is only 25 minutes away Reading from central London by train. Many residents residents choose choose to live in the town and travel to and from work in the capital during the week. (A) These commuters commuters choose Reading for a number of reasons. For example, house prices are lower countrysidee, and there are than in London, London, Reading is surrounded by beautiful countrysid many leisure opportunities for families. The town has a library, a theatre, a concert hall, an art gallery gallery,, a museum museum,, two multi-screen cinemas and a footb football all stadium.. There are also many pubs, restaurants, and nightclubs as stadium nightclubs as well as parks and gyms open gyms open to the general public. (B) These facilities facilities mean that local people of all ages have places to go. Shopping has become more popular since the opening of the Oracle Oracle in in 1999. (C) This new shopping complex complex has increased the number of retail outlets by one-third. (D) The countryside countryside is only a short car drive away, and there are many beautiful places to visit. Many students also students also these come to Reading to live, even if their stay is only temporary. (E) Some of these study at language schools or at the University of Reading because the course has a good reputation, or (F) they they want to live in a town and have easy access to London and Heathrow airport. (G) Reading Reading is also attractive because it is not too difficult to find a job there. (H) Many students students take up part-time work, even if English is not their first language.
2
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
16
Text flow
Task 3
The function of linking words and phrases in text flow
3. 3.11
Look back at Ex 2.3. Study each noun phrase A–H in red, and decide whether it is used for reason 1, 2, 2 , 3 or 4 as shown above.
3. 3.2 2
Noun phrase
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Reason 1, 2, 3 or 4
2
3
2
4
1
1
4
4
information tion becomes becomes old information, information, which introduces The original (given) informa new information information,, as follows: Reading Reading is is a large town in south-east England with a Oxford. population of 147,300. It is about halfway between London and Oxford. people were born in Reading, and they stay because of their family and friends. Some people were people, however, have relocated for personal reasons … Other people, Many residents choose residents choose to live in the town and travel to and from work in the capital during the week. These commute commuters rs choose Reading for a number of reasons. reasons. The town has a library, a theatre, a concert hall, an art gallery, a museum, two multiscreen cinemas and a football stadium. stadium. There are also many pubs, restaurants, and nightclubs as well as parks and gyms open gyms open to the general public. These facilities mean that local people of all ages have places to go. go. Shopping has become more popular since the opening of the Oracle Oracle in in 1999. This new new shopping complex has increased the number of retail outlets by one-third. one-third. The countryside is places to countryside is only a short car drive away, and there are many beautiful places visit.. visit students also also come to Reading to live, even if their stay is only temporary. Some of Many students these study at language schools or at the University of Reading because the course has a good reputation reputation,, or they want to live in a town and have easy access to London and Heathrow airport. Many students also students also come to Reading to live, even if their stay is only temporary. Some of these study at language schools or at the University of Reading because the course has has a good reputation, reputation, or they want to live in a town and have easy access to London and Heathrow airport. airport. Many students students also also come to Reading to live, even if their stay is only temporary … Many students take up part-time work, even if English is not their first language. language . Reading is is a large town in south-east England with a population of 147,300. … Reading Reading is also attractive because it is not too difficult to find a job there. there.
2
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
17
Text flow
2
Stage Task 2
Complex noun phrases: adding an adjective or a noun Reading has become a popular place to live because it is only 25 minutes away from central London by train. Many residents choose to live in the town and travel to and from work in the capital during the week. These regular (1) commuters choose Reading for a number of reasons. For example, house prices are lower than in London, Reading is surrounded by beautiful countryside, and there are many leisure opportunities for families. The town has a library, a theatre, a concert hall, an art gallery, a museum, two multi-screen cinemas and a football stadium. There are also many pubs, restaurants, and nightclubs as well as parks and gyms open to the general public. These convenient (2) facilities mean that local people of all ages have places to go. Shopping has become more popular since the opening of the Oracle in 1999. This modern (3) shopping complex has increased increased the number of retail outlets by one-third. The open (4) countryside is only a short car drive away, and there are many beautiful places to visit. Many students also come to Reading to live, even if their stay is only temporary. Some of these study at language schools or at the University of Reading because the course has a good reputation, or they want to live in a town and have easy access to London and Heathrow airport. airport. Reading is also attractive because it is not too difficult to find a job there. Many international (5) students take up part-time work, even if English is not their first language.
Task 3
Complex NPs: adding a prepositional phrase or a relative clause
3. 3.11
a
who
b
on
c
at, in
d e
who in
3.2
Reading is a large town in south-east England with a population of 147,300. It is about halfway between London and Oxford. Some people (a) who live there were born in Reading,, and they stay because Reading b ecause of their family and friends. Other people (b) in the town, however, have relocated for personal reasons; perhaps they want to take up a new job or be near their social circle. This essay will discuss two common reasons why some people choose to live in Reading: to improve the quality of their family life and to study.
2
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
18
Text flow
Reading has become a popular place to live because it is only 25 minutes away from central London by train. Many residents (c) who have well-paid jobs in London choose to live in the town and travel to and from work in the capital during the week. These commuters choose Reading for a number of reasons. For example, home prices are lower than in London, Reading is surrounded by beautiful countryside, and there are many leisure opportunities for families. The town has a library, a theatre, a concert hall, an art gallery, a museum, two multi-screen cinemas and a football stadium. There are also many pubs, restaurants, and nightclubs as well as parks and gyms open to the general public. These facilities mean that local people of all ages have places to go. Shopping has become more popular since the opening of the Oracle in 1999. This shopping complex has increased the number of retail outlets by one-third. The countryside (d) near Reading is only a short car drive away, and there are many beautiful places to visit. Many students also come to Reading to live, even if their stay is only temporary. Some of these study at language schools or at the University of Reading because the course (e) which interests them has a good reputation, or they want to live in a town and have easy access to London and Heathrow airport. Reading is also attractive because it is not too difficult to find a job there. Many Many students (f) who need the money take up part-time work, even if English is not their first language.
Task 4 4. 4.11
Review and extension a
This useful research show shows that there are several important reasons for her success.
b
One of the most harmful harmful habits of modern life are is smoking.
c
This debt forces the country to borrow more money from the World Bank.
d
The origins of public health education lies lie in the 19th century.
e
One of the solutions are is to raise the price.
f
The number of tourists are is increasing every year.
g
Unemployment is one of the most serious issues that face faces young people.
4. 4.2 2
N team H wants to develop new drugs. a Det The research Det b
H
The equipment in the building is inadequate.
Det Adj H c
PP PP
The high price of bread has provoked protest in many towns.
Adj N H d
Small bank loans seem to be effective in some parts par ts of India.
e Det N participants H agree with the result. The group
2
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
19
Text flow
Det H f
The farmer who owns the fields does not allow people to walk through them.
Det Adj 4.3
4. 4.4 4
AdjC H
g
Their technical knowledge is often better than that of the lecturer.
a b
government family
c
community
d
class
e
school
f
research
g
labour
h
information
a
developing
b
intensive
c d
fast-growing hard-working
e
low-cost
f
cultural
3
Stage Task 1
The present simple (passive voice) – use
1. 1.11
a
1b, 2b
b
1a, 1a
c
1b, 2b
The underlined words in the second sentences in 1a and 2a are labelled ‘empty’ because they are redundant – their meaning is already given in the verb phrases in 1a ( teach them) and 2a (conduct tests).
2
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
20
Text flow
Task 2
Present simple (passive voice) – form
2. 2.11
Study the verb table and fill in the missing information.
+
-
?
S
AV
Past par ticiple
Students
are
He / She
is
S
AV
not
Students
are are
not
He / She
is
taught
AV
S
Past par ticiple
Are
students
taught
Past participle
taught
taught Is
he / she 2. 2.2 2
2.3
in the computer room.
a
Apples are / is grown in England. P
b
Car production do not // does not take take place in this town.
c
Omani people speak // speaks Arabic. A
d
Rain help / helps plants to grow. A
e
The computers in the classroom often stop / stops working. A
f
London is / are not located in the north of England. England. P
g
People’s lives are / is often hard. A
h
The teacher never arrive / arrives late. A
i
Cultures is / are preserved by ceremony and ritual. P
j
Most students at the university live / lives locally. A
a
Statement: Chinese food is sold here.
b
Negative sentence: The river is not polluted.
c
Question: Are the flowers flowers imported? imported?
A
in the computer room.
in the computer room?
2
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
21
Text flow
2. 2.4 4
b
S
V
O
The cost of living is going up, so shoppers buy many goods from cut-price stores.
The cost of living is going up, many goods are bought from cut-price stores. c
S V not clear O the snow from the It often snows in winter, but the government does pavements. It often snows in winter, but the snow is not cleared from the paveme pavement nts. s.
d
S
V O
The lift works well because someone checks it every year year..
The lift works well because it is checked every year. S e
People should put their paper cups in the green litterbin because the waste-disposal operators
V
O
recycle them.
People should put their paper cups in the green litterbin because they are recycled. S f
V
O
The climate in England England is good for fruit, so farmers grow apples in the south-east.
The climate in England is good for fruit, so apples are grown in the south-east. g
S
V
O
Many people in Europe want to eat green beans in winter, winter, so people export exp ort them every day from Africa.
Many people in Europe want to eat green beans in winter, so they are are exported exported ev ever eryy day from from Africa. h
S
V
O
If people make mistakes, other people correct them quickly.
If people pe ople make mistakes, they ar aree corr co rrected ected quickly.
2
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
22
Text flow
2.5
S
V
O
(a) Governments force some countries to accept imported goods, (b) while
S
V
O
governments protect other domestic markets by tariffs and subsidies. (c) In some
S
V
O
countries, the government government imposes tariffs on foreign goods which therefore therefore become more
S
V
O
expensive to buy. (d) In this way, the government protects local industries because they
S
do not have to compete against lower-priced lower-priced foreign imports. (e) The government government also
V
O
S
V
protects local industry by the use of subsidies (f) that the government government gives to
O
S
V
the producers. (g) Because of these subsidies, production costs are lower and people sell
O products more cheaply.
2. 2.6 6
(a) Governments
are forced to accept imported goods, while (b) other countries,, domestic markets are protected by tariffs and subsidies. In some countries are imposed on foreign goods which therefore become more expensive are to buy. In this way, (d) local industries are protected protected because they do not have to compete against lower-priced foreign imports. (e) (e ) Local industry is also protected by the use of subsidies (f) which are given to the producers. Because of these subsidies, subsidies, production costs are lower and (g) ( g) products are sold more cheaply.
(c) tar tariff iff
2
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
23
Text flow
2. 2.7 7
a
There are different ways to help poor countries. People sometimes establish factories.
There are different ways to help poor countries. Factories aree some ar so metimes times establis established. hed. b
Local people can set up new businesses if other people give them a loan.
Local loan. people can set up new businesses if they are given a c
Many people die from diseases because the government government does not give them good hospitals with electricity elec tricity..
Many people die from diseases because they are not given good hospitals with electricity. d
Although developing countries have resources, resources, people do not exploit them locally. locally.
Although developing countries have resources, these are not exploited exp loited locally. lo cally. e
Developing countries cannot improve by themselves, and in fact other countries do not help them sufficiently.
Developing countries cannot improve by themselves, and in fact they are not helped sufficiently. f
When the machinery breaks down, people do not fix it for a long time.
When the machinery breaks down, it is not fixed for a long time. g
It is a good idea to go into the town on market day because people sell cheap fruit and vegetables.
It is a good go vegetables into the town because cheapidea fruittoand are on sold.market day
2
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
24
Text flow
Task 3 3. 3.11
Review Noun phrase
Simple
almost one-third of people in Africa
a client
Complex
global telecommunications companies
fishermen who formerly had to guess which fish were most mos t profitable to catch on any one day
a further use of the mobile phone
this situation
the government
new developments in mobile phone technology
many of them
high government taxes on mobile phone use
the recipient
many people in Africa
these innovations in mobile phone use
stallholders too with produce to sell
another interesting initiative they
How many simple and how many complex noun phrases are there?
Five simple, 11 complex. Which type of noun phrase do you think is more common in academic writing, simple or complex?
Complex.
2
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
25
Text flow
3. 3.2 2
(a) Many
people in Africa suffer / suffers because of poor infrastructure; infrastructure; for example, (b) many of them do / does not have access to good roads, hospitals or education facilities. (c) They struggle / struggle struggle struggless to find a job and feed their families. However, (d) new developments in mobile phone technology is is / are making it easier for some of them to earn money. Over the last five years, (e) mobile phone use has increased fivefold in Africa. (f) Almost one-third of people in Africa can now make or receive mobile phone calls (Perkins, 2010). (g) This situation has benefited the lives of African people in several different ways. Fishermen who formerly had to guess which fish were most can now find out through a simple profitable to catch on any one day can call on a mobile phone. (i) Stallholders too with produce to sell can find out instantly which market market is selling at the best prices. (j) Another interesting initiative has been the development of a quick and reliable money transfer system. can deposit money into a bank for another person, such as a business can (k) A client associate. (l) The recipient can then go to a bank with a code transferred can transferred by mobile phone and collect the money instantly. instantly. (m) A further use of the mobile phone is / are a texting service which allows people in remote villages villages to get help and (h)
advice with, for example, healthcare procedures in hospitals. Although (n) these these
innovations in mobile innovations le phone use is / are successful at local level, there are certain issues to consider for the future. (o) Global telecommunications telecommunica tions companies companies now need to set up more extensive schemes to help local people earn money across national national borders. The ((p) p) high government make / makes the costs of even part-owning and
taxes tax on mobil phone use people in Africa. If (q) the usinges a handset too e high for the poorest government nt the governme pass / passes new tax laws, the standard of living of more people will improve.
3.3
The final sentence can be further improved by using the passive voice. Earlier version: If the the government pass pass / passes new tax laws, the standard of living of more people p eople will improve. Further improved version: If new
tax laws ar aree passed, the standard of living of more people will improve.
2
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
Using the past simple and 3 present perfect (active voice) Stage
1
Task 1
Introduction to past simple and present perfect
1. 1.11
1
Sentences b) and c).
2
and In 1901. At the beginning of the 19th century and
3
Sentences Sentenc es a) and d). d ).
4
a) Computers are more common; d) students’ research is complete.
5
d) over
6
Sentence a), because the writer is referring to a current situation.
1.2
the year
Main verbs: regular S
MV (regular) protest
+
Students
protested
at the economic cuts.
-
S
AV
not
Students
did
not
AV
S
?
MV (regular) protest
protest
at the economic cuts.
MV (regular) protest
Did
students
protest
at the economic cuts?
26
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
27
perfect fect (active voice) Using the past simple and present per
Main verb: to be
+
-
S
MV to be
Students
were
unhappy about the economic cuts.
Pollution
is
severe in the city centre. centre.
S
MV to be
Students
ar aree
not
happy about the economic cuts.
Pollution
is
not
a problem in the city centre.
MV to be
S
? Are
Is 1.3
1. 1.4 4
students
happy about the economic cuts?
pollution
a problem in the city centre?
a b
Traffic did not move fast this this morning. Mobile phones were more expensive in the past.
c
Did the university library open on time last week?
d
Was the office open-plan?
e
Many students delayed their their departure at the end of term.
f
The government did not promote business competition last year.
g
Did the workers discuss their strike plans yesterday?
h
Did the luggage arrive on time?
i
The railway tracks were not in use 20 years ago.
Regular main verb
+
-
S
AV
Past participle to provide
The government
has
provided
S
AV
The companies
have
not
AV
S
Past participle to finish
? Has
bus lanes. Past participle to report
the investigation investigation
finished?
reported
their profit figures.
3
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
28
Using the past simple and present perfect per fect (active voice)
Main verb: to be
+
-
S
AV
Past participle to be
Adj
Facebook
has
been
successful.
S
AV
The police
have
AV
2. 2.11
2. 2.2 2
Past participle to be
S
? Has Task 2
not
Adj
been
visible.
Adj
been
the research
Past participle to be
useful?
The UK education system in the past 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
F
D
I
J
H
B
A
C
G
E
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
PP
PP
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PP
3
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
29
Using the past simple and present perfect per fect (active voice)
2.3
Infinitive
Past simple
Past participle
Infinitive
Past simple
Past participle
a
be
was / were
been
l
sat
sat
b
take place
took place
taken place
m be
was / were
been
n
be
was / were
been
o
leave
left
left
p
become
became
become
q
become
became
become
r
begin
began
begun
s
ban
banned
banned
t
change
changed
changed
u
have
had
had
v
begin
began
begun
improved
improved
c
go
went
gone
d
focus
focused
focused
e
involve
f
involved
aim
g
aimed
begin
began
involved aimed begun
h
end
ended
ended
i
have
had
had
be
was / were
been
j k
learn
learned
sit
learnt
w improve
Task 3
Time words used with the past simple
3. 3.11
3. 3.2 2
1
2
3
4
c
a
b
d
a
At the beginning of the 19th century, people did did not not have mobile phones phones..
b
In the first half of the 20th century, many countries fought in the two world wars.
c
Throughout, in the 20th century, cars became more popular.
d
In November 1983, Bill Gates launched Microsoft Windows.
e
In July 2010, Russia took part in the World Cup.
f
Many years ago, women traditionally did not work outside the home.
g
The university term began in October last year.
h
There was an economic crisis a few years ago.
3
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
30
Using the past simple and present perfect per fect (active voice)
3.3
3. 3.4 4
The verbs in the past simple (active voice) are in bold.
e
For example, 15 years ago it introduced very small packets of Flexo cooking oil and Close-up toothpaste in some of the poorest countries simply because most consumers did not have much money.
g
In 2002, it made a profit of more than 3 billion euros.
i
Two years ago, the company spent 17 million euros on schools in Guatemala.
Some examples:
When was Unilever established? What did Unilever introduce in some of the poorest countries? When did Unilever introduce very small packets of …? How much profit did the company make? How much did the company spend two years ago? When did the company spend 17 million euros?
2
Stage Task 1
Using the present perfect together with the present tense
1. 1.11
The sentences containing containing the present perfect (with verbs in the present perfect in bold) are:
d
Unlike some other corporations such as Coca-Cola and McDonald’s, Unilever is very successful because it has adapted its products to local market conditions.
g
Over the last ten years Unilever has built many schools, hospitals and community centres for the poor in small villages in Central America.
Answers to questions:
1.3
a
Sentence Sentenc e h). h ).
b
Sentence Sentenc e g). g) .
a
Banga is a poor country because companies have not invested in it.
b
The workers are on strike because the situation has not improved.
3
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
31
Using the past simple and present perfect per fect (active voice)
Diagram a: NOW
Past
Future
companies have not invested in Banga Current result:
Banga is a poor country
Diagram b: Past
NOW
Future
the situation has has not improv improved ed Current result:
1. 1.4 4
1.5
The workers are on strike
a
You use the present perfect when there is a permanent result and you want to give a reason for it.
b
The action happened during a period of time in the past looking back from now.
c
In order to form it, you use the present tense of the verb to have plus the past participle.
b
Unemployment is high because the economy has slowed down recently.
c
Many people now live in the cities because they have found better jobs there.
d
There is more food available because farming methods have improved dramatically over the last 20 years.
e
Imported food is more expensive because taxes have increased since the last election.
f
There are few computers in schools because the government has not invested in them.
g
Living conditions are much better because awareness of human rights has improved in the last 50 years.
h
There are many one-parent families because divorce rates have increased in recent years.
i
Most people now have mobile phones because they have become much cheaper this century.
3
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
32
Using the past simple and present perfect per fect (active voice)
j
People are more connected because they have joined social network sites.
k
More data is stored nowadays because the cost of storage has decreased massively in the last few years.
l
People in the UK drink more coffee these days because so many coffee shops have opened on the high street.
m Airport security is high because the threat from terrorists terrorists has gone up in some countries. n Student numbers are low this year because many have cancelled at the last minute.
1. 1.6 6
1
recently
2
since the last election
3
over the last 20 years
4
in the last 50 years
5
in recent years
6
this century
7
in the last few years
Note: There is one extra time phrase.
Task 2
Using the present perfect instead of the present simple
2. 2.11
1a Most importantly, children’s right to education no longer depends on parental income, and greater educational opportunities are offered more widely to all. 1b The school system has clearly improved in many ways since the 19th century. Verb form used to describe the period of time that led to a current situation: the present perfect.
2. 2.2 2 since
S
2.3
S
V (simple past)
King Oswald invaded.
V (present perfect)
The school has been in the town centre …
for
500 years.
since
1500CE.
1 a
The computers in the classrooms have not worked for many weeks.
b
The computers in the classrooms have not worked since the technician left .
c
The computers in the classrooms have not worked since Janua January ry .
2 a b
Reading has been a busy town for 900 years. Reading has been a busy town since King Henry built Reading Abbey .
c
Reading has been a busy town since 1121.
3
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
33
per fect (active voice) Using the past simple and present perfect
2. 2.4 4
2.5
2. 2.6 6
a
Barchester has been an important place since 1700CE.
b
The panda has been an endangered species for about 30 years.
c
Bananas have grown here since invaders took the land.
d
Students have not used mobile phones in the classroom for ten years.
e
This plant has been used to make dye in India since the fourth century BC.
f g
Richard has taught English since the 1980s. Angela has taught on the Management course since she finished her PhD.
h
The education system has been like this since 1952.
i
People have used computers differently since the introduction of tablet computers.
j
Speaking foreign languages has always interested people.
a
The new organization of studies is has been the same since for three years.
b
The Korean education system exists during has existed for 600 years.
c
The UK school system is has been multicultural for 60 60 years.
d
There is is has been free healthcare since the 1940s.
e
1981 it existed The new political system has existed since 1981.
f g
Farmers grown have grown bananas fairly successfully since for 600 years until now.
a
A leading speech therapist has discovered that nurture can speed language development.
b
Skinner questioned this theory in the early 19th century.
c
Behaviourists in Denmark have discovered new evidence, which might dramatically change our thinking.
d
John has finally published the results of his research, but they are very surprising.
The country is has been under attack for five five years ago.
3
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
34
per fect (active voice) Using the past simple and present perfect
3
Stage Task 1
Understanding more about introductions to essays
1. 1.11
a
To make a general statement about the topic of the essay. essay.
b
To show possible future developments. developments.
c
To give some more detailed information about the topic. topic.
d
To give advice about using mobile phones. phones.
e
To show the structure of the essay. essay.
1.2
1
2
a
4
a
2
b
2
b
4
c d
3 1
c d
3 1
1.3
The most suitable introduction is c), because it begins with a general statement about the topic, then gives background information and describes the essay structure, moving from general to more specific. Introduction b) contains a specific example, which is inappropriate.
1. 1.4 4
a
The use of mobile phones rapidly increased in 15 years has rapidly increased over the increasing popularity of the phone and the reduction last 15 years. This is due to the increasing in the cost. Currently, millions of people use mobile phones are because they are convenient and cheap. This essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of mobile phones.
b
Over the last 20 years, many students travelling have travelled abroad abroad to study in a foreign country. Students can learn another language and experience a different culture if they study overseas. This essay will discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of studying in another country.
c
Obesity is has become a very serious problem in recent years. There are many causes of obesity. Research suggests that the main reason for being obese is junk food. Therefore, advertisements which are associated with junk food should be reviewed. This essay will discuss the causes of obesity. It will then outline the current solutions to the problem and give reasons why certain advertisements should be banned.
d
Poverty exists everywhere every where in the world, and many aid organisations organisations have been trying to help over the years by donating money. Famous musicians, such as Sting, have even recorded and sold songs to raise funds for poor nations. However, simply giving financial assistance may not be the answer. The government and families play a crucial role in relieving this problem. This essay will discuss the causes of poverty and suggest some solutions.
3
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
35
per fect (active voice) Using the past simple and present perfect
Task 2
Writing an introduction Hidden essay question: Do you agree that nature strongly influences early human development?
2. 2.2 2
It is a controversial issue whether nurture strongly influences early human development or nature decides the way a newborn baby will develop. This has been a subject of academic discussion since the century, and and research, as a result many philosophers psychologists have carried out17th experiments researc h, particularly during theand 20th century. This essay will explain the main ideas and continue the debate as to whether it is upbringing or inherited genes which determine human behaviour.
2.3
Firstly, many scientists scientists over the years support have supported the the idea that the environment which infants have been exposed to strongly influences their development. In the 17th century,, the ideas of John Locke have been were highly influential. He is was the first century philosopher to support the idea that a newborn baby receives informa information tion from the environmentt with the five senses in order to build his knowledge. Later, in the first half of the environmen 20 century, the behaviourists Watson and Skinner have sup more strongly this idea by supported ported more suggesting that they could manipulate a baby to become whatever type of adult they want doctor, a lawyer or a thief just by changing the wanted . For example, they could ‘mould’ a doctor, upbringing of an infant. On the other hand, the fact that children’s development development is determined by nature was an established position before the philosopher John Locke has rejected it. it. In this period it was generally believed that newborn babies would independently grow up in the way nature had decided. Moreover, Moreover, Charles Darwin’ Darwin’ss theory theor y of evolution in 1859 adds further weight to the previous opinion by indicating the importance impor tance of the human genetic base, in comparison to the influence from the environment. environment. Later, it was proved that this polemic was unnecessary. Psychologists now believe that a Later, newborn baby is strongly influenced both by nature and nurture. For example, the motor abilities of all babies follow ing ing the same process. First they roll ed ed over, then they stood with their parents’ support or with furniture support and then they walk ing ing without stand stan d with any help. However, the speed with which they developed depends on how much impulse they receive from the environment. Kegan, for example, who has researched babies’ babies’ speech development in the 1970s, finds found that that if a baby grows up close to many people who talk to him, he will speak much faster than a baby who is alone most of the day. Certainly, the environment that humans grew gro up in strongly influences not only early grow w up human development but also later development. Ce Certainly, rtainly, children children’s ’s genetic structure plays a very significant role and deciding decides the sex, the eye- and hair-colour, hair-colour, the body size, the brain size and many other things. However, nurture influenced influences their development strongly even during pregnancy. For example, if a mother is infected by disease during this period the baby may be born disabled. Therefore, as researchers have proven, it is evident that nurture strongly influences early human development. However, it is the balance with nature which is also important.
3
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
Showing logical Showing logical links links in 4 your writing (1) Stage
1
Task 1
Introduction to logical linking words
1. 1.11
1
Paragraph a) has more sentences than b), and the sentences are short. Paragraph b) includes the same information, but the sentences are longer.
2
Paragraph b) is easier to understand than paragraph a).
3
and
4
however
5
That many healthcare workers were willing to pay the high conference fees themselves.
1.2
Task 2
Short linking words
2. 2.11
a
A lot of salt is lost through respiration, respiration, during fast activity or exercise in very hot weather.
b
The government had declared a ceasefire, but many soldiers did not know about it.
c
The institute needs to increase student fees, or there will be insufficient funds for research researc h projects.
d
The organization currently helps to inform, motivate, train and support people in rural areas.
e
The work was hard yet rewarding.
f
This is the beginning of a worldwide epidemic, and the situation is still very unstable.
g
The project has received more funding, so the research can continue until the end of the year.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
3
2
3
1
2
1
4
36
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
37
Showing logical links in your writing (1)
2.3
a
N
N
A lot of salt is lost through respiration, respiration, during fast activity or exercise in very hot weather.
clause
clause
S
b
V
O
S
V
O
The government had declared a ceasefire, but many soldiers did not know about it.
clause
clause
S
c
V
O
S
V
The institute needs to increase student fees, or there will be insufficient funds for O
research resear ch projects. V
d
V
V
V
The organization currently helps to inform, motivate, train and support people in rural areas.
Adj
e
The work was hard yet rewarding.
Adj
clause
clause
S
f
V
O
S
V
O
This is the beginning of a worldwide epidemic, and the situation is still very unstable.
clause
clause
S
g
2. 2.4 4
V
O
S
V
O
The project has received more funding, so the research can continue until the end of the year.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
simple/ compound
simple/ compound
simple/ compound
simple/ compound
simple/ compound
simple/ compound
simple/ compound
2.5
a
A comma.
2. 2.7 7
b
They like other cultures, tourist attractions and foreign languages.
c
The diamonds are pure but inexpensive.
d
There is a redwood tree in the botanic garden and in the university gardens.
e
Ontario is warm in summer but cold in winter. / Ontario is warm in summer and cold in winter.
f
The solar cells are non-toxic, non-corrosive and low-cost. low- cost.
g
The water is dirty but germ-free.
b
No.
c
Commas.
4
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
38
Showing logical links in your writing (1)
2. 2.8 8
Task 3
b
Arab people like travelling to European countries, countries, but they do not always enjoy the food.
c
Goods can be bought online or ordered by telephone.
d
Nowadays, young people listen to pop music and often play games on the computer.
e
It is true that many people do not care about their elderly relatives, but they should always look after them.
f
In the past, there were not many good secondary schools, so they were always overcrowded.
g
Families in the UK can ask for financial help if they earn below a certain amount, or / and they can rent out a room in their house if they have the space.
Using sentence-linking words
3. 3.11
To give another possibility
a
3. 3.2 2
However
b
In addition
c
alternatively
d
also
e
As a result
f
Therefore
To show result
To add Position of an idea linking word(s) in sentence
At start
At start
Followed by a comma
Within sentence
No punctuation
At start
Followed by a comma
At start
Followed a commaby
Followed by
At start
Punctuation
a comma Followed by a comma
To contrast
b
In 1960, the unemployment rate for the under-25s was only 2.4%. Therefore / As a result , it was easy for young people to find a job.
c
Male-dominated societies are most common in countries with traditional cultures. However , even in modern developed societies, some men still behave as if they have more authority than women.
d
An LCD screen consists of a thin layer of liquid crystals between two glass plates, which are illuminated. Behind the plates there is a small backlight. Alterna Alternatively tively , a mirror may be used to provide light for the screen.
e
Previous research indicated that the nitrogen levels of the soil were low; local fields only produced 2.5 to 3.0 tonnes of grain per hectare. In addition, new studies have revealed that the soil lacks many other soil nutrients.
4
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
39
Showing logical links in your writing (1)
f
There is a need for reliability and validity when producing realistic realistic statistics. However , there are many problems with this; they cannot always be considered to be reliable.
g
Society sometimes thinks that overweight overweight people are lazy; it blames them for not having enough determination to follow a healthy diet. However , it can be extremely difficult to lose weight, because of a variety of other factors.
h
These studies show that children from wealthier backgrounds do better at school. In
addition, researchers have shown that these youngsters stay physically fitter in later life. i
There are two different definitions of cognitive development. It usually refers to the development of different cognitive skills (such as language) during childhood and adolescence. It may also refer in a more general sense to the overall evolution of intellectual capacity throughout the whole of a person’s life.
j
There are several problems with establishing new trade tariffs. They are often restricted by international agreements. Therefore, they cause existing trading partners to become hostile.
Stage
2
Task 1
Paired linking words: both … and
1. 1.11
Sentence Sentenc e b). b) .
1.2
a
Simple.
b
Compound.
There is no comma in sentence b) because the two clauses catch fish in the sea and search in rubbish rubbish left by tourists tourists are coordinate (of equal status); if one were subordinate to the other, a comma would be used.
1.3
1. 1.4 4
a
Exercise both increases serotonin levels and helps helps considerably with weight loss.
b
In the early modern period, European companies gained both territorial and economic power.
c
Unemployment both results in loss of output for the country and causes social hardship.
d
This essay discusses both the films and the newspaper reviews of the period.
1
After the verb to be.
2
Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb.
4
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
40
Showing logical links in your writing (1)
1.5
a
Foreign companies have both bought land cheaply and exploited exploited its natural natural resources.
b
Most coffee bars both offer a cosy atmosphere atmosphere and attract attract customers with loyalty cards.
c
These nationalized industries are both badly managed and poorly poorly funded.
d
The colleges are both raising money and attracting attracting new students.
e
The classrooms are both dirty and noisy. noisy.
Task 2
Paired linking words: not only … but also
2. 2.11
1
To emphasize the noun phrases, with greater emphasis placed on surprise at the use of the website as a dictionary.
2
To emphasize how the students use the website, with greater emphasis placed on surprise at the use of the website for creating puzzles.
3
There is a comma before but in in b) but not in a) because b) is a complex sentence that combines two clauses; the comma shows where the second clause begins.
1
Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb.
2
After the main verb to be.
3
Before the main verb.
2. 2.2 2
2.3
2. 2.4 4
Verb construction
Where does not only ... but also go?
main verb is to be
in the middle
main verb is any other verb
after
auxiliary + main verb
before
b
Early humans not only painted on cave walls, but they also made tools out of flint.
c
The new building is not only used used by researchers and administrative staff, but also provides accommodation accommodation for 300 students.
d
The campaign is not only helping to tackle poverty, but it it is also providing funds for the education of many children.
e
Researchers have not only understood more about the genes, but they have also successfully identified many thousands of genetic variants.
f
Lab experiments are not only time-consuming, time-consuming, but they they are also costly.
Task 3
Paired linking words: either … or
3. 3.11
1
Sentences b) and c).
2
Because in c) the subject is repeated.
4
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
41
Showing logical links in your writing (1)
3. 3.2 2
a
The illness is caused either by drinking or by smoking.
b
Students have either paid in cash, or they have completed a form.
c
In the past, schoolchildren either went to a secondary modern school, or they attended a grammar school.
d
In this company, company, employees either start at 8.00 and finish at 4.00, or start at 9.00 and finish at 5.00.
Task 4
Paired linking words: neither … nor
4. 4.11
1
neither ... nor
2
In the first clause (with neither ) subject–verb order remains remains the same, but with nor the order is reversed (subject–verb becomes verb–subject).
a
Correct procedures are neither followed followed at regional level, nor are politicians happy with them at national level.
b
This product is neither expensive expensive nor (is it ) popular.
c
The grassland is neither in in good condition, condition, nor (is it ) well protected from development.
d
The visa application process was neither quick quick and nor (was it ) easy.
1
neither ... nor
2
The second part (second clause) of the sentence.
a
In some countries, children neither read, read, nor (do they ) have access to books.
b
In the worst affected af fected areas, people neither care care for their animals, nor (do they ) water their crops.
c
The companies neither use use harmful chemicals, nor (do they ) allow animal testing.
d
Changes in religious custom neither occur occur at the same time, nor (do they ) follow the same pattern.
1
Neither is placed between the auxiliary verb and the main verb.
2
Auxiliary Auxilia ry + subject + main verb + object.
a
Since the last meeting, the factory structure has neither improved, improved, nor (has it ) worsened.
b
Some children have neither watched watched television, nor (have they ) played on the computer.
c
People are neither spending spending money on goods, nor (are they ) taking holidays abroad.
d
Outside investors are neither helping helping the situation, nor (are they ) offering work to local people.
4. 4.2 2
4.3 4. 4.4 4
4.5 4. 4.6 6
4
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
42
Showing logical links in your writing (1)
3
Stage Task 1
Supporting evidence: writing paragraphs
1. 1.11 Modern education has brought some obvious benefits to developing countries. No-one can deny the advantages of increasing literacy rates and knowledge about the rest of the world. However, the globalized education system is based on a Western urban environment. In addition, it teaches people to use the same global resources, ignoring those that their natural sur surroundings roundings provide. provide. For example, people learn about the use of chemicals and pesticides, forgetting natural, ecological methods.
The unnecessary sentence-connector is in addition, because the idea in the sentence is not another idea that is linked to the idea in the previous sentence.
1.3
supporting ideas supporting evidence
c
At that time, there were no telephones or TVs in people’s homes, so people had to rely on the friendship and help of their neighbours more than they do now. They always knocked on each other’s doors if they needed soya sauce or drinking water, for example.
d
Nowadays, life has changed. Almost every family has a TV, and many people in the towns have computers. Some families even have two or more TVs, and 45 million Chinese Chi nese people surf the Internet regularly (Asia Times Online, 2002). People can buy anything they want in the shops, so they have a better diet; they eat more protein than such aslived red meat, Asnow a result live longer. It used to bebefore, rare if people beyondchicken the ageand of eggs. 70, but this they is common.
1. 1.4 4
Immigration has economic benefits for the destination country. Immigrants often accept low-paid, unpleasant jobs which are not wanted by local workers, and they pay taxes from their wages, (egs) so they help everyone in society. Many of them are entrepreneurs who establish companies with links abroad. In addition, Kanwal Rekhi, a businessman from India, moved to the United States and established his own company, Excelan, in 1982.. He is now a millionaire 1982 millionaire who supports poor university students both in India and the United States, and he is putting his wealth back into India’s technology. (info)
1.5
The incorrect linking expression here is in addition, because this is used to add another idea, but the writer is actually giving an example to support his argument. Therefore, a better linking expression here is for example.
4
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
43
Showing logical links in your writing (1)
1. 1.6 6
The incorrect sentence connector is however , because this is used to contrast ideas, but the writer is actually adding another point. Therefore, a better linking expression here is in addition.
Task 2
Using linking words in essays
2. 2.11
Compare and contrast the way of life in modern China with the way of life 50 years ago. China is developing very fast nowadays because of (1) both the government’s (2) and the people’s hard hard work. Everything has changed; some of the changes may be for the better whereas others perhaps perhaps are not so worthwhile. worthwhile. (3) On the whole there have been more positive than negative developments, (4) so China is better than before. The changes are considered below. (5) Firstly, people’s standard of living is higher than before. People’s lives were very difficult after the Second World War. There was no food, no electricity, and it was very hard to buy goods in shops. Because of the lack of provisions, the government had to make a rule that individuals could only buy small quantities. (6) For example, one person could only buy five kilos of rice per month. At that time, there were no telephones or TVs in people’s homes, (7) so people had to rely on the friendship friendship and help of their neighbours more than they do now. They always knocked on each other’s doors if they needed soya sauce or drinking water, (8) for example. Nowadays, life has changed. Almost every family has a TV, (9) and many people in the towns have computers. Some families even have two or more TVs, (10) and 45 million Chinese people surf the Internet regularly (Asia Times Online, 2002). People can buy anything they want in the shops, (11) so they have a better diet; they eat more protein than before, such as red meat, chicken and eggs. (12) As a result, they live longer. It used to be rare if people lived beyond the age of 70, (13) but now this is common.
4
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
44
Showing logical links in your writing (1)
Other changes have happened within the fields of technology and education. Levels of technology are increasing; the Chinese can produce a wide range of electronic equipment and household appliances, such as computers, cameras and microwaves. This was impossible 50 years ago. The school curriculum has (14) also changed because the education system has changed. Schools now teach new knowledge which comes from other countries. (15) For example, 50 years ago the students spent much time learning how to write the old Chinese language. Teachers did not teach physics, biology (16) or other science subjects. (17) Finally, people’s ideas are different from before, (18) and some customs have changed too. It was more common to find a partner within the local community and to marry at a young age; on average young people married at 18, (19) but the average age for rural communities was 17 (CBASSE, 1984, p. 41). In the past, when people married, they were usually at home, (20) and they wore red clothes, (21) but now people marry in a church and they wear Western clothes. Another example is that women did not usually have jobs; they worked at home, (22) and they never said ‘no’ when the man said ‘yes’. (23) However, nowadays, women have their jobs, (24) and they have their own ideas too. Young people marry later, partly because access to education and transport has improved, (25) so they are more likely to want to study for longer and travel to see the world before they marry. (26) To sum up, China is now very different compared to 50 years ago. There have (27) also been many other changes, too many to mention. Some are negative: more people smoke nowadays, (28) and children no longer work hard because they lead comfortable lives. (29) However, However, it is certain that China is getting better b etter and better, (30) and people are feeling more comfortable day by day. It is (31) also certain that China will continue to improve in the future.
4
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
Showing logical Showing logical links links in 5 X your writing (2) Stage
1
Task 1
Introduction to logical linking words
1. 1.11
1
In b) the ideas are connected using linking words; in a) the ideas are presented in separate simple sentences.
2
Sentence Sentenc e b). b) .
1.2
1. 1.4 4
Logical linking word
Relationship between ideas
although
gives a reason
when
shows a contrast
because
indicates a point in time
sub = subordinator
subordinate clause sub
a
S
V
S
+
subordinate clause
V
S
main clause S
V
+
V
S
V
subordinate clause. sub
S
V
The people moved from the countryside to the town because they needed to find work.
Task 2
Giving a reason
2. 2.11
main clause S
+ V
subordinate clause sub
S
V
The night-time temperature fell to -2°C because there were no clouds.
b
V
When a country’s economy goes into a recession, exports decrease and jobs are lost.
a
S
main clause sub
c
main clause
Although plastic bags are useful, they damage the environment.
b
+
subordinate clause sub
S
V
+
main clause S
V
Since they wanted to improve the area, they applied to the development agency for a grant.
45
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
46
Showing logical links in your writing (2)
sub
c
subordinate clause S
+
V
main clause S
V
As the students needed their visas urgently, they went straight to the embassy.
In these sentences, three subordinators are used to give a reason: because, since and as.
2. 2.2 2
Cases b) and c) show tighter links than case a), and therefore more effective text-flow patterns; case b) is probably the most effective because since is more emphatic than as.
2.3
1a
2. 2.4 4
1
Sentences b) and c).
2
The first words in each sentence are: a) they , b) since, c) as.
3
The word categories are: they is is a pronoun; since and as are subordinators (subordinating (subordina ting conjunctions).
2.5
2b
3a
b As / Since there is traffic congestion, people prefer to use public transport. c Many countries suffer from lack of food because the crops fail when there is insufficient rain. d Crops cannot be eaten because farmers are using too much insecticide. e Cereal shortages are common in some countries because over half the world’s cereal harvest is fed to livestock instead of to people. f As / Since global warming is becoming a serious problem, people should try not to use their cars. g There are only a few phone boxes left because most people today have mobile phones. year, they are saving as much as they can. h Because Jack and Jill are getting married next year, i Since / Because the north face of the Eiger is very hard to climb, mountaineers need to be very experienced. experienced. j Since / Because red roses are thought to be a symbol of love and affection, they are given on St Valentine’s Day.
Task 3
Making comparisons
3. 3.11
a
‘General unemployment’ is compared with ‘youth unemployment’.
b
The fact that students who read a text while in a happy state of mind remember positive material, while those who do so in an unhappy state of mind remember negative material.
3. 3.2 2
Whereas and while come at the beginning of the clause being compared; the two clauses are normally separated by a comma. a
Whereas young children children love doing activities with their parents, teenagers often prefer to be with their peers.
b
Pet dogs require daily exercise while cats can be left to exercise themselves.
c d
While the motorway is often the fastest route from A to B, it is usually not the most scenic. Tom had worked hard for his exam and had revised thoroughly, whereas his friend James had not even opened a book.
5
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
47
Showing logical links in your writing (2)
3.3
1
Sentence Sentenc e a). a ).
2
Sentence Sentenc e b). b) .
3
Sentence Sentenc e b). b) .
4
Sentence Sentenc e b). b) .
3. 3.4 4
Because sentence b) immediately provides more information about the conflict, following on from the paragraph leader.
3.5
b
Rio is famous for its beaches whereas / while São Paulo is well known for its skyscrapers. OR Whereas / While Rio is famous for its beaches, São Paulo is well known for its skyscrapers.
c
Charlie Chaplin is known worldwide whereas / while Buster Keaton is not so widely recognized. OR Whereas / While Charlie Chaplin is known worldwide, Buster Keaton is not so widely recognized.
d
House prices are falling now, whereas / while ten years ago they were rising. OR Whereas / While house prices are falling now, ten years ago they were rising.
e
Most people think deserts are hot, whereas / while at night they can be very cold. OR Whereas / While most people think deserts are hot, at night they can be very cold.
f
In the UK the red squirrel is very rare, whereas / while the grey squirrel is very common and considered a pest. OR Whereas / while in the UK the red squirrel is very rare, the grey squirrel is very common and considered a pest.
5
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
48
Showing logical links in your writing (2)
2
Stage Task 1
Using although
1. 1.11
in the middle of a sentence. 1 Althou Although gh goes at the beginning and but in
1.2
2
But .
3
Sentence Sentenc e a). a ).
4
Sentence Sentenc e a). a ).
5
There is a comma at the end of each subordinating clause, and before but there there is a comma.
a
Although skiing is a dangerous sport, many people still enjoy it.
b
Although the fire brigade arrived swiftly, the building was completely ablaze.
c
Although the spring was dry, there was an excellent wheat harvest.
d
Although his name is famous, his face is relatively unknown.
1.3
Sentence Sentenc e a), with even though.
1. 1.4 4
b
Fuel is very expensive. Althou Although gh the local bus service is both cheap and reliable, some people never use it.
c
Mr Ken Philips is 91 years old. Even though he had a hip replacement two years ago, he jogs for a mile every morning.
d
Many children do not enjoy playing sport. Althou Although gh exercise is important for future health, they watch TV or play computer games.
e
The number of supermarkets is increasing. Even though they sell a wide range of goods at reasonable prices, some people never use them.
f
Scientists have found a 5,300-year-old skeleton of a man in the ice. Even though he has an arrow wound in his left shoulder, this did not cause his death.
a
Although they always had enough to eat, they were poor.
b
Although the sea is cold in summer, people still enjoy swimming in it.
c
Although there is an economic recession, many families still have money to spend.
d
The North Sea is off the coast of Scotland. People enjoy swimming swimming in it, even though it is cold in the summer.
e
The company suffered in the recession. Production levels continued to decline although they took on more people.
f
Students Studen ts often return their books late even though the library fines are high.
1.5
5
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
49
Showing logical links in your writing (2)
Task 2
Showing result
2. 2.11
b
The students worked so hard that they passed the test with a high score.
c
The sun is so strong that tourists need to wear sunglasses.
d
Pollution is taken so seriously in some places that cars are banned on certain days.
e
The situation on the streets is so dangerous that that the people are advised to stay indoors.
f
Opposition to the nuclear power station was so strong that the government government abandoned its plans.
b
There is such a high demand for oil that costs are cut every day.
c
Chicago is such a perfect location that many companies want to move there.
d
Football is such a popular sport that advertisers pay thousands of pounds to sponsor big matches.
e
The council demands such high rents that new businesses cannot afford to operate in the area.
f
There is such determination to make a profit that prices are rising fast.
2. 2.2 2
Task 3
Showing purpose
3. 3.2 2
Used when the subject of the verb is the same before and after the linking word so as to / in order to so that / in order that
3.3
3. 3.4 4
Used when the subject of the verb is different before and after the linking word
b
The government is sponsoring advertisements so as to / in order to encourage healthy eating and so that schoolchildren do not become obese. that schoolchildren
c
The scientists have teamed up with another university so as to / in order to continue the research.
d
The banks are developing new policies so as to / in order to encourage investment.
e
The management team is monitoring the budget closely so that it is that / in order that it not exceeded.
b
Cameras and intercom systems are installed to observe all activities. ac tivities.
5
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
50
Showing logical links in your writing (2)
Task 4
Purpose: using subordinators to start new sentences 1a Researchers believe that listening to the radio while driving causes accidents. In order to test this theory, they checked databases containing accident details. 2b Evaluation questionnaires are an important part of the course. Learners are asked to fill in a form before they leave in order that feedback is gathered.
Task 5
Practise linking sentences of result and purpose b
Those who are in authority are sometimes corrupt. In order to stay in power, they bribe politicians around them.
c
Nowadays, the population of elderly people is increasing dramatically around the world. Therefore, it is becoming urgent to discuss issues relating to ageing.
d
The company has announced announced that it will be recruiting 500 new staff in order to cope with the large increase in orders.
e
Many people living in the countryside are without convenient public transport. In order to improve their lifestyle, buses should be subsidized by the government.
f
The closed the roadjam because of a major accident. As a result we were caught result we up inpolice an enormous traffic and missed our flight.
g
The dentist gave him an injection in order that he he would not feel any pain during the extraction.
h
The winter was unusually cold, with temperatures falling to -15°C in many areas for prolonged periods. As a result result , a lot of damage was done to road surfaces and potholes appeared everywhere. every where.
i
It is generally agreed that travelling broadens the mind. Therefore, young people should be encouraged to go and visit other countries before they settle down to a serious job.
j
Using a mobile to phone home can be expensive. In order to cut down this cost, students should install Skype on their computers and buy a set of headphones.
k l
Cheese should be kept in the fridge in order that bacteria bacteria does not grow. changes, it is critical to understand more about the effect In order to predict future changes, of water temperature on sea coral plants.
5
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
51
Showing logical links in your writing (2)
3
Stage Task 1
To show contrast
1. 1.11
1
A noun phrase (Det + N: the flood ))..
2
To preserve preserve text flow: in both a) and b), the first part of each sentence sentence refers back to the last part of each previous sentence.
3
When the expressions in spite of or or despite occur at the beginning of the sentence the clause is followed by a comma; when they occur in the middle of a sentence, there is no comma.
a
Despite losing the election, the president is still controlling foreign policy.
b
The students continued their research in spite of finding it difficult to collect their data.
b
Despite having work experience, many graduates graduates still find it difficult to gain employment.
c
Despite not sleeping well, the children were very lively.
d
Despite wanting to encourage tourism, the government has not allowed a fifth runway at Heathrow Airport.
e
Despite predicting rain for the morning, the weather forecast said the afternoon would be hot and sunny.
f
Despite losing a lot of blood, he is in a stable condition.
b
Despite / In spite of the the bad weather, the building work is continuing.
c
the noise the villagers slept. Despite / In spite of the
d
only exporting expor ting a few products, the country is still prosperous. prosperous. Despite / In spite of only
e
the students needing to study for exams, the library will close earlier. Despite / In spite of the
f
knowing the damaging effects of tobacco, many people continue Despite / In spite of knowing to smoke.
1.2 1.3
1. 1.4 4
Task 2
To show result b
People can no longer smoke in enclosed public spaces. As a result of this ban there has been an improvement in the health of bar workers.
c
In 2008, 20 million people had to leave their homes as a result of climate-related climate-related natural disasters.
d
According to three independent studies, corporate fraud has risen as a result of the worsening economic situation.
e
Some multinational companies are making huge profits as a result of exploiting
f
cheap local labour and local resources. As a result, the government has announced a cut of 3% in the defence budget.
5
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
52
Showing logical links in your writing (2)
Task 3
To give a reason
3. 3.11
b
c
NP The success of the business was largely due to the well-qualified well-qualified members of staff. NP Communication is changing, partly due to the growing role of Twitter™ in people’s lives.
d
NP Snow has fallen overnight. Because of severe weather conditions, many flights are cancelled.
e
Almost two-thirds of Jersey’s natural landscape has disappeared in the past two
NP
centuries, largely because of construction and developmen development. t.
f
NP Attendance at the meeting was small, partly because of student illness.
1
The beginning or middle of the sentence.
2
A comma after the noun phrase.
3
‘The reason qualified by largely is is the main reason.’
4
‘The reason qualified by partly is is only part of full the reason, or is one of several reasons.’
b
The high price of vegetables is largely due to the dry weather.
c
Many local shops have closed partly because of the the new hypermarket.
d
He was unable to attend the lecture due to oversleeping.
e
Many exam candidates lose marks because they do not read questions properly.
f
Many old people are afraid to leave their homes due to an increasing amount of street crime.
g
Many graduates are forced to work abroad due to unemployment in their country.
h
More and more people are using air transport because the cost of flights has decreased.
i
The Prime Minister returned home due to / because of the the growing unrest in the country.
3. 3.2 2
Task 4
Giving examples
4. 4.11
For example is at the beginning of the sentence. For example is followed by a comma.
5
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
53
Showing logical links in your writing (2)
4. 4.2 2
a b c d
Switzerland sells its expertise to other countries. Switzerland countries. For example, example, they have helped people in Bhutan to produce cheese, apple juice and honey. People need water for many reasons – for example, drinking, watering their gardens and growing crops. There is misuse of water in Oman. For example, there are no controls on factories which use it for industrial processes, and parks are watered every day. The Internet is used both for academic research and for practical tasks, such as finding books in libraries and organizing patient lists in hospitals.
Task 5
Review of linking words (Units 4 and 5)
5. 5.11
b
Over-dependence on oil has several effects. Not only does it cause serious damage to Over-dependence the environment, but it is also a source of conflict.
c
International students often want to practise their spoken English. As a result, the English-speaking club has many members. International students often want to practise their spoken English, so the Englishspeaking club has many members.
d e
Japanese people live longer than most other nationalities because they have healthy diets. Diet is one factor in how long people live. However, it is not the only issue to be taken into consideration. Diet is one factor in how long people live, but it is not the only issue to be taken into consideration.
f
Tuition fees at British universities are high, whereas American universities charge high fees for their courses. Tuition fees at British universities are high, but American universities charge high fees for their courses. Tuition fees at British universities are high. However, American universities charge high fees for their courses.
g
Most universities have a balanced assessment system. For example, there are continuous assessments, mid-term exams, presentations and end-of-term tests.
h
He worked hard at school but did not get a place at university, whereas his friend did very little work but got into a really good university.
i
The company has lost more than 3,000 customers over the past six months, so it has been forced to cut back its advertising budget. The company has lost more than 3,000 customers over the past six months. As a result it has been forced to cut back its advertising budget.
j
People do not want to give away their personal information online because they are frightened of being victims of fraud.
k
Doctors say that stress is a major cause of heart attacks, so they advise patients not to take work home.
l
Arabic is read from right to left, whereas English is read from left to right. Arabic is read from right to left, but English is read from left to right. Arabic is read from right to left. However, English is read from left to right.
5
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
54
Showing logical links in your writing (2)
5. 5.2 2
5. 5.3 3
a
Although new technologies bring opportunities to young children, some parents’ lack of awareness means their children might miss out.
b
Despite reading fewer books at home, children’s literacy levels at school are better than in the past.
c
Plagiarism is becoming a serious problem at universities, so many heads of department have introduced plagiarism detection software.
d
Wi-fi freeloading is a crime the police take seriously. However, this crime is difficult to track and very few arrests have been made.
e
The event was a real success due to the organizing committee’s detailed planning and preparation.
f
Education is of great importance; it both allows the acquisition of knowledge and ensures well-qualified future employees.
In the current computer-assisted digital world, IT skills have become indispensable for undertaking many daily tasks. (1) Whereas the older generation sometimes has difficulties with the new technology, children are introduced to it at a young age (2) both at home (3) and at school (4) so naturally interact with it easily. Video and computer games are becoming increasingly increasingly popular (Byron, 2008); (5) as these games represent an expanding it is important tochildren. be aware awareThis of the possible p ossible and positiveand consequenc consequences es area of these activities on essay focusesnegative on the advantages disadvantagess of video and computer playing for young people, suggesting the best way disadvantage in which the new generation can benefit from the virtual world. There is much evidence to show that games have educational value, aimed at increasing knowledge and skills in many different areas. Griffiths (2002) states that computer and video games help in the development of social, language, reading and maths skills. Researchers have (6) also found that games can be used to reinforce learning in children with problems (7) such as autism or attention deficit disorder (Griffiths, 2002). (8) In addition, game playing is helpful for brain development; it brings about changes in mental skills and improves attention resources, cognitive skills, concentration, spatial abilities and eye–hand coordination (Dye, Green, & Bavelier, 2009; Gagnon, 1985). (9) Despite all these positive aspects, of the main concerns gamingto is be the detrimental effect that they can have one on children. Some childrenabout are thought aggressive and violent (10) due to their exposure to violent games. (11) However, there is only weak evidence from the literature of the direct causal relationship between game-playing and aggressive behaviour. All studies which conclude that there is a direct link focus largely on short-term effects, and do not take into consideration long-term influences influenc es (Griffiths, 1999). It is often said that playing videogames is dangerous for health (12) because of the sedentary lifestyle that games encourage. (13) However, if children play with their friends, they are usually doing something active. (14) In addition, children’s health is sometimes improved by playing games; for example, there are games for diabetes and asthma selfmanagement which improve the level of self-care and medical compliance in children (Griffiths, 2002). In the health domain, video and computer games are used as resource resourcess for rehabilitation and prevention. (15) For example, some programs aim at providing children with specific information about AIDS (Griffiths, 2002).
5
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
55
Showing logical links in your writing (2)
Therefore the effects of video games on children are not as harmful as first thought Therefore because health problems and short-term aggressi aggressive ve behaviour only affect children who are excessive users of videogames (Griffiths, 2002). The problems seem to stem from the way in which children play, from the games they are allowed to play, (16) and on how much time they spend playing, rather than on the fact of playing itself. (17) As a result, parents have a fundamental role to play in taking care of their children, reducing the risks that the digital world can bring. Children need to be controlled and monitored. As Byron (2008) states in her review, parents, government, government, video games businesses and schools should all collaborate (18) so as to reduce risks connected with computer and video games, promoting games that have educational and non-violent features. (19) To sum up, video and computer gaming has a great positive potential, ranging from children’s skill reinforcement and development to educational input. (20) In addition to these benefits, playing represents an innovative way of learning that is more effective among children than traditional ways of teaching. teaching. The extraordinary extraordinary opportunities that technology offers have to be considered. considered. It is parents’ respons responsibility ibility to provide their children with an adequate guidance. This can happen if game developers, the governmentt and society in general support and encourage governmen encourage the development of sociable and interesting games, creating (21) such safe conditions (22) that young people always benefit from the advantages that computer and video games undoubtedly offer.
5
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
X 6 Expressing shades of meaning Stage
1
Task 1
Introduction to modal verbs
1. 1.11
1b
1.2
1b The study was carried out in two classes only. The results indicate that learning might be more effective in small groups.
2b
3b
2b Intensively farmed British chicken does not have as much flavour as free-range organic chicken, but it can be cheaper to buy. 3b The government does not give enough help to retired people. Older people should not have to worry about paying expensive heating bills in the cold weather.
1.3
a
They make meaning more precise, being used to express concepts such as possibility, permission and intention.
b
They slightly change the meaning of the main verb.
2a Intensively farmed British chicken does not have as much flavour as free-range organic chicken, but it is undoubtedly cheaper to buy. means ‘certainly, definitely; without doubt’. Undoubtedly means
Task 2
Modal verbs – form and sentence position
2. 2.11
may
can
could
2. 2.2 2
might
shall
will
would
must
should
a
Modal verbs.
b
Using the word order: modal + subject + bare infinitive + complement.
c
Using the word order: subject + modal verb + not + + bare infinitive + complement.
d
Because modal verbs, like do, are a type of auxiliary verb, and Standard English does not allow more than one auxiliary verb to occur in the same sentence.
56
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
57
Expressing shades of meaning
2.3
a
Should class sizes be smaller?*
b
The plants might not grow if the rainy season fails.
c
Will the predictions of the climate change experts come true?
d
Women can have a better bet ter education nowadays.
e
The domination of English may be a problem in the future.
f
Most people in the UK cannot speak Chinese.
*Note: Note: Class sizes should be smaller? would be grammatical when used as an ‘echoquestion’; see Unit 1, Stage 1, Ex 3.4
Task 3
Modal verbs – certainty / uncertainty and possibility
3. 3.11
1
Will (in sentence c).
2
(in sentences a, b and d). May // might // could (in
3
Could (in sentence d).
3. 3.2 2
is not an option here because it means ‘was not or were not able’ – i.e., it Could not is expresses lack to of have ability. For example, ‘they could not other have enough to more eat means were not able enough to eat’.they , on the hand, has than one Could meaning. It means both ‘was or were able to’ and also ‘was or were allowed to’ (similarly to may and and might ))..
3.3
Students’ own answers.
3. 3.4 4
b
It may / might / could be possible to understand how the brain works within the next ten years.
c
Local languages could become more important in the future.
d
The rise in consumer spending will be good for the environment.
e
Income levels in poorer countries could increase with the growth of democracy.
f g
The decrease in the bee population will be reversed once a cause has been found. The use of English in university study will continue to increase for at least the next ten years.
h
People could take care of the environment if they are not taught this at school.
b
Better housing may / might not be the only solution to the problem of overcrowding. overcrowding.
c
Advertising may / might / could persuade people to eat genetically modified food.
d
Different sources of energy may / might / could replace oil in the future.
e
People may / might / could stop buying books bo oks when electronic books become cheaper.
f
More and more workers may / might / could be moving to cities to find a better job.
g
The economic downturn may / might not affect employment as much as people think.
3.5
6
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
58
Expressing shades of meaning
3. 3.6 6
a
The government may / might / could have published the statistics on a different website.
b
The figures may / might not have been accurate.
c
The public may / might not have liked the high tax on fuel.
d
They may / might / could have made an unpopular decision.
e
The committee members may / might not have understood the issue well enough.
f
The farmers may / might / could have had poor-quality seed.
Task 4
The use of can can
4. 4.11
a
Most students can speak English.
b
Students can use the drinks machine in the break.
c
Students can make decisions that are not in their best interests.
b
Tourists can destroy the natural environment.
c
The weather can be cold in the UK in the winter.
d
Many students can have financial difficulties at university.
e
Exposure to direct sunshine sunshine can cause skin problems.
a
Lack of understanding about cultural differences, different domestic regulations and language barriers might / may / could all block trade.
b
Lack of understanding about cultural differences, different domestic regulations and language barriers will all block trade.
c
Lack of understanding about cultural differences, different domestic regulations and language barriers can all block trade.
4. 4.2 2
4.3
2 3 1
Task 5
Using modal verbs in the present passive voice to create a tight link
5. 5.11
1
2
Sentence Sentenc e a). a ). o 5
5. 5.2 2
3
Sentence b). o 4
Sentence a).
o 3
o 1
o 2
known
be
not
the results of the experiment
may
past participle of the main verb
bare infinitive of the verb to be
(not )
subject
modal verb
6
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
59
Expressing shades of meaning
5.3
b
S
V
O
The government is concerned about on-screen violence, so it might ban this website.
The government is concerned about on-screen violence, so this website website might ght be banned. banned. S c
Alcohol prices are coming down. The negative effect of this is that people will
V
O
consume more alcohol.
d
Alcohol prices are coming down. The negative effect of this is that more alcohol will be consumed. S V O Because of the results of the research, the bosses could develop a new system. sy stem.
Because of the results of the research, a new system could be dev developed. eloped. e
S
There are now government advertisements about healthy eating, so shoppers may
V
O
buy less junk food.
f
g
There are now government advertisements about healthy eating, so less junk food may be bought. S V O
This article is out of date. Publishers may publish new research on the subject before the end of the year.
This article is out of date. New research on the subject may be published before the end of the year. S V O The instructions state that gardeners can plant these roses in the summer.
The instructions state that these roses can be planted in the summer. summer. 5. 5.4 4
a
More friends might be made.
b
More information may be shared.
c
Information will be received more quickly.
d
Words might not be spelled correctly.
e
The problems of the real world could be ignored.
6
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
60
Expressing shades of meaning
2
Stage Task 1
Semi-modal verbs – meaning, form and sentence position
1. 1.11
1.2
a
to pass the exam in order to continue The students need to pass their studies.
1
it is important or necessary to do this
b
to water the vegetables in the The farmers have to water growing season, or they die.
3
it is important or necessary to do this
c
to welcome immigrants. Local people ought to welcome
2
it is advisable to do this
1
The second element of a semi-modal verb is usually to.
2
The bare infinitive.
3
No.
4
Yes.
5 6
No. Ought to, because it does not need the auxiliary do.
7
Need to and have to behave most like ordinary main verbs, because they require the auxiliary do to form questions and negatives, and require - s s to form the third-person singular.
1.3
do is used Auxiliary verb do is in questions and negative sentences need to
Verb ending changes to match third-person singular subject
ü
ü
ü
ü
ought to have to
1. 1.4 4
a
Do the students have to write essays?
b
The country ought not to take part in the war.
c
Does the swallow have to migrate to Africa in the summer?
d
Does she need to learn how to write a list of references?
e
She does not have to write a whole essay if she finds it difficult; she can just write a paragraph.
f
She ought to be careful when she goes out.
6
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
61
Expressing shades of meaning
1.5
1. 1.6 6
1. 1.8 8
Something important or necessary to do a
She has to finish her essay now.
b
She does not have to finish her essay now.
c
She must finish her essay now.
d
She must not finish her essay now.
e
She needs to finish her essay now.
f
She does not need to finish her essay now.
Something important or necessary not to do
not Something not important or necessary to do
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
b
The team does not need to / have to count the birds on the river.
c
The students have to / need to study the text carefully.
d
Deep-sea divers have to / need to carry oxygen in a cylinder.
e
The scientists need to / have to set up the experiment correctly.
f
The government does not need to / have to intervene in this matter.
g
Minority language speakers must not forget their mother tongue.
h
People do not have to / need to be rich in order to be happy.
b
The situation is urgent. All world leaders who have signed the agreement will have to
c
act in order to solve the problem of carbon dioxide emissions. They may / might have to reduce passengers’ luggage allowance on planes in order to save fuel.
d
If the drought continues, farmers may / might have to consider planting GM seeds which are more resistant to lack of water.
e
These animals will have to / need to survive long periods without food.
f
Health experts will have to / need to check the water again next year.
g
The company may / might have to employ more workers if sales continue to rise.
h
The students on the course will have to / need to retake the exam if they fail the first time.
6
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
62
Expressing shades of meaning
Task 2
Giving advice and making recommendations: should ; ought to ; have to ; must
2. 2.11
Sentences 1b and 2b.
2. 2.2 2
2.3
Personal choice a
Students on the pre-sessional English course must study in the evenings, or they fall behind.
b
The referee has to give a yellow card if a footballer touches the ball with his hands.
No choice
ü
ü
b
According to government regulations, tourists must apply for their visas within six months of their trip abroad.
c
Polluters must pay for the damage they are doing to the environment.
d
Publicly funded works of art have to gain the approval of several committees.
e
The rules state that the dissertation has to be submitted by 5pm on the day of the deadline, or there will be a 5% deduction from the final grade.
f
In conclusion, the shareholding company must improve the restaurant facilities for the public in the shopping centre.
g
Many people must continue to live in earthquake zones as they have no means of escape.
h
Weather forecasters have to collect data from different instruments all over the world in order to create accurate weather maps.
Task 3
Giving advice and recommendations using the passive voice
3. 3.11
1b Advice should be given on how to start a business. business. 2b Advice ought to be given on how to start a business. business.
3. 3.2 2
o 5
o 4
given
be
past participle of the main verb
bare infinitive of the verb to be
o 3
o 1
o 2
on how to start a business
advice
ought to
(not )
subject
semi-modal verb
6
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
63
Expressing shades of meaning
3.3
b
S
V
Small film companies do not have much money, so film-makers have to make
O
new films as cheaply as possible.
Small film companies do not have much money, so new films
c
have to be made as cheaply as possible.
S
Many people have donated money for development projects. Administrators
VO
must use it by the end of March.
Many people have donated money for development projects. It must be used by the end of March. S d
Students Studen ts must hand their essays in on time because the teachers might have to
V
O
show them to external moderators.
Students must hand their essays in on time because they might have to be shown to external moderators. S V e
It is difficult to understand the events in Bakoo. Local people should circulate regular
O
e-mails about the political situation. situation.
It is difficult to understand understand the ev event entss in Bakoo. Regular e-mails should be circulated about the political situation. f
Many Britons have chosen to retire in Spain because of the Mediterranean climate.
S
V
O
Spanish people need to encourage them to learn Spanish.
Many Britons have chosen to retire in Spain because of the Mediterranean climate. They need to be encouraged to learn Spanish. S g
There is a serious problem with the nuclear fuel plant. Engineers might need to
V O close it down.
There is a serious problem with the nuclear fuel plant. It might need to be closed down.
6
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
64
Expressing shades of meaning
h
The UK is now in third place globally for scientific research publications.
S
V
O
British scientists should publish more scientific research studies. The UK is now in third place globally for scientific research publications.
More British scientific research studies should be published. i
Fish stocks are declining in local lakes due to pollution.
S
V
O
Fishermen may have to stop fishing.
Fish stocks are declining in local lakes due to pollution. Fishing may have to be stopped Task 4
Writing conclusions In order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, the weight of aeroplanes (a) needs to / must be made lighter. In Japan, some companies are inventing lighter materials for aeroplane frameworks; they are using light tableware to decrease overall overall weight, so less fuel is used in flight ((Nikke Nikkeii Net, 2009 2009). ). In addition, airline companies (b) should / ought to / need to fund research into other sources of energy, such as hydrogen-powered fuel cells. As for the noise problem, the airports (c) should / ought to be moved away from residential areas to the seaside, or to areas where people do not live.
All governments world-wide (d) need to act to solve the emissions of carbon dioxide emissions. emissions. They (e) should should / ought to increase increase fuel tax in order to make their flights more expensive, which will, in turn, decrease the number of flights and encourage people either to not travel, or to use other forms of transport instead of aeroplanes.
In conclusion, managing flights and producing new technical materials will decrease environmental damage. Government and air travel companies (f) should act responsibly to ensure that this happens.
6
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
65
Expressing shades of meaning
3
Stage Task 1
Planning your stance and preparing your argument
1. 1.11
The hidden question is:
Should all children learn to play a musical instrument at state schools? The title allows the writer to make up his or her own mind about this.
1.5
a
Children should be encouraged to choose to learn to play an instrument rather than be forced to learn, and the range of musical instruments taught should be widened as much as possible p ossible to cater for different personalities and tastes. Ensuring equality equality of opportunity is the responsibility responsibility of the government, government, so financial help should be available for families who need it.
b
There are many advantages of learning to play an instrument, but only if the children are willing to try it. Children could learn new skills and have the opportunity to make friends. They might also have a lot of fun being part of an orchestra and learn to be part of a team.
c
Children ought not to be forced to learn to play a musical instrument if they do not want to. Only children who are interested ought to learn to play a musical instrument, and there should be government assistance to help the poorer families buy instruments.
d
On the other hand, if children are forced to learn when they are not interested, they may not enjoy the experience, and they may even avoid music later on in their lives. Children need to have some time in the school day to be creative, and if they prefer playing football or painting to playing music, this should be encouraged.
1
c–d–b–a
2
b
3
c
4
d
5
a
6
Because the writer has already used modal and semi-modal verbs to express his opinion precisely.
6
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
66
Expressing shades of meaning
Task 2
Intensifying words
2. 2.11
b
3
c
5
d
1
e f
2 6
g
5
a
well
b
certainly / undoubtedly / definitely
c
well / easily
d
certainly / undoubtedly / definitely
e
certainly / undoubtedly / definitely
f
certainly / undoubtedly / definitely
g
well
h i
well certainly / undoubtedly / definitely
j
certainly / undoubtedly / definitely
2. 2.2 2
Task 3
Stance and argument: further practice
3. 3.11
The hidden question is:
Is imprisonment a more appropriate punishment for offenders than community service?
3. 3.2 2
‘Imprisonment is a more appropriate punishment for offenders than community service.’ Discuss. Advantages of community service for offenders
Disadvantages of community service for offenders
They may be able to continue with their job, if they have one.
They may not take the punishment seriously as they still have their freedom.
They do not have to spend time with other offenders, so they are less likely to learn about new ways of committing other crimes. Doing work in a voluntary capacity may make offenders feel good. Offenders may learn new skills.
6
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
67
Expressing shades of meaning
Advantages of community service for the government and society
Disadvantages of community service for the government and society
Society benefits from the job done.
Offenders may commit other offences while they are doing the community work.
Community service provides a solution to Community prison overcrowding. It is expensive to keep a prisoner in jail; with community service, taxpayers’ money can be used for other, more important issues. There is less unemployment – when prisoners are released from jail it is difficult for them to find a job, but offenders of fenders on community service might well be able keep their jobs.
Giving work to offenders may take work away from people who have not committed any offence. People might think the government is not punishing offenders properly.
3.3
Statement c).
3. 3.4 4
The thesis statement from Ex 3.3 that best fits the essay is statement a), because it clearly sets out the writer’s stance.
‘Imprisonment is a more appropriate punishment for offenders than community service.’ Discuss. ‘Community service’ is a well-known term. Basically it consists of doing some kind of work or task with a two-fold aim. It both benefits society and allows offenders to avoid imprisonment. A jail sentence (a) could have some negative effects on the offenders as is explained below. As an offender, having the possibility of avoiding going to prison and doing community service could have enormous benefits although there could be some risks. First of all, some prisons are not the best place to be for a long time (STV, 2008). They (b) can encourage boredom and friendships between criminals criminals,, and they (c) may expose petty pett y offenders to violent behaviour and drugs. Comm Community unity service offers a chance for the judge to give the offender a different sentence to prison, depending on the type of crime. This is very beneficial because in this way offenders (d) can do a job in a semi-free environment environment which (e) might help keep them away from bad influences. influences. They (f) can c an also (g) contribute to society through their work and have the chance to learn new skills without being kept in prison, so they (h) can remain as useful members of society while carrying out their punishment ( Directgov, 2011). 2011).
6
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
68
Expressing shades of meaning
On the other hand, there are some negative aspects of doing community service. First of all, there is a higher possibility of reoffendin reoffending g while doing the community service due to the lack of security which comes with not being jailed and controlled 24 hours a day. There is also the fact of the public exposure with the orange jackets which (i) could be a little embarrassing for them. However, this uncomfortable uncomf ortable feeling (j) could have benefits for the offenders in that it (k) might well make them feel guilty and ashamed for what they have done and think about why are they are in that situation. Imprisonment Imprisonme nt (l) will certainly keep offenders off the streets and makes sure that they do not re-offend. Prisons offer a closed and tightly controlled environmen environmentt where the risk of escape is very low. However, as seen above, imprisonment involves a huge expense to society. In addition, there is the problem of overcrowding in prisons. As the population increases, the number of inmates in prisons is growing too, so other ways of punishing offenders without shutting them in jail (m) should be explored. In conclusion, there are many different types of crimes and not all the crimes deserve the same punishment. An offender (n) might have to be kept away from society because of the violence of the crime. However, in some cases, if there is no risk, and the offender agrees to do community community service, this (o) may avoid problems associated with living in prison and reduce costs to the taxpayer. In this way, offenders (p) can also (q) learn to take responsibility for their crimes and help other people.
6
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
7 Expressing condition X Stage
1
Task 1
Identifying likely events events
1. 1.11
1
Yes – she has failed it once before, and she knows there were many questions she could not answer correctly.
2
Because she may find a new job in one of these cities.
3
Under the condition that she is asked to leave her current job.
1.2
Possible answers:
a
If it’s a nice day tomorrow, I’ll go for a walk in the park.
b
If I have time later, I might meet my friend for coffee.
Task 2
Making a personal prediction about a likely event event
2. 2.11
a
Example 1.
b
Example 2.
c
Example 3.
b
If he does not return his books to the library on time, he will / might / may have to pay a fine.
2.2
Note: Remember, Remember, it is not common to use could with have to or need to – see Unit U nit 6, Stage 2, E x 1.7. 1.7. Note:
c
If he does not try to make friends with other international students, he may / might not practise his spoken English. Note: Remember Remember not to use could with not in in sentences like c), as this means was / were not able to – Note: see Unit 6, Stage 1, Ex 3.2.
d
If he does not play any sport, he may / might well lack energy. Note: Use Note: Use may / might + + well to to intensify the modal verb – see Unit 6, Stage 3, Ex 2.2.
e
If he falls asleep in lessons, he could easily annoy the lecturer. Note: Use Note: Use could + + easily to to intensify the modal verb – see Unit 6, Stage 3, Ex 2.2.
f
If he does not complete his assignment, he will / may / might / could fall behind with the course.
g
If he eats junk food, he may / might need to take vitamin tablets. Note: Remember, Note: Remember, it is not common to use could with have to or need to – see Unit U nit 6, Stage 2, E x 1.7. 1.7.
h
If he never phones home, he will / may / might / could upset his parents.
69
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
70
Expressing condition
2.3
1a
2b
If you are writing about an event that may or may not happen (for which you use an if clause), you can stress the importance of that event by putting the if -clause -clause first. Hence: •
In 1) you want to stress the probable result of an attack on the safe road, so it is better
•
to put if this route is attacked first, first, as in 1a. In 2) you want to stress the probable result of new refugees arriving without tents, tents, so it is better to put if someone new arrives without a tent first, first, as in 2b.
2. 2.4 4
In conditional sentences the subordinate clause can come at end or the beginning of the sentence. When it comes at the end it is followed by a full stop (or question mark or exclamation mark) and when it comes at the beginning it is followed by a comma.
Task 3
Using conditional sentences to refer to laws of nature
3. 3.11
1
b
2
a
3 4
a A fact.
b
If young people listen to too much loud music, they may / might have hearing difficulties later.
c
Students’ speaking skills improve at a faster rate if they have a lot of contact with native speakers.
d
People may / might go to prison if they commit a crime.
e
If plants do not have enough water, they die.
f
If fair-skinned people sunbathe without protection, they burn.
g
These people will become unhappy if they do not have control over their lives.
h
If dogs are not kept on a leash, they could frighten children.
3. 3.2 2
Task 4
Further practice
4. 4.11
1
b
2
a
3
Examples.
b
Sales statistics can be useful to companies. For example, if the database shows that sales are falling, a new product could / may / might be developed.
c
Computers can help students considerably with their studies. For example, time is saved if students learn how to compile a bibliography electronically.
d
People can easily improve their English in an enjoyable way. For example, if students regularly watch films, this may / might / could improve their vocabulary.
4. 4.2 2
7
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
71
Expressing condition
e
It may not be a good idea to have big class sizes. For example, if there are 50 students in a lesson, the teacher does not have time to give students individual attention.
f
All employers should offer flexible working patterns. For example, if a parent has young children, he or she may / might prefer to leave work at 15.00.
g
Recycling can help the environment considerably. For example, if carrier bags are reused, this reduces landfill waste.
Task 5
Using unless to to give warnings
5. 5.11
a
Unless pollution levels fall, more people will become ill.
b
If pollution levels do not fall, more people will become ill.
c
If pollution levels fall, more people will become ill.
Unless is used to say that something can only happen or be true in a particular situation, or is used to give the only situation in which something will not happen or be true.
5. 5.2 2
b
If no more money is given for scientific research, the scientists will fall behind in the race to develop new technology.
What is the likely event? No
more money is given for scientific
research. What is the opposite? More
money is given for scientific research.
Unless more money is given for scientific research, the scientists will fall behind in the race to develop new technology ogy . c
If the corn crop is not sprayed with insecticide, insects insects may eat the crop.
What is the likely event? event? The
insecticide.
What is the opposite? The
corn crop is not sprayed with
corn crop is sprayed with insecticide.
Unless the corn crop is sprayed with insecticide, the insects will eat it .
7
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
72
Expressing condition
d
If hens are not allowed to roam freely, they produce eggs of inferior quality.
What is the likely event? Hens What is the opposite? Hens
are not allowed to roam freely .
aree allowed ar allow ed to roam freely .
Unless are quality allowed. to roam freely, they will produce eggs ofhens inferior e
If salt is not spread on the roads in icy weather, there might be fatal accidents.
What is the likely event? event? Salt
is not spread on the roads in icy
weather. What is the opposite? Salt
is spread on the roads in icy
weather. Unless salt is spread on the roads in icy weather, there will f
be fatal accidents.
If it does not rain soon, there will be more starvation.
What is the likely event? event? It What is the opposite? It
does not rain soon.
rains soon.
Unless it rains soon, there will be more starvation. 5. 5.3 3
The three different sections of the essay conclusion are highlighte highlighted d in turn as follows: summarizing; giving advice; making a prediction.
In conclusion, conclusion, the examination system in Japan is stressful, but it has the effect of encouraging students to learn. Acquiring a basic know knowledge ledge in many areas area s of study is useful for life. Students need to adopt good study skills and learn over over an extended period of time in order to gradually build on their new knowledg knowledge. e. If they ma manage nage to do this, they will feel relaxed and confident conf ident in exams, and will undoubtedly improv improvee their scores.
5. 5.4 4
prediction
c b
warning
a
advice
7
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
73
Expressing condition
5.5
b
Unless class sizes remain small, children will almost certainly not make progress. If class sizes do not remain small, children will almost certainly not make progress.
c
Unless parents talk to their children, they will not learn to speak. If parents do not talk to their children, they will / might / may not learn to speak.
d
Unless factories stop burning fossil fuels, the atmosphere will definitely become hotter.
e
If factories continue to burn fossil fuels, the atmosphere will definitely become hotter. If spelling is a problem, spellcheck ought to / should be used.
f
If students want to increase their depth of argument, they ought to / should read more widely.
g
If the price of oil increases, the price of petrol will undoubtedly go up.
h
If people continue to eat junk food, they might / may well become obese. Unless people stop eating junk food, they will become obese.
i
If the computer suffers a power cut, work could easily be lost.
j
If there is a problem, they should / ought to talk to a study skills adviser.
k
If there is a fire, everyone has to / needs to / must leave the building by the nearest exit.
2
Stage Task 1
Identifying unlikely events 1
No, it is unlikely.
2
Anna asks a question using an if -clause. -clause. The sentence is: Oh I see … but if you decided to use chemicals, what would happen?
3
In order to evaluate the likely effect on Mr Giles’s business of using chemicals.
Task 2
Evaluating an unlikely event
2. 2.11
Possible answers:
2. 2.2 2
b
If I spoke Martian, I would travel to Mars.
c
If I studied harder, I would get top marks in the exams.
d
If I won the lottery, I would buy a castle.
•
The verb tense used in the if --clause clause is the past simple.
•
The modal verb used in the main clause is would .
•
The grammatical form that follows the modal verb is the bare infinitive.
7
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
74
Expressing condition
2.3
1a is better, because the writer has followed the rule of good information flow in moving from ‘old’ to ‘new’ information: in sentence 1a) the trees provides ‘old’ information (referring back to the trees mentioned in the previous sentence), sentence), and the rest of sentence 1a) provides ‘new’ information. 2a is better, because again the writer has followed the rule of good information flow: in sentence 2a), the first clause provides ‘old’ information (referring back to the crime of match-fixing mentioned in the previous sentence), and the second clause provides ‘new’ information.
2. 2.4 4
b
Fact you are not pleased about:
There is too much housework. Imagine the opposite:
If there were less housework … Add a result:
I would go out ou t more often. often. c
If there were less housework, I would go out more often. Fact you are not pleased about:
I am tired. Imagine the opposite:
If I were not tired. Add a result:
I would go out ou t with my friends f riends.. If I were not tired, I would go out with my friends. Note: For writing about imaginary situations, were is often preferred to was. If there was … becomes if there were … and if I was … becomes If I were …
b
Fact you are not pleased about: English grammar is complicated. Imagine the opposite: If
English grammar were not so
complicated … Add a result: students
might have less homework. If English grammar were not so complicated, students would have less homework.
7
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
75
Expressing condition
c
Fact you are not pleased about: The education system sets examinations at regular intervals.
Imagine the opposite: If
the education system did not set examinations at regular intervals … Add a result: students
would not learn anything. If the education system did not set examinations at regular intervals, students would not learn anything. d
Fact you are not pleased about: The lorry drivers who supply petrol stations are on strike.
Imagine the opposite: If
the lorry drivers who supply petrol stations were not on strike … Add a result: people
would hav havee enough enou gh petrol petrol for their car cars. s. If the lorry drivers who supply petrol stations were not on strike, people would wo uld ha h ave enough pe petr trol ol for their car cars. s. e
Fact you are not pleased about: Water is plentiful in the UK. Imagine the opposite: Add a result: the the
If water were not plentiful in the UK …
government would have government have to to introduce introduce water water
rationing. If water were not plentiful in the UK, the government would have to introduce water rationing. Task 3 3. 3.11
Using other modal verbs in the main clause Modal verb possible in likely cond condit itio iona nall ssen ente tenc nces es
Re Reas ason on for for usi using ng it
will
to predict (certainty)
might / may
to predict (remote possibility) po ssibility)
could
to predict (uncertainty)
should / ought to
to give advice
must / have to / need to
to show duty
7
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
76
Expressing condition
3. 3.2 2
1
2
3
3.3
3. 3.4 4
b
Fact: Money is a problem. Fact: a
More students might study in the UK if money were not a problem.
b
If money were not a problem, more students might study in the UK.
Fact: Fact: Powerful nations do not want to cancel Third World debt. a
If the powerful nations cancelled Third World debt, poverty could be eliminated eliminated..
b
Poverty could be eliminated if the powerful nations cancelled Third World debt.
Fact: There are some scholarships for studying abroad. a
If there were no scholarships for studying abroad, more students would have to study in their own countries.
b
More students would have to study in their own countries if there were no scholarships for studying abroad.
Modal / semi-modal verbs possible in conditional sentences unlikely conditional
Reason for their use
would
to evaluate (certainty)
might
to evaluate (uncertainty)
could / might possibly
to evaluate (remote possibility)
would have to / would need to
to evaluate (duty)
Fact you are not pleased about: The swimming pools are dirty. Imagine the opposite: If
the swimming pools were not so dirty … Add a result: people would swim more often. If the swimming pools were not so dirty, people would swim more often.
c
Fact you are pleased about: The university has a sports sport s centre on the campus.
If the university did not have a sports centre on the campus … Add a result: students would have to / need to travel to take exercise. If the university did not have a sports centre on the campus, students would have to / need to travel to take
Imagine the opposite:
exercise.
7
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
77
Expressing condition
d
Fact you are not pleased about: Many health workers do not have sufficient training to work in rural areas.
Imagine the opposite: If
many health workers had sufficient training ttoo work in rura training rurall areas areas … Add a result: fewer
people would undoubtedly die. If many health workers had sufficient training to work in rural areas, fewer people would undoubtedly die. e
Fact you are not pleased about: Students do not take effective notes.
If students took more effective notes … Add a result: they might write be better tter essays. essays. If students took more effective notes, they might write better essays.
Imagine the opposite:
f
Fact you are not pleased about: Food is expensive in the UK. Imagine the opposite: If
food were not so expensive in the UK … Add a result: families could have more holidays. If food were not so expensive in the UK, families could have more holidays.
g
Fact you are pleased about: Students have their own computers. Imagine the opposite: If
students did not have their own
computerss … computer Add a result: They
would have to / need to use the computers
on the campus. If students did not have their own computers, they would have to / need to use the computers on the campus.
7
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
78
Expressing condition
3
Stage Task 1
Identifying impossible events 1
The Nationalist Party.
2
The Nationalist Party.
3
Yes, it is too late. The elections were held last year.
4
He imagines the Democratic Party winning, as he wants to discuss the imaginary outcome of this.
5
She imagines the Nationalist Party not winning, as she wants to discuss the imaginary outcome of this.
Task 2
Evaluating an impossible event
2. 2.11
You regret these situations which happened in the past. past . Evaluate them by imagining the opposite. 1 a b
Imaginary fact in the past: If
the course had not been useful Imaginary result now: most students would not have jobs.
2
b
it had not rained yesterday Imaginary result now: the campus would not be m muddy. uddy.
a
The verb form used in the if -clause -clause is the past perfect.
b c
The modal verb used in the main clause is would . The grammatical form that follows the modal verb is the bare infinitive.
c
Fact you are not pleased about: There was an air-traffic control strike at the airport.
a
2. 2.2 2
2.3
Imaginary fact in the past: If
Imagine the opposite: If
there had not been an air-traffic control strike at the airport … Add a result: the
passengerss would not be angry. angry. passenger If there had not been an air-traffic control strike at the airport,, the airport t he passenger passengerss would wo uld not no t have been angry.
7
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
79
Expressing condition
d
Fact you are not pleased about: House prices increased by 10% last year. Imagine the opposite: If
house prices had not increased by 10%
last year … Add a result: more
people would want to buy their own houses. If house prices had not increased by 10% last year, more people would have wanted to buy their own houses. e
Fact you are pleased about: The government banned this pesticide in the 1980s. Imagine the opposite: If
the government had not banned this pesticide pestic ide in the 1980s … Add a result: more
people would have disabilities nowadays. If the government had not banned this pesticide in the 1980s, more people would have disabilities nowadays. f
Fact you are not pleased about: Scientists did not realize that smoking was harmful at the beginning of the 20th century. Imagine the opposite: If
sscientist cientistss had h ad realized tha th at smoking s moking was harmful at the beginning of the 20th century … Add a result: more
people would definitely be alive today. If scientists had realised that smoking was harmful at the beginning of the 20th century, more people would definitely be alive today. b
2. 2.4 4
If writerherhad not destroyed her diary, people would know moretheabout private life. c If the politician had not studied for his master’s degree in the UK, he might not speak such such good English now. now. d If the students had not passed their exams, they would not have to / need to study now. e If the immigrants had not all had visas, they could be in prison now.
2.5
a
The verb construction used in the if -clause -clause is the past perfect.
b
The modal verb used in the main clause is would .
c
The grammatical form that follows the modal verb is the perfect bare infinitive.
7
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
80
Expressing condition
2. 2.6 6
b
Fact you are evaluating: There was a power cut last week. Imagine the opposite: If
there had not been a power cut last
week … Add a result: the
student might not ha have ve lost lost her essay. essay. If there had not been a power cut last week, the student might not have lost her essay. c
Fact you are evaluating: The police arrested some people with knives during the demonstration. Imagine the opposite: If
the police had not arrested some people with knives during the demonstration … Add a result: it
might have become violent. If the police had not arrested some people with knives during the demonstration, it might have become violent. d
Fact you are evaluating: The government increased tuition fees for international students. Imagine the opposite: If
the government had not increased tuition fees ffor or interna international tional student studentss … Add a result: more
students would almost certainly have applied for the course last year. If the government had not increased tuition fees for interna international tional for stu dents, students , more last stu dents students have applied the course year. would almost certainly e
Fact you are evaluating: The printer was reliable. Imagine the opposite: If
the printer had not been reliable …
Add a result: the
student studentss would have have use usedd the library library print printer er more often for their essays during the course. If the printer had not been reliable, the students would have used the library printer more often for their essays during the course.
7
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
81
Expressing condition
Task 3
Choosing how to evaluate an impossible event
3. 3.2 2
b
If she had not taken her exam so early, she might not have failed it.
c
Many people could not have survived if Oxfam had not organized a a collection.
d
She would have had to have tak taken en the exam again if she had failed it. it.
e
If he had not had a a heart operation, op eration, he would not have needed to have lost weight. weight.
3.3
If the writer’s family had not destroyed her diary after her death, people would have known more about her private life during her lifetime. c If the politician had not studied for his master’s degree in the UK, he might have have studied studied in America. ca. d If the journalists had not been local people, they would have had to have left / they would have needed to have left the country before now. b
e
f
If the immigrants had not all had visas, they would have had to have have re returned home / they would have have needed to have have returned re turned home. If the employees had not lost their jobs, they could have completed their training on time.
Task 4
Putting it together
4. 4.11
b
If the governors of the Bank of England had succeeded in being more organized, they would have avoided causing psychological problems to investors.
c
If the government increased the price of airline tickets, this may / might not effectively reduce air pollution.
d
If the government introduced a smoking ban in Dubai, bars would not be full of smoke.
e
If thousands of young men had not had to leave their families to fight in the war, there would be enough people to work on the land now.
f
In some countries, if men have relationships with women outside marriage, they could go to prison.
g
If people always respected other people’s religions, there would be no more wars.
7
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
82
Expressing condition
4. 4.2 2
Outline Eiras’s arguments in favour favour of free trade agreements Free trade agreements are treaties between two or more countries which allow goods to be bought and sold freely across national borders without tariffs or legal obstacles. Such agreements are generally more beneficial for large and stable economies. Eiras Eiras (2004) gives five reasons for supporting free trade in the United States. The first one is that free trade between bet ween nations improves improves standards of living and quality of life. She points out that trade between countries is like trade bet between ween people. If every person (a) had to produce all goods to use throughout his life, this (b) would be an extremely inefficient situation. However However,, if one person (c) focuses his potential on producing only the goods that he is best at, and with the profits from this, he (d) purchases other goods made more efficiently and more effectively by others, he (e) maximizes his wealth. This is why the whole society gains from the lower world prices when a country is open to free trade. The second reason that Eiras gives is that free trade boosts innovation and allows new technologies to be invented invented which increase production efficiency. ef ficiency. Producers have an incentive to improve their production methods in order to remain competitive with the rest of the world’s producers. At the same time, they can keep prices as low as possible pos sible by buying cheap inputs from other countries. Introducing new technologies often increases a sector’s competitiveness and can put its competitors in temporary difficulty until they adopt new, more efficient production methods and start gaining from their use. Even if a particular industry (f) declines, sooner or later other sectors (g) emerge to do the job more efficiently. efficiently.
7
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
83
Expressing condition
The third reason is that free trade contributes to economic growth. The support for this evidence is data presented over a seven-year period between 1995 and 2002, which shows that the economies of countries which open their markets grow twice as fast as the economies of countries with less open or closed markets. mark ets. This happens because if the demand for goods and services (h) (h ) increases, businesses (i) start to expand at national and international level, which leads to new investments and the creation of new jobs. If China, for example, (j) had not begun its process of lifting trade barriers under Deng Xiaoping in the 1970s, it (k) would not have become the third-largest economy in today’s world. The fourth reason in favour of free trade is that it makes institutions and infrastructure stronger. In order to be able to control all trading contracts, to prevent robbery and damage, and to protect its interests adequately, a country has to develop strong legal institutions, an efficient police force and an independent, efficient judicial system. Banking and financial institutions are reinforced by international economic activity too, because more credit is demanded, and more money is placed on deposit. Free trade also fosters the expansion and development development of infrastructure; if a country (l) expands its imports, more docks with hangars and warehouses (m) are needed, and the road system (n) needs to be constantly upgraded. Eiras adds: ‘Likewise important is the development of all sort of new businesses to support free trade, including hotels, restaurants, restaura nts, law firms, packaging and delivery services, software sof tware development companies, automobile factories, construction businesses, among many others.’ Preserving peace is the fifth reason for promoting free trade. This is because if countriess (o) are potential countrie potential trading partners, no country (p) has an incentive to enter into conflict with another one. The empirical evidence for this is that the areas torn by greatest conflict in the world are usually the most economically repressed ones, such as some African countries and some former Soviet republics. Even though there are many areas of conflict in the world today, if governments (q) had not created free trade agreements, such as the EU, the world (r) might have been a less peaceful place over the last 50 years. It is important to continue to establish these treaties to ensure peace and economic progress globally in the future.
7
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
8 Avoiding person-based writing X Stage
1
Task 1
Review of text flow
1. 1.11
Sentences 1a) and 2b) allow better information flow than 1b) and 2a) respectively, because in 1a) and 2b) the new information contained in each previous sentence is summarized in a noun phrase at the beginning of each second sentence – the NPs being 1a) their produce and 2b) this widespread tradition. In 1b) and 2a), the subject noun phrases they and and people both provide redundant information.
1.2
1a their produce S 1b they S 2a people S 2b this widespread tradition C
1.3
concrete
their produce their produce
this widespread tradition
Task 2 2. 2.11
abstrac t
Concrete and abstract noun phrases 1
wheat
CN
8
burning
AN
15
belief
AN
2
sales
AN
9
decline
AN
16
teenagers
PN
3
tables
CN
10
failure
AN
17
farmers
PN
4
improvement
AN
11
produce (n)
CN
18
procedure
AN
5
intervention
AN
12
oil
CN
19
lowering
AN
6
president
PN
13
access
AN
20
vehicles
CN
7
coal
CN
14
analyzing
AN
The three nouns that are gerunds are: burning, analyzing, lowering.
84
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
85
Avoiding g person-based writing Avoidin
2.2
2.3
1
The second sentence in a).
2
The second sentence in b).
3
The second sentence in b).
4
The second sentence in c).
5
The second sentence in c).
clause 1
S
V
O
They should develop a vaccine so that fewer people die.
complex abstract noun phrase
Det
headword
The development
2. 2.4 4
b
c
PP
of a vaccine will result in fewer deaths.
The school suffers from a shortage shor tage of resources. For example, the teach teaching ing of research skills without Internet access means pupils are not adequately prepared for the real world. Axxion needs to improve its pricing strategy. strategy. In the future, increa increased sed sales of mobile phones will result in its prices being more competitive.
d
The police believed the car theft figures fell in 2009. Review of the data revealed this to be untrue.
e
The milk had an unusual colour. Analysis of its chemical content revealed the addition of melanine.
f
The area needs to be renovated. Conversion of the old warehouses into modern apartment blocks would be an interesting option to consider.
g
Turkey should join the European Union. The extension of free-trade markets will lead to greater stability in Europe.
h
Ambulances need larger doors Ambulances door s and stronger flooring. Increased consumption of food over the last decade has resulted in many patients being obese.
Task 3
Using abstract noun phrases as summary nouns
3. 3.11
a
The burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, various agricultural and industrial practices.
b
People wasting time travelling, travelling, and goods and important documents being transported at great expense.
c
Business being less efficient ef ficient
a
This research
d
this problem
f
This improvement
b
These results
e
This argument
g
this condition
c
this situation
3.2
8
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
86
Avoiding g person-based writing Avoidin
3.3
The summary nouns from the second column of the table in Ex 3.2 are listed in the box below. Match each noun a–g a –g with its meaning 1–7. 1–7. Summar y noun
3. 3.4 4
3.5
3. 3.6 6
Task 4
Meaning
a
procedure
2
the correct way of doing something
b
view
6
opinion or belief
c
issue
5
important, often controversial, controversial, topic for discussion
d
cycle
1
a sequence of events which repeatedly happen in the same order
e
action
7
activity or behaviour
f
effect
4
result or consequence
g
crisis
3
serious situation of great difficulty or danger
a b
this action This crisis
d e
c
this effect
a
The investigations to separate a human-caused climate change from the background noise of natural climate variability.
b
The development of a single world political community.
c
Developments such as local festivals and tribal dances taking place as a show for foreign visitors.
a
Such schemes
d
Such symptoms
f
such information
b
such a solution
e
such a reform
g
such decisions
c
such behaviour
this view This cycle
f g
this issue This procedure
Review Here are some possible answers. You may have other suitable answers of your own.
a
This situation / This problem
b
This issue / This situation / This problem*
c
These views / Such views
d
These attempts / such attempts
e
This increase / such an increase
*Here, only use This situation or This problem if either phrase has not been used in a).
8
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
87
Avoiding g person-based writing Avoidin
Stage Task 1 1. 1.11
1.2
2 Using impersonal language in an essay outline An overview of policies p olicies in the post-independence period (1980 to the present day)
4
A brief overview of agricultural policies from 1890 to 1922 (the early colonial period)
1
Analysis of changes to agricultural policies since 1995
5
A more detailed explanation of agricultural policies between 1922 and 1979 (up to the end of the colonial period)
2
A more detailed examination of policies in the post-independence pos t-independence period between 1980 and 1995.
3
There are six phrases in bold. In three of these phrases the verb form is a future simple with will :
this essay will first examine + NP it will then delineate + NP the colonial period will focus in greatest depth on + NP In the other three phrases, the verb form (underlined in the text) is the future passive, using the future simple will + + be:
the policies will be divided into + NP the post-independence period will be further divided into + NP + NP an analysis will then be made of +
1.3
Read another essay outline. Use the vocabulary and structures you have learned in Ex 1.1 to improve this text.
I This essay will describe the background to the Real Estate industry in China in this essay. I It will delineate the policies in the real estate market before 1990; then I will divide the these policies will be divided into the 1990–2001 period and the post-2001 period when China joined the WTO. I will then analyze An analysis will then be made of the policies of the early 21st century, which is notable for the development of Chinese real estate industry. I will also examine The future development of the real Chinese estate industry will be examined, and several factors constraining the development of major Real Estate issues.
8
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
88
Avoiding g person-based writing Avoidin
Task 2
Discussing opinions and beliefs
2. 2.11
1b 1c 2b 2c
2. 2.2 2
1b 1c 2b 2c
2.3
1b 1c 2b 2c
2. 2.4 4
It is estimated that fewer than 4,000 pandas exist in the wild. Fewer than 4,000 pandas are estimated to exist in the wild. It is believed that fewer than 1,000 blue whales survive in the Southern Hemispher Hemisphere. e. Fewer than 1,000 blue whales are believed to survive in the Southern Hemispher Hemisphere. e. It is thought that global warming is increasing. Global warming is thought to be increasing. It is considered that one in three bathing beaches is suffering from pollution. One in three bathing beaches is considered to be suffering from pollution. It is thought that 1,500 sea otters have died because of oil pollution. 1,500 sea otters are thought to have have died because of oil pollution. It is said that computer gaming has encouraged children to be more aggressive. Computer gaming is said to have encouraged children to be more aggressive.
4b
In the UK it is (widely) believed that a black cat brings good luck. In the UK a black cat is (widely) believed to bring good luck. It is thought that the temperature of the Gulf Stream is gradually falling. The temperature of the Gulf Stream is thought to be gradually falling. It is claimed that wearing masks in public places protects against infectious diseases. Wearing masks in public places is claimed to protect against infectious diseases. It is (widely) believed that policies of the colonial era in Zimbabwe
4c
have helped to shape current agricultural policies (Johns & Waite, 2007). Policies of the colonial era in Zimbabwe are (widely) believed to have
1b 1c 2b 2c
3b 3c
8
helped to shape current agricultural policies (Johns & Waite, 2007). English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
89
Avoiding g person-based writing Avoidin
Task 3
Referring to data
3. 3.11
Student’s own answers.
3.2
The sections are highlighted as follows:
1
The topic sentence (paragraph leader).
3
The writer’s interpretation of statistics.
2
The statistical evidence. evidence.
4
Discussion of reasons.
The number of one-person one -person households in the UK is gradually gradually increasing. As can be seen from Figure 1, in 1971 only 18% of all households had one person in them. This figure rose to 29% in 1996, and since that date even more people have started to live alone. It is predicted that the number of people who live alone will increase steadily to 36% in 2016. It is clear that the singleton lifestyle is becoming more common in Britain. This may be because more people now get g et divorced, live longer and therefore outlive their partners, or choose to live alone to concentrate on their studies or work. In this way, they can please themselves more easily and do what they want when they want; they have fewer responsibilities and greater personal freedom.
3.3
Underline four phrases used for the purposes listed in 1–4 below.
1
To refer the reader to the bar-chart.
2
To show the statisticians’ prediction.
3
To state the writer’s interpretation of statistics (I can see that …).
4
To introduce reasons. The number of one-person one -person households in the UK is gradually gradually increasing. (1) As can be seen from Figure 1, in 1971 only 18% of all households had one person in them. This figure rose to 29% in 1996, and since that date even more people have started to live alone. (2) It is predicted that the number of people who live alone will increase steadily to 36% in 2016. (3) It is clear that the singleton lifestyle lifestyle is becoming more common in Britain. (4) This may be because more people now get divorced, live longer and therefore outlive their partners, or choose to live alone to concentrate concentrate on their studies or work. In this way, they can please themselves more easily and do what they want when they want; they have fewer responsibilities and greater personal freedom.
8
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
90
Avoiding g person-based writing Avoidin
3. 3.4 4 (a) As can be seen from Figure 1 / As Figure 1 shows, ambulance performa performance nce in the financial year 2010–2011 remained stable. At the beginning and end of the year, approximately 76% of ambulances reached the patient within ten minutes of receiving an emergency 999 call (76% in April and 76.3% in March). There was a sharp decline in meeting response times in December 2010; only 58.5% of ambulances arrived within ten minutes of the emergency calls in this particular month. (b) This may be because the weather weather was bad; snow and ice made the roads impassable in some areas, particularly in rural locations. (c) It is clear / surprising / interesting that response times could be better; 100% of ambulances reaching patients within ten minutes should be the government’s aim. (d) It is predicted that response times will improve in the next decade due to extra governme g overnment nt funding to cope with seasonal weather problems.
Stage Task 1
3 Guidelines for a research project proposal Research project proposal structure Introduction This section will (a) outline the research problem, providing a general account of the research context, the needs for the study, and its boundaries and limitations. It will also (b)
focus the aims and objectives of the project.
Literature review
review in detail the research which has already been undertaken in this field, and it will (d) demonstrate that the research questions to be addressed have This will (c)
not been adequately answered in previous studies.
8
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
91
Avoiding g person-based writing Avoidin
Methodology This will (e) discuss the design and administration of the experimental studies. It par ticipant selection process, the justification for the apparatus will (f) include the participant selected, the method of recording and measuring measuring the results and the procedure for administering the tests.
Research findings and analysis This will (g)
describe the experiment outcomes and (h) analyze the results.
Conclusions and recommendations This will (i) provide recommendations for further research, based on the results of the experiments, to further (j) explore the implications raised by this study.
Task 2
Research proposal extracts: part 1
2. 2.11
1
yes
2.2
3
Body imitation and gesture matching matching in autism
2.3
Which paragraph makes greater use of person-based noun phrases? Paragraph a).
2
yes
3
yes
4
yes
Which paragraph is the more academic? Paragraph b). Note: The lack of imitative behaviour in autistic children is a complex abstract noun phrase, with lack as as the headword.
2. 2.4 4 b
One question that remains contentious in the field of autism research is whether children with autism demonstrate impaired imitative abilities. Imitation deficits in autism are of considerable theoretical interest because imitation occurs very early in non-autistic children. children. The lack of imitative behaviour in autistic children may be due to a lack of awareness of their social environment and explain why such youngsters find it difficult to interact intera ct with others as they grow up (Meltzoff & Gopnik, 199 1993). 3).
8
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
92
Avoiding g person-based writing Avoidin
2.5 One question that remains contentious in the field of autism research is whether autistic children demonstrate impaired imitative abilities. (a) Imitation deficits in autism are of considerable considerable theoretical interest interest because imitation occurs very early in non-autistic children. (b) The lack of imitative behaviour in autistic children may be due to a lack of awareness of their social environment and explain why such youngsters youngsters find it difficult to interact with others as they grow up (Meltzoff & Gopnik, 1993). If this study indeed provides support to the theory that children with autism have imitation deficit, there will be a need for contributory research to explore the reasons for this. Baron-Cohen (1988) suggests that such children’s (c) lack of understanding of the link between thoughts and behaviour accounts for their difficulties in understanding the reason for other people’s gestures; if the (d) significance of a gesture is not understood, no attempt to copy it is made. Aims: This study will consider both whether autistic children are able to match body postures, and whether they can understand the meanings meanings behind gestures. It is hypothesized hypothesized that a non-autistic non -autistic group will give a better performance on (e) the matching body posture trials. It is also predicted that the non-autistic children will demonstrate better performance on (f) understanding the meaning behind gestures.
2. 2.6 6
Instead of I hypothesize that … the writer uses It is hypothesized that … Instead of I also predict that … the writer uses It is predicted that …
Task 3
Research proposal extracts: part 2
3. 3.11
In academic writing it is very important to constantly refer to the findings of previous academic research – i.e., to the knowledge and collective experience of the wider academic community. a research proposalresearch. the literature-review is intended set the background by In referring to previous This is done section concisely, by giving to the surname(s) of the researcher(s) plus the publication year of the research. Consequently, in a literature-review section there will be many mentions of people’s names.
3. 3.2 2
By using the passive voice.
8
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
93
Avoiding g person-based writing Avoidin
Task 4
Completed research project extracts
4. 4.11 Research findings and analysis As (a) Figure 3 shows / can be seen in Figure 3, 14 non-autistic children children aged between 6 and 8 were able to match body postures on picture cards (70%), whereas children with autism accurately matched 9 out of 20 picture cards (45%). (b) It is clear that children with autism are not as able as non-autistic children to imitate body posture. However, this task was not performed accurately by all non-autistic children, indicating that it may not have been simply the presence of autism which prevented accuracy of matching. The training trainin g period for the task may not have been sufficient.
Since it appeared that children with autism displayed some posture matching impairment, the second experimental task was conducted to discover whether children with autism could understand the meaning behind gestures. (c) As Figure 4 shows / As can be seen in Figure 4, 10 out of 20 children with autism were able to accurately interpret the meaning of gestures (50%), compared to 11 out of 20 non-autistic children (55%). (d) It is surprising that non-autistic children had similar levels of difficulty as the children with autism when matching gestures to tasks because it is well known that children with autism find social interaction challenging.
4. 4.2 2 This study has supported (a) the
hypothesis that cchildr hildren en with autism find it more difficult to imitate body posture , but found that (b) the the reason for for this may not be connected with (c) difficulties in understanding the reasons behind gestures. It is possible that (d) cognitive de deficit ficit impairs impairs harness motor motor skills ls for accura accuracy cy of (e) the the ability ability to harness movement . It recommends that (f) the the experimen experimental tal tasks tasks be repeated with (g) a broader representative sample of children and that (h) the the training ning session on for the posture posture matching matching tasks should be improved.
8
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
9 Using relative clauses X Stage
1
Task 1
Review of relative clauses
1. 1.11
complex NP
a
S
RC
Monkeys that take food from tourists are overfed.
complex NP
b
1.2
S
RC
The subjects who interacted more did better in the task.
a
S
V
The university lecturer is called Clare James. She received the best student feedback.
The university lecturer who received the best student feedback is called Clare James. b
S
V
The computers will be replaced. They need an upgrade.
The computers that need an upgrade upgrade will be replaced.
c
S
V
The money was used to employ a new assistant. It came from a research grant.
The money that was used to employ a new assistant came from a research grant. d
S
V
The people have signed a petition about the traffic. They live in the street.
The people who have signed a petition about the traffic traffic live
94
in the street. English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
95
Using relative clauses
e
S
V
The laboratory has closed. It was used for animal experiments.
The laboratory that was used for animal experiments has f
closed. S
V
The credit scheme was successful. It provided smallholder farmers with loans.
The credit scheme that provided smallholder farmers with loans was successful. g
S
V
The eggs from the farmer are cheap. He lives close by.
1.3
a
The eggs from the farmer who lives close by are cheap. S
V
Employees with pensions have a more comfortable retirement.
Employees with pensions that their company pays into have a more comfortable retirement. b
S
V
The library in the centre of town closes next week.
The library in the centre of town that lots of people use closes next week. c
S
V
Negotiations for resolving the crisis are going well.
Negotiations for resolving the crisis that occurred last week are going well. d
S
V
Some people in the music industry find digital downloads increase their reven revenues. ues.
Some people in the music industry who think ahead find
9
digital downloads increase their revenues. English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
96
Using relative clauses
Task 2
Reducing the relative clause
2. 2.11
In each pair the second sentence (1b, 2b, 3b) is the more concise and has the better academic style. In academic writing it is important to package information into the smallest number of words possible – particularly at the beginning of the sentence when referring back to ‘old’ information.
2. 2.2 2
b
The countries which are required to reduce the quantity of their exports were defiant.
The countries required to reduce the quantity of their exports were defiant. c
The policy which was introduced last year was successful.
The policy introduced last year was successful. d
The progress that was made was minimal.
The progress made was minimal. e
The issue which requiresing immediate attention is class sizes.
The issue requiring immediate attention is class sizes. f
The agreement that was reached involved trade restrictions.
involved trade restrictions. T he agreement reached involved g
Farmers who useing harmful insecticides should be encouraged to change to organic pest control methods.
Farmers using harmful insecticides should be encouraged to change to organic organic pest pest control control methods. methods. h
Some regions that are facing serious food shortages have appealed for help.
Some help. regions facing serious food shortages have appealed for 2.3
a
There is no simple answer to the question of whether the world should promote free or fair trade. They can both bring benefits and disadvantages to countries, according to their specific economic conditions. Countries should consider carefully their own economic structure and that of their trading partners in order to establish a trading agreement which will maximize benefits and minimize negative effects on both societies. In most cases, free trade agreements are beneficial for economically developed countries whereas agreements based on fair trade are generally more advantageous for poorer and smaller countries.
agreements which ar agreements aree based on fair trade
9
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
97
Using relative clauses
b
The increasing number of countries in the European Union and the free trade agreements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement, show today’s global tendency to open countries’ borders and globalization. At the same time, the World Fair Trade Organization seeks to protect the producers in economically underdeveloped countries by pointing out that many of the world’s economies need support and protection and are not suitable for free trade. Both free and fair trade policies havetotheir andbenefits adversaries. The world trading should continue process of opening tradesupporters because the of international are many,itsbut policies and fair trade agreements protecting the poor and more vulnerable groups of society should always be adopted.
policies and fair trade agreements which protect the poor and more vulnera vuln erable ble gr g roups of society 2. 2.4 4
1
A relative clause that expands a subject NP will often refer back to information that has earlier been given to the reader. Since this information is not new to the reader, it does not need to be emphasized, so is often referred to as concisely as possible – by using a reduced relative clause. Doing this moves the reader on, as quickly and efficiently as possible, to the new information found at the end of the sentence.
2
The complex subject NP the crop earning the highest foreign currency in Zimbabwe refers back to agriculture, as shown by the arrow below.
Agriculture is the backbone of Zimbabwe’s economy. Seventy per cent of Zimbabwe’s population is rurally based, and these people derive their livelihoods from agriculture (Shapouri & Missiaen, 1990; Csaki, Dams, Metzeger, & Van Zyl, 1992). The sector accounts for about 70% of the total employment and 40% of the total country’s merchandised exports, and it provides approximately 60% of the raw materials required by the industrial sector. Agriculture accounts for 15–19% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) and contributes more than 60% of the country’s total total export earnings annually. The crop earning the highest foreign currency in Zimbabwe is tobacco, but cotton lint, raw sugar and coffee, horticultural products and maize are also important sources of income (Makamure, Jowa, & Muzuwa, 2001).
2.5
a
There is no simple answer to the question of whether the world should promote free or fair trade. They can both bring benefits and disadvantages to countries, according to their specific economic conditions. Countries should consider carefully their own economic structure and that of their trading partners in order to establish a trading agreement which will maximize benefits and minimize negative effects on both societies. In most cases, free trade agreements are beneficial for economically developed countries whereas agreements based on fair trade are generally more advantageous for poorer and smaller countries.
9
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
98
Using relative clauses
b
The increasing number of countries in the European Union and the free trade agreements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement, show today’s global tendency to open countries’ borders and globalization. At the same time, the World Fair Trade Organization seeks to protect the producers in economically underdeveloped countries by pointing out that many of the world’s economies need support and protection and are not suitable for free trade. Both free and fair trade policies have their supporters and adversaries. The world should continue its process of opening to trade because the benefits of international trading are many, but policies and fair trade agreements protecting the poor and more vulnerable groups of society should always be adopted.
2
Stage Task 1
Using relative clauses to expand object noun phrases
1. 1.11
a
The lecturer referred to the computer model that predicted the increase in global warming.
b
The government introduced a new healthcare programme that lasted until the year 2000.
c
The hospital lost the file that contained the patients’ medical records.
d
Professor Smith has a colleague who went to work in France last year.
e
The research assistant conducted the experiment that led to the department’s prizewinning discovery.
f
Trade agreements guarantee a price that will cover the producer’s production costs.
a
Governments do not understand the urgency of the problems which communities Governments communities face every day.
b c
The local co-operative group paints the furniture which their agent sells abroad. The advertising agency produces award-winning ideas which it sells for huge sums of money.
d
Protesters carried placards which some of them used as weapons.
1
Clause a) has the following S, V and O components:
1.2
1.3
a
sub-clause 1
sub-clause 2
S
V
O
S
V
O
it introduces lower market prices for goods that are purchased from foreign countries
2
In clause a), the relative pronoun that refers refers back to the previous NP goods.
9
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
99
Using relative clauses
3
Clauses b) and c) have the following S, V and O components:
b
sub-clause 1
sub-clause 2
S
V
O
S
V
O
Such trade agreements guarantee a price that will cover producers’ costs
c
sub-clause 1
sub-clause 2
S
V
O
S
V
O
the workers are guaranteed a wage that will ensure enough food for their families
4 In clause b), the relative pronoun pronoun that refers refers back to the previous NP a price. In clause c), the relative pronoun that refers refers back to the previous NP a wage.
1
In the stretch of text incorporating incorporating d), e) e ) and f), f) , there are three relative clauses: clauses:
1. 1.4 4
main clause
free trade can bring inefficiencies inefficiencies relative clause 1
causing unemployment and a lowering of workers’ wages in industries relative clause 2
that are competing with foreign ones relative clause 3
that use very cheap or even exploited labour
2
The main clause is free trade can bring inefficiencies.
3
Section d) can be rewritten as: free trade can bring inefficiencies that cause unemployment and that lower workers’ wages in industries .
4 main clause
S
V
O
free trade can bring inefficiencies relative clause 1
relative clause 2
S
V
O
S V
O
9
that cause unemployment and that lower workers wages in industries
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
100
Using relative clauses
Task 2 2. 2.11
5
In e), the relative pronoun that refers back to the previous NP, industries.
6
In f), f) , the relative pronoun that refers back to the previous NP ones in e); in turn, the NP ones refers back to the earlier NP industries in d). Substitut Substituting ing ones for industries allows the writer to avoid having to repeat the word industries.
The possessive relative pronoun whose Whose + NP is the subject of the relative clause (in both 1b and 2b). Whose can refers to both persons and things.
2. 2.2 2
The sentence is:
For example, if a poor country produces tea, and starts selling it internationally, the unit cost may be higher than that for other global producers whose price would be set at a lower rate by the world market because of more efficient production methods. 1
Whose is the object of the relative clause.
2
In this case, whose refers back to the earlier NP produ producers cers, here meaning ‘other teaproducing countries’ – probably ‘a thing’ rather than ‘a person’.
3
If the relative clause were not in the passive voice, the sentence would be difficult to understand. The sentence would read:
For example, if a poor country produces tea, and starts selling it on the world market, the unit cost may be higher than that for other global producers whose price the world markets would set at a lower rate because of more efficient production methods.
2.3
a
The course participants work for an engineering company whose main area of expertise involves analyzing sedimentary rocks
b
The clinic works with clients whose lives are threatened by alcohol addiction.
c
The course is for students whose IELTS score is 7.0.
d
Keynes is still studied for his economic theories whose principles are still highly
e
regarded. After the earthquake, the rescuers found some children whose parents were in a safe house.
f
The students listened to the lecturer whose books were on the reading list.
Task 3
The relative adverbs where , when and why
3. 3.11
a
reason
b
place
c
time
a b
Important decisions should be taken (at a time) when everyone is present. There are many reasons why the economy of China has developed quickly. quickly.
c
A new economic and social policy is emerging in the USA, where the new president
3. 3.2 2
9
is attempting to make changes.
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
101
Using relative clauses
3.3
Task 4
a
He has found the house in Rome where Byron lived.
b
The time that they spent in Brazil was the period when there were strikes in the UK.
c
The samples were contaminated; this is the reason why the experiment did not work.
d
New Year’s Eve is a time when it is traditional to have parties.
e
It is difficult for young people to secure a job in today’s economic climate; this is the
f
main reason why internships are popular. However, this is not the case for poor countries where the production methods are less efficient and flexible, and employees cannot be compensat compensated ed for job losses.
with a relative pronoun or relative adverb Using there is / there are with
4. 4.11
4. 4.2 2
main clause (clause 1) HS
V
There
are
HS Plural noun (NP) many reasons
relative clause (clause 2)
Relative adverb
S
V
O
why
people
should learn
English.
b
There was a time in Britain when women did not have the right to vote.
c
There are three main reasons why the the government should lower taxes.
d
There are no policies p olicies which / that help help the poorest people.
e
There is little* that can can be done.
f
There are few companies which / that operate operate on a non-profit non- profit basis.
g
There was nothing that the the rescuers could do to help the survivors.
h
There were insufficient incentives given to the farmers who expressed an interest.
i
There was a restriction on grain movement at a time when the country needed to expand its exports.
*Here, little is a pronoun which means ‘not much’.
9
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
102
Using relative clauses
3
Stage Task 1
Recognizing the difference between defining and non-defining relative clauses
1. 1.11
1a Here the embedded relative clause defines which islands the writer is referring to; it is a defining relative clause. 1b Here the embedded relative clause simply adds more information; it is a non-defining relative clause. 2a Here the linear relative clause defines which kind of wage the writer is referring to; it is a defining relative clause. 2b Here the linear relative clause simply adds more information; it is a non-defining relative clause.
1.2
1
The non-defining relative clauses (1b and 2b, with which), are separated from the main clause using commas, whereas the defining relative clauses (1a and 2b, with ), are not separated from the main clause – there are no commas. that ),
2
The non-defining relative clauses (1b and 2b) use which, whereas the defining relative clauses (1a and 2b) use that .
3
The relative clause in 1b) defines how the islands are used.
4
The relative clause in 2a) defines the purpose the wage fulfils.
Task 2
Non-defining relative clauses
2. 2.11
a
e
L L E E L
a
The pre-sessional course, which has 90 participants, started in July.
b c d
2. 2.2 2
(embedded clause structure)
b
Higher rates of deforestation sometimes result in desertification, which makes the land useless for production. (linear clause structure)
c
The current weather pattern, which is increasingly changeable, is a result of the high pressure over the Atlantic Ocean.* (embedded clause structure)
9
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
103
Using relative clauses
d
The President delivered a fierce anti-war speech, which was well received. (linear clause structure)
e
The lecturer was from Argentina, which is a beautiful country with many historical sites. (linear clause structure)
f
The library, which the Queen opened, held over one million books. (embedded clause structure)
g
The study group was not pleased with one student, John, whom everyone thought was lazy. (linear clause structure)
Note: this relative clause cannot be reduced because the phrase increasingly changeable is an adjectival phrase.
Task 3
Possessive relative pronoun whose in non-defining relative clauses
3. 3.11
b
The director of the company, whose administrative assistant has moved to a different town, has carried out all the administration tasks himself.
ND, subject c
Policies whose aims are to redistribute wealth more equally are popular.
D, subject d
Dr John’s team is researching proteins whose structures change with a rise in temperature.
D, subject 3. 3.2 2
3.3
b
There are many students at university, but the students whose examinations are next month still have plenty of time to study.
c d
Single people, whose taxes the council has raised , have less disposable income. The geologist Howard Fontaine, whose main interest is soil aggregates, has discovered a very interesting fact.
e
The problem can be traced back to the UK government, whose policies were introduced too quickly .
f
The building whose structure the occupants designed failed failed to comply with regulations.
Sentences c) and f) Sentences f ) would be better written using the passive voice, voice, because in each case the relative clause (whose taxes the council has raised and whose structure the occupants designed , respectively) is defining, and the reader will probably find a sentence with two noun phrases side by side difficult to understand. Thus, for sentence sentence f): f) :
9
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
104
Using relative clauses
Main clause Relative clause
NP
NP
The building whose structure the occupants designed failed to comply with regulations. The sentence is better written using the passive (past simple, passive voice):
Main clause Relative clause
NP
NP
The building whose structure was designed by the occupants failed to comply with regulations. Sentence Sentenc e c): c) : Single people, whose taxes the council has raised, have less disposable income. could be better rewritten as: Single people, whose taxes have been raised by the council, have less disposable income.
Task 4
Relative adverbs in non-defining adjectival clauses
4. 4.11
Case b) is non-defining and there should be a comma before where: However, this is not the case in Zimbabwe, where the production methods are less efficient and flexible, and employees cannot be compensated for job losses.
4. 4.2 2
b
London is the capital city, where
activities occur. c
d e
f
a wide varie variety ty of commercial
ND, comma needed Students are advised to take a break when they have studied for two hours. D, no comma needed This is the place where the fire broke out. D, no comma needed The physics conference is held every year in Barbados, where McGill Univer University sity has a training school. ND, comma needed The Beatles’ first musical success was in 1962, when they re released leased their single Love Me Do . ND, comma needed
9
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
105
Using relative clauses
Task 5
Task 6
Using a relative clause to refer back to a previous idea a
Sanctions meant the government had to increase import support, which was fully implemented in 1980, when Zimbabwe gained its independence.
b
The policies introduced by the government during the first ten years after independence were funded solely by the government, which increased the government’s expenditure.
Review
6. 6.11
Relative pronouns
thaat whom who whose which th 6. 6.2 2
Relative adverbs
whe henn whe herre why
a
Population growth, which is currently exponential, is one of the main challenges that the country faces.
b
This will cause many problems which / that need to be solved effectively, especially for developing countries.
c
Developing countries depend on developed countries to extract the natural resources, which they might not attract net profit for the poorer nation.
d
The first problem which is related to population growth is that city life will be overcrowded.1
e
In China, one family can only have one child, which slows the speed of population growth dramatically.2
f
The second problem which faces / which is facing the world is food shortage. OR The second problem which faces / which is facing the world is food shortage. 1
6.3
g
There are several problems which are not easy to resolve.
h
The majority of them live on the poverty line, which means an uncomfortable life.2
1
This is a reduced relative clause.
2
Here, which relates back to the idea in the previous clause.
a
which / that
b
which / that
c
that*
*Y *You ou need to use that here because the relative pronoun follows the noun phrase changes, which is part of a prepositional phrase.
9
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
106
Using relative clauses
6. 6.4 4
You need to use that in three places where the relative pronoun expands a noun phrase that form part of a prepositional phrase.
a
whose
b
that
c
when
d e
that that
f
which
g
which / that
h
, who
i
that
6.5 The policies introduced by the government during the first ten years after independence were funded solely by the government and this increased government’s expenditure. As the government borrowed the funds to finance development, developmen t, its fiscal deficit increased and the International Monetary Fund ((IMF) IMF) and the World Bank (WB) began to put pressure on the government to adopt other measures not based upon government intervention, but on market reform. In compliance to this, the government introduced the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) in 1991 and the programme was set to run until 1995. The ESAP focused on transforming Zimbabwe’s controlled economic system into a more open, market-driven economic system.
The policies, which were introduced by the government during the first ten years after independence, were funded solely by the government and this increased government’s expenditure. As the government borrowed the funds to finance development, developmen t, its fiscal deficit increased and the International Monetary Fund ((IMF) IMF) and the World Bank (WB) began to put pressure on the government to adopt other measures which were not based upon government intervention, but on market reform. In compliance to this, the government introduced the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) in 1991 and the programme was set to run until 1995. The ESAP focused on transforming Zimbabwe’s controlled economic system into a more open, market-driven economic system.
6. 6.6 6
The policies, introduced by the government during the first ten years after independence, were funded solely by the government, which increased government’s expenditure.
9
English forfor Academic Study English Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
Providing evidence Providing X 10 for your argument Stage Task 1
1
Preparation for writing an essay Before you begin to write an essay, you need to: •
understand the hidden question(s) in the title;
•
prepare to respond to the task within the title.
To do this you should •
read the relevant sources and critically take notes as you read;
•
ask yourself questions and cross-check facts and ideas with other reliable written materials;
•
keep accurate records of the publication details of your sources so that you can acknowledge the ideas of other writers within your essay;
•
write lists of references you have used in alphabetical order by family name at the end of your essay.
Task 2
Selecting statistical evidence
2. 2.11
1
The writer has chosen to report figures from or projected for 1971, 1996 and 2016 (the beginning, middle and end of the chart).
2
He / she has taken the information from the second half of the chart.
3
He / she has summarized a trend.
1
The writer has chosen to report an approximate average figure for the whole graph, running from the beginning to the end of the year.
2
He / she has taken the information from across the chart.
3
He / she has summarized a trend.
2. 2.2 2
2.3
Although the writer has identified a trend (‘the GDP of Taiwan has increased steadily over the last decade’), interpreted the statistics (‘It is clear that …’), and provided reasons (‘the government strategy of transferring to technology has been a critical factor’), he has not referred to any individual statistics that suppo that support rt the the trend he claims to have detected. The writer should not expect the reader to have to search for unstated statistics. b
2. 2.4 4
Between 2001 and 2003, GDP remained steady at approximately $13,000, but by 2006, this figure had risen to nearly $16,000. Two years later, Taiwan’s GDP reached its highest point of approximately $1 $17 7,000.
107
Sentence b) is best because it describes the beginning, middle and end points of the trend. trend.
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
108
Providing evidence for your argument
Task 3
Verb forms for describing data
3. 3.11
a
The GDP of Taiwan has increased steadily over the last decade. Verb form: present perfect simple. You studied the present perfect simple in Unit 3, Stage 2, Task 2. This form is used to describe a situation that is true now, and to show how long the situation has been this way. Over the last decade the GDP of Taiwan has increased, and the result is that now it is high.
b
By 2006, this figure had risen to nearly $16,000. Verb form: past perfect. You studied the past perfect in Unit 7, Stage 3, Ex 2.2. This verb form is used in a conditional sentence to describe an imaginary event in the past.
c
Between 2001 and 2003, GDP remained steady at approximately $13,000. Verb form: past simple. You have studied the past simple in Unit 3, Stage 1. The past simple is used to describe an event which occurred at a particular time in the past – in this case, between 2001 and 2003.
3. 3.2 2
It is used when the writer wants to describe a change happening now or around now. The change is considered to be temporary (not permanent).
3. 3.4 4
a
The number of books sold has been steadily declining.
3.5
b
The number of cars sold has steadily increased.
It seems the increase in car sales has stopped. The present perfect simple is used to show an activity which began at some point in the past and gives a result now: high car sales.
3. 3.6 6 Saudi Arabia has not always been a rich country. In 1932, when King Abdul Aziz unified most of the country, the main trade was in dates and milk, and Saudis were poor. The King decided to invest in the country, which gave the American company, Aramco, the opportunity to conduct oil explorations. As Figure 1 shows, oil production changed the fortunes of Saudi Arabia’s economy in the second half of the 20th century; it is clear that (a) there was a steady growth in oil production between 1960 and 2006, and it (b) has been increasing ever since that date. Between 1960 and 1974, Saudi Arabian oil production (c) increased / grew / rose sharply by 7 million barrels. Between 1974 and 1980, oil production (d) fluctuated between 8 million and 10 million barrels. Between 1980 and 1985, (e) there was a sharp decline / decrease / fall in the production of oil from
10
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
109
Providing evidence for your argument
million barrels to 3 million barrels; this was a deliberate policy to try and keep world oil prices high. After this period, production (f) continued to grow / increase / rise, reaching 8 million barrels. Between 1990 and 2005, it (g) improved steadily, reaching approximately 10 million barrels. Saudi Arabia is now a developed country.
Task 4
Review The sentence to which the writer should have added data as evidence is highlighted.
The history of China’s stock market After the foundation of Peoples’ Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese government shut down the stock market, mainly because it was considered to be a featurereforms of a capitalist economy. (a) In December 1978, China initiated economic in an attempt to establish a ‘socialist market economy’ by modifying the centrally-planned management through a market-oriented readjustment (Ma, 2004, p. 8), but it was not until the late 1980s and early 1990s that China rebuilt its stock market. Although the stock market (b) in China does not have a long history, it (c) developed rapidly (d) between the 1990s and 2004. By 2005, the government (e) had relaxed the rules which separated different categories of investors, and the free market economy (f) had become more highly developed; this situation (g) signalled a turning point in China’s stock market. Encouraged by additional factors, such as appreciation of RMB, excess liquidity and public companies’ good performance, the stock market (h) grew steadily between 2005 (i) and 2007, (j) as Figure 7 (k) shows. The Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) Composite Index (l) peaked at 6,124 points (m) in Oct 2007. Faced with such an ever-prosperous stock market, economists expected the Shanghai Index to reach 10,000 points. Unfortunately, this boom time ended with the sudden levy of stamp duty tax and the unexpected global subprime mortgage crisis. The index (n) plunged to less than 2,000 points (o) between October 2007 and October 2008, with a (p) decrease / decline of 70.5% (Leijonhufvud, 2007). This was a disaster for the development of China’s stock market. The causes of this phenomenon deserve careful study.
10
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
110
Providing evidence for your argument
2
Stage Task 1
Author / date or numeric referencing systems b
Family name (year of publication of source material) material)
Task 2
Referencing techniques (author / date system)
2. 2.11
a
NI
b
I
2. 2.2 2
Sentences a) and b) are highlighted in yellow and green respectively. Which citation technique best allows focus on ideas, facts and concepts, allowing for information to flow from old to new, without source details to interrupt the text flow? Non-integrated citations. citations. Which citation technique allows the source details to link back to old information? Integrated citations. citations. Older people also tend to connect their sense of belonging to their home while younger adults are more likely to attribute it to friends, family and self (Cuba and Hummon, 1993). A home has a number of roles and meanings, such as an aid to daily living, a social centre, a refuge, a place of privacy and control, a status symbol and so on (Leith, 2006; Clough et al., 2004; Gabriel & Bowling, 2004). (a) Many people feel a loss of ownership, status and adulthood after moving into age-specific housing. It has been suggested that this could be due to inappropriate design, which fails to give residents a sense of home and belonging (Clough et al., 2004). (b) Indeed, according to the EPSRC EQUAL-funded I’DGO Consortium findings (2009), there is a direct link between the design of the built environment and older residents’ use of and attitudes towards different spaces.
2.3
In this introductory paragraph, the most commonly used citation technique is nonintegrated citation. citation. citation, the writer will put the author name(s) and date In the case of non-integrated citation, directly following the following the material which has been taken from the source and then rewritten in the writer’s own words.
10
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
111
Providing evidence for your argument
2. 2.4 4
citation. The reference to Kellaher (2001) is an integrated citation. The source details refer back to old information as follows: It has been suggested that this could be due to inappropriate design, which fails to give residents a sense of home and belonging (Clough et al., 2004). Indeed, according to the EPSRC EQUAL-funded I’DGO Consortium findings (2009), there is a direct link between the design of the built environment and older residents’ use of and attitudes towards different spaces. As Kellaher (2001, p. 10) has found, people do not want dwellings ‘which loudly declare their special nature’ whether the housing is age-specific or general housing that incorporates Lifetime Homes standards or other adaptations.
2.5
a
2
b
1
c
3
There no reference to a source in sentence a) because the idea referred to in this sentence is the writer’s own.
2. 2.6 6
a
According to Knights & Wilmot’s findings (2007), workers’ opinions about their bosses give useful information about their management style.
b
As Knights & Wilmot (2007) have found, workers’ opinions about their bosses give useful information about their management style.
2. 2.7 7
Example sentence 2 shows that the writer believes that Kellaher has made a discovery as a result of his research (the key words are has found ). ).
2. 2.8 8
2
2. 2.9 9
The use of the reporting verb show verb show tells tells the reader that the writer believes the source he is citing to be credible.
Knights and Wilmot’s findings (2007) show that workers’ opinions about their bosses give useful information about their management style.
In this context, show context, show means means ‘provide evidence to support a claim that something is true’.
Task 3
Using a quotation or the writer’s own words
3. 3.11
The key information is underlined below: a
The global Climate Research Council (2004) states that the amount of carbon dioxide has increased by approximately 25% since the Industrial Revolution.
b
The global Climate Research Council (2004: 22) states that ‘Pre-industrial levels of carbon dioxide (prior to the start of the Industrial Revolution) were about 280 parts per million by volume (ppmv), and current levels are about 370 ppmv.’
10
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
112
Providing evidence for your argument
The key information is contained in a paraphrase paraphrase in in sentence a) (i.e., the information is quotation (i.e., rewritten in the writer’s own words) and in a quotation (i.e., a direct quotation from the original source) in sentence b). The information in sentence b) is more detailed than in sentence a). The number 22 in sentence b) refers to the page number in the source text from which the directnumber quotation is taken. Because this is quotation, the writer to give the page from the source, as well asathe author name (here,needs referring to an organization) and publication year. This style of citation (year: page) is one you may well encounter and/or be expected to use.
3. 3.2 2
In sentence b), the integrated citation with the reporting verb notes provides evidence notes provides to support the claim made in the earlier sentence a) that housing does not meet elderly people’s emotional and physical needs. The writer used a quotation from Kendig’s published work because the writer believes this is an important statement particular to this research.
3.3
The writer decided to quote Elliott (1991) and Wallace (1998) here because these two sources provide definitions definitions for for the term action research. research. It is crucial for writers to provide definitions as well as to perceive and communicate slight differences between different authorities’ definitions. Often, there is dispute over the accuracy of particular definitions, and it may only be possible to explore these slight differences by retaining the original wording.
3. 3.4 4
The quotation is inappropriate because there is no reason for it. It is not a quotation which gives supporting evidence for the previous sentence; it is there to contrast the statement by the Prolinnova Organisation with the statement of Tagore’s opinion that local innovation is not easy to implement successfully. It is not a special or important statement, nor is it a definition.
Task 4
Reporting verbs + that
4. 4.11
1
state
2
state
3
state
4
The writer thinks that the author
show
suggest
Repor ting verb used
notices or realizes something
notes
expresses something in a clear clear,, logical, strong way states puts forward an idea
5
gives a clear, written account of a situation provides facts or information to prove that something is true
suggest
reports shows
6
note
10
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
113
Providing evidence for your argument
4. 4.2 2
Text 1
Many learners come from cultures in which classrooms are more teachercentred and expectations are therefore high that the teacher will provide correction; for EAP learners, accuracy is especially valued (Hyland & Hyland, 2006, p. 4). Support for correction of errors exists in the literature, but is tentative, due to the lack of clear research-based evidence (Chandler, 2003; Ferris, 2004). Robb et al. (1986) and Fathman and Whalley (1990) both suggest that location of errors, and re-writing, are as important as error correction itself. Ferris (2004) argues that learner preferences for error correction, as identified by Radecki and Swales (1988), should not easily be dismissed, and, similar to Semke (1984) and Zamel (1985), calls for more praise and encouragement, rather than negative teacher feedback, with which error correction is often associated. Hyland and Hyland (2006, p. 4) sensibly conclude that the consideration of form and content as separate entities in the research is of ‘dubious theoretical value’, not accurately reflecting what happens in real feedback practice.
1
suggest
2
argue
3
conclude
The writer has used the present simple tense to tense to report the authors’ ideas, even though the sources were clearly published some years ago. This is because the debate over the best way to correct students’ errors is still going on today – so, in the writer’s opinion, the views of the authors cited are as valid today as they were when they were first stated. Text 2
Tekereet et al. (2003) indicate that although the government retained the right to announce the benchmark price for agricultural commodities, such as maize, this had to be reduced in accordance with the Amber box requirements. They further state that expenditure on general support measures under the Green box fell from $13,471 in 1995 to $10,610 in 1999, which they attribute to the reduction in farms acquired over this period and ultimately the reduction in the demand for agricultural technical services.
1
indicate
2
state
10
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
114
Providing evidence for your argument
Text 3
Many people feel a loss of ownership, status and adulthood after moving into age-specific housing. Clough et al. (2004) suggest that this could be due to inappropriate design, which fails to give residents a sense of home and belonging (Clough et al., 2004). Indeed, the EPSRC EQUAL-funded I’DGO Consortium findings (2009) show a direct link between the design of the built environment and older residents’ use of and attitudes towards different spaces. Kellaher (2001, p. 15) has found that people do not want dwellings ‘which loudly declare their special nature’, whether the housing is age-specific, or whether it is general housing that incorporates Lifetime Homes standards or other adaptations.
1
suggest
2
find
tense, i.e., has found . This In 2) above the reporting verb find is is in the present perfect tense, tense is used to refer to something that happened in the past which gives a result now . Kellaher has made a discovery in the past that tells the reader about the types of houses they prefer now .
4.3
The writer thinks that the author has discovered something
Repor ting verb used
has found
states that something is true, even though others may not agree, giving clear reasons
argues
expresses something in a clear and logical way, way, and reminded the reader about a previously mentioned author
further states
provides an indication that something may be true
signals
decides that something is true (after considering all the information) concludes
10
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
115
Providing evidence for your argument
3
Stage Task 1
Reporting verbs + that (continued) (continued)
1. 1.11
a
Leki (1990, p. 60) found that there was ‘depressingly little evidence’ in both L1 and L2 research that teacher feedback could lead to improvements.
b
Cohen and Cavalcanti’s (1990) research confirmed that instances of teacher bias were apparent in the feedback. Difficult pupils seemed to receive more negative feedback comments than others whose behavior was more attentive in class.
c
Kando (1997) strongly believed that old age was a time of decline, and that older people were less physically active and able and, therefore, required less housing space. However, Groc (2008) argues that many older people are also carers and the first US housing facility for older people who look after grandchildren or other dependants has just been built in New York City. Harding (2007) and Lansley et al. (2004) point out that even single older adults make extensive use of their rooms for family and other activities and they may also need room for a live-in carer orvisits, aids leisure and adaptations.
The adverb adverb strongly is used in front of the reporting verb believe + that , to add emphasis. strongly is
1.2
The writer thinks that the author : mentioned a specific fact or idea
Repor ting verb used
said that he was sure that something was true stated that something was definitely true, possibly by providing further evidence
1.3
points out
believed confirmed
In Ex 1.1 simplenarrative. is used .inFurthermore, three cases: in found confirmed and believed and . In all three cases thisthe is apast the ,case of sentence c), believed , the historical narrative information described is now outdated and has been superseded by the research of Groc (2008), Harding (2007) and Lansley et al. (2004). a
calculated
e
agrees
i
hypothesized
b
estimates
f
disagrees
j
explained
c
emphasizes
g
claim
k
asserts
d
mentioned
h
maintains
l
denied
10
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
116
Providing evidence for your argument
1. 1.4 4
The writer thinks that the author : strongly expresses a belief
Repor ting verb used
maintains
state that something is true, although it may not have been proved guesses by using available evidence
said that something was not true
estimates
denied
makes it clear that he has a different opinion / idea (from someone else)
disagrees
wrote about something quickly without giving details
mentioned
found out something out for certain by using numerical data
makes it clear that he has the same opinion / idea (as someone else) states forcefully that something is true
calculated
agrees asserts
put forward an idea based on known facts, which were then used as a basis for further investigation
hypothesized
gave details about how or why something worked
explained
stresses that an idea is important
Task 2
Evaluative adverbs
2. 2.11
Hyland & Hyland (2006: 4) sensibly conclude that …
2. 2.2 2
claim
Evaluative adverbs Positive
Negative
sensibly
falsely
clearly strongly impressively rightly interestingly
emphasizes
10
Neutral evaluative adverb: briefly
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
117
Providing evidence for your argument
Task 3
Reporting verbs + noun phrase
3. 3.11
a
b
The level of success of local innovation projects has been the focus of much research in recent years. (1) Tagore (2006) discusses the difficulties of promoting local innovation in Uganda whereas (2) Russell (2007) highlights important areas of concern in Ethiopia. (3) Brown (2010) describes an impressive project in Sierra Leone and (4) investigates the reasons for its success. (1) Littlejohn and Pegler (2007) advocate a blended learning approach. (2) They recommend the use of face-to-face teaching and an online Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) outside class to provide extension activities which promote independent study. (3) Smith (2009) draws attention to the limited and inconclusive nature of blended learning research, and (4) presents the case for further research studies in this area.
c
(1) Jayne and Jones (1997) dispute the necessity for the selective price subsidies whereas (2) Mwanza (2000) robustly defends them. (3) He supported a controversial government pricing policy of 1999, centred upon the setting up of pan-territorial and pan-seasonal prices, and (4) suggests the use of price subsidies in other countries.
d
(1) Leki (1990) refers to an obvious dichotomy in the role of the L2 writing teacher, who attempts play all three audience, and evaluator. A tension inevitably existstobetween theseparts roles,ofand (2) she coach acknowledges the risks of the teacher ‘owning’ the writing. (3) Ferris (2008: 99) also warns against this undoubted danger; however, in avoiding taking control over learners’ writing, teachers risk failing to provide enough clear direction or guidance (Reid, 1994). (4) Tardy (2006) outlines a more positive and interesting perspective, that ‘ownership’ might not be only ‘one-way’, but ‘cross-directional’, where, for example, teacher feedback might equally be ‘owned’ by the learner, and subsequently transformed into a positive learning experience. In reality a complex interplay of cultural and contextual factors might influence the effectiveness of feedback, including the ideologies of colleagues, departments, institutions, and society; (5) Hyland & Hyland (2006) urge teachers not to ignore these crucial perspectives.
3. 3.2 2
The writer thinks that the author ( s) :
Reporting verb used
makes an idea more prominent
highlights
makes sure that the reader notices something mentions something
agreed with something
refers to
supported
suggest that something is a good idea
writes about a subject in depth de pth puts forward an idea do not agree with an idea
draws attention to
recommend discusses suggests
dispute
10
English for Academic Study
EAS Grammar for Writing: Answers
118
Providing evidence for your argument
The writer thinks that the author ( s) :
Reporting verb used
gives details of what something is like
describes
uses arguments to defend something from criticism persuade
urge
discusses something which may have negative consequences in the future
warns against
openly admits
acknowledges
clearly explains why something is needed
tries to discover the truth about something strongly support an idea
Task 4
defends
presents the case for
investigates
advocate
Evaluative adverbs Evaluative adjectives Positive
Negative
impor tant
limited
impressive
inconclusive
obvious
controversial
undoubted positive interesting crucial Evaluative adverb robustly
Task 5
Review You should provide your own answers here. However, it is suggested that the citations that use the most suitable reporting verb are: a
3
b
1
c
1
10
View more...
Comments
