English Communication Lab Model Record (Anna University - Regulation 2013).docx

INSTITUTE OF ROAD AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ERODE Department of English

Submitted by Name: Roll No: B.E/ B.Tech V- SEMESTER Automobile Engineering GE2321- Communication Skills Lab October -2014

INDEX S.N O

DATE

EXERCISE

1.

RESUME

2.

ORAL PRESENTATION

3.

GROUP DISCUSSION

4. 5.

READING COMPREHENSION DIALOUGE WRITING

6.

E-MAIL

7.

REPORT WRITING

8.

INTERVIEW

9.

SPOTTING ERRORS

10.

PSYCHOMETRIC TEST

REMARK S

STAFF SIGNATU RE

RESUME

COVER LETTER Nathakadaiyur, September 19,2015. From Santosh Kumar S, 355/1, Lakshmipuram , Palayakottai (po), Nathakadaiyur – 638108, Tiruppur district.

To The Human Resource Manager, TVS corporation, Chennai – 08.

Respected Sir/Madam, SUB : Seeking for the post of “Vehicle Designer” –reg., REF : The advertisement in “THE HINDU” dated on 15.08.2015 I, SANTOSH KUMAR.S completed my graduation degree in B.E AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING would like to apply for the job of vehicle designer in your company. I believe my qualification is necessary enough to serve your company. If I am selected of my aspiring job I promise you that I will try my level best in uplifting our company and taking it to greater heights. My resume is attached herewith. I am waiting for your call letter. Thanking you, Yours faithfully, (Santosh kumar.S)

RESUME

S. Santosh Kumar, 355/1, Lakshmipuram, Palayakottai (post), Nathakadaiyur (via), Tiruppur District, Nathakadaiyur – 638108.

Email: [email protected] Phone No: 9944536956

OBJECTIVE: An automobile enthusiast in quest for an opportunity to work with enthusiasm to meliorate the growth of the company, with much passion and innovation for the ontogeny of my firm and society. EDUCATION: QUALIFICATION

BOARD/ UNIVERSITY

B.E (AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING)

ANNA UNIVERSITY

HSC

STATE BOARD

SSLC

STATE BOARD

SOFTWARE SKILLS: · · · ·

Auto Cad Creo 2.0 Ansys Catia

NAME OF INSTITUTION INSTITUTE OF ROAD TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY, ERODE RAJENDRAN MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL , VADUGAPATTI. RAJENDRAN MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL , VADUGAPATTI.

YEAR OF PASSING 2013-2017

MARKS (%) 76%

2012-2013

93.25%

2010-2011

85.2%

AREA OF INTEREST: · · ·

Emissions formation and Control Designing Steering system and Braking system

PAPER PRESENTATION AND TRAINING:

· · ·

Paper-Presentation Presented on Continuously Variable Transmission in SAE Tier 1 event. In plant training on TNSTC, Trichy. Attended workshop on light vehicle design, Pune.

PROJECT PROFILE:

TITLE: Hybrid Diesel-steam engine ABSTRACT: Finely atomized water, injected into hot cylinder in 1/2000 th a sec into those cylinder. EXTAR CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES: · · · ·

Microsoft developer Routine blood donor Android App developer Member of Automobile Association

PERSONAL DATA: NAME

: S. SANTOSH KUMAR

FATHER’S NAME

: N. SEMALAYAPPAN

MOTHER’S NAME

: S. NALLATHAL

HOBBIES

: Reading books, Drawing, Poem writing

LANGUAGE KNOWN

: English, Tamil

D.O.B

: June 9, 1996

GENDER

: Male

NATIONALITY

: INDIAN

MARIAL STATUS PERMANENT ADDRESS

: single : 355/1, Lakshmipuram, Palayakottai (post) , Nathakadaiyur (via), Tiruppur District, Nathakadaiyur – 638108.

DECLARATION: I do hereby proclaim that the above given information is true to best of my knowledge.

PLACE: Nathakadaiyur DATE :19.09.2015 REFERENCE: Dr.R.SUBRAMANIAN.,Ph.d, Head of the department, Automobile Engineering, Institute of Road and Transport Technology, Erode.

Mr.C.LOGANATHAN.,ME, Associative professor, Automobile Engineering, Institute of Road and Transport Technology, Erode

Yours sincerely, (S. SANTOSH KUMAR)

ORAL PRESENTATION

THE RISE AND FALL OF EBOLA VIRUS

NASA’S CURIOSITY MISSION

GROUP DISCUSSION

GROUP DISCUSSION What is Group Discussion? Group Discussion! Is a methodology or in a simple language you may call it an interview process or a group activity. It is used as one of the best tools to select the prospective Candidates in a comparative perspective. GD may be used by an interviewer at an organization, colleges or even at different types of management competitions. A GD is a methodology used by an organization to gauge whether the Candidate has certain personality traits and/or skills that it desires in its members. In this methodology, the group of Candidates is given a topic or a situation, given a few minutes to think about the same, and then asked to discuss the topic among themselves for 15-20 minutes. GD evaluation is done by the subject experts based on the discussions. A report will be prepared on analysing the facts at the end of the discussion.

Some of the personality traits the GD is trying to gauge may include: 

Communication skills



Interpersonal Skills



Leadership Skills



Motivational Skills



Team Building Skills



Analytical /Logical Skills



Reasoning ability



Different Thinking



Initiative



Assertiveness



Flexibility



Creativity



Ability to think on ones feet

Why GDs are implemented commonly:

The reason why institutes put you through a Group discussion and an interview, after testing your technical and conceptual skills in an exam, is to get to know you as a person and gauge how well you will fit in their institute. GD evaluates how you can function as a part of a team. As a manager or as a member of an organization you will always be working in teams. Therefore how you interact in a team becomes an important criterion for your selection. Managers have to work in a team and get best results out of teamwork. That is the reason why management institutes include GD as a component of the selection procedure. Company's Perspective:

Companies conduct group discussion after the written test to know more about your: 

Interactive Skills(how good you are at communication with other people)



Behaviour (how open-minded are you in accepting views contrary to your own)



Participation (how good an active speaker you are & your attention to the discussion)



Contribution (how much importance do you give to the group objective as well as your own)

Aspects which make up a Group Discussion are: In a Group Discussion (GD), you are expected to contribute meaningfully and help arrive at a consensus. It is not a platform for you to fight your way through and dominate. Flexibility and gelling with the group is also very important. Make a note of the following points and you’ll get through with flying colours: 1. Arrive on time and dress formally. This is not a casual discussion, but one that will help you get a job with a company. You need to look impressive, well groomed and confident. 2. If you have some doubts or want some clarifications on the subject/topic of the discussion, make sure to ask and clear them out before the discussion begins and not after that.. 3. Always carry a pen and a notebook. This allows you to refer to what others have said previously.

4. Be yourself and do not be arrogant. Body language is important, so be careful while using gestures and do not ever get aggressive. 5. Initiating the discussion is a major plus point but do so only if you’re very clear about the topic and know a lot about the same. 6. Maintain eye contact with team members and not evaluators. They’re not a part of the discussion. Ensure that you get to speak your point, if the other members hear you, the evaluators will too. 7. Having said that, ensure that you listen as well and appreciate what others are saying. If you do not agree with someone’s point, let them complete and then raise your objection. Do not interrupt. 8. Be positive and do not be over confident. 9. Try and sort out contradictions and arguments. Providing a meaningful direction to the discussion always leaves a good impression on the evaluators. 10. Understand that the aim is not to speak often or for long periods. The aim is to be precise and clear with your points. Ultimately, the discussion has to reach a conclusion and you must strive towards that. Initiation Techniques When you initiate a Group Discussion, you not only If you can make a favorable first impression with your content and communication skills after you initiate a Group Discussion, it will help you sail through the discussion. But if you initiate a Group Discussion and stammer/ stutter/ quote wrong facts and figures, the damage might be irreparable.

If you initiate a Group Discussion impeccably but don’t speak much after that, it gives the impression that you started the Group Discussion for the sake of starting it or getting those initial kitty of points earmarked for an initiator! When you start a Group Discussion, you are responsible for putting it into the right perspective or framework. So initiate one only if you have in depth knowledge about the topic at hand.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

There are different techniques to initiate a Group Discussion and make a good first impression : Quotes Definition Questions Shock statement Facts, figures and statistics Short story

7. General statement 13 Group Discussion in a nutshell. Keep the following points in mind while summarizing a discussion: • • • • •

Avoid raising new points. Avoid stating only your viewpoint. Avoid dwelling only on one aspect of the Group Discussion. Keep it brief and concise. It must incorporate all the important points that came out during the Group Discussion. Do's and Don'ts in Group discussion The Don'ts

         

Don't be nervous, shy or emotional. Don't try to bluff as the panel will easily figure out that Don't allow the criticism bother you Don't be frivolous, keep yourself to the point Don't criticize other members Don’t use foul language or slang, like yaar, princy, shit etc. Don't loose your temper or calmness. Don't ridicule or make fun of any of the members Don't impose on others yourself or your arguments Don't interrupt a participant, unless he finishes his speaking. The Do's

         

Stick to the point and address the group as a whole. Be logical while reasoning Be assertive while putting your views Listen to others attentively Motivate others to speak Keep calm and polite Be positive and provide full contribution to the entire discussion Use body language to your maximum advantage Speak in Clear terms Maintain a cordial atmosphere, cooperate with all, in order to reach the final goal.

INDIAN ARMY AS A CARRIER OPTION

SELVA BOOPATHY: INDIAN ARMY is a carrier where one can prove himself that he has not just born to die but to do something for the nation and to be the part of the nation which is going to become the no. 1 armed force in the world. M.RANJITH: Salute to 'INDIAN ARMY' as I feel proud to say it loud, today many people chooses to that type of career where they seeks high salaries, comforts and Luxury as they feel proud in that many others hesitated to join army by which they would choose for other private jobs and rest of them would like to prefer MNC's for better career options ant to get settled in foreign countries rather to stay in India they didn’t serve their service to nation,! The actually thing to be proud of is to serve for nation, to fight for nation, to stand for nation I would definitely chooses to that career where I got chance to die for my motherland because it's a thing to be proud that u die for your country rather to die in an accident...! Indian army a life full of adventures, actions, discipline, thrill, extended fights ,frenetic chases etc. Words are less to define it ! It's an fabulous duty every one person that is in Indian army is a real hero salute to Indian army and proud to be Indian. SANTOSH: Risk of life is involved in every job one does but it is anyway better to die for your nation than be killed in an accident. Indian Army offers you a well balanced life you will ever get. The contentment which the soldier of the army gets for safeguarding its nation and protecting its citizen is beyond words. It also brings in the respect from within the hearts of millions for protecting them. Now coming to the exciting part. No job would give you time to play your favourite sport and for that would also give you the salary apart from the Indian Army. There is a saying "boys and their toys". No doubt we love equipment's and gadgets. Here we get all! I would definitely go for the services in The Army as I know my family would be taken care of even when I'm not around. My parents would have their share of bread and butter and would be called brave parents for raising a son who was always ready to sacrifice his life for his motherland. SATHISH: I'm here in favour of motion, some of my friends said that we join army to serve the nation not to gain the hikes and accommodations but my dear friends we can serve the nation even by a simple person as a responsible citizen by not causing harm to soil, by keeping our society clean and by 17

doing reforestation. Serve the nation doesn't only mean to fight at the border as territorial officer and if you are deep hearted to your country then you can join Indian Army and then government will give you the salary for your job as all government employees depending on your rank. Think if you are working in any government sector then would you take salary and accommodations they give? Offcourse you take, same case is in army buddy! RAMANAN: I feel one can make an attempt to join the Indian army, but its upon the army- if it accepts you or not. Not every one can make it to the Olive green uniform and shining black boots. As far as the attempt goes - the army offers you the following. INTANGIBLE BENEFITS. 1) The uniform- which no money can buy. 2) The Respect - which comes from within the hearts of millions of people. 3) The Pride - Of standing in front of the entire nation and telling " yes I have repayed the debt of my motherland". 4) The personality of a gentleman - the training and Lifestyle moulds you to become a man and a gentleman i.e. tough arms and a noble heart. 5) the Lineage - of being a part of the breed, which has been believing- that independence does not come free. RATHISH: Yes I think Indian army is on of the great carrier option for the youth. It provides the service to the nation. It is one of the most responsible and honourable job. It is very good platform for the youngster to become an officer at age of 22. When most of youngster are playing in the college. You will be the one who guarding the frontiers. It provides better environment for the family. House accommodation salary etc. RAJU: Is it necessary to have a fully toned muscular body and a perfect means 100% perfect mind with no complexes at all, to become an ARMY OFFICER. How should I prepare for physical as I am confident to clear the written in February. PRAKASH: Hi friends. Today Indian army has become a great career option and reason I think is the quality lifestyle it provide. Every day one has to deal with new situation. Everyday one has to wake up at 5 am and sleep till 10pm and between this in every moment one has to make decision, one has to be ready for taking responsibility and that's a person wants in his life adventure, discipline.

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It generate a sense of immense patriotism, it provides a purposeful life and above all. S.RANJITH: Hi friend, I think that Indian Army cadet are prepared for nation security. In my mind Indian Army give us external security and provide security. Army man means full of courage, leadership, determination and confidence etc. Army man live in border and abroad and so far of our family. So Army man is the greatest soldier of our motherland. I am preparation of Indian army officer. M.RANJITH: Hi all, I agree that defence career gives us social respect, economic security, bright future etc. But , to be part of most prestigious organisations that is armed services, one should be passionate about that. The sense of honour, feeling of satisfaction is more important than anything else. Joining for the sake of salary or facilities, those will end up in corruption or something. The feel of respect that comes from inside when I see a defence personnel inspires me to be part of it. SELVA BOOPATHY: Can you tell me at least one profession in which all the working people are treated equally or corruption does not exist? Adaptability is required in each and every work place, which is the key requirement for any organization. Army is and always be a respectable career. It not only moulds you with personality but also discipline which everyone appreciate. S.RANJITH: Indian Army used to be made up of air-force, navy, military but in this globalized world this is too short sigh, it must include business, economy, strong currency, R&D facilities, science and arts because now a days countries do not fight physical fight. India & china is fighting but its for bigger economy, business and various development. Now whole world is fighting but it is cold war. So one can consider himself part of INDIAN ARMY by well contributing in any of area mention above. And achieve victory, pride for country. RAJU: I also consider myself a patriot and everyone involved here in this discussion supports army as a career....but just think for a second if this field had no demerits then why most of the enthusiastic youth of our nation is living unemployed rather than joining the army. The basic recruitments for army doesn’t only take place through NDA or TES ,the people who are actually risking there lives on the border rather than sitting in air conditioner rooms making strategies are selected by very basic and simple tests....so its very easy to get inside. But then what???

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What do they get??? just a meagre salary and after 10-15 years the same people end up doing the job of security guard...can such an atmosphere bring up the feeling of PATRIOTISM!!!??? PRAKASH: I appreciate all the above views and I am also in favour of joining the Indian army as a career option. After no other job provides status, adventure, security and serving the nation altogether. Those who saying that there is always a risk of life must think that it is better to die serving the nation than in any accident. RATHISH: Joining INDIAN ARMY is a GOOD CAREER OPTION .Today the first priority is money for everyone. And in technical field for engineers and doctors, ARMY pays a good package. Today, there are a lot of engineering and medical colleges in India and students are choosing them to earn… M.RANJITH: Definitely friends, Indian Army is the best carrier option as it provides a royal service alongwith a chance to serve our nation. We need growth, job satisfaction, good salary, job security as the key points in our carrier & all gets fulfilled in this job profile. It also assures for secure future after retirement by providing the pension. And in comparison with private sector the salary is also quiet enough & believe me no one can offer that much salary at the start of your carrier. I am an engineer still I want to be a part of defence services in India not because of facilities or salary but for higher self esteem earned by serving to our motherland. SELVA BOOPATHY: It is one of the most Premier organisation in India a choosing to join Indian army is a respect in itself. Today army has it hands in every field that are around individuals who seek for a career in any MNC or private organisations. It provides all the facilities to its members and give them a special respect. Army personnel’s are found everywhere while it be the field of Education, as doctors, as engineers in big companies who are at premier positions. We get a better chance of serving our nation directly through ARMY. SATHISH: Every career has its own joy and is equally important than the others. Because if everybody will join the army then who will do the other tasks which are also very important for the development and the prosperity of the country. But I would asked then definitely Indian army is a best career. Because it has lots of facilities like canteen facilities, free medical aid for the whole family, job security, pension scheme etc. Apart from that this life is very adventurous, full of courage, enthusiasm and totally based on discipline. In this job one can get the chance to work for the country directly SANTOSH: 20

I accept what my above friends have said about career in INDIAN ARMY, but I like too view career in army in religious point of view , as we know all religion teaches us to be discipline, dedication, devotion etc., this things are theoretical but Indian army is the application of this basic religious principle , for example I’m a Hindu but if we see it deeply it’s not " just a religion but a way of living " similarly Indian army is not a " profession its way of living ". M.RANJITH: "When the going gets tough, the tough gets going" is a famous saying by the Indian Army, making army as a career will teach you to lead a disciplined life. The dignity and pride in the uniform you wear symbolizes the true patriotism for the country. Serving our motherland is a honour of respect and joy for each and every citizen of our country. RAMANAN: Serving in our Indian Army is a GOD GIFT! Yes. When you are a part of Indian army then you are a complete man. It will be more glad to us when we do something for our country. You can learn responsibility, discipline from Indian army. You also feel proud by providing security to your motherland. You will be respected by all. SANTOSH: I like to conclude by saying that, joining Indian Army and serving Indians is very best choice to show our patriotism and love on our nation. As you all says it will be proud to be in Indian army and also we learn a lot on how to live our life satisfyingly by serving our nation. There are lots of milestones to be reached to join the Indian army. But once we join it then we fell the proud breeze. We may not worry about our family as “ We take care of our nation and the Indian army will take care of our family”.

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READING COMPREHENSION

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READING COMPREHENSION Reading comprehension is the ability to read text, process it and understand its meaning. An individual's ability to comprehend text is influenced by their traits and skills, one of which is the ability to make inferences. If word recognition is difficult, students use too much of their processing capacity to read individual words, which interferes with their ability to comprehend what is read. There are a number of approaches to improve reading comprehension, including improving one's vocabulary and reading strategies Reading comprehension is defined as the level of understanding of a text/message. This understanding comes from the interaction between the words that are written and how they trigger knowledge outside the text/message. Comprehension is a "creative, multifaceted process" dependent upon four language skills: phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Proficient reading depends on the ability to recognize words quickly and effortlessly. It is also determined by an individual's cognitive development, which is "the construction of thought processes". Some people learn through education or instruction and others through direct experiences. There are specific traits that determine how successfully an individual will comprehend text, including prior knowledge about the subject, well developed language, and the ability to make inferences. Having the skill to monitor comprehension is a factor: "Why is this important?" and "Do I need to read the entire text?" are examples. Lastly, is the ability to be self-correcting to solve comprehension problems as they arise. Reading comprehension involves two levels of processing, shallow (low-level) processing and deep (high-level) processing. Deep processing involves semantic processing, which happens when we encode the meaning of a word and relate it to similar words. Shallow processing involves structural and phonemic recognition, the processing of sentence and word structure and their associated sounds. This theory was first identified by Fergus I. M. Craik and Robert S. Lockhart. Reading comprehension and vocabulary are inextricably linked. The ability to decode or identify and pronounce words is self-evidently important, but knowing what the words mean has a major and direct effect on knowing what any specific passage means. Students with a smaller vocabulary than other students comprehend less of what they read and it has been suggested that the most impactful way to improve comprehension is to improve vocabulary. Most words are learned gradually through a wide variety of environments: television, books, and conversations. Some words are more complex and difficult to learn, such as homonyms, words that have multiple meanings and those with figurative meanings, like idioms, similes, and metaphors.

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READING COMPRIHENSION - I

Read the passage and answer the questions given below:

Let us take a brief look at the planet on which we live. As earth hurtles through space at a speed of 70,000 miles per hour, it spins, as we all know, on its axis, which causes it to be flattened at the Poles. Thus, if you were to stand at sea level at the North of South Pole you would be 13 miles nearer the centre of the earth than if you stood on the Equator. The earth is made up of three major layers — a central core, probably metallic, some 4000 miles across, a surrounding layer of compressed rock and to top it all a very thin skin of softer rock, only about 20 to 40 miles thick - that’s about as thin as the skin of an apple, talking in relative terms. The pressure on the central core is unimaginable. It has been calculated that at the centre it is 60 million pounds to the square inch, and this at a temperature of perhaps 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The earth’s interior, therefore, would seem to be of liquid metal and evidence for this is given by the behaviour of earthquakes. When an earthquake occurs, shock waves radiate from the centre just as waves radiate outwards from the point where a stone drops into a pond. And these waves pulsate through the earth’s various layers. Some waves descend vertically and pass right through the earth, providing evidence for the existence of the core and an indication that it is fluid rather than solid. Thus, with their sensitive instruments, the scientists who study earthquakes, the seismologists, can in effect X-ray the earth. Iceland is one of the most active volcanic regions of the world. And it was to Iceland that Jules Verne sent the hero of this book ’A journey to the Centre of the earth’. This intrepid explorer clambered down the opening of an extinct volcano and followed its windings until he reached the earth’s core. There he found great oceans, and continents with vegetation. This conception of a hollow earth we now know to be false. In the 100 years since Jules Verne published his book, the science of volcanology, as it is called, has made great strides. But even so the deepest, man has yet penetrated is about 10,000 feet. This hole, the Robinson Deep mine in South Africa, barely scratches the surface; so great is the heat at 10,000 feet that were it not for an elaborate air conditioning system, the miners working would be roasted. Oil borings down to 20,000 feet have shown that the deeper they go, the hotter it becomes. The temperature of the earth at the centre is estimated to be anything between 3,000 and 11,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Some scientists believe that this tremendous heat is caused by the breaking-down of radio-active elements, which release large amounts of energy and compensate for the loss of heat

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from the earth’s surface. If this theory is correct, then we are all living on top of a natural atomic power house.

Answer the questions : 1. Choose the response which best reflects the meaning of the text. (a) The outer layer of the Earth is compared to the skin of an apple because i. ii. iii. iv.

It is only 20 to 45 miles thick. It is thin in proportion to the Earth’s mass. It is relatively thin compared with the central core. It is softer than the outer layers.

(b) Which of the following is not true? It is thought that the interior of the earth is not solid because (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

There is great pressure at the centre. Earthquake waves can move vertically. The outer layer is made of rock. The heat at the centre is too great.

(c) The Robinson Deep mine in South Africa is (i)

Too deep to work in.

(ii)

Too hot to work in.

(iii)

Still in use.

(iv)

Very close to the surface.

(d) Since the publication of Jules Verne’s book it has been proved that (i)

the centre of the earth is not hollow.

(ii)

oil borings cannot go deeper than 20,000 feet.

(iii)

the earth is hot at the centre because heat is lost at the

surface. (iv)

the earth is in danger of exploding. 25

(e) The behaviour of earthquakes is the evidence to show that (i)

the outer layer is not semi-solid.

(ii)

the interior of the earth is not solid.

(iii)

the interior layer consists of compressed rock.

(iv)

earthquakes can be controlled.

(f) An elaborate air-conditioning system was indispensable in Robinson Deep Mine because of the (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Excessive internal pressure. extreme cold condition. excessive internal heat. depth of the mine itself.

2) Decide whether the following statements are True or False.

(a)If you stand at the Equator you will be closer to the centre of the Earth than if you stand at the poles. (b)The shock waves from an earthquake cannot pass through the Earth’s central core. (c)Jules Verne suggested that the Earth’s centre was hollow. (d)It is not known exactly how hot it is at the centre of the Earth. (e)The earth travels through the space at a speed of 90,000 miles per hour. (f)The earth is compared to a natural atomic power house.

3) Choose the definition which best fires these words or phrases as they are used in the text (a) in effect (i) Probably

(ii) effectively

(iii) actually

(b) Intrepid

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(iv) Accurately

(i) Daring

(ii) foolish

(iii) experienced

(iv) Curious

(c) Has made great strides (i) caused a sensation (ii) been accepted by scientists (iv) improved mining techniques

(iii) developed immensely

(d)compensate for (i) prepare for

(ii) allow for (i) make up for

COMPREHENSIVE PASSAGE: ANSWERS

1. A. (ii) it is thin in proportion to the Earth’s mass. B. (iii) the outer layer is made of rock. C. (ii) too hot to work in. (iii) still in use. D. (i) the centre of the earth is not hollow. E.

(iii) the interior of the earth is not solid.

F. (iii) excessive internal heat.

2. (a) false (b) false (c) true (d) true (e) false (f) true 3. (a) (i) actually (b) (i) daring 27

(iv) exchange for

(c) (i) Developed immensely (d) (i) make up for READING COMPRIHENSSION – II

Read the passage and answer the questions given below:

When a society undergoes rapid social change, its religion is likely to be affected. At sometimes, people may feel disillusioned, or dissatisfied, their conservative, established religion may be incapable of changing to accommodate their new needs. Under these circumstances, which may be associated with revitalization, a prophet – a charismatic leader, usually male, who offers solution in times of extreme social unrest – may emerge. A prophet is typically a person who has undergone some intense spiritual experience: perhaps a spirit has shown him new truths and new ways of behaving, or urged him to return to traditional ways. As a result of this experience, the prophet usually feels he has a mission to fulfil among his fellows, and if he is convincing he may develop a following.

The charismatic prophets who emerged among the Native Americans of the Great Plains during the last decades of the nineteenth century are illustrative. At the time, Plains groups were undergoing cultural deprivation. White people had seized their land and herded them onto reservations. Alcoholism, measles, and whooping cough, introduced by whites, had killed thousands. The relentless westbound expansion of white pioneers had left massacres and broken peace treaties nits wake, and Native Americans were growing increasingly frustrated and desperate. In this context, a series of charismatic Native Americans prophets emerged, predicting that-if people would only follow them-the whites would be wiped out, the bison would return, lands would be recovered, sickness and death would disappear, dead kinsmen would be restored to life, and everlasting prosperity and happiness would reign. All that was needed to bring about the millennium was that people have faith, pray, and repeatedly perform a ritual called the Ghost dance. The ghost dancing was widely practiced, but to no avail. The Jesus of the Christian religion, a man who broke away from religious orthodoxy during a time of social upheaval, is another example of a prophet. Jesus persuaded people to give up their ways of life and become his lifelong disciples. After his death, the church he founded continued under the leadership of one of his followers, Peter, and eventually became an institution.

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Answer the questions : 1 .What is the best title for the passage? [ a] A history of religion [ b] The origin of Religion [ c] The birth of a Prophet [ d] The need for Religion

2. All of the following may cause the need for prophet except [ a] famine [ b] pollution [ c] an economic crisis [ d] natural disasters

3. Accommodate is closest in meaning to [ a] understand [ b] listen [ c] satisfy [ d] recognize

4. The passage suggests that prophets [ a] often see ghosts [ b] talk to the dead [ c] undergo mystical experience [ d] are radical revolutionaries

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5. Look at the word him in the passage. Here ‘him’ refers to 6. Before the arrival of Whites, Indians [ a] were self sufficient [ b] were hardly intoxicated [ c] were not dissatisfied [ d] were hunter gatherers

7. The word herded in the passage is closest in meaning to [ a] forced [ b] drove [ c] reared [ d] supervised

8. The third paragraph suggest that the Indian prophets [a ] hated white settlers [ b] wanted to become absolute leaders [ c] made unrealistic claims [ d] wanted to create illusions

9. Which sentence that describes the prophet?

10. The Ghost Dance is an example of all the following except [ a] desperation [ b] blind faith [ c] religious fervour [ d] intuition 30

ANSWERS : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

[ c] [ b] [ c] [ c] The prophet [ a] [ a] [ a]

A prophet is typically a person who has undergone some intense spiritual experience: perhaps a spirit has shown him new truths and new ways of behaving, or urged him to return to traditional ways.

10.[ a]

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DIALOGUE WRITING

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DIALOGUE WRITING – I A dialogue between two friends: Laurie: So, what are your plans for this weekend? Christie: I don’t know. Do you want to get together or something? Sarah: How about going to see a movie? Cinemax 26 on Carson Boulevard is showing Enchanted. Laurie: That sounds like a good idea. Maybe we should go out to eat beforehand. Sarah: It is fine with me. Where do you want to meet? Christie: Let’s meet at Summer Pizza House. I have not gone there for a long time. Laurie: Good idea again. I heard they justcame up with a new pizza. It should be good because Summer Pizza House always has the best pizza in town. Sarah: When should we meet? Christie: Well, the movie is shown at 2:00PM, 4:00PM, 6:00PM and 8:00PM. Sarah: My cousin Karen is in town. Can I bring her along? I hate to leave her home alone. Christie: Karen is in town? Yes, bring her along. Laurie, you remember Karen? We met her at Sara’s high school graduation party two years ago. Laurie: I do not quite remember her. What does she look like? Sarah: She has blond hair, she is kind of slender, and she is about your height. Laurie: She wears eyeglasses, right? I remember her now. Yes, do bring her along Sara. She is such a nice person, and funny too. Sarah: She will be happy to meet both of you again. Christie: What is she doing these days? Sarah: She graduated last June, and she will start her teaching career next week when the new school term begins. Laurie: What grade is she going to teach? Sarah: She will teach kindergarten. She loves working with kids, and she always has such a good rapport with them.

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Christie: Kindergarten? She must be a very patient person. I always think kindergarten is the most difficult class to teach. Most of the kids have never been to school, and they have never been away from mommy for long. Sarah: I think Karen will do fine. She knows how to handle young children. Laurie: I think the first few weeks will be tough. However, once the routine is set, it should not be too difficult to teach kindergarten. Christie: You are right. The kids might even look forward to going to school since they have so many friends to play with. Sarah: There are so many new things for them to do at school too. They do a lot of crafts in kindergarten. I am always amazed by the things kindergarten teachers do. Laurie: Yes, I have seen my niece come home with so many neat stuff. Christie: Maybe we can ask Karen to show us some of the things that we can do for this Halloween. Laurie: Maybe we can stop by the craft store after the movie. What do you think, Sara? Sarah: I will talk to her. I think she will like that. It will help her with school projects when Halloween comes. Christie: Michael’s is a good store for crafts. It always carries a variety of things, and you can find almost anything here. Laurie: There is a Michaels store not far away from Cinemax 26. I believe it is just around the corner, on Pioneer Avenue. We can even walk over there. Sarah: So, we plan to meet for pizza at noon, go to the movies at two, and shopat Michael’s afterward. Right? Laurie and Christie: Yes.

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DIALOGUE WRITING - II

A dialogue between a Candidate and an interviewer : Candidate: May I come in, sir? Interviewer: Yes, please come in. Candidate: Good morning, sir. Interviewer: Good morning, please sit down. What is your name? Candidate: Sir, my name is Rohan Kapoor. Interviewer: Which post have you applied for? Candidate: Marketing officer, sir. Interviewer: What is your educational qualification? Candidate: B.A. Hons. in Economics. And I have postgraduate diploma in Marketing Management. Interviewer: From which university did you pass B.A? Candidate: Sir, I passed from University of Delhi. Interviewer: What division did you get? Candidate: First division, sir. Interviewer: And from where did you do Marketing Management? Candidate: From YMCA, Connaught Place. Interviewer: What is your hobby? Candidate: Sir, my hobby is reading books on marketing. Interviewer: We need a marketing officer who is not only capable but also fluent and effective in English Speaking.

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Candidate: Sir, I am capable enough to join your reputed company. Interviewer: Do you have any experience? Candidate: I have three years experience as a marketing officer in Engineers India. Interviewer: Are you still working there? Candidate: Yes sir. Interviewer: You are already working in a big government company. So why do you want to abandon it? Candidate: Sir, everyone wants better prospects (chances of success). No doubt the company is good. But I am not having job-satisfaction. I want to develop my marketing talents further. And it’ll be possible only in a big multinational where I am able to both learn and contribute. Interviewer: Well, how much salary are you getting there? Candidate: Sir, I am getting 15,000/- per month. Interviewer: And how much minimum salary do you expect from our company? Candidate: Any salary that you think your company should give me. But I am definitely seeking jobsatisfaction – a marketing field where there is a possibility of development. Interviewer: What motivated you to join our company? Candidate: It is a reputed company. I have heard that it provides a good environment that nurtures growth and talent development. Interviewer: What is the main strength of your personality? Candidate: I am enthusiastic and know how to motivate people. Interviewer: What are your weaknesses? Candidate: I may lose my sleep if I make mistake. Interviewer: Where do you see yourself 5 years from now? Candidate: Working happily at a senior position in this company. Interviewer: What do you like most about your present job? Candidate: Marketing tour to South India now and then.

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Interviewer: And what do you dislike? Candidate: I dislike resistance to new ideas. Interviewer: Suppose you have to persuade a new dealer in a state to sell our mobiles what will be your opening lines? Candidate: I shall frame my opening lines after reading the body language of the dealer, especially his face. Common opening lines may be: Good morning sir, I am Hiten, Marketing Officer of LG – a world leader – whose new range of mobiles are rapidly increasing its market share in India. Would you like to go for an association with us to boost business? Interviewer: What is the best trait of a marketing officer in your opinion? Candidate: The art of motivation. Interviewer: Suppose we select you, then would you be able to join our company from the 1st of coming month? Candidate: Definitely sir. Interviewer: OK, man we are almost satisfied with your answers. You may leave now. The board’s decision regarding selection will be conveyed to you within a week. Good luck. Candidate: Thanking you very much sir.

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EMAIL

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EMAIL Electronic mail, most commonly referred to as email or e-mail since around 1993, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. An Internet email message consists of three components, the message envelope, the message header, and the message body. The message header contains control information, including, minimally, an originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually descriptive information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time stamp. Types: Web-based email Many email providers have a web-based email client (e.g. AOL Mail, Gmail, Outlook.com and Yahoo! Mail). This allows users to log into the email account by using any compatible web browser to send and receive their email. Mail is typically not downloaded to the client, so can't be read without a current Internet connection. POP3 email services The Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3) is a mail access protocol used by a client application to read messages from the mail server. Received messages are often deleted from the server. POP supports simple download-and-delete requirements for access to remote mailboxes (termed maildrop in the POP RFC's). IMAP email servers The Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) provides features to manage a mailbox from multiple devices. Small portable devices like smartphones are increasingly used to check email while travelling, and to make brief replies, larger devices with better keyboard access being used to reply at greater length. IMAP shows the headers of messages, the sender and the subject and the device needs to request to download specific messages. Usually mail is left in folders in the mail server. MAPI email servers Messaging Application Programming Interface (MAPI) is a messaging architecture and an API based on the Component Object Model (COM) for Microsoft Windows. Do's and don'ts of Email writing 1. Don't put something in an email message that you would not want read by everybody. Email can be misdirected, even when you are careful. Always double-check your list of recipients. 2. Don't send attachments (e.g., Word, Excel files) unless the recipient wants it and expects it. It is much quicker to read text in an email than it is to open an attachment and read it there. Not all users 39

have the same types of computers or software. Using pure email makes it much more likely that the recipient will be able to read what you sent. 3. Don't type in all capitals. This is the electronic equivalent of SHOUTING! 4. Don't send an email without a meaningful subject. Where someone receives many messages, it can be very confusing and frustrating not to be able to judge the subject matter correctly from its subject field. When you use the "reply" option, ensure that the subject field still accurately reflects the content of your message. 5. Don't overuse carbon copies. Make sure if the recipients really need to see this information. 6. Don't immediately respond to messages that make you angry. Wait awhile, and determine if you might want to consider methods other than email for responding. 7. Don't give your user ID or password to another person. System administrators that need to access your account for maintenance or to correct problems can do so without your password. 8. Don't make changes to someone else's message and pass it on without making it clear where you have made the changes. 9. Don't pretend you are someone else when sending mail, e.g. by using someone else's account to send it. 10. Restrict yourself to one subject per message so recipients can use the "subject" field to manage the messages they have received. 11. Use discretion when printing email messages. Printing ALL of your messages defeats the purpose of email (paperless medium) and is a waste of paper. 12. Use the spell checker .Never send email with spelling errors . 13. Reply to original messages. This helps the recipient understand the context of the reply. 14. Use the auto-signature option in Exchange. This saves you from typing your name and other contact info (email, phone, and fax) for every message. 15. Encourage others to communicate with you by email. Electronic communication is cheaper and more timely than paper-based communication. The more we use it, the more money we save in an institution. 16. Realize that sending e-mail is not the same as talking to a person face to face. A sentence that might be clear to someone talking to you face to face might come across quite differently without the tone of your voice or the look on your face. When being humorous, use emoticons to express humor. The most common emoticons are: A smiling face seen side-on; An unhappy face seen side on; A winking smiley face; A mischievous smiley face;

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17. Never deliver a negative message by email 18. Be more polite than when you speak Because the tone and inflection are missing, it is more important to use friendly language, descriptive adjectives and carefully chosen words.. 19. You’re judged by your grammar and spelling—just as if you were writing a letter Be careful about your grammar and spelling in your email. EXAMPLE: Hi Chris, Hello, how are you? Meh, I would not like to go and see your friend, I don't like concerts, nor bands, obviously... I wouldn't even like to go to those boring activities you say, we'd rather go to a shop centre, and buy an ice cream I can help you with you lessons of italian, there is an App that you can download on you iPad called Duolingo, that would help you with that, ita has a lot lf languages for you to learn! And finally, I am not taking my new super skateboard, I know you would like to have one as mine, but my mother does not let me to let you use it, she says you will break it! Sincerely, your best friend Hugo! :). Dear Miss Black, EXAMPLE: I am writing to you because I need further information on studying English at your school. I am very interested to know that whether your school has a three-week English course or just organizes a twoweek course. 2. My second concern would be about the cost of the provided course. Would your management team provide a scholarship to eligible applicants? I wish I could grab the offer from you as my parents are worried that they cannot afford to pay for the registration fees. 3. I would be grateful if you could tell me more about the accommodation. Would I stay with the host family or with the other student? I am looking forward to your response. Yours sincerely, Hopie

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FORMAL EMAIL

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INFORMAL EMAIL

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REPORT WRITING

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REPORT WRITING Introduction Writing an essay or a report is amongst the most important tasks in science. Unfortunately, it is still badly neglected in many curricula. Consider that science is always about how you express yourself and how you contribute to an ongoing debate, very rarely insights or findings are completely "de novo" and "ex nihilo". So, whatever you do or want to report on, is a part of an ongoing discussion. Consequently, the presentation (and this does not primarily refer to the layout) is extremely important. This includes easy to understand figures, a clear and logical structure (which itself is sort of a language people have agreed upon) and a clear and precise language. In other words: be scholarly and remember you are always standing on the shoulders of giants! In the following we want to give you some guidelines which should help you write reports. However, writing reports and essays is much like learning a language: you can only learn it through practise. Theoretical knowledge is helpful to get started and to reflect on your own capabilities and skills, but it can only be a guideline - not more. And, at the end of the day, there is also no point in thinking too much about it: just do it, trial and error is often your best teacher.

2. Structure A report or essay is structured as follows: Title, Name and Affiliation, Abstract, Introduction, Methods (normally not present in an essay), Results, Discussion, Conclusions (optional) References, each headed by an appropriate subtitle.

2.1 ABSTRACT: should be a short statement summarising the most important facts and conclusions from the work. It should spare any details and be limited to typically 150-250 words (5-10 sentences). It is not a table of contents but should explain to a potential reader why s/he should read the full article. It should briefly summarise the background, the main contents and the main conclusions.

2.2 INTRODUCTION: should start with a few easy to understand statements explaining the general context of your piece of work. It should narrow down to the specific sub-area of your work, providing a motivation for this research area. It should then be followed by references to what other people have done in the field, what the advantages and shortcomings of their insights / methods etc. The reader should gain a fair overview of what is already there and why it is worthwhile to do more research and why s/he should read on. The Introduction should close with some few sentences providing a clear and concise statement about the outline, the aims and the objectives of this work. Ideally, you should present your working 45

hypothesis or model which you are going to verify experimentally / computationally (research report) or through a scholarly digest of the literature (essay, project module).

2.3 (MATERIALS AND) METHODS: should describe clearly which materials and methods (chemicals, kits, machinery, algorithms, web-sites, programming language, computers etc.) you have used, why you have used them, where they were taken from and what the main underlying rationale was. Lengthy lists, e.g. of web-sites, gene names etc. should go to the appendix. The description should enable anyone who is working in the field to easily reproduce this work. If you write an essay you should briefly describe literature resources and e.g. key-words you used in PubMed or SCOPUS / Web of Science for starting your investigations and how you proceed. Reproducibility is among the key criteria to ensure scientific credibility and to avoid scathing comments from colleagues. Some clear and well commented figures may help to illustrate the methods and thus increase comprehensibility of the paper.

2.4 RESULTS: must be clearly separated and distinguishable from hypothetical statements, speculations and generalisations. The latter should be put in the "Discussion" or, if "Results and Discussion" have been put in one section into the "Conclusions" section. Results should be described one after the other, with a clear separation between the experiments. You should unambiguously (use labels and cross-references within the text) refer to figures which illustrate the outcome. Figures and, where necessary, tables should be clearly labelled and commented with a figure/table caption explaining precisely what is displayed and what the symbols mean. Tables and Figures should be "self-explanatory", i.e. all labels and abbreviations used in the table itself or on the figure should be explained in the caption and an informative title should be provided for the Figure (e.g. "The frequency of missing domains across clusters classified by types of annotation artifacts and real evolutionary events"). Figures should not occur before they were mentioned in the text but ideally close to where they are referred to, i.e. shortly after. Do not report all the detailed information such as numbers in the text, try to summarise the information in a meaningful way, avoiding unnecessary details -- and put the detailed information in the tables and Figures (see Examples). Note: the Results section in an Essay is of course the part which describes and summarises knowledge and will fall together with the Discussion. This part will thus make up the major part of the whole essay. It can be followed then by a brief section "Conclusions and Outlook".

2.5 DISCUSSION: summarises what has been done. It emphasises the significance of the work and discusses the relationship to other works (e.g. the ones laid out in the introduction) in a fair and comprehensible manner. It may close with a short paragraph comprising speculations about the wider significance of the work and an outlook to the future. Anything that is not directly supported by your own data or that have been stated by other authors should go in here (with references!). 46

Furthermore, you need to address possible weak points of your approach or methodology. Conclusions and outlook is optional in a report on a project but highly recommended in an essay. Here you can, based on the discussion you have done before, express an expert's evaluation of the key points and your personal opinion about future developments.

2.6 REFERENCING:*EVERY* statement based on other's work, *EVERY* piece of text written by others must be quoted, *EVERY* method (this includes programs, databases, ...) devised by others (unless already in a text-book) *MUST* be referenced appropriately, *EVERY* piece of research you build on must be acknowledged. This means that throughout the text there appear marks such as "[14]" or "(Smith et al 1999)" when you refer to Smith's and colleagues' work. The corresponding references must be listed at the end of the article in numerical or alphabetical order respectively or in the order they have been introduced if name-tags have been used. Throughout the text you must stick to one system and the reference list must be coherent and complete. Follow either the Harvard or the Chicago system. The minimal information given in a reference is: The name of the author (if one), both authors (if not more than two), both initials of all authors, journal name (in an approved abbreviation), volume (bold or underlined):first page, year. Books must be listed by Author, title, "in:" Editor, book title, publisher, year and city. Web-links are acceptable only if certain resources have not been published or to indicate the source of a download in addition to a proper reference but they do not count as a proper scientific source (and neither does Wikipedia). It is recommended to use pybliographer under Linux (or whatever is available under windows if you happen to use MS products). There is no guideline about an appropriate number of references: for a short report on a novel result some 10 (but certainly not less) might do, for a review up to a few hundred may be appropriate. Generally, as a rule of thumb, there will be between 20 and 70 in an original paper, some 5 - 20 in a short report and around 15 to 40 in an essay or project module report. Naturally numbers for theses will be higher.

2.7 RESEARCH PLAN:(End of Project Module Report, MOGL Module for MSc and PhD 3 month literature- and 9 month transfer-report): should contain a tabulated description of planed further research, structured as aims, objectives, tabulated lists of pieces of planned research with time estimates and required materials. Tasks must be clearly linked to the literature and the discussions given before, i.e. it must be obvious and explicitly stated why steps are planned to be carried out, to which arguments given earlier on they are related to and why it is justified and necessary to perform each individual piece of work, why it is prioritised and which assumptions time estimates and required materials are based on.

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REPORT ON WORK DONE Submitted to John Smith 123 High Street Cambridge CB1 1AA 14 September 2015 Submitted by Peter Smith 123 The Way Cambridge CB1 1BX Re: 2011/55 Dear john Smith, I have discovered the following problem with the work you have done for me: The brick paving on the driveway has been installed badly. The cement between slabs has not set or is missing and it is dangerous to drive on. The Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 says that reasonable care and skill must be used while working. In my opinion, you did not use reasonable care and skill when you carried out this work and you have broken your contract with me. I ask that you: Reset the paving. As a good will gesture I also request a 5% discount on the price of the job for the inconvenience your poor quality of work has caused me as I haven’t been able to use my drive for a long time. Please contact me as soon as possible, and no later than 14 days from the date on this letter, to agree a date by which this work will be put right. If I do not hear back from you in the time suggested above, I will consider taking further action and seeking legal advice. I look forward to hearing from you. 48

Yours sincerely Peter Smith 123 The Way Cambridge CB1 1BX B556 7TT

REPORT - I Report on how scientific method works : The scientific method is fundamental to successful experimentation. It consists of four main stages: observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and analysis. A successful scientific endeavor covers each of these stages thoroughly. Observation consists of noticing a phenomenon, asking questions about it, and researching what is known about the phenomenon. For example, you might notice that two objects of the same dimensions fall at the same rate. A question this might raise is whether the mass of these objects affects how quickly they fall. You can then look for information from previous experiments or equations that seek to explain the phenomenon. After you’re done observing, you move on to hypothesizing. A hypothesis is an educated guess about the phenomenon. After doing research on falling objects and deriving equations about them, you might hypothesize that objects of the same dimensions will fall at the same rate regardless of mass because the same forces are acting on each object. Once the hypothesis has been formed, you can move onto experimentation. A good experiment will have a control, or a result against which other results can be gauged. For this experiment, it could be falling objects of the same dimensions and same mass. The variable group, which is compared to the control group, could include falling objects of the same dimensions and variable masses. The results of these experiments would then be recorded accurately in pen so they cannot be changed to better suit the hypothesis. When the experiment is over, the data is analyzed. If the data correlates to the hypothesis, the hypothesis is considered to be supported. If it doesn’t, the hypothesis can be considered disproved. Either way, the analysis is generally published as a scientific report, which is then subject to critique by the experimenter’s peers. Ideally, the experiment is then repeated to determine if the results are the same every time.

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To be successful in science, the scientific method should be used for all experiments. The experimenter should observe, hypothesize, experiment, and analyze to retain accuracy. When the scientific method is employed REPORT - II Report on the book “Proof of Heaven” by Dr. Eben Alexander: As a neurosurgeon, Dr. Eben Alexander believed that there was no tangible proof of heaven or a spiritual afterlife. Though many of his own patients claimed they had spiritual experiences, Dr. Eben listened to their stories but always had rational explanations for everything they had seen and felt. Near-death experiences were nothing more than the innermost parts of the brain working overtime in a traumatic event to help ease the pain and fear of a patient. The mind can conjure up all kinds of visual pictures and ideas while being unconscious. Not until he had his own near death experience did he understand what his patients were talking about. In his book, Proof of Heaven, Dr. Eben Alexander explains his spiritual journey

A healthy, vibrant family man, Dr. Alexander was always more concerned about others than he was about himself—which is why, the morning he woke up with an excruciating headache, he ignored it so as to not worry his family. When he tried to get in the shower, pain shot through his back and head, and he had no choice but to go back to bed. Still, he told his worried wife to go about her business. He would take a small nap and wake up feeling fine. After some time passed and he had not awakened, his wife went to check on him. What she found was a lifeless, unconscious shell of her husband.

In a panic, she called emergency services, and Dr. Alexander was rushed to the hospital. After several tests, medicines, and scans, he was still not doing well and was actually falling deeper and deeper into a coma. He had less than 10% of his brain function left, and everyone was finally addressing the fear that they were going to lose him. While lying there unresponsive and barely alive on that bed, Dr. Alexander was experiencing something completely different.

As he explains it, he found himself in a brown, scary place where he had no idea who he was or where he was. It was not a place anyone would like to stay very long. After some time there (he did not have a sense of time so could not say how long), he saw a light and travelled to it. He went through different layers of the spiritual world until finally coming to the most peaceful, loving place he had ever been. Colours were beautiful and vibrant, and he was greeted by a beautiful guardian who picked him up on a butterfly wing as she showed him where he was. Communicating only telepathically, he could not only hear, but he could also feel the warmth, love, and compassion that surrounded him. He had no idea who he was, and he did not care. He had no memories and no thoughts of anything but the encompassing love. He never wanted to leave. 50

But somehow, he was falling back through the layers—falling away from that glorious place, and he had no idea why. He suddenly saw people who looked familiar, and as he approached his body, he started to feel the familiar human feelings. He realized that this was his family and that he had to come back because they were not ready to lose him yet. He returned to his body and miraculously had a full recovery.

Dr. Alexander allowed this event to transform his entire life, his work, and his beliefs. He no longer excluded others near death experiences and instead compared them to his own. No longer a skeptic , he tried to convince his scientific colleagues of what he went though. They in turn, humoured him by listening but dismissed what he was saying. This has not deterred Dr, Alexander from trying to get his story out there, which is why he wrote Proof of Heaven. He is hoping that people will read, believe, and listen to what he went through, and he hopes that it causes his readers to make the same transformations in their own lives.

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INTERVEW

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INTERVIEW Definition: Interview is the widely used (election method. It is a face-to-face interaction between interviewee and interviewer. If handled carefully, it can be a powerful technique in having accurate information of the interviewee otherwise unavailable. At the same time, if the interview is not handled carefully, it can be a source of bias, restricting or distorting the flow of communication. Different scholars have defined ‘interview’ differently. According to Scott and others, “an interview is a purposeful exchange of ideas, the answering of questions and communication between two or more persons”. Bingham and others define an interview as a ‘conversation with a purpose”. Thus, interview can be defined as an attempt to secure maximum amount of information from the Candidate concerning his/her suitability for the job under consideration. It tries to achieve an accurate appraisal of the applicant in terms of his/her educational qualification, training, family background, previous work experience and judge the applicant’s certain qualities like manners, appearance, conversational ability, meet other people pleasantly, etc. Objectives of Interview: In the selection process, interview serves the following objectives: 1. Verifies the information obtained through application form and tests. 2. Helps obtain additional information from the applicant otherwise not available. 3. Gives the Candidate necessary facts and information about the job and the organisation. 4. Helps establish mutual understanding between the company and the Candidate and build the company’s image. According to Richard Calhoon, employment interview serves the following three objectives: First, it is the only way to see an applicant in action – how he looks, his manner, his bearing. Second, it is the only way to witness how he interacts and how he responds, his way of thinking, the effect of his personality on others. Third, it is perhaps the best way to get at the ‘will do’ features of a performance- motivation, initiative, stability, perseverance, work, habits and judgments. Types of Interviews: Four types of interviews for selection have been identified. These are: 1. Preliminary Interview: 53

The interviews conducted to screen the applicants to decide whether further detailed interview will be required are called preliminary interviews. The Candidate is given freedom by giving job details during the interview to decide whether the job will suit him. One of the drawback associated with the preliminary interview is that it might lead to the elimination of many desirable Candidates in case interviewers do not have much and proper experience in evaluating Candidates. The positive argument, if any, for this method is that it saves time and money for the company. 2. Patterned Interview: In this interview, the pattern of the interview is decided in advance. What kind of information is to be sought or given, how the interview is to be conducted, and how much time is to be allotted to it, all these are worked out in advance. In case interviewee drifts, he/she is swiftly guided back to the structured questions. Such interviews are also called standardised interviews. 3. Depth Interview: As the term itself implies, depth interview tries to portray the interviewee in depth and detail. It, accordingly, covers the life history of the applicant along with his/her work experience, academic qualifications, health, attitude, interest, and hobbies. This method is particularly suitable for executive selection. Expectedly, depth interview involves more time and money in conducting it. 4. Stress Interview: Such interviews are conducted for the jobs which are to be performed under stressful conditions. The objective of stress interview is to make deliberate attempts to create stressful or strained conditions for the interviewee to observe how the applicant behaves under stressful conditions. The common methods used to induce stress include frequent interruptions, keeping silent for an extended period of time, asking too many questions at a time, making derogatory remarks about the Candidate, accusing him that he is lying and so on. The purpose is to observe how the Candidate behaves under the stressful conditions – whether he looses his temper, gets confused or frightened. However, stress-inducing must be done very carefully by trained and skilled interviewer otherwise it may result in dangers. Emotionally charged Candidates must not be subjected to further stressful conditions. The Candidate should be given sufficient chance to cope with such induced stress before he leaves. Limitations of Interview: Research studies have firmly established that, among all selection methods, interview has been the most researched and carefully documented method. However, interview suffers from some limitations also. 1. Interviewers may not have a clearly defined technique developed. This results in lack of validity in evaluation of the Candidate.

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2. There is always variation in offering scoring points to the Candidate by the interviewers. 3. Interview can help judge the personality of the Candidate but not his ability for the job. 4. A single characteristic of the Candidate found out on the basis of interview, may affect the judgment of the interviewer on other qualities of the applicant. This is called ‘halo effect’. 5. The biases of interviewers may cloud the objectivity of interview. 6. Finally, interview is a time consuming and expensive device of selection. The above listed limitations or defects in interview underline the need for observing certain guidelines to make interviews more effective. Guidelines for Effective Interviewing: Below are given some guidelines, if observed, can make interview more effective: 1. The interview should have a definite time schedule known to both the interviewers and the interviewee. 2. Interview should be conducted by the competent, trained and experienced interviewers. 3. The interviewers should be supplied with specific set of guidelines for conducting interview. 4. The interviewers should ensure an element of privacy for the interviewee. 5. A resume for all the Candidates to be interviewed should be prepared and the same be made available to the interviewers before the interview starts. 6. The interview should not end abruptly but it should come to close tactfully providing satisfaction to the interviewee. 7. The interviewers should show their sensitivity to the interviewee s sentiments and also sympathetic attitude to him/her. 8. The interviewers should also evince emotional maturity and a stable personality during the interview session. Some major findings from research studies on the interview seem worth mentioning: 1. Structured interview are more reliable than unstructured interviews. 2. Interviewers are influenced more by unfavourable than by favourable information. 3. Inter-ratter reliability is increased when there is a greater amount of information about the job to be filled. 4. A bias IS established early in the interview, and this tends to be followed by either a favourable or an unfavourable decision. 55

5. Intelligence is the trait most validly estimated by an interview, but the interview information adds nothing to test data. 6. Interviewerscanexplamwhytheyfeelanapplicantislikelytobeanunsatisfactoryemployee but not why the applicant may be satisfactory. 7 Factual written data seem to be more important than physical appearance in determining judgments. This increases with interviewing experience. 8 An interviewee is given more extreme evaluation (positive/negative) when preceded by an interviewee of opposing value (positive/negative). 9 Interpersonal skills and motivation are probably best evaluated by the interview. 10. Allowing the applicant time to talk makes rapid first impressions less likely and provides a large behaviour sample. 11. Nonverbal as well as verbal interactions influence decisions. 12. Experienced interviewers rank applicants in the same order, although they differ in the proportion that will accept. There is a tendency for experienced interviewers to be more selective than less experienced ones. Interview DOs  Dress appropriately for the industry; err on the side of being conservative to show you take the interview seriously. Your personal grooming and cleanliness should be impeccable. 

Know the exact time and location of your interview; know how long it takes to get there, park, find a rest room to freshen up, etc.



Arrive early; 10 minutes prior to the interview start time [or earlier if the event or employer instructs you to do so.



Treat other people you encounter with courtesy and respect. Their opinions of you might be solicited during hiring decisions.



Offer a firm handshake, make eye contact, and have a friendly expression when you are greeted by your interviewer.



Listen to be sure you understand your interviewer's name and the correct pronunciation.



Even when your interviewer gives you a first and last name, address your interviewer by title (Ms., Mr., Dr.) and last name, until invited to do otherwise.



Maintain good eye contact during the interview.



Sit still in your seat; avoid fidgeting and slouching.

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

Respond to questions and back up your statements about yourself with specific examples whenever possible.



Ask for clarification if you don't understand a question.



Be thorough in your responses, while being concise in your wording.



Be honest and be yourself — your best professional self. Dishonesty gets discovered and is grounds for withdrawing job offers and for firing. You want a good match between yourself and your employer. If you get hired by acting like someone other than yourself, you and your employer will both be unhappy.



Treat the interview seriously and as though you are truly interested in the employer and the opportunity presented.



Exhibit a positive attitude. The interviewer is evaluating you as a potential co-worker. Behave like someone you would want to work with.



Have intelligent questions prepared to ask the interviewer. Having done your research about the employer in advance, ask questions which you did not find answered in your research.



Evaluate the interviewer and the organization s/he represents. An interview is a two-way street. Conduct yourself cordially and respectfully, while thinking critically about the way you are treated and the values and priorities of the organization.



Do expect to be treated appropriately. If you believe you were treated inappropriately or asked questions that were inappropriate or made you uncomfortable, discuss this with a Career Services advisor or the director.



Make sure you understand the employer's next step in the hiring process; know when and from whom you should expect to hear next. Know what action you are expected to take next, if any.



When the interviewer concludes the interview, offer a firm handshake and make eye contact. Depart gracefully.



After the interview, make notes right away so you don't forget critical details.



Write a thank-you letter to your interviewer promptly.

Interview DON'Ts  Don't make excuses. Take responsibility for your decisions and your actions. 

Don't make negative comments about previous employers or professors (or others).



Don't falsify application materials or answers to interview questions.

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

Don't treat the interview casually, as if you are just shopping around or doing the interview for practice. This is an insult to the interviewer and to the organization.



Don't give the impression that you are only interested in an organization because of its geographic location.



Don't give the impression you are only interested in salary; don't ask about salary and benefits issues until the subject is brought up by your interviewer.



Don't act as though you would take any job or are desperate for employment.



Don't make the interviewer guess what type of work you are interested in; it is not the interviewer's job to act as a career advisor to you.



Don't be unprepared for typical interview questions. You may not be asked all of them in every interview, but being unprepared will not help you.



A job search can be hard work and involve frustrations; don't exhibit frustrations or a negative attitude in an interview.



Don't go to extremes with your posture; don't slouch, and don't sit rigidly on the edge of your chair.



Don't assume that a female interviewer is "Mrs." or "Miss." Address her as "Ms." unless told otherwise. (If she has a Ph.D. or other doctoral degree or medical degree, use "Dr. [lastname]" just as you would with a male interviewer. Marital status of anyone, male or female, is irrelevant to the purpose of the interview.



Don't chew gum or smell like smoke.



Don't allow your cell phone to sound during the interview. (If it does, apologize quickly and ignore it.



Don't take a cell phone call.



Don't look at a text message.

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INTERVIEW 1.Why do you want to work here? How can you help our company? Why should we be interested in you? Answer is always based on information you’ve researched in advance about the company and their needs. 2. If you were choosing someone for this job, what kind of person would you select? Answer is to generally state your own general qualifications without being too “obvious.” Leave out the details. 3. If you could have any job, which one would you want at this company? Answer has to do with the most general description of the job—Not a specific title. 4. What weaknesses do you have for this job? Trap question. Never state anything negative! Answer is to ponder for a while and then state that you can’t think of any weaknesses that would compromise your performance at this job; or negatively impact your performance of the job’s responsibilities. 5. What do you expect to get in this job that you haven’t gotten in you current/previous job Trap question. Do not say anything negative. State that your current/previous jobs have met or exceeded your expectations. With the new position you would hope to have broader responsibilities and make greater contributions. 6. What do you see as your future here? I would expect to be contributing at higher levels and have increased responsibility over time. 7. Are you considering other positions at this time? Trap question. Simply say “yes.” 8. How does this opportunity compare? From what I’ve heard so far, very favourably...and I would like to learn more. 9. What other companies/opportunities are you looking at now? As I’m sure you can appreciate, I’m not at liberty to say as I am still in discussions with these companies. I need to protect their privacy, as I would for your company under similar circumstances. 10. What are your short and long term goals? Short range: To secure an appropriate new position where I can apply my skills and experience to increase the company’s productivity and profitability. Long range: Assume more responsibility and make greater contributions over time for my employer. 11. What motivates you? 59

Focus the answer on your core values and also on the values and priorities of the company you are interviewing with (which you should have identified through your preliminary research). 12. What have you done to improve yourself during the last year? Talk about professional development, training programs, educational curricula, study in your field, on-the-job training, skill-building, relevant books you’ve read, etc. 13. How do you spend your spare time? Say something inoffensive, apolitical, and innocuous. (reading, exercise, travel, home projects, gardening, family activities, home projects, etc.) 14. Tell me about your health. My health is excellent. 15. If you could relive your last 15 years, what changes would you make? Nothing is perfect, but overall I would say that I’m quite satisfied with the way my life and career have developed—so I wouldn’t make any significant changes. 16. Tell me about your greatest achievement/disappointment in your life. Give one personal example (like meeting your spouse and getting married; putting yourself through college and graduate school; or saving up to buy your first house, etc.). Then give your best professional accomplishment story. As for the disappointment, give an answer similar to the one above implying that “overall, I would say that I’m quite satisfied with the way my life and career have been developing, so I really can’t think of any major disappointments.” 17. What did you like best/least about your last job? Trap question. Never state anything negative! Explain what you liked best. Then say that while every job has its challenges, you have been fortunate enough to learn and grow professionally in each of the positions you have held. 18. In your last position, how much of the work did you do on your own, and how much as part of a team? Which did you enjoy more? Talk in terms of your flexibility and adaptability—your ability to work in whatever mode seems appropriate to the situation. Make it clear that you have been equally effective in teams or working independently as each case demanded. You enjoy both; it’s more about what will work best for the project and the company at that time. 19. What are some of the more difficult problems you have encountered in your past jobs? How did you solve them? Tell two or more pre-prepared accomplishment stories. Keep it positive! 20. Did you ever make suggestions to senior management? What happened? Say “yes.” Tell some accomplishment stories and results in which you positively influenced senior management. 21. At your previous job(s), what did you think management could have done to make you function more effectively as an employee? 60

Trap question. Never state anything negative! Say that the employer was very good in providing resources and support to your position and that you have no complaints about this. 22. What has kept you from progressing faster and farther in your career? Trap question. Never state anything negative! State: “I don’t know what could have given you the impression that I am dissatisfied with the progress and pace of my career. I am quite satisfied with where my career is at this point in my life. However, I am ready to take on greater challenges.” 23. What else should we know about you? Tell one or two more of your best accomplishment stories. You can also repeat how well-suited you think you are for the opportunity, and how interested you are in the job. 24. Tell me about the best/worst boss you’ve ever had. Trap question: Never state anything negative! Say that while every boss has been different, you have worked productively with, and learned something from each one. (Be prepared to give some examples of what you have learned.) 25. Everybody likes to criticize. What do people criticize about you? Trap question. Never state anything negative! Say that you can’t think of any criticisms you have received from colleagues on the job. Of course, there have been areas for development—such as when your supervisors would have given you your “employee review,” and they might have made a suggestion for improvement. State that you have always taken these kinds of suggestions seriously, and have taken steps to make the improvements that were requested, and that this has made you stronger as a professional. (State at least one example). 26. Everyone has pet peeves. What are yours? Trap question. Never state anything negative! Turn this question around by talking about your high professional standards. Your only “pet peeves” are with yourself—pushing yourself hard and not accepting mediocrity, for example—or how you are always striving to reach your full potential on the job, etc. 27. What is your leadership style? Talk in terms of your flexibility and adaptability—your ability to lead in whatever mode seems appropriate to the situation. Explain that it’s more about what approach will work best for the project and the company at that time. Give an example or two demonstrating different leadership styles using your accomplishment stories. 28. Are you geographically mobile? (or) Are you willing to put in a lot of extra time? Ask for clarification—what exactly does the interviewer mean? Then, according to their answer, either say, “that would be no problem at all,” or tell them “you’d like to give it some thought and get back to them within 24 hours.”

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SPOTTING THE ERRORS

62

SPOTTING THE ERRORS Rules and examples 1. Some nouns are singular in form, but they are used as plural nouns and always take a plural verb. (a) The cattle are grazing in the ground.(correct) (b) The clergy is in the church.(incorrect) 2. There are some nouns that indicate length, measure, money, weight or number. When they are preceded by a numeral, they remain unchanged in form. (a) It is a three-years degree course.(incorrect) (b) I have 10 dozen of shoes.(correct) 3. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person, number and gender. (a) Each student must bring their books.(incorrect) (b) Each student must bring his books.(correct) 4. While using ‘everybody’, ‘anyone’, ‘anybody’ and ‘each’ the pronoun of the masculine or the feminine gender is used according to the content. (a) Each of the 6 boys in the class has finished their task.(incorrect) (b) Each of the 6 boys in the class has finished his task.(correct) 5. The pronoun ‘one’ must be followed by ‘one’s’. (a) One must finish his task in time.(incorrect) (b) One must finish one’s task in time.(correct) 6. When 2 or more singular nouns are joined together by ‘either or’; ‘neither nor’; and ‘or’, the pronoun is singular. (a) Either Ram or Sham will give their book.(incorrect) (b) Either Ram or Sham will give his book.(correct) 7. When a singular and a plural noun are joined by ‘or’, ‘nor’, the pronoun must be plural. (a) Either the engineer or his mechanics failed in his duty.(incorrect) (b) Either the engineer or his mechanics failed in their duty.(correct) 8. The use of ‘few’, ‘a few’, and ‘the few’ should be used with care. They denote ‘number’. (a) A few men are free from fault.(incorrect) (b) Few men are free from fault.(correct) 9. Use of little, a little, the little. (a) There is a little hope of his recovery.(incorrect) (b) There is little hope of his recovery.(correct) 10. Use of elder, older. (a) Ram is elder than all other boys of this area.(incorrect) (b) Ram is older than all other boys of this area.(correct) 11. When a comparison is made by using a comparative followed by ‘than’, the word ‘other’ must be used to exclude the things with which it is compared. (a) He is stronger than any man.(incorrect) (b) He is stronger than any other man.(correct) 12. If the subject is ‘the number of’ the singular verb is used. (a) The number of students are very small.(incorrect) (b) The number of students is very small.(correct) 13. ‘Many a’ is always followed by the singular verb. (a) Many a man were drowned in the sea.(incorrect) 63

(b) Many a man was drowned in the sea.(correct) 14. When ‘as well as’, ‘along with’, ‘together with’, ‘no less than’, ‘in addition to’, and ‘not’ and ‘with’ join two subjects, the verb will be according to the first subject. (a) Ram, as well as his ten friends, are going.(incorrect) (b) Ram, as well as his ten friends, is going.(correct) 15. If two subjects are joined by ‘either or’, ‘neither nor’, the verb agrees with the subject that is near. (a) Either Ramesh or I are to do this work.(incorrect) (b) Either Ramesh or I am to do this work.(correct) 16. When two singular nouns joined by ‘and’ point out the same thing or person, the verb will be singular. (a) Bread and butter make a good breakfast.(incorrect) (b) Bread and butter makes a good breakfast.(correct) 17. If two actions in a sentence are shown happening in the past, one after the other; the tense of the action happening first should be past perfect and that of the second should be past indefinite. (a) The patient died before the doctor arrived.(incorrect) (b) The patient had died before the doctor arrived.(correct) 18. Two actions in the past, one depending on the other, should have the sequence as follows: Past perfect +future perfect Had + past participle + would + have + past participle (a) If you would have practiced regularly, you would win the match.(incorrect) (b) If you would had practiced regularly, you would have won the match.(correct) 19. ’Since’, ‘because’, ‘as’, and ‘for’, -all mean ‘because’, but there is a difference in their degree. ‘Since’ and ‘because’ are used for stronger cases and ‘as’ and ‘for’ for weak cases. (a) I respect him as he is my teacher.(incorrect) (b) I respect him because he is my teacher.(correct) 20. The plural ‘heaps’ and ‘lots’ used colloquially for a great amount take a singular verb unless a plural noun with ‘of’ is added. (a) There are lots of book.(incorrect) (b) There is lots of book.(correct) Find out error, if at all, in any part of the sentence. 1. Peoples above 75/ years of age/ are not allowed to travel/ by air/ No error (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 2.

She counted the books/ to make sure that/ none of them/ were missing/ No error (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

3. To make him succeed/ the correct thing to do/ is to punish him/ until he does not try/ No error (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 4. It being a holiday/ every student wanted/ to leave/ for their hometown/ No error (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 5. The invigilator asked him/ that why he had/ not brought/ his call letter/ No error

64

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

6. Now I understand / why Vishnu did not/ told me the reason/ why he was late/ No error (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 7. There is no doubt/ that the Pacific is/ the largest of all other oceans/ No error (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

8. Taking pity/ on the mouse/ the sage transformed it/ into a cat/ No error (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

9. With each academic year/ the number of applicants/ are increasing/ in all colleges/ No error (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

10. With a lot of persuasion/ the villagers agreed to/ participate in the/ family welfare programme/

No error

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Answers : 1. ( )

) 8. (

2. ( )

) 9. (

3. (

)

)

10. (

4. (

)

5. (

)

6. (

)

PSYCHOMETRIC TEST 1) Which group of shapes can be assembled to make the shape shown?

65

)

7. (

2) Which group of shapes can be assembled to make the shape shown?

3) Which group of shapes can be assembled to make the shape shown?

1

D

2

B

Verbal Ability Test

66

3

B

1

2 A

3 D

4 C

5 B

6 B

7 C

67

8 D

A

1

2 A

3 B

4 A

5 C

SIGNATURE: DATE:

68

A