English Aptis Grammar

ENGLISH APTIS GRAMMAR VERBS (present and past) 1. PRESENT SIMPLE a. USOS → i. HÁBITOS 1. Always → I always have... 2. Often → I often have... 3. Never → I never have... 4. Usually → I usually eat... 5. Normally → I normally go... 6. Van entre el sujeto y el verbo ii. HORARIOS → Tienen valor de futuro - The film starts at 5 o’clock 2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS: TO BE + ING a. USOS → i. ACCIONES EN PROGRESO → Forma verbal que usamos para describir fotos → He is reading a book ii. FUTURO PLANEADO → I am visiting my grandparents next Friday 3. PRESENT PERFECT - enlace entre pasado y presente → acciones que empezaron en el pasado y continúan en el presente a. USOS i. HABLAR HOY DE EXPERIENCIAS DEL PASADO → El cuando no es importante, sino el qué. → Ever, never → I have never been.../Have you ever…? ii. FOR AND SINCE 1. For (periodo) → Durante. Lo importante es el tiempo transcurrido, no el inicio de la acción. → I have lived in London for 4 years 2. Since (point) → Desde. El punto de inicio es lo más importante aquí, no la cantidad que pasa. → I have lived in London since 2003. 4. BE GOING TO a. USOS i. INTENCIONES Y PLANES - parecido al present continuous aunque no suele haber fecha, hora,,, ii. PREDICCIONES BASADAS EN LA EVIDENCIA - parecido a will pero en este caso hay una prueba visual que apoya mi predicción

5. PAST SIMPLE: -ed o segunda columna

a. USOS i. ACCIONES TERMINADAS en un punto concreto del pasado → Es importante el cuando terminó la acción (yesterday, last night…) ii. ACCIONES QUE INTERRUMPEN otras. Esa otra acción que se interrumpe suele estar en pasado continuo. EJ: While we were eating, the phone rang - We were eating when the phone rang iii. SUBJUNTIVO se usa en los condicionales. 6. PAST CONTINUOUS: was/were + ing a. USOS i. ACCIONES PASADAS EN PROGRESO. Con frecuencia son interrumpidas por otra acción concreta - I was walking on the street when I met Carlos ii. ACCIONES PARALELAS EN EL PASADO 1. Mientras algo estaba ocurriendo en algún lado, otra cosa estaba ocurriendo al mismo tiempo - I was working on my computer while my son was sleeping 2. El while puede ir al inicio o en mitad de la oración. 7. PAST PERFECT: had + participio a. USO PRINCIPAL → Acción en el pasado (de comer) que termina antes de otra acción (mis amigas llegaron) (también en el pasado). I have already eaten when my friends arrived 8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS a. USO PRINCIPAL → Acción que comenzó en el pasado y continuó hasta otro punto (también pasado). Usualmente es interrumpida por otra acción, también en el pasado. i. I had been waiting at the bus stop for 30 minutes ii. She had been working here for two weeks before she had the accident.

NOTES: FOR, SINCE, DURING, AGO, WHILE 1. DURING + NOUN → To state when something happens 2. FOR + LENGTH OF TIME → To state how long something happens 3. WHILE + SUBJECT + VERB → To talk about two things that are happening at the same time. 4. AGO → Normalmente junto con past simple. → She worked here two years ago.

VERBS (future) 1. FUTURE SIMPLE: will/won’t + verb

a. USOS i. PREDICCIONES basadas en hechos u opiniones → I think PP will win the next elections ii. ACCIONES ESPONTÁNEAS SOBRE peticiones (Will you give me your hand?), ofrecimientos (I’ll help you to do your homework) o rechazo (I won’t go!). b. SHALL → Siempre y exclusivamente en primera persona interrogativa. → sugerencias y ofrecimientos - Shall I open the window? 2. FUTURO PERFECTO SIMPLE: will have + participio a. USO PRINCIPAL→ Acciones que se habrá terminado antes de otra acción en el futuro → expresiones como by, by the time… → I will have finished my studies before I start my new job 3. FUTURE CONTINUOUS: will be + ing a. USO PRINCIPAL → Describir acciones en progreso en un punto del futuro i. También encontramos expresiones como by, by the time… 1. I will be teaching at 10 am tomorrow. 2. They will be cooking lunch by the time we arrive.

HABITS AND PAST HABITS 1. USUALLY → Se usa en presente y se coloca entre el sujeto y el verbo 2. USED TO + VERB → Puede ir con cualquier verbo y se traduce como SOLÍA. a. Acciones repetidas que ya no son ciertas; y se usa siempre en pasado (no tiene forma presente) → I used to go to the park every mondays. / I didn’t use to read everyday. 3. WOULD + VERB → No va con verbos de estado (think…) y también se traduce como solía. a. Acciones repetidas que ya no son ciertas (No se usa en negativa). i. When I was a child I would play with dolls b. WOULD PUEDE TENER VALOR O DE CONDICIONAL O DE PASADO 4. GET USED TO + something/someone / GET USED TO + ing → ACOSTUMBRARSE a. PAST → In the end, I got used to living on my town b. IN PROCESS → Dave is getting used to eating healthy food c. FUTURE → My daughter will never get used to eating vegetables

MODALS AND PAST MODALS

MODAL SIMPLES O SEMI

USES

EXAMPLE

Can

Habilidad Sugerencia Petición

I can find the street You can take a taxi Can you take me one?

BE ABLE TO

Habilidad

He is be able to find the street

CAN’T

Certeza de algo imposible (be/have) That story can’t be true

COULD

Habilidad en pasado Sugerencia formal Petición formal Posibilidad (be/have)

He could play tennis when You could take a taxi Could you take me to…? She could be her mother

HAVE TO

Obligación

You have to be back at...

DON’T HAVE TO

No obligación (no prohibición)

The concert is free, so you don’t have to pay the ticket

NEED TO

Necesidad

I need to go to the bathroom

NEEDN’T

No necesidad

You needn’t have a car

MUST

Obligación Certeza de algo cierto (b/h)

You must do your hw It must be cold outside

MAY

Posibilidad (b/h) Petición formal/permiso

It may be quicker to travel by train May I come in?

MIGHT

Posibilidad (b/h) → menos que may

It might be quicker to travel by train

WILL

Promesa Decisión espontánea Predicción

I’ll give you a call on … I’ll take these books with me We’ll see an increase in salaries...

SHALL

Preguntar a alguien qué hacer

Shall I get the phone? Or will you?

SHOULD

Opinión/consejo

You should drink plenty of water

OUGHT TO

Opinión consejo

You ought to drink plenty water

MODALES PERFECTOS → modal + have + participio

MODAL

USES

EXAMPLE

Would have

Acción pasada irreal (3rd conditional)

If I had guessed the future, I would have taken precautions

Should have

Arrepentimiento Debería haber hecho lo que tú me dijiste… Deseo de que hubiera sucedido de otra manera

I should have left my house earlier I shouldn’t have shouted at you yesterday I should have woken up earlier If I would knew it

Could have + participio

Es posible

I could have gone to Ox but I preferred Harvard

Might have + participio

Es posible

She might have gone to work, but I’m not sure

Must have + participio

Seguro

He must have been up all night

Can’t have + participio

Imposible

She can’t have left

PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS; SAXON GENITIVE DETERMINANTE PERSONAL

PRONOMBRE PERSONAL

I

ME

YOU

YOU

HE

HIM

SHE

HER

IT

IT

WE

US

YOU

YOU

THEY

THEM

PRONOMBRE SUJETO

ADJETIVO POSESIVO

PRONOMBRE POSESIVO

I

MY

MINE

YOU

YOUR

YOURS

HE

HIS

HIS

SHE

HER

HERS

IT

ITS

ITS

WE

OUR

OURS

YOU

YOUR

YOURS

THEY

THEIR

THEIRS

1.

LA POSESIÓN SE FORMA a. PREPOSICIÓN OF + POSEEDOR i. Se usa cuando el poseedor no es una persona (cosa o animal) → the pages of the book ii. Excepción → Las expresiones de tiempo si van con apóstrofe → Yesterday’s newspaper / Today’s lesson b. POSEEDOR + APÓSTROFE i. Quien tiene la posesión, tiene la coma → Susan’s story ii. Nombres propios → Cristina’s friend iii. Poseedor en plural → The boys’ ball iv. Poseedor en plural irregular → The children’s school

COMPARATIVE/SUPERLATIVE AND ADJECTIVES POSITIVO → Small COMPARATIVO → Comparamos DOS cosas, personas, lugares etc ● A dos niveles diferentes: SUPERIORIDAD o INFERIORIDAD ○ Smaller than/ more intelligent than ● Al mismo nivel. ○ As small as / as intelligent as SUPERLATIVO → Comparamos UNA cosa, persona, lugar etc. con respecto al resto. ● The smallest/ the most intelligent

FORMACIÓN COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS ●

1 sílaba (tall) ○ Comparación → -er / taller ○ Superlativo → -est /tallest

●

●

2 sílabas acabados en -y (happy) ○ Comparativo → happier ○ Superlativo → happiest 2 sílabas NO acabados en -y, 3 sílabas o más (stupid) ○ Comparativo → more … than ○ Superlativo → The most ○ EXCEPCIONES ■ NICE - nicer/nicest ■ RARE - rarer/rarest ■ BRAVE - braver/bravest

COMPARATIVO DE IGUALDAD ● Afirmativa - as … as ● Negativa - Not as/so … as ● OTROS ○ As much as ○ The same as ADJETIVOS IRREGULARES ● ● ●

GOOD - better - best BAD - worse - worst FAR - further/farther - furthest/farthest

¡Nota práctica para el examen! Podemos modificar un comparativo con un cuantificador (much, a lot, a little, slightly…). OTRA FORMA DE COMPARACIÓN The more you read, the smarter you get

ADJETIVO → INFORMACIÓN SOBRE NOMBRES ADVERBIOS → INFORMACIÓN SOBRE VERBOS, ADJETIVOS O ADVERBIOS.

ADVERBIO

COMPARATIVO

SUPERLATIVO

Well

better

the best

badly

worse

the worst

ill

worse

the worst

little

less

the least

much

more

the most

far

further

furthest

far

farther

farthest

GERUND VS INFINITIVE INFINITIVO → ● Para dar una respuesta a la pregunta → why did u stop working? to spend more time… ● Después de un adjetivo → the new computer is really easy to use GERUNDIO → ● Después de las preposiciones → she left without kissing me ● Como sujeto de una frase → smoking is bad 4 u ● Después de algunos verbos → i enjoy eating out (yo disfruto comiendo fuera) AMBOS

CONDICIONAL ZERO → IF + PRESENT SIMPLE + PRESENT SIMPLE ● If you swim in the sea + you get wet FIRST → IF + PRESENT SIMPLE + FUTURE SIMPLE ● If I study now, I will pass the exam tomorrow SECOND → IF + PAST SIMPLE + CONDITIONAL (would + verb) ● If I were you + I would go to Italy THIRD → IF + PAST PERFECT + CONDITIONAL PERFECT (would have + participle) ● If I had studied + I would have passed the exam

QUESTION TAGS Según el verbo, será de una manera u otra. ● HE IS A DOCTOR, ISN’T IT? ● YOU HAVEN’T MET HIM, HAVE YOU? ● I MET YOU YESTERDAY, DIDN’T I?

● ● ● ●

THEY COULDN’T HERE ME, COULD THEY? YOU WON’T TELL ANYONE, WILL YOU? I’M THE FASTEST ONE, AREN’T I? I’M NOT THE FASTEST, AM I?

TABLA

FRASE PRINCIPAL (+)

YO TAMBIÉN

A MI NO/ YO NO

ÉL NO / A ÉL NO

I like sushi

So do I

I don’t

He doesn’t

I am happy

So am I

I am not

He isn’t

I’d like to have a coffee

So would I

I wouldn’t

He wouldn’t

I’ve been to London

So have I

I haven’t

He hasn’t

I can swim very well

So can I

I can’t

He can’t

I should study more

So should I

I shouldn’t

He shouldn’t

FRASE PRINCIPAL (-)

YO TAMPOCO / A MI TAMPOCO

YO SÍ / A MÍ SÍ

ÉL SÍ / A ÉL SÍ

I don’t like sushi

Neither do I

I do

He does

I am not happy

Neither am I

I am

He is

I wouldn’t like to have a coffee

Neither would I

I would

He would

I haven’t been to London

Neither have I

I have

He has

I can’t swim very well

Neither can I

I can

He can

I shouldn’t study anymore

Neither should I

I should

He should

ADJETIVOS TERMINADOS EN -ED o -ING -ED → Cómo se siente una persona (de dentro a fuera) ● The dress was so expensive. I was shocked! -ING → Describen la situación, la cosa, el animal, la persona, etc… que causan esos sentimientos. (De fuera a dentro.)

LA VOZ PASIVA They bought this car in 2005 → This car was bought in 2005 by them

TENSE

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

Present simple

I make my bed everyday

My bed is made everyday by me

Present continuous

I am making my bed now

My bed is being made now by me

Past simple

I made my bed yesterday

My bed was made yesterday by me

Past continuous

I was making my bed at that moment

My bed was being made at that moment by me

Present perfect

I have made my bed today

My bed has been made today by me

Past perfect

I had made my bed before I cooked breakfast

My bed had been made by me before breakfast was cooked by me.

Future simple

I will make my bed next week

My bed will be made next Sunday by me

Be going to

I am going to make my bed right now

My bed is going to be made right now by me

Modal

I should make my bed

My bed should be made by me

Modal perfect

I could have made my bed

My bed could have been made by me

OTHER, ANOTHER, THE OTHER

SE USA CON

ANOTHER

OTHER

THE OTHER

Contables singular

contables plural

singular o plural

EJEMPLOS

indeterminados

indeterminado

determinado

i was in another club

sorry, but I have other plans (plural ind.)

Sally is starting to play with the other children (plural det.) The grass is greener in the other side (singular det.)

(plural ind.)

DEFINING AND NON DEFINING CLAUSES Defining → Dan información relevante (sin esa información, la frase no tendría sentido). No va entre comas. → ● WHO/ THAT ,WHICH / THAT WHERE, WHEN, WHOSE Non defining → Dan información extra (esa info se puede suprimir). Va entre comas ● WHO, WHICH, WHERE, WHEN, WHOSE (Aqui no esta THAT) NOTA → What no está en ninguna lista, y lo usamos para enlazar cuando las opciones son amplias. OMISIÓN DEL THAT 1.

ORACIONES RELATIVAS a. Cuándo THAT va seguido de un sujeto . i. The assistant (that) we met was really kind. ( we = sujeto, SÍ podemos omitir that) b. Cuando THAT va seguido de un verbo , no podemos omitirlo i. The assistant that helped us was really kind. ( helped = verbo, no podemos omitir that) 2. ESTILO INDIRECTO (REPORTED SPEECH) a. Detrás de “say, suggest, think..” i. Berto suggested (that) I should go to visit them more often. ii. Berto said (that) I should go to visit them more often.

REPORTED SPEECH / DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH ● SAID → No se menciona directamente a quién ○ She said (that) she had corrected the exams.

●

●

TOLD → Sí se menciona a quien se le dijo. *También se usa para introducir las órdenes ○ She told them (that) she had corrected the exams. ○ The mother told the child to tidy his bedroom ASKED / WANTED TO KNOW → Para las preguntas. Puede mencionarse a quien, o no ○ The students asked him if he had corrected their exams. ○ They wanted to know when the next meeting was

SAY / TELL ● ●

Say → something Tell → somebody

CAMBIO EN LOS VERBOS TIEMPO VERBAL Present simple

ESTILO DIRECTO I am exhausted

TIEMPO VERBAL

ESTILO INDIRECTO

Past simple

She said that she was exhausted

Present continuous I am studying

Past continuous

He said that he was studying

Past simple

We loved the concert

Past perfect

They told me that they had loved the concert

Past continuous

I was reading a book

Past perfect continuous

He said that he had been reading the book

Present perfect

I have never been to Rome

Past perfect

She told me that she had never been to rome

Past perfect

I had been to Chicago before the work

Past perfect

He said that he had been to Chicago before the work

Future simple

I will help you

Would + base

She told me that she would help me

Must

You must pay attention

Had to + base

She told me that I had to pay attention

Can

You can stay with me

Could + base

She told me that I could stay with her

May

I may arrive late

Might + base

He said that he might arrive late.

CAMBIO EN LOS ADVERBIOS

ESTILO DIRECTO

EXAMPLES

ESTILO INDIRECTO

EXAMPLES

Now

I will do it now

Then

He said that he would do it then

Today

I have to do it today

That day

He said that she had to do it that day

Tonight

You should call tonight

That night

He told me that I should call that night

Last night

I saw her last night

The previous night/ The night before

She said that she had seen her the night before

Yesterday

I arrived yesterday

The previous day / The day before

She told me that he had arrived the previous day

Tomorrow

Call me tomorrow

The next day/ the following day

She told me to call her the following day.

This week

We can do it this week

That week

She said (that) we could do it that week.

Next week

We can do it next week

The next week / The following week

She said that we could do it next week

CAMBIO SEGÚN EL TIPO DE ORACIÓN 1.

NARRATIVE

ESTILO DIRECTO

ESTILO INDIRECTO

I will do it now

He said that he would do it then

I have never been to Rome

She told me that she had never been to Rome

Call me tomorrow

She told me to call her the following day

2. QUESTIONS WH - QUESTIONS ESTILO DIRECTO

ESTILO INDIRECTO

Where is Oxford street?

She asked me where Oxford street was

What time does the supermarket open?

She asked me what time the supermarket opened.

How much do you earn?

She asked me how much I earned

What is he doing?

She asked me what he was doing

What is your last name?

She asked me what my last name was Yes / No - QUESTIONS

Are you living in London? He asked

He asked if I was living in London

Is he spanish? He asked

He wanted to know If he was spanish

Can you see him? She asked me

She asked me if i could see him

Do you live around here? They asked her

They asked her if she lived there

3. IMPERATIVE ESTILO DIRECTO

ESTILO INDIRECTO

‘ Stand up ’, the teacher said. ‘ Don’t leave your room’, my mother said

The teacher told us to stand up. My mother told me not to leave my room.

4. SUGGESTIONS ESTILO DIRECTO

ESTILO INDIRECTO

“Let’s give my sister a call”, he said.

He suggested that I/we should give his sister a call He suggested that I/we give his sister a call. He suggested giving his sister a call.

A TENER EN CUENTA → direct or indirect speech are not reported speech WH - QUESTIONS ESTILO DIRECTO

ESTILO INDIRECTO

Where is Oxford street?

Can you tell me where Oxford street is?

What time does the supermarket open?

Do you know what time the supermarket opens?

How much do you earn?

Could you tell me how much you earn?

What is he doing?

May I ask what he is doing?

What is your last name?

May I know what your last name is? YES / NO - QUESTIONS

ESTILO DIRECTO

ESTILO INDIRECTO

Are you living in London? He asked

I’d like to know if you are living in london

Is he spanish? He asked

He wanted to know whether he was spanish

Can you see him? She asked me

I would like to know if you see him

Do you live around here? They asked her

May I ask you whether you live there?