Engleza ID Anul I Sem I
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PRACTICA PRACTIC AL COURSE COURSE IN IN ENGLISH ENGLISH GRAMMAR GRAMMAR
FOR st
1 YEAR STUDENTS IN PSYCHOLOGY
AUTHOR: Maria-An Mari a-Anca ca MAIC MAICAN AN
Contents INTRODUCTION ................... INTRODUCTION ............................................ .................................................. .............................................. ..................................... ................ 4 QUESTIONNAIRE QUE STIONNAIRE FOR PREREQUISITES ............................... ........................................................ ................................. ........ 6 UNIT ONE.THE ON E.THE N NOUN OUN ..................... .............................................. ................................................. .............................................. .......................... .... 7 I.1. Introduction .................... ............................................. .................................................. .............................................. ............................. ........ 7 I.2. Com Comp p etences ...................... ............................................... ................................................. .............................................. .......................... .... 7 I.3. N ounber........................................ cclasses lasses ...................... ............................................... ................................................. .............................................. .......................... .... 87 I.4. Noun Num Numbe r.............................................................. ............................................... ............................................ ................... I.5. Gender Ge nder ................... ............................................ .................................................. .............................................. ................................... .............. 12 I.6. Case ................... ............................................ .................................................. .............................................. ....................................... .................. 12 I.7. Exerci Exerc ises ................... ............................................ .................................................. .............................................. ............................... .......... 13 I.8. End of unit test ...................... ............................................... ................................................. ............................................ .................... 15 UNIT TWO. THE ARTICLE .............. ....................................... ............................................... .............................................. .......................... .. 17 II.1. Introd Introduction..................................... uction.......................................................... .............................................. ...................................... ............. 17 II.2. Co Com mpetences ..................... .............................................. ................................................. .............................................. ........................ .. 17 II.3. The in inde defini finite te art artiicle .................... ............................................ ................................................. ..................................... ............ 17 II.4. The de defini finite te article ................ ......................................... ............................................... ............................................ ...................... 18 II.5. Exercises Exerc ises ...................... .............................................. ................................................. ............................................... ............................ ...... 20 II.6. End of unit test ..................... .............................................. ................................................. ............................................ .................... 22 UNIT THREE T HREE.. THE ADJEC ADJECTI TIVE....................................... VE............................................................ ........................................ ................... 24 III.1. I ntroduct ntroductiio n ..................... .............................................. ................................................. .............................................. ........................ .. 24 III.2. Co Com mpete nces ces.................... ............................................. ................................................. .............................................. ........................ .. 24 III.3. Definition, form and position positio n ..................... ............................................. ............................................. ..................... 24 III.4. Spe Spelli lling ng .................... ............................................. .................................................. .............................................. ............................... .......... 25 III.5. Degrees of co mpa parison rison ................... ............................................ .................................................. ................................ ....... 26 III.6. Exer Exercises cises ..................... .............................................. ................................................. .............................................. ............................ ...... 29 III.7. End E nd o off unit ttest............................... est........................................................ .................................................. .................................. ......... 30 UNIT FOUR.THE FOU R.THE VERB (1) ..................... .............................................. .................................................. .................................... ........... ….33 IV.1. Introd Introdu uc tion ............................... ........................................................ .................................................. ...................................... ............. 33 IV.2. Co C o mpe petences tences ................... ............................................ ................................................. .............................................. ........................ .. 33 IV.3. Prese Prese n ntt C S im imp p le .................... ............................................. ................................................. ............................................ .................... 34 33 IV.4. Co o ntinuous....................................... ntinuous............................................................. ............................................ ...................... IV.5. Prese Prese nt Perfect Simp Simple le ................... ............................................ .................................................. ................................ ....... 34 IV.6. Prese nt Perfect Continuo Continuous us .................... ............................................. ................................................. ........................ 35 IV.7. Exer Exercises cises ..................... .............................................. ................................................. .............................................. ............................ ...... 36 IV.8. End of o f unit test ................... ............................................ ................................................. ............................................ .................... 38 UNIT FIVE. FIV E. THE VERB (2) .... .......................... ............................................... ................................................. ..................................... ............. 39 V.1. Introd Introduc uctio tion n ........................................... .................................................................... .............................................. ........................... ...... 39 V.2. Co Com mpetences ..................... .............................................. ................................................. .............................................. ........................ .. 39 V.3. Past Simple S imple ...................... ............................................... ................................................. .............................................. ........................ .. 39 V.4. Past Co Continuous ntinuous ....................... ................................................ .................................................. ......................................... ................ 40 V.5. Past Pe Perfect rfect S im imp p le ..... .......................... .............................................. .................................................. ................................. ........ 40 V.6. Past Pe Perfect rfect Cont Continu inuo o us ............. ...................................... .............................................. ....................................... .................. 41 V.7. Exercises Exerc ises ...................... .............................................. ................................................. ............................................... ............................ ...... 42 V.8. End of o f unit test ..................... .............................................. ................................................. ............................................ .................... 44
UNIT SIX. THE VERB (3) .......................................... ................................................................... .............................................. ....................... .. 45 VI.1. Introd Introdu uc tion ............................... ........................................................ .................................................. ...................................... ............. 46 VI.2. Co C o mpe petences tences ................... ............................................ ................................................. .............................................. ........................ .. 46 VI.3. F uture S im imp p le ............................................................. ..................................................................................... .............................. ...... 46 VI.4. F uture Continuous .............................. ...................................................... ................................................. .............................. ..... 47 VI.5. Future Per fe ct S Sim imp p le ..................... .............................................. ................................................. ................................ ........ 47 VI.6. Future Per fe ct Co Continuous......................................... ntinuous.............................................................. ............................... .......... 48 VI.7. Exer Exercises cises ..................... .............................................. ................................................. .............................................. ............................ ...... 49 VI.8. End of o f unit test ................... ............................................ ................................................. ............................................ .................... 50 BIBLIOGRAP HY ................... BIBLIOGRAP ............................................ .................................................. .............................................. ................................... .............. 52 ANSWER KEY FOR FO R END OF UNIT TEST TESTS S ............. ..................................... .............................................. ........................ .. 53
Introduction The Practical Course in English Grammar attempts at revising and consolidating grammar points at intermediate level, also providing opportunities for students to practice grammar structures and assess themselves. To this end, each unit includes a theoretical part which synthesizes essential information from outstanding books in English morphol holo oto gy,befollowed b by y a wide ngeindividually o off e xe xercises. rcises.and The xercises cises a re designed so as formorp students able to solve them ra both in eexer pairs, during the tutorials. The course also comprises regular tests, placed at the end of each unit, which give students the possibility to check their knowledge. The grammatical information provided in the course can be used for reference when needed or worked through system syste mati at ically.
Course objectives
The aim of this course is to provide students with comprehensive grammar structures linked to the following parts of speech: the noun, the article, the adjective and the verb (the tenses of the indicative). At the end of this course, the distance-learning students will be able to: Operate with a wide range of new grammar structures; Use language accurately; Identify the appropriate form of the parts of speech required; Compare and contrast English and Romanian morphological systems.
Resources Apart from the printed material, the course also requires the use of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries. Areas from the course which might be found prob lematic can b bee furt furthe herr s tudied using the b ib liograp liography hy prov proviided by the tuto tuto r.
Course structure The course is structured in 6 units, each of them including objectives, a theoretical part with examples, followed by exercises and an end of unit test.
Prelimi nary req Preliminary requir uiree ments Being designed at intermediate level, the course requires students to have knowledge of English at pre-intermediate level. The aver ave rage time time for individual stu st udy Each unit of this course requires no more than 4-5 hours of individual study.
Assessment At the end of the semester, each student will receive a grade which will reflect the results of a written test meant to assess the students‟ acquired kn know owlledge (70% of the final grade) grade) a nd stu st udents‟ act activity ivity during tth he tutoria tutorialls (30% of the final grade).
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PREREQUISITES Choose the right answer. Only ONE answer is correct.
1. I own a lot of information. Where did you get…..? a. it; b. them; c. them both; d. them all. 2. When the team arrived, we were pleased to see … . a. him; b. him or her; c. it; d. them. 3. The … were spread all over the hillside. a. deer; b. deers; c. dear; d. dears. 4. Whenever you leave the country you have to go through the… . a. custo custom; m; b. custom‟ custom‟s; s; c. customs; custo ms; d. customs‟. 5. This teacher … in our school for one year. a. is; b. is being; c. has been; d. has been being. 6. When … school? a. did he start; b. he started; c. he did start; d. did he started. 7. I know noth nothing ing about abo ut … . a. tomorrow weather; b. tomorrow‟s weather; c. the tomorrow weather; d. the tomorrow‟s weather. 8. Stop making noise! My son … now. a. sleeps; b. has been sleeping; c. has slept; d. is sleeping. 9. He … to bed a few minutes ago. a. goed; b. went; c. gone; d. has gone. 10. They d id not know if they the y … in time or not. not. a. will arrive; b. would arrive; c. arrive; d. have arrived. 11. The latest two … in the Middle East haven‟t been dealt with properly by the heads of the states concer ned. a. crisis; b. crises; c. crisae; d. crisises. 12. What time … back home? a. comes your brother; b. your brother is coming; c. your brother does come; d. does your brother come. 13. She will be cooking while the baby … . a. sleeps; b. is sleeping; c. will sleep; d. will be sleeping. 14. My favourite football team … the cup. a. is just wining; b. has ju j ust won; c. just wins; d. jus j ustt has won. 15. Fire was one of … fi rst important discoveries. a. man‟s; b. the man‟s; c. men‟s; d. mens‟. 16. Although it was was Sunday, there t here were a lot lot of … in the street. stree t. a. passer-bys; b. passers-b y; c. passers-b ys; ys; d. passer-b y. 17. If she … , she wouldn‟t be lying in bed now. a. would have listened; b. listened; c. listens; d. had listened. 18. Jimmy will be very surprised when he … you here. a. will see; b. sees; c. see; d. shall see. 19. I will not accept any advice from you; somebody else is going to give … to me. a. it; b. them; c. they; d. its. 20. Tom would have pla yed with us if he … free. a. had been; b. will be; c. is being; d. were.
UNIT ONE. THE NOUN Content I.1. Introduction .................... ............................................. .................................................. .............................................. ............................... .......... 7 I.2. Com Comp p etences ...................... ............................................... ................................................. .............................................. ............................ ...... 7 I.3. Noun c lasses ...................... ............................................... ................................................. .............................................. ............................ ...... 7 I.4. Num Numbe ber........................................ r.............................................................. ............................................... .............................................. .....................8 I.5. Gender ................... ............................................ .................................................. .............................................. ..................................... ................ 12 I.6. Case ................... ............................................ .................................................. .............................................. ......................................... ....................12 I.7. Ex E xe rcises ................... ............................................ .................................................. .............................................. ................................. ............ 13 I.8. End of o f unit test ...................... ............................................... ................................................. ............................................. ....................... 15
I.1. Introduction This unit introduces essential elements regarding the category of noun in English. I.2. Competences On completion of UNIT ONE, students will be able to specify the
noun classes in English and form the plural and possessive case of English nouns correctly.
Study time for UNIT ONE: 4-5 hours.
I.3. Noun classes
English nouns are divided into two classes: A. countable nouns : de denot notee in ind d ividual countab countablle eentiti ntitiee s ((bo bottle, ttle, chair, forest, idea) B. uncountable nouns: denote undifferentiated mass or continuum (bread, grass, music, furniture, gold, money). There are cases when uncountable nouns can also be used as countable, but this involves a change in meaning:
EXAMPLE
I admired her her beauty. vs. She was a real beauty. beauty. He likes wine. The wines he he produces are well appreciated appreciated by ev everyone. eryone.
In the case of uncountable nouns, we use partitives in order to denote a part of the whole. The most frequently used partitive expression is a piece of (advice/ news/ information etc.). Other general partitives are: a bit of and an item of. There are also typical partitives, such as:
EXAMPLE
a grain of truth truth a bar of chocolate/soap/gold chocolate/soap/gold a loaf of bread bread flowers/keys a bunch of flowers/keys a speck of dust/dirt dust/dirt a herd of cattle cattle a sheet of paper/ice paper/ice
I.4. Number
As regards number, nouns are divided into three classes: 1. singular invariable nouns : nouns used only in the singular joy, gold, the imaginary, Henry Henry 2. plural invariable nouns : nouns used only in the plural trousers, scissors 3. nouns used with wit h either singular or plural number dog, dogs Two subclasses can be distinguished: 1. regular: nouns with plural predictable from the singular dog, dogs 2. irregular: the plural form of the noun is not predictable man-men; mouse-mice I.4.1.Variable Nouns A. Regular plurals - the plural suffix is written “- s” after nouns boy – boy – boys boys Exceptions : no uns end ending ing in – s, 1. after no s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh, the plural ending is -es:
EXAMPLE
box - boxes, bush – bush – bushes, bushes, watch - wa w atches 2. nouns ending in “ -o” have plurals in “-os ” or “-oes ”:
EXAMPLE
only - s after a vowel, in the case of proper nouns, abbreviations
radios, pianos, Eskimos only – es es heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, echoes either - s or – es es volcanos/oes, tornados/oes, tornados/oes, cargos/oes
3. nouns ending in -y preceded by a co ns nso o nant change the y into i and adds - es :
EXAMPLE
sky-skies, sky-sk ies, cry – cry – cries, cries, bunny - bunnies BUT y is kept after afte r a vowel: day-days, ray-rays 4. the final consonant is doubled in a few nouns:
EXAMPLE fez-fezzes, quiz-quizzes 5. the apostrophe s („s) is used in:
EXAMPLE in the 1980‟s, write two b‟s b‟s 6. nouns ending in – in – f can make the plural in – in – fs fs or – or – ves, ves , or, som sometimes, etimes, both:
EXAMPLE beliefs, cliffs, proofs, roofs / knives, leaves, halves, calves, shelves, thieves/ handkerchieves/fs, scarves/fs B. Irregular plurals a. a group of seven nouns:
EXAMPLE
man-men foot-feet foot -feet goose-geesee goose-gees
woman-women tooth-teeth louse-lice
mouse-mice b. the -en plural p lural in a group of three nouns :
EXAMPLE
brother-brethren child-children ox-oxen (in Am E also oxes) c. zero plural (nouns which have the same form in the singular and in the plural):
EXAMPLE
sheep, deer nationality names, nouns ending in “-ese ”: one/five Chinese dozen, hundred, thousand, million, billion whe n pr preceded eceded b y an anot oth her quantitative
word two hundred people, people, many thousand t housand times, several million inhabitant inhabitantss
but the p plural lural form is is used when th t he y are fo follo llowed wed by “of” “of” hundreds of people, thousands of spectators
nouns with equivocal number, which can be treated both as singular and plural:
means, series, species
d. foreign plurals
EXAMPLE
nouns from Latin:
stimulus-stimuli, nucleus-nuclei (but also nucleuses), antenna-antennae, alga stimulus-stimuli, algae nouns from Greek: analysis-analyses, crisis-crises, basis-bases, criterion-criteria, phenomenon phenomena
e. compound nouns which consist of more than one word:
EXAMPLE
with plural in the last element : nouns assistant-directors, grown-ups, attorney/generals, forget me nots nouns with plural in the first element :
passers-by, mothers-in-law passers-by, mothers-in- law nouns with plural in both both fi firrst and last last element: women doctors, gentlemen farmers
Note the specia speciall ca case se o f the collective nouns : committee, family, team, army. army. When used in the singular, the nonpersona onpersonall collectivity collectivity of the group is stressed, when us used ed in the plura plural, l, the personal individuality within the group is stressed.
I.4.2. SINGULAR SINGULAR INVARIABLE NOUNS
1. concrete mass nouns: silver, sugar, tobacco, furniture, milk 2. abstract mass nouns: music, truth, knowledge, kindness 3. proper names: John, the USA, Naples 4. invariab invariab le nouns ending in – ss:: o The noun news o Nam Names es of d iseases seases:: rickets, measles, mumps, tantrums ies: mathematics, linguistics, physics, politics o Subject names in – ies: o Games: dominoes, billiards, draughts heads : the beautiful, the absolute, the good, the evil o Abstract adjectival heads:
I.4.3. PLURAL PLURAL INVARIA INV ARIAB B LE NOUNS :
1. tools, instruments and clothes made of two equal parts joined together: scissors, scisso rs, jeans, j eans, pants, pyjamas, shorts, braces, trousers 2. nouns nouns tha thatt een nd in -s and in a given ssense ense only o nly occur in the plural and take a p lural lural verb damages, contents, customs, minutes, wages, spirits, compasses, premises 3. nouns that have no plural marking but are used as plurals: people , police, police, cattle, catt le, clergy, clergy, youth 4. personal adjectival heads: the rich, the poor, the wounded, w ounded, the unemployed, the needy
I.5. The Gender In point of gender, the following categories can be distinguished: personal nal male/female nouns: 1. perso bachelor-spinster, father-mother, monk-nun, widower-widow, bridegroom-bride 2. perso personal nal dual ge gend ndee r: friend, doctor, teacher, student, speaker
Note:: male student/female student, Tom cat, Pussy/ Cathy cat, he/she lion, boy/girlfriend Note 3. s uffixes ffixes:: actor-actress, waiter-waitress, prince-princess
I.6. The Case. Case . The The form of t he possessive/genitive possessive/genitive case 1. apostrophe s ('s)
singular nouns and plural nouns not ending in -s
a man's job the people's people's choice men's work the crew's quarters the children's children's room Russia's Russia's exports export s compound nouns my sister-in-law's car names consisting of several words Henry the Eighth's wives the President of Romania's Romania's helicopter initials the PM's secretary the MP's briefcase collective nouns the gov ernment‟s ernment‟s position, the company‟s capital higherr a nim highe nimals als the horse‟s neck, the lion‟s tail
continents, countries Europe‟s future, England‟s England‟s history shi ships ps and boa boats ts the ship's captain, the yacht's name time expressions today's paper, tomorrow's weather, in two tw o years' time
2. simp s imple le apostrophe (')
plural no no uns end ending ing in -s
a girls' girls' school the students' hostel the eagles' nest the Smiths' car classical names ending in -s Pythagoras' Theorem Theorem Archimedes' Law Law
3. of+noun 1. lower animals The name of the cat 2. inanimate possessors 3. when the noun is followed by a phrase or a sentence: I took the advice adv ice of the man m an I met met on the train.
EXERCISES
I.7.1. Underline the noun in each sentence and write “C” or “U” to show whether the noun is being used as a countable or as an uncountable: 1. This is an excellent painting. 2. I don‟t like milk. 3. How many photos did he take? 4. Add a little more oil. 5. His drawings really interest me.
6. Hope keeps me going. 7. He hasn‟t a hope. 8. How much flo flo ur did you buy? 9. Where are my two new shirts? 10. We‟ve got plenty of coal. 11. Add more onion. 12. Would you like some fish? 13. I eat two eggs every day. 14. Too much cake isn‟t good for you. 15. They‟ve built a new motorway. 16. Would you like an ice-cream? 17. I need two clean glasses. 18. Don‟t throw stones. 19. A lot of paper is wasted. 20. We bought a new iron yesterday. I.7.2. Match A and B: A. 1. I‟d like some ice. 2. Have yo u got any an y c ho col co la te? 3. Can I have some bread, p lease? 4. We ne need ed some pape paper. r. 5. Buy me some soap, p lease. 6. Buy me some mil milk, k, p lease. 7. We ne need ed some jam jam.. 8. Have yo u got any an y mat matcc hes?
9. I‟ve made some tea. 10. Buy some toothpaste.
B. a. a wis wisp p of b. a cube cube o f c. a splash o f d. a box o f e. a sip o f f. a tube o f g. a drop o f h. a ba barr o f i. a slice o f j. a p in inch ch o f
11. Add a little little wat water. er. 12. Add a little little salt. 13. I‟ve drunk a little tea. 14. Add a little little soda. 15. I can see a little smoke.
k. a sheet sheet o f l. a jar o f m. a bar o f n. a bo bottle ttle o f o. a pot o f
I.7.3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate partitive ( a piece of, a pair of, a bar of, a lo a f o f, a game o off, a bott bottle le of, a cup of, a packet o off, a box of, a b it of) : 1. ……football 6. ……news 2. ….biscuits 7. …..bread 3. ….milk 8. ……plastic 4. …..chalk 9. ……chocolate 5. ….coffee 10. ……jean ……jea ns
I.7.4. Give the nouns which describe people who do things or who come from places places.. Use the the e ndin dings: gs: -an, -ant, -ar, -er, -ian, -ist, -or. 1. He acts ver y well. He‟s a fine …. 2. Don‟t beg. You‟re a ….. 3. I can‟t play pla y the the pia no. I‟m I‟ m not not a ….
4. She drives very well. She‟s a good ….. 5. I‟m from Berlin. I‟m a …… 6. Sh She‟s e‟s from Ath At hens. She‟s a n …. 7. Manuel assists me. He‟s my ….. 8. She always tells lies. She‟s a …. 9. He‟s from Texas. He‟s a …. 10. Anna is studying history. She‟s a fine …..
I.7.5. Give the nouns derived from verbs, adjectives or other nouns. Use the -age, -hood, -ation, -ion, -ful, -ence, -ency, -ness, -al, -(er)y, -ment, -aty, endings: ism, -ity, -ing. 1. I decided this. It was my …. 2. Don‟t be so anxious. Control your …… Anna‟ss a socialist. She believes in …. 3. Anna‟ 4. We all want to be happy. We all seek …. 5. We all a ll a gree. We‟re all a ll in ….. 6. Who discovered this? Who made this …. 7. We‟ll all arrive in time. We‟ll be met on …. 8. I was a child then. That was in my …. 9. She is absent. Can you explain her …. 10. I‟ll post thi t his. s. What‟s W hat‟s the … 11. Try aga aga in. Have an a nother…. 12. Be more efficient. Improve your …. 13. Don‟t be so curious. Control your …. 14. Address this envelope. I‟ll give you the ….. 15. I refused the ir offer. My ….is final.
16. I warned you. I gave you enough….. 17. Put the food in your mouth. Take one ….
18. Can you explain it? Is there an … 19. They tried him. I was at the … 20. Don‟t argue. I don‟t want an …. I.7.6. Choose the correct answer:
1. In some countries you can have more ……………….. a. wives; b. wiffes; c. wifes; d. wife; e. wieves; 2. Mrs Brown is speaking speak ing to tth hree or fo ur …………….. a. woman; b. waman; c. wamen; d. wimin; e. 3. One fish - two …………………. a. fisch; b. fisches; c. fish; e. fishes; 4. The Evans have four ……………….., two boys and two girls. a. childs; b. childrens; c. children; e. child; 5. His new …………………..too long. a. trousers is; b. trousers are; c. trousers are; d. trouser is; 6. My ………………….. the largest in the neighbourhood. a. family is; b. family are; c. familys are; d. families is; 7. The …………….that we must stay here because they are coming. a. newes newes is; b. ne w ar are; e; c. ne ws is; d. news ar are; e; 8. Your …………….. blunt. b lunt.
women;
a. scissor are; b. scissor is; c. scissors are; d. scissors are. End of UNIT TEST
I.8.1. Underli Underlin ne th thee corr correct ect item i tem:
1. 2. 3. 4.
He has a lot of works/work to to complete before leaving. The stylist was trimming her customer‟s hairs/hair. We were all impressed with the content/contents of his speech. The magazine lost the court case and was ordered to pay damage/damages
to the television celebrity. 5. The group doesn‟t have sufficient funds/fund to finance the expedition. 6. The custom/customs officer stopped us and asked if he could inspect our luggage. 7. The cook cook weighe weighed do out ut the necessary ingredie ingredients nts on the scale/scales. 8. They follow the custom/customs of exchanging chocolate eggs at Easter. 9. Hopkins p roved pop popul ular ar b ut the man of the minute/minutes was De Niro. 10. She admired the colour/colours of her country during the military ceremony.
I.8.2. Underline the correct form of the verb. Sometimes both forms are possible :
0. The landscape is/are spectacular here. 1. Inaccurate weights occurred because the scales was/ as/w we re unbalanced. 2. Detectives agree that the evidence is/are overwhelming.
3. The hostilities in the province was/were worrying. 4. Rubbish is/are accumulating outside the entrance to the stop. 5. The management was as/we /werre considering implementing the new strategy. 6. Athletics was/ we re well represented in the magazine‟s sports section. 7. The audien audie nce was/ we re applauding loudly. 8. Good advi ad vice ce was/were hard to give in such a situation. 9. Work is/are underway to complete the new motorway. 10. The articles articles o off furniture he bo bought ught we re /was very expensive. 11. The government was/were debating the new bill for three days 12. A meeting is a waste of time if the minutes is/are lost. 13. The wood woodss is/are home to hundreds of plant species. 14. Is/Are the designer spectacles really worth getting? I could just buy these, instead. 15. A cro cro wd of hangers-on was/were pursuing the Princess. 16. The stairs is/are due to be replaced by a lift. 17. The premises was/ we re declared unsafe after the earthquake. 18. Argument is/are widespread on the global warming issue. 19. Your theo theory ry is so sound und but y yo o ur calculatio calculation ns is/are wrong. 20. The information we re/ e/w was passed on to another department. I.8.3. Join the following nouns using („), („s) or (…of…):
1. 2. the the coat/Jimmy; newspaper/yesterda newspaper/ yesterday; y; 3. the wife/the man crossing the street; st reet; 4. the neighbours/my parents; 5. the roof/house; roo f/house; 6. the name/your friend; 7. the name/that river; r iver; 8. the dress/the girl we met yesterday; yesterda y; 9. the policy/government; 10. the marks/the boy and girl. I.8.4. Fill in the following words so as to form meaningful phrases: advice, chocolate, ja ja m, le le monade, meat, milk, coffee coffee,, oil, rice, tennis:
1. a piece of ……………. 2. a packet of…………… 3. a bar of ………………. 4. a glass of …………….. 5. a cup of ……………… 6. a bottle of …………… 7. a sli s lice ce o off …………….. 8. a barrel o f …………… 9. a game of …………… 10. a jar of ……………….
UNIT TWO. THE ARTICLE Content II.1. Introd Introduction..................................... uction.......................................................... .............................................. .................................................. ........................... .. 17 II.2. Co Com mpetences ..................... .............................................. ................................................. .............................................. ...................................... ................ 17 II.3. The in inde defini finite te art artiic le .................... ............................................ ................................................. ............................................... .......................... .... 17 II.4. The de defini finite te article ........................... .................................................... ................................................. ............................................... .......................18 II.5. Exercises ...................... .............................................. ................................................. ............................................... .......................................... ....................20 II.6. End o f unit test ..................... .............................................. ................................................. .............................................. .................................. ............ 22
II.1. Introduction Introduction This unit introduces essential elements regarding the definite and indefinite article in English.
II.2. Competences On completion of UNIT TWO, students will be able to differentiate
between the definite and in between ind d efinite article and use use them approp appropriately riately in giv givee n contexts.
Study time for UNIT TWO: 4-5 hours.
II.3. THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE
The indefinite article has the form A or AN, AN, irrespective of genders:
EXAMPLE
a boy a girl
a waiter
an engineer
a queen
a is used before a word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel with a consonant
sound: a man
a hat
a university
a year
a European
an is used : befo o re words be ginning wit with h a vowe owell (a, e, i, o, u): an apple, an engineer, engineer, an o bef
island
words beginning with a mute h: an hour o individual letters spoken with a vowel sound:
an MBA
The indefinite article is used in the following situations: 1. before a singular noun which is countable, when it is mentioned for the first time and represents no particular person or thing: She needs a baby sitter. He has a beautiful house. 2. before a singular countable noun which is used as an example of a class of things: A dog might be dangerous ( All dogs might bite.) 3. with names of professions: She is a teacher. 4. in expressions of quantity: a lot of a couple a great many m any 5. with certain numbers: a hundred a thousand 6. in expressions of price and speed 5p a kilo sixty kilometres an hour 7. in exclamations before singular, countable nouns: What a pretty girl! 8. bef befo o re proper names, in isolated sit situations uations I met a different diff erent John yesterday.
There are cases in which the indefinite article is omitted: 1. after the verb turn: to turn coward 2. in reversed word-order: word- order: intelligent as he was… was… 3. before names of meals, except when these are preceded by an adjective: We have breakfast at eight. He gave us a good breakf breakfast. ast. 4. with nouns denoting unique positions: President, Rector
II.4. THE D EFI EFINITE NITE ARTICLE
The definite article has th t he form THE irrespective of genders: the boy
the girl
the waiter
the engineer
the queen
The definite article is used in the following situations:
EXAMPLE 1. when the object or group of objects is unique or considered to be unique
the earth the sun 2. be beffore a no un which has beco become me de defini finite te,, when mentioned a seco nd time in the
context I‟ve bought an interesting book. The boo bookk is written by T.S. Eliot. 3. befo befo re a noun made de defini finite te b y the additio n o f a phrase or cclause lause the girl standing in front of me the bread I bought yesterday 4. befo superlla tives and o ordinal rdinal n num umera era ls befo re super the first the best the most interesting 5. before a singular noun denominating an animal/ thing to refer to the whole class The tiger is endangered endangered in this t his region. However, man, used to represent the human race, has no article Man has to take t ake care of nature. 6. before adjectives to refer to an entire class the rich the needy 7. before names of seas, rivers, chains of mountains, plural names of countries, deserts, regions: the Atlantic the United States the Thames the Sahara the Carpathians the Black Black Sea - also before certain names of towns and countries in the singular: (the) Sudan the Hague Hague (the) Yemen 8. before other proper names consisting the National Gallery the Towerof ofadjective London + noun, or noun + of + noun: 9. befo befo re names of people to mean 'the. . . fa mil mily' y':: the Smiths (th (thee eentire ntire S Smith mith ffami amily) ly)
There are cases in which the definite article is omitted: 1. before abstract nouns except when they are used in a particular sense: Children love innocence. innocence. 2. after a noun in the possessive case, or a possessive adjective: the boy's uncle( = the uncle of the boy) 3. before names of games: He likes football. foot ball. 4. before thehand. body He andtook articles of clothing Raise Ra ise parts your of right off his coat. 5. before plural nouns to refer to the entire category Lions are are dangerous animals 6. before church, hospital , prison, school when when these places are visited for their primary purpo pur pose. se. We go: to bed to sleep to hospital as patients to church to pray to prison prison as prisoners When these places are visited or used for other reasons the is necessary: I went to the church to see the stained glass. glass. He goes to the t he prison prison sometimes to give giv e lectures.
EXERCISES II.5.1. Put a, Put a, an and and the the where necessary:
EXAMPLE 0. The window alcove me measures asures exact exactly ly a meter across.
1. When you go to ………. Athens, don‟t forget to visit ………. Acropolis and ………. Ancient Agora. 2. ………. famo famo us actress actres s wanted to be marri arr ied in ………. British castle. 3. My new BMW motor cycle can reach speeds o f over 30 300 0 kilom kilometres etres ………. hour. 4. The community managed to raise quite ………. large sum of money for the building of the new school. 5. Many people are attracted by ………. unknown and ………. unexplained in ………. nature. 6. During ………. Napoleoni Napo leonicc Wars, the t he army tried to defeat ………. Russia. Russia. 7. Thi Thiss governm over nmee nt doesn‟t care abo ut ………. jobless. 8. ………. Indian Ocean lies between ………. West coast of Australia and ………. country from which it was named: ………. India. 9. Did you know that ………. gold was discovered in ………. Australia in ………. 1850s? 10. Nick Nick always wanted to have ………. pony as ………. child. 11. Hikers in ………. Loch Ness reported seeing ………. large moving mass at ………. dawn. 12. I‟ve got two tickets at ………. dawn. 13. Timothy had to go to ………. hospital to have ………. x-ray. 14. Nancy‟s Nancy‟s got ………. migraine; she really should go ………. hom home. e. 15. ………. reigning monarch stayed at ………. plush five - star hotel in ………. city centre. Let‟s t‟s meet o uts ide ………. Palace Pa lace of Congresses. 16. Le 17. ………. director will chair ………. meeting tomorrow so everybody should come prepared. 18. Patrick is in ………. hardware shop buying ………. paint. 19. My mother cleaned the house from ………. top to ………. bottom. 20. They are ………. husband and ………. wife. 21. This is one of … five Great Lakes in … Nor th th America. 22. Andrew and Alice went to … school yesterday; after the classes, they studied in … library before returning home. 23. … Queen Elisabeth II is the monarch of … Great Britain. 24. This was a gift of … friendship from France to … United Kingdom. 25. David lear ned ned to play … violin when he was at … university. 26. I need … time to think about … offer you made me. 27. What‟s the use of receiving … information from … person who is not to be trusted?
28. They were in … hurry because they were having … lunch in an hour. 29. … brave as he was, he decided to swim across … Danube. 30. She went to … church to see what could be done for its restoration.
II.5.2. In the following sentences the is missing in one or more cases. Write in the whee re neces wh necessary. sary.
1. There are countless varieties of English in use in English-speaking world. 2. Concepts of language vary from country to country and from generation to generatio generat ion; n; English you hear spoke n nowada nowadays ys is in no way recognizable as language used by last generation, let alone in time of Shakespeare. 3. Government is now insisting that mathematics is taught with methods reminiscent of 1950s. 4. Government is only possible if majority accept law of land. 5. When Julie walked into room, you could have cut atmosphere with a knife. 6. Music of today deserves a different name from music of Beethoven, Bach and other comparable geniuses. 7. People living inside Arctic Circle have a very different view of year from those living in, say, Belgium.
8. Many people inthey public sector of work are just relaxation when go on holiday, and why not? looking for sun, sand and II.5.3. Supply the or - :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
More and more people don‟t eat …. meat. ….meat you bought yesterday was fat. She is not interested in the price of ….gold. ….English say that ….time is….money. She will never forget ….time she spent in that camp. Alice spends long hours listening to ….music. Bob learned …. French at ……school but ….French he learned proved to be useless to him. 8. …..blue is her favo urite colour, but she doesn‟t like …. blue dress I have
bought today. 9. You are very tired so you should go to ….bed. 10. Why is your tie under …bed? 11. ….cars have become very expensive. 12. Most of …cars in this exhibition have been made in Japan. 13. After graduating from …..school, she will go to ….university. 14. When I was crossing …London Bridge, I met ….Browns. 15. From ….hotel room we had ….splendid view of ….Lake Huron. II.5.4. Rewrite these headlines as normal written sentences, adding the as appropriate,, and maki appropriate aking ng a ny othe r suitable changes cha nges..
EXAMPLE
TV corrupts young says Minister of Education The Minister of Education has said that television corrupts the young. 1.
Death of President leaves country in chaos
2.
Big business hit by inflation
3.
Computers blamed for record number of job losses
4.
Level of unemployment highest since mid-nineteen-nineties
5.
Sales manager faces sack after latest problems
End of UNIT TEST
II.6.1. In the following old person‟s recollections, articles are missing. Put in a / an and the as appr approp opriat riate. e.
I remember in dim and distant past my children being obsessed by man called Bob Dylan. I have no idea he‟s still alive, but impact he had in sixties and seventies was incredible. I remember one song called „Blowing in Wind‟; my son – he‟s in his fifties now – sang sang it all day and all night, month in month out, for several years. And it was so silly: „How many times must man look up before he can see sky?‟ I mean, question like that can‟t be taken seriously, can it? And „How many times must whit e dove fly before it sleeps in san sa nd?‟ And then answer to profound questions: „An „A nswer, my fri friee nd, is blowing b lowing in wind‟. Generation after mine didn‟t know what life was all about, did they? We did, of course. „Very thought of you‟, „Just way you look tonight‟. „Night they invented champagne‟. They were real songs. But what came next? „How many years can mountain exist before it is washed to sea?‟ And there was whole generation singing along to song. Funny world we live in, I say it‟s funny world we live in. II.6.2. Tick the answ ans wer that b bes es t ffits its the meaning of each sent se ntee nce.
1. Acci Accidents dents / The The accident a ccident will happen, I‟m afrai afra id. 2. A tortoise is a / the sort of reptile. 3. My dog has hurt the / his leg. 4. Look me in the / my eye and tell me what you‟re saying is true. 5. A / The liver is used to help purify the blood.
6. Can‟t you think of anything else? You‟ve got food on the / your brain. 7. Have you ever considered taking up a / the musical instrument? 8. Wha Wha t on earth is a / the CD_ROM? 9. I used to play a / the trumpet when I was younger. 10. Frank White invented a / the jet engine.
II.6.3. Correct Correct the e rrors linked l inked to articles articles in this eextr xtract act fr fro o m a co comp mposition: osition:
Every day there is news of another war breaking out somewhere in world. Clauswitz claimed that the war is a continuation of the government by other means, but is it necessary? First World War is often used, especially by pacifists, as an example of an unjustifiable war: the European powers allied themselves with each other and for five years killed each other in appalling conditions. What makes the society indulge in such extraordinary behaviour? Is it simply in nature of man to fight? Under any circumstances can the violence ever be justified?
II.6.4. Inser Inse rt the necess necess ar ary y articles (definite, ind i ndee finite or ze ze ro) ro)::
As ……….(1) political entity, Britain (as ……….(2) United Kingdom of Great
Brita Britain in a ndstate Nort Northern hern Ire la nd from is lloose oose ly called) ca lled) iiss lleeofss……….(5) tha than n 300 ancient y yea ears rs okingdoms ld, be being ing ……….(3) which emerged ……….(4) union of Scotland and England in 1707. It is widely assumed that ……….(6) British are ……….(7) relatively homogenous society, with ……….(8) strong sense of ……….(9) identity, but it is ……….(10) assumption that requires ……….(11) considerable qualification. Even after 300 years, ……….(12) terms “British” and “Britain”, which are used for ……….(13) official purposes, can seem very artificial. For centuries, it has been ……….(14) idea of England (or Scotland), rather than of Britain, which has been charged with patriotic emotion. The idea of England is invoked at ……….(15) times of national crisis, for example at ……….(16) Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, when ……….(17). Admiral Nelson‟s famous order to ……….(18) British Fleet read: “England expects that every ever y man man will w ill do his d du uty”.(…) While Britain is instinctively thought of by many as “England”, so also ……….(19) idea of England evokes ……….(20) images of ……….(21) Queen, ……….(22) Parliament, ……….(23) Westminster Abbey, ……….(24) Tower of London Lon don and ……….(25) soft la ndscape o f ……….(26) Sou So ut hern counties. This is not so surprising,, since alm surprising a lmost ost ……….(27) quarter o f ……….(28) Briti Br itish sh people live live within within 25 miles mil es o f ……….(29) ………. (29) Tra Tra falgar Square. But it a lso reveals that England as well as Britain th-East. ast. is dominated by ……….(30) South, and particul partic ular ar ly ………. ……….((31) So uth-E
UNIT THREE. THE ADJECTIVE Content III.1. Introd Introduction uction ..................... .............................................. ................................................. .............................................. ............................. ....... 24 III.2. Co Com mpe petences............................... tences....................................................... ................................................. ........................................... .................. 24 III.3. Definition, Definitio n, fform orm a nd positio position n ..................... ............................................. ................................................. ........................... 24 III.4. Spe Spelli lling ng .................... ............................................. .................................................. .............................................. .................................... ............... 25
III.5. Degre Degrees es o f co mpa parison rison ................... ............................................ .................................................. ..................................... ............ 26 III.6. Exer Exercc ises ..................... .............................................. ................................................. .............................................. ................................. ........... 29 III.7. End o f unit ttest............................... est........................................................ .................................................. ....................................... .............. 30
III.1. III .1. Intro Intro duction duction This unit introduces essential elements regarding the category of adjective in English. III.2. Competences On completion of UNIT THREE, students will be able to make up adjectives from given words, form the degrees of comparison both for regular and irregular adjectives and use adjectives both attributively and
predicatively.
Study time for UNIT THREE: 4-5 hours.
III.3. Definition, form and position
Adjectives describe nouns and express what something is or feels like. Adjectives can be used in two positions: befo o re no uns (attrib (attributive utive pos positi itio o n). Typi Typically, cally, adject adjectiv ives es are used used in this o bef position.
EXAMPLE
beautiful girl interesting story o
after link verbs such as be, seem, appear, become, feel, look, taste, sound,
smell, get, etc. (predicative position). awake, asleep, aware, glad, afraid, alive, sure, alone, alike, content, etc.
Most adjectives are formed by affixation, namely by adding a suffix or o prefix to either an adjective or a word from a different class. Some of the most common prefixes and suffixes used in English are the following: Prefixes: a- : akin, alike, alive, alone, asleep over- : overconfident, overcritical, overdue, overpopulated, overcast bi- : biennial, bilingual, bigamous contra- : contra contradictory, dictory, contrary contrary inter- : interchangeable, international trans- : transatlantic, transient, transitive, translucent ultra- : ultraconventional, ultramarine, ultramundane, ultrasonic, ultravilet un- : uncut, unhappy, unintelligent, untrue, unwise Suffixes: ed : celebrated, tired, wretched en : golden, leaden, wooden, woolen ern : eastern, northern, southern, western ful : beautiful, careful, cheerful, grateful, peaceful, thankful ing ing : amusing, exciting, loving ward : backward, homeward, inward, onward ish foolish, babyish : whitish, ly : daily, homely, elderly, manly able : agreeable, remarkable, drinkable ant ant : defiant, distant ent : dependant, diligent, innocent, permanent ous ous : courageous, glorious, joyous, precious less : ceaseless, careless, hopeless
III.4. III .4. S pelling
1. Doubling the final consonant the w wo o rd en end d s in a consonant pr preceded eceded by a single stressed vowel and when the the suffix starts with a vowel dot- dotted, up- upper, forget- forgettable -l preceded by a vowel, either stressed or unstressed, is always doubled compel- compelling, rebel- rebellious
2. Silent “- e” silent -e is dropped before a suffix that starts with a vowel love- lovable, scare- scared, fame- famous Exceptions: gluey, bluey silent -e is not dropped before a suffix that starts with a consonant awesome, careless, careless, entirely, hopeful, lovely lov ely silent - e preceded by the consonants “C‟, “d”, “g” is not dropped before a suffix starting with “a‟ or ”o”. peaceable, manageable, advantageous, advant ageous, courageous, gorgeous,
outrageous
3. Final “- y” final -y turns into -i before the suffixes: -able, -ant, -ful, -less, -ous. pity- pitiable, pitiable, beauty- beautiful, fury- furious final -y is not dropped when preceded by a vowel enjoyable, playful, joyless final -y always turns into -i before the suffix -ly day- daily, body- bodily final -y is never dropped before the suffixes “- ish” and “- like” grey- greyish, countrycountry- countrylik countrylikee
III.5. III .5. Degrees D egrees of compa compa rison 1. a. Comparative of Equality as…as, or so...as in the negative Drivv e as fast as you can. Dri My grandfat grandfather her doesn‟t doesn‟t get about so so easily as he used to. b. Compa Comparrative of Infer Inferiority iority
less…than and not so/as…as
Your colleague is less intelligent than you are. He is is not so/as kind as as Jane. c. Comparative Comparative of Superior Superiority ity A. short adjectives and two-s two-syllabl yllablee adject adjectives ives end e nding ing in in -y -y.. adj. + -er
EXAMPLE
old
older
tall fat happy
taller fatter happier
B. long adjectives adjectives MORE + adj.
EXAMPLE
tiring exact beautiful
more tiring more exact more beautiful
1. Superlative A. short adjectives and two-s two-syllabl yllablee adject adjectives ives end e nding ing in in -y -y.. The + adj. + -est
EXAMPLE
old tall fat happy
the oldest the tallest the fa f att ttest est the happiest happiest
B. long adjectives adjectives The + MOST + adj.
EXAMPLE
tiring exact beautiful
the most tiring the most exact the most beautiful beautiful
Irregula Irr egularr comp compa a ratives and and s up upee rlatives
There are certain adjectives in English that form the comparative and the superlative irregularly. These are the following:
good well
better bett er
best
bad ill
worse
the worst
little
less/lesser
least/littlest
few
less/few less/fewer er
fewest
much many
more
most
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest oldest/eldest
far further/furthermost further/furt hermost
farther/furt farther/further her
farthest farthest/far /farthermost thermost
near
nearer
nearest/next
fore
former
foremost/first foremost /first
late
later/latter
latest/last
elder and eldest are often used instead of older and oldest before words such as:
brother, sister, so son n, da daught ughtee r, gra gra nd so son n, granddau granddaught ghter er ( usually mem memb b ers o f the same family ) My elder daughter is is a student at the University. Their eldest eldest son has just got married.
in British English both “farther” and “further” are used to refer to distance with no
diffee rence of mea diff meaning ning.. “ Further” is also used figuratively. London is farther/ further further away than Manchester. For further further informati information on check our website at www. Rrr.com Rrr.com
“few” is used with plural nouns; “little” is used with singular uncountable nouns Few people realize the importance of a healthy lifestyle. I have little interest in in fashion.
without articles, few and little usually have a negative meaning. They often suggest
„not as much/many as one would like‟ , or „not as much/many as expected‟ , or a similar idea.
Ordinary people have little influence on the rich. Few people can speak a foreign language perfectly.
a few and a little usually have a positive meaning which is closer to some. They
often suggest ideas like „better than nothing‟ or or „more than expected‟. My problems problems are emotional and few people people understand me. My problems problems are emotional but a a few people understand me. He has li little ttle fai faith th in you. Would you like a little water ?
“lesser” is used in a few expressions (in a rather formal style ) to mean “not so
great” or “not so much” of two evils the lesser of a l lesse esserr known artist
EXERCISES
III.6.1. Use one of the following prefixes: dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, un- with each of the following words:
a) atte attentive ntive b) aware aware c) cautio cautious us d) d iscreet e) fort ortunat unatee
f) ho nes nestt g) litera literate te h) logical i) lo yal j) mode odest st
k) natural l) pra pracc ticable m) rele relevant vant n) resolute o) respect respectful ful
III.6.2. Choose from among the negative prefixes un-, in-, dis-, de-, non-, il-, according to the example:
welcomeEXAMPLE welcome – – unwe unwe lcome
1. competent 2. active 3. grade 4. qualified 5. usual 6. proportiona proportionall 7. likely 8. passionate 9. distinct 10. blo blo ck
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
verbal experienced kind dramatic regardful academic legal dependent consistent figurative
III.6.3. Use the following suffixes to form adjectives from the following nouns: – able, able, -ate, -ful, -ish, - ive ive,, -less, -like, -ly, -y, -ed, -ous. -ous.
EXAMPLE love - lovely
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
secret family affection honour lady
6. shame 7. death 8. care 9. home 10. friend
11. respect 12. fashion 13. education 14. learning 15. music
16. danger 17. harm 18. attraction 19. price price 20. taste
III.6.4. Provide the right form of the adjectives in bold letters to fill in the gaps: 1. This is a nice cat. It's much …………………. than my friend's cat. ol d. Her brother is nine, so he 2. Here is Emily. She's six years old is……………………. . 3. This is a difficult exercise. But the exercise with an asterisk (*) is the…………. exercise on o n the worksh works heet. 4. He has an interesting hobby, but my sister has the…………… hobby in the world. 5. In the last holidays I read a good book, but father gave me an even…………… one last weekend. 6. School is boring, but homework is…………………….. t th han school. school. 7. Skateboarding is a dangerous hobby. Bungee jumping is………………… than skateboarding. 8. This magazine is cheap, but that on o ne is………………… . 9. We live in a small house, but my grandparents' house is
10. even……………….. Have you visited thethan o ldours. castle? It was the…………………… castle we visited during our holidays. ho lidays. III.6.5. III .6.5. Choose th thee corr correct ect a nswer: 1. My father is as strong/ stronger/ strongest as his father. 2. She is pretty/ prettier/ prettiest than her sister. 3. You are not as tall/ taller/ tallest as your brother. 4. That pond is the shallow/ shallower/ shallowest in this area. 5. That has to be the interesting/ more interesting/ most interesting film I have seen. 6. Which university offers the good/ the better/ the best/ degree courses? 7. This clown is not as funny/ funnier/ funniest as the other one. 8. He is easily the bad/ worse/ worst player in the team.
9. The second half of the pla play y was little/ less/ the least interesting interest ing.. 10. What is far/ farther/ the farthest distance you have ever run?
End of UNIT TEST
III.7.1. Fill in the sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets, using prefixes prefixes or suffixes suffixes :
1. She waited without complaining; she was very (patience).
That Th at visit vis wasn‟t(confidence) (pleas (pleas ure). that she is right. 2. Mary 3. is italways
4. His behaviour was always (courtesy). 5. Tommy was particularly (mischief). 6. I like the privacy of a (fence) garden. 7. It was a (moment) occasion. 8. You look rather (occupy). Are you worried about anything? 9. You do have some good ideas but your work is very (organise). 10. When Paul had been made up for the play he was (recognise). 11. We had a marvellous holiday and our trip to Paris was (forget). 12. The result was very strange! In fact it was (belief). 13. The pain became (endure) so we had to call the ambulance. 14. The judge told him it was (respond) to drink and drive. 15. Living conditions in some poor African countries are very (health).
III.7.2. III .7.2. Find Fi nd adjectives adjectives coming coming fro from m the the foll following owing ve rbs: 1. instruct 11. permit 2. attract 12. convince 3. relate 13. collapse 4. persuade 14. argue 5. construct 15. pity 6. exclude 16. reserve
7. 8. avoid remove 9. deny 10. solve
17. 18. 19. 20.
concern employ use succeed
III.7.3. What is the opposite of the following words? Use the negative prefixes un-/ in-/ im-/ dis-. If th thee re is anot another her wo wo rd that that has a approximately pproximately the sam s amee meaning, write it too. WORD e.g safe modest happy complete expensive interesting important perfect friendly politee polit correct honest certain flexible
OPPOSITE OPPOSITE unsafe unsafe
SIMILAR SIMILAR MEANING dang dangero erou us
III.7.4. Provide the right form of the adjectives in bold letters to fill in the gaps:
1. Yesterday John told me a funny joke. This This joke was the………………….. joke I've ever heard. 2. My father is heavy. My uncle is much……………………. than my father. 3. The test in Geography was easy, but the test in Biology was…………………….. 4. Florida is sunny. Do you know the…………………… place in the USA? 5. Stan is a successful sportsman, but his sister is…………………… than Stan. 6. My mother has a soft voice, but my teacher's voice is………………. than my mother's. 7. Amy has a beautiful baby, baby, b ut my daughter has the………………….. baby bab y on earth. 8. I live in a large family, but my grandfather lived in a ………………….. family. 9. We have only little time for this exercise, but in the examination we'll have even………….. time. 10. Lucy is clever, but Carol is………………….. than Lucy.
III.7.5. III .7.5. Use prefixes prefixes to give the opposites opposites of the the foll following owing adj a djectives ectives:: 1. symmetrical 11. modest
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
similar rational pure practical possible political polite perfect patient
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
material loyal logical legal honest direct clear certain attractive
UNIT FOUR. VERB: PRESENT T TENSES ENSES Content IV.1. Introd Introdu uc tion ................... ............................................ ................................................. .............................................. ........................................33 ..................33 IV.2. Co Com mpete nc nces........................................... es................................................................... .............................................. ........................................33 ..................33 IV.3. Present Prese nt Simple ..................... .............................................. .................................................. .............................................. ................................33 ...........33 IV.4. Prese Present nt C Co o ntinuo tinuous us ..... ........................... .............................................. ................................................. ..............................................34 .....................34 IV.5. Present Prese nt Perfect Simp Simple le ...................... .............................................. ................................................. .............................................34 ....................34 IV.6. Present Prese nt Perfect Co Con ntinuo tinuous us ................... ............................................ ................................................. ........................................35 ................35 IV.7. Exer Exercises cises ................... ............................................ .................................................. .............................................. ...........................................36 ......................36 IV.8. End E nd o off unit te test st ..................... .............................................. .................................................. .............................................. ................................38 ...........38
IV.1. IV .1. Introduction Introduction This unit introduces essential elements regarding Present Tenses in English. IV.2. Competences
On completion of UNIT FOUR, students will be able to differentiate between the fo between four ur p resent te ns nses es of tthe he Indicative Mood a nd use use tthem hem appropr appropriiate ately ly in given contexts.
Study time for UNIT FOUR: 4-5 hours.
IV.3. PRESENT SIMPLE :
1. DEFINITION: Is used to describe: - general truths and states which are regarded as permanent; - repeated actions or habits; - excl exclaa mations introduced by “here/there”; - explanations, demonstrations. 2. FORM: POSITIVE: V1, BUT V1 +s for the 3rd person singular; INTERROGATIVE: DO+V1
NEGATIVE: DON‟T+V1
3. ADVERBS: (of frequency) - every day; every week; every month; every year; - usually, mostly, generally, rarely, seldom, frequently, always, never; - sometimes, at times;
EXAMPLE POSITIVE: POSITI VE: The student writes formulas every day. INTERROGATIVE: Does the student write any formulas every day? NEGATIVE: NEG ATIVE: No, the student doesn‟t write any formulas. IV.4. PRESENT CONTINUOUS:
1. DEFINITION: Is used to: represent an action, viewed in progress (continuous) at the very time of speech (present); (present); represent an action viewed in progress (continuous) at the Time of speech (present), even if not literally at the very moment of speaking; express a definite arrangement in the near future (immediate plans); express a non-habitual action; express a reproach.
2. FORM POSITIVE: SUB. + BE + V1-ing INTERROGATIVE: B E + SUB + V1-ing NEGATIVE: SUB. + BE + NOT + V1-ing
3. ADVERBS: (of present moment) - now, right now; this moment; at the time; - at present, presently;
EXAMPLE
POSITIVE: The student is writing a formula right now. POSITIVE: INTERROGATIVE: Is the student writing a formula right now? NEGATIVE; NEG ATIVE; No, the student isn‟t writing a formula right now.
IV.5. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE:
1. DEF DEF INITION: Is used to:
express a completed action (perfect) still having an effect or result in
the moment of speaking (present); represent activities completed in the immediate past, often associated e ither with “just” or no time reference at aall; ll; express activities completed in a period up till the moment of speech, without being exact about the time; represent a completed action in an uncompleted time interval.
2. FORM POSITIVE: SUB + HAVE/ HAS + V3 INTERROGATIVE: HAVE/ HAS + SUB. + V3 NEGATIVE: SUB + HAVE/ HAS + NOT + V3
3. ADVERBS: (of interval, time span, period, uncompleted time interval) - just, yet, already, never, ever; - for…, since…; since…; - lately, recently; - this morning, this afternoon, this evening, this night, this week, this month, this year, this, spring, this century;
EXAMPLE POSITIVE: POSITI VE: The student has already written the formula. INTERROGATIVE: Has the student already written the formula? NEGATIVE: NEG ATIVE: No, the student hasn‟t written the formula yet .
IV.6. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:
1. DEF DEF INITION: Is used to: express an activity partly completed (perfect) but still in progress (continuous) at the moment of speaking (present); express an activity begun in the past which has only just finished and is relevant to the current situation; describe a repeated activity, in which case a nuance of reproach, irritation, wonder can be present.
2. FORM POSITIVE: SUB + HAVE/ HAS + BEEN+ V1-ing INTE INTERROGATIVE: RROGATIVE: HAVE/ HAS + SUB + B BEE EEN+ N+ V1 V1-ing -ing NEGAT NEGATIVE: IVE: SUB + HAVE/ HA VE/ HAS + BEEN+ V1-in V1-i ng
3. ADVERBS ADVERBS : (of interv interval al o f time) - since...; - for…; for…;
EXAMPLE POSITIVE: POSITI VE: The student has been writing for for an hour . INTERROGATIVE: Has the student been writing for for an hour ? NEGATIVE: NEG ATIVE: No, the student hasn‟t been writing for for an hour .
EXERCISES IV.7.1. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets:
The closest most of us (1-to get) to a daring dream, we suddenly (2 – to realize) that we (3 – to stand) stark naked in a crowed shopping-center. So it (4-to seem) rather unjust that some people can apparently will themselves into dreams of breathtaking breathtak ing high ad adventure. venture. The pheno me non (5 – to to know) as lucid sleeping and (6 – to mean) the sleeper (7 – to become) aware that he (8 – to dream) and can consciously (9 – to to participate) in and control his dream. It (10 – to to compare) to (11-to have) your very own virtual reality in your head. “People typically lucid-dream about things that they always (12- to want) to do as children, like flying”, (13 – to say) Charles McCreery from Psychophysical Institute in Oxford, which (14-to research) lucid dreams for thirty years. Other favourite lucid dreams are (15-to have) sex with a beautiful lover or (16to perform) outrageous stunts, such as (17-to leap) off cliffs for a thrill, safe in the knowledge that you can come to no harm. Aside from (18-to be) a secret recreation, some argue that lucid dreaming can have an impact in waking life. It even (19- to creep) into therapists‟ work. The theory is that, (20-to train) to lucid dreams, people who have self-confidence problems or phobias can practice diff d ifficult icult situat situatiio ns in tthe he safet safety y of a luc id d dream. ream. It also (21-to use) to help alleviate nightmares, which (22-to plague) one million people in Britain. Dr. Delia Cushway, a clinical psychologist, (23 – to recount) recoun t) the case o off one wom woman an s he (25 – to to see) who (25-to become) lucid when she had a nightmare in which two ferocious growling Doberman dogs (26 – to bar) her way and (27-to threaten) to attack. She simply (28- to say) to herself: “This is OK, this is only a dream!”, and(29-to push) past the dogs, (30-to let ) herself out of the door. In a subsequent dream, one of the dogs (31-to lie) down beside her and (32-to put) its head in her lap. Some psychotherapists (33-to warn) that (34-to interfere) with a dream narrative might rob you of the clues that dreams (35-to throw) up, about what or who (36-to trouble) you in your life. Interest in lucid dreaming as a subject of research (37-to start) (38-to grow) in the last 15 or 20 years and scientists (39-to develop) machines which allegedly (40- to trigger) lucid dreams.
IV.7.2. IV. 7.2. Choose th thee corr correct ect form to fill f ill in i n the blanks:
1. Stop making noise! My son … for half an hour. a. sleeps; b. ha hass be been en sleeping; c. is sleep sleeping ing.. 2. What time … back home? a. com co mes your b rother; b. yo ur b rother comes; c. does your brot brothe herr come. 3. She will be cook cooking ing while the baby … . a. sleeps; b. is sleep sleeping ing;; c. will sleep. 4. Tom will play with us if he … free. a. is; b. will be; c. ha hass b een. 5. I … here for half an hour. a. a m; b. have bee been; n; c. have be been en be being ing.. 6. He ... with with tthe he com co mpan pany y for three years now now.. a. is b. ha hass be been en c. has to be 7. John Dee ... for Best Motors in the Sales Department. a. works b. work c. is work working ing 8. Her mother‟s business was difficult to keep going but it ... well at that moment. a. ha hass do done ne b. was do doing ing c. does 9. They have ... several hundred pounds on their advertising campaign. a. yet spent b. now spending c. so far spen spentt favourite footba football ll ttea eam m … the cu c up. 10. My a. is just wining b. ha hass just won
c. just has won.
IV.7.3. Provide the right form for the verbs in brackets: 1. What's What's that n no o ise? Somebody (practise)………………the piano. 2. We (go)……………….to the cinema this Friday. 3. They (go) …………………on holiday every winter. 4. The da days ys (be)………………….longer in in summer. 5. She o ften (talk)…………………to herself. 6. She (have)……………………a shower at the moment. 7. Right now now she (run) ………………….down a hill. 8. Oak trees (grow)…………………very slowly. 9. My do dog g (not eat)………………….vegetables. 10.My brother (not ( not like)……………………..animals. 11. Most people (not like)………………….to visit a doct doctor. or. 12. In his job job he usu usuaa lly ((sta stand) nd) …………………… 13. I'm looking at that woman, she (wear)…………………….a nice dress. 14. I never (go)…………………….out in the evening. 15. He usually (work)………………………with pa paint intss and br ushes. 16. Do you know anyone wh w ho (speak)…………………….Italian? 17. At work he usually (sit)………………………all day. 18. 'Where is Kate?' 'She (watch) (watc h) ………………….TV in the living room.' 19. (you go)………………..to the party next Saturday? 20. (you ever work) ………………..at the weekend?
End of UNIT TEST
IV.8.1. Provide the correct form for the verbs in brackets: 1. What's the n no o ise? Tim (practise)……………….the p pian iano. o. 2. What What are y yo o u do doing? ing? I (read)…………………a very interesting magazine. 3. We (go)…………………….on holiday in summer. 4. This a nimal (eat) (e at) ……………….meat. 5. Temperat Temperature ure u usually sually (ri (r ise) ………………….. in the afternoon. 6. She can' can'tt ta ta lk tto o you right n no o w. S he (have) …………….a sh s hower. 7. Ornithologists (study)………………birds. 8. Most o f my ffrie rie nds (not like) ………………..visiting their relatives. relatives. 9. Look! He (drink)………………..beer. 10. Jane often (talk)………………..to herself. 11. It (get) cold…………………….now. 12. I'm looking at that girl. She (wear) …………………a nice jacket. 13. I wonder what's with Ann. A nn. She (look)………………very unhappy. 14. I never (drink) …………………..alcohol at lunch time. 15. He usually sits down dow n and (use) …………………..a computer.
16. He usually (work) ………………..with pa paint intss an a nd b rush rushes. es. 17. He (spend) ………………….all his pocket money on sweets. 18. Do you know anyone wh w ho (speak) ………………….German? 19. At the moment he (stand) …………………..inside a te lephone box. 20. (yo (yo u go) ……………………to the meeting next Friday?
UNIT FIVE. THE VERB: PAST T TENSES ENSES Content V.1. Introd Introduction............................... uction........................................................ .................................................. ..........................................39 .................39 V.2. Co Com mpetences ................... ............................................ ................................................. .............................................. ............................39 ......39 V.3. Past S imple .................... ............................................. ................................................. .............................................. ............................39 ......39 V.4. Past Co Continuous ntinuous ................................................................... ......................................................................................... ........................40 ..40 V.5. Past Pe Perfect rfect S im imp p le ........................ ................................................. .................................................. .....................................40 ............40 V.6. Past Pe Perfect rfect Cont Continu inuo o us ............................. ..................................................... ................................................. ..........................41 .41 V.7. Exercises Exerc ises .................... ............................................. .................................................. .............................................. ...............................42 ..........42 V.8. End of unit test ................... ............................................ ................................................. .............................................. ........................44 ..44
V.1. Introduction Introduction This unit introduces essential elements regarding Past Tenses in English. V.2. Competences
On completion of UNIT FIVE, students will be able to differentiate between the fo ur pa between past st tenses o f the Indicat Indicative ive Mood and use use them appropriately in given contexts.
Study time for UNIT FIVE: 4-5 hours.
V.3. PAST SIMPLE:
1. DEF DEF INITION: Is used to: represent simple actions completed at a definite time in the past; represent a series of actions in a sequence, often as part of a narrative; describe habitual, repeated actions in the past, and with verbs of permanent characteristic.
3. FORM POSITIVE: SUB + V2 INTE INTERROGATIVE: RROGATIVE: SUB + D DID ID + V1 NEGATIVE: SUB + DIDN‟T + V1
4. ADVERBS: (of definite point, or period in the past)
- yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last last century; th - ten years years ago, before, on August 24 1954; - when ….past action ac tion;;
EXAMPLE
POSITIVE: The student wrote that formula ten minutes ago. POSITIVE: INTERROGATIVE: Did Di d the student write that formula ten minutes ago. NEGATIVE: NEG ATIVE: No, the student didn‟t write that formula ten minutes ago. V.4. PAST CONTINUOUS:
1. DEF DEF INITION: Is used to: represent an action viewed in progress (continuous) before the moment of speaking at some point in the past (past); describe a past repeated action causing annoyance;
2. FORM POSITIVE: SUB + WAS/WERE + V1-ing INTERROGATIVE: RROGATIVE: WAS/WERE + SUB + V1V1-ing ing INTE NEGATIVE: SUB + WAS/WERE + NOT SUB + WAS/WERE + V1-ing
3. ADVERBS: (of definite point or period in the past) - yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last last century; th - ten years years ago, before, on August 24 1954; - when …. past past action; at this time yesterday.
EXAMPLE writing this formula time yesterday POSITIVE: POSITI VE: The student the formula . time INTERROGATIVE: student at this Wwas as the writingatthe yesterday? NEGATIVE: NEG ATIVE: No, the student wasn‟t writing the formula at this time yesterday. V.5. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE:
1. DEF DEF INITION: Is used to: represent an action completed (perfect) before another action or moment in the past (past); denote an action that began before another moment in the past and continued up to that time.
2. FORM
POSITIVE: SUB + HAD + V3 INTERROGATIVE: HAD + SUB + V3 NEGATIVE: SUB + HAD + NOT + V3
3. ADVERBS: (of definite point in the past, and of interval) - since… since…;; for…; for…; - yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last century; - ten years ago, before, on August 24 th 1954; - when/ before….past action; at this time yesterday. yesterday .
EXAMPLE POSITIVE: POSITI VE: The student had written the formula before he took the test. INTERROGATIVE: Had the student written the formula before he took the test ? NEGATIVE: NEG ATIVE: No, the stude nt hadn‟t written the formula before he took the test . V.6. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS:
1. DEF DEF INITION: Is used to represent a mostly completed action (perfect) that is still viewed in progress (continuous) at a definite point in the past (past). 2. FORM PO POSIV SIVE: E: SU SUB B + HAD HAD + B BEEN EEN + V1-in V1-i ng INTERROGATIVE: HAD + SUB + BEEN + V1-ing NEGATIVE: SUB + HAD + NOT + BEEN + V1-ing
3. ADVERBS: (of definite point in the past, and of interval) - since…; for…; for…; - yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last century; - ten years ago, before, on August 24 th 1954; - when/ before….past action; at this time yesterday. yesterday .
EXAMPLE POSITIVE: The student had been writing for ten minutes, when the test was over . INTERROGATIVE: Had the student been writing for ten minutes, when the test was over ? NEGATIVE: NEG ATIVE: No the student hadn‟t been writing for ten minutes, when the test was over .
EXERCISES V.7.1. Fill in the gaps with the right form of the verbs in brackets:
1. Lord Manners was a rich and famous banker. When he (1. die), he (2. give) a magnificent funeral which (3. attend) by hundreds of famous peoplle. The fun peop funera era l was going to (4. hold) in Wes Westminster tminster Abbey. Many ordinary people (5.stand) in the street to watch the procession. The wonderful black and gold carriage (6. draw) by six black horses. Lord Manners‟s relatives (7. follow) in silence. “He (8. give) a royal funeral!” said one of the people present. Among the crowd there were two beggars. They (9. watch) the procession with amazement for some time when one of them turned to the other and (10. whisper) in admiration: “Now, that‟s what I call really living!” 2. I …1.(to fall asleep) while I was working because it took me a long time to realize that the telephone…2.(to ring). When I answered it, my girlfriend said: “You…3.(to forget) that we …4.(to go) to the cinema tonight? I …5.(to wait) here for half an hour. If you…6.(to come) soon, we‟ll miss the film”. I suddenly remembered that Sally…7.(to give) tickets for the first performance of a new film. “By the time I get there, the film…8.(to begin). Let‟s Let‟s go out to dinner dinner in instead. stead.”” 3. Last week I …1.(to invite) my brother to dinner. When he…2.(to arrive), I still…3.(to work) in the kitchen, for I quite…4.(not finish) ..5.(to prepare) the salad. He told me he ….6.(to come) as soon as he …7.(to finish)his work at the t he office. I told him…8.(make) him…8.(make) himself himself at a t home, home, …9.(to add) that I …12.(be) ready for him. The dinner …15.(to cook). My brother …16.(to say) that he …17.(to go) ….18.(to send) his girlfriend to me for cooking lessons. I enjoy…19.(work) in the kitchen, if somebody else …20. (to do) the washing up.
V.7.2. Give Give the correct correct fo form rmss of the ve rb rbs: s:
1. 2. 3. 4.
I (fall) when I (cross) the road. I (drop) my bag when I (board) the plane. I (get) wet while (walk) in the rain. Whenever the politician (open) his mouth to speak the crowd (shout) insults. 5. While the maid (clean) the room a skeleton (fall) out of the cupboard. 6. As soon as he (get) under the shower, the doorbell (ring). 7. They (slip) and (fall) while they (climb) the mountain. 8. While I (s (s ightsee ightsee)) in L Lo o ndon I (hi (h ide) my m mo o ne ney y in my socks. 9. As they (fly) from Stockholm to Moscow, the starboard engine (burst) into flames. 10. When she (have) lunch a waiter (drop) a plate of soup in her lap. 11. As it (rain) their mother (cancel) the picnic. 12. When he (cycle) downhill, the brakes (fail) and he only (avoid) a serious accident by steering into a friendly rhododendron bush.
V.7.3. Choose the correct form to fill in the blanks: 1. When she asked me I … a few days to think about it. a. explain her I‟d like; b. told told her I‟d like; c. to tolld her I liked. 2. Last year, Mary asked me what she … buy me for Christmas. a. could; b. was able ab le to; c. can can.. 3. They did not k now at that time that she … music so much. a. liked; b. likes; c. was liking. 4. Jane said she would lend me the book after she … it. a. finishes; b. ha had d fini finished shed;; c. will fini finish. sh. 5. If she … , she wouldn‟t have been lying in bed now. a. would have listened; b. listened; c. ha had d listened. 6. He … to bed a few minutes ago. a. goed; b. went; c. ha hass gone. 7. The The y d id not know if they the y … in time or not. not. a. will arr arriv ivee ; b. would arr arriv ivee ; c. arrive arrive.. 8. He asked me … to stay. a. how lo ng was I going; b. how lo ng I was going; c. how lo lo ng time I was going.
9. America Online saidand yesterday that26.its customers ... $ 1.2bn in purchases betw between een No Novem vemb b er 27 December a. were spe nding b. had spen spentt c. have been spe nd ing 10. The shop assistant informed me that I ... to your office if I wanted a refund. a. have to wr write ite b. had to write c. would have written 11. Every Monday she ... into my shop and buy her weekly order, which never changed. a. com co mes b. used to com co me c. was used used to come 12. There seemed to be a mistake but nobody realized where .... a. had it co come me from ro m b. it ca came me from ro m c. from ro m it came 13. Thomas tried to find out what other places ... visited. a. have I b. had I c. I had 14. Wha Wha t ....... inter interested ested in in?? a. he s a id he was b. di did d he say sa y he was c. did he say was he
V.7.4. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Past Continuous: 1. He (lie)…………….on the road when they found him. 2. Som Someo eone ne stole my c igarettes when I ((not not look)………………. 3. She was a beautiful woman. She always (attract) (attrac t) ………………a lot of men. 4. I turned the radio off o ff.. Nobod y (listen)…………………to it.
5. 6.
Mr. shower I knocked on his door. HowBrown much (have)……………..a (it cost)………………to fly towhen Paris?
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
(you close)…………………….the door when you left? (they get)…………………..our presents? presents? 'When (she start)…………..learning English?' 'Five years ago‟. I left the cinema bef be fore tthe he film ended. I (not enjoy)……………….it. (you go) …………………to the restaurant yesterday evening? I got up at 7 and then I (have) …………………a big breakfast. I (see)……………………..you walking in the park this morning. She (wear)……………………..her new new jacket when I saw her. (you see)…………………….Jane last night? Who (you wait)…………………..for when I arriv arrived? ed? What (happen) …………………..after that? that? When I was young I (want)………………….to be a pilot. I waved at him, but he (look not) ………………. She (si (s it) ……………………….on the chair and watching TV.
V.7.5. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets: 1. I ………………… (see) my first baseball game when I (livee ) in New Yor York. k. ………………… (liv 2. How many pints of beer ………………… (he/drink) before he ………………… (leave) the pub?
3.
………………… (rain) so we ………………… (decide) to stay at It home all afternoon. 4. By the time I ………………… (leave) university I ………………… (be) to France fifteen times. 5. What ………………… (you/do) at the time the murder was committed? 6. When we ………………… (get) home we saw that someone ………………… (break) in to steal the DVD recorder. 7. He ………………… (send/passive) to prison four times before he ………………… (decide) that it would be better to go straight. 8. I didn't realise I ………………… (lose) my credit cards until I ………………… (try) to pay for dinner at the restaurant. 9. I ………………… (write) an email to my sister when she ………………… (ring) me. 10. She was so upset by the news that she ………………… (drop) her tea and ………………… (start) crying.
End of UNIT TEST
V.8.1. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Past Perfect: 1. When she (hear) …………….the noise she turned to see what it was. 2. When I saw her I knew we (never meet) mee t) …………….before. 3. When I looked at the lorry I co ul uld d see tth ha t som someb ebod ody y ((drive) drive)
…………….in.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
The mo mo vie (start already)………………….when we arrived at a t the cinema. The docto docto r examined her le leg g and (find)………………that she had broken it. I was hungry because I (not ( not eat)……………….since breakfast. I was frightened because the t he police (come)………………..for my my sister. sister. I was feeling very thi t hirst rsty y because I (dr (drin ink) k) ……………….too much alcohol. I told told him twice that I (not know)…………………..him. I to to ld him I d idn't k now wh who o (stea l) …………………his pen. I paid for the window becaus beca usee my son (break) ………………. I felt really stupi stup id bec becaa use I (make)………………..a lot of mistakes. I couldn't get in because I (lose) …………………my keys. I (write)……………………a long letter to my mother yesterday. He told me he (never see)………………….anything like that. He told me he (never be)………………….to Australia before. He started to read the newspaper he (buy)…………………. (buy)………………….aa n hour earlier. He (spend) ……………………three years in Tahiti when he was a child. Before he came to Warsaw he (live) …………………..in Prague. After she (finish) ……………………breakfast she left the house.
V.8.2. Change Change th thee verbs in the follo followin wing g ssentenc entencee in into to past tense. tense . 1. Yest Yestee rday, I go to the restaura restauran nt w with ith a c lient lient.. 2. We drive around the parking lot for 20 minutes in order to find a parking space. 3. When we arrive at the restaur resta uraa nt, tth he p place lace iiss full. ful l. 4. The waitress asks us if we have reservatio reservation ns. 5. I say, "No, my secretary forgets to make them." 6. The waitress tells us to come back in two hours. 7. My clie client nt and I slowly wa wallk back to the car. 8. Then we see a small grocery store. 9. We stop in the grocery store and buy some sandwiches. 10. That is better than waiting for two hours.
V.8.3. Correct Correct the mistakes in th the following sent se ntences ences:: 1. Last night, night, Sama Samantha ntha have pizza for supper. 2. My pet lizard was died last month. 3. Yest Yestee rday I spe spend nd two hour hourss clea cleaning ning my living roo room m. 4. Thi Thiss mor morning ning before co coming ming tto o class, Jack eat eatss two bowls of cereal. 5. What was happened to your leg?
UNIT SIX. THE VERB. WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME Content VI.1. Introd Introdu uc tion ................... ............................................ ................................................. .............................................. ............................46 ......46
VI.2. F Co Com mpe petences.................................... tences......................................................... .............................................. ......................................46 .............46 VI.3. uture Simp Simpl le .................... ............................................. ................................................. .............................................. ........................46 ..46 VI.4. Future F uture C Continuous ontinuous ..................... ............................................. ................................................. .........................................47 ................47 VI.5. Future Perfect Simpl S implee ................... ............................................ .................................................. ....................................47 ...........47 VI.6. Future F uture Per Perffe ct Co ntinuous ..................... .............................................. ................................................. ............................48 ....48 VI.7. Exer Exercises cises ................... ............................................ .................................................. .............................................. ...............................49 ..........49 VI.8. End o f unit test ..................... .............................................. .................................................. .............................................50 ....................50
VI.1. VI .1. Introduction Introduction This unit introduces essential elements regarding ways of expressing future time in English. VI.2. Competences On completion of UNIT FIVE, students will be able to differentiate between betw een the d iffere iffere nt ways o f e xpress pressing ing F uture Time a nd use use them appropriately in given contexts.
Study time for UNIT SIX: 4-5 hours.
VI.3. FUTURE SIMPLE:
1. DEF DEF INITION: It is used to denote actions which will take place in the future. The performance of the future action may be caused by objective circumstances, by a mixture of the former and a personal element, or it may depend on a condition; 2. FORM POSITIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + V1 INTERROGATIVE: WILL/SHALL + SUB + V1 NEGATIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + NOT + V1
3. ADVERBS: (of definite point or period in the future) - tomorrow;
- next week, next month, next year, next century; - in 2055; in two years; after a few f ew days; the following day; - when….futu when….future re action; a ction;
EXAMPLE
POSITIVE: POSITI VE: The student will write the formula in ten minutes. INTERROGATIVE: Will the student write the formula in ten minutes? NEGATIVE: NEG ATIVE: No, the student won‟t write the formula in ten minutes. VI.4. FUTURE CONTINUOUS:
1. DEF DEF INITION: It is used to represent an action viewed in progress at one particular time in the future. 2. FORM PO POSI SITIVE: TIVE: SUB + WIL WILL/SHALL L/SHALL + BE + V1-ing INTERROGATIV INTERROGATIVE: E: W WIL ILL/SHALL L/SHALL + SUB + BE + V1-i V1-ing ng NEGATIVE: SUB + WIL WILL/SHALL L/SHALL + NOT + BE + V V1 1 -ing
3. ADVERBS ADVERBS : (of de defini finite te po int or period in the future) - tomorrow; at this time t ime tomorrow; - next week, next month, next year, next century; - in 2055; in two years; after a few f ew days; the following day; - when….futu when….future re action; a ction;
EXAMPLE POSITIVE: The student will be writing a formula during the next two minutes. INTERROGATIVE: Will the student be writing a formula during the next two minutes? NEGATIVE: NEG ATIVE: No, the st student udent won‟t be writing the formula during the next two minutes. VI.5. FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE
1. DEF DEF INITION: It is used to represent a completed action (perfect0 at some point in the future (future); 2. FORM POSITIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + HAVE + V3 INTERROGATIVE: WILL/SHALL + SUB + HAVE + V3 NEGATIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + NOT + HAVE + V3 ]
3. ADVERBS: (of definite point or period in the future and of interval of time)
- tomorrow; at this time t ime tomorrow; - next week, next month, next year, next century; - in 2055; in two years; after a few f ew days; the following day; - when….future action; action; - for…; since…; by…; already. already.
EXAMPLE POSITIVE: By 10 10 o‟clock the the student will have a allready written that formula. INTERROGATIVE: Will the student have already written that formula by 10 o‟clock ? NEGATIVE: NEG ATIVE: No, the stude student nt won‟t have written that formula yet by 10 o‟clock . VI.6. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS:
1. DEFINITION: It is used to represent a partly completed action (perfect) still viewed in progress (continuous) at some point in the future (future). 2. FORM POSITIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + HAVE + BEEN + V1-ing INTERROGATIVE: WILL/SHALL + SUB +HAVE + BEE B EEN N + V1 V1-ing -ing NEGATIVE: SUB + WILL/SHALL + NOT + HAVE + BEEN + V1-ing
3. ADVERBS: (of definite point or period in the future and of interval of time) - tomorrow; at this time t ime tomorrow; - next week, next month, next year, next century; - in 2055; in two years; after a few f ew days; the following day; - when….future action; action; - for…; since…; by…; already. already.
EXAMPLE POSITIVE: By 10 o‟clock o‟c lock the the stu st udent will have been writing that formula for ten minutes. INTERROGATIVE: Will the student have been writing that formula for ten minutes by 10 o‟clock ? NEGATIVE: NEG ATIVE: No, the student won‟t have been writing that formula for ten minutes for ten minutes by 10 o‟clock .
EXERCISES
VI.7.1. VI. 7.1. Choose th thee corr correct ect form to fill f ill in the blanks: 1. Donald … sixteen tomorrow. a. will be be;; b. sh shall all be; c. going to be. 2. Don‟t you remember that we … to the cinema tonight? a. would go; b. are going going;; c. go. 3. By the time we arrive, the film … . a. shall shall have started; b. will start; c. will ha ve started. 4. You will ... in the arrivals hall by one of our representatives. a. meet b. be meeting c. be met 5. They promised they … back soon. a. will come co me b. would come co me c. are coming
VI.7.2. Write a correct version for each of the following sentences :
1. 2.
As soon as I will get the answer, I‟ll let you know. After 1997, exports have been booming.
3. 4.
When I‟ll get back, I‟ll tell you all about it. When examining it more closely, he realized the ticket was for the next day. 5. Once she will have understood the procedures, she‟ll work much faster. 6. I‟d no sooner taken my seat when the fire alarm went off. 7. As our bus didn‟t leave for another hour, so we didn‟t have to rush 8. All you have to do is tell me everything what happened. 9. He left the country at the age of 20 and it was only after several years when he returned. 10. It‟s not learning new words that I find difficult, and remembering them.
VI.7.3. VI. 7.3. Use 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
will or going or going to for to for the verbs in brackets: I (get married)……………….next year. These shoes are very dirty. I (clean) …………………..them. As soon as I arrive, I (send) ………………..you a postcard. postcard. This car is very old. I (buy) …………………….a new one. I expect I (be)…………………..late. If you don't leave, I (call)………………………the police. It is getting late. I think I (go)…………………….home. What (you do)……………………..with all the money? I must stay at home this afternoon because my father (call) ……………….me. 10. I (take) ………………the state exam next year. 11. If she helps you with your homework, I (tell) ………………the teach teac her. 12. These exercises are very ver y d iffi ifficult. cult. If you want I (exp (explain) lain) …………….the m.
13. amaway quiteI col co ld. I (close)………………the window. 14. IGo (sneeze)…………………
15. I (be)…………………thirty next month. 16. I'm sorry I must leave lea ve ttoda oday y. No prob problem. lem. I (take) ……………….y ………………. you to the station. 17. I still do don n' t have a prese present nt for Lucy. I thin think k I (buy) ……………her a ba bag. g. 18. She (have) …………………….a baby in five months. 19. Hold on! I (help)…………………….you with these heavy bags. 20. I ha ha ve a specia speciall p lan for the weekend. I (learn) ……………..h …………….. how to make a cake. VI.7.4. Use appropriate tenses for the verbs in brackets: 1. Right now, I am watching TV. Tomorrow at this time, I (watch) ………….TV as well. 2. Tom Tomo o rrow after school, I (go) …………….to the t he beach beac h. 3. I am going on a dream vacation to Tahiti. While you (do) paperwork a nd (tal (ta lk )………….to annoying customers on the …………. paperwork phone, I (lie)……….on a sunny, tropical beach. Are you jealous? 4. We (hide)…………. when Tony (arrive)…………..at his surprise party. As soon as he opens the door, we (jump) ………….out and (scream)………….., "Surprise!" 5. We work out at the fitness centre every day after work. If you (come) …………over while we (work)………… ………….. ..out, we will not be able to let …………….a key under you into the mat house. Just will to benotsafe, the welcome so you havewe to (leave) wait outside. 6. While you (study)…………at home, Magda (be)………………. in class. 7. When I (get)……………..to the party, Sally and Doug (dance)……………, John (make)…………….drinks, Sue and Frank (discuss) ………………..something controversial, and Mary (complain) ……………about something unimportant. They are always doing the same things. They are so predictable. predictab le. 8. When you (get)…………….off the plane, I (wait)……………….. for you. 9. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake) ……………up tomorrow morning, the sun (shine)………………. 10. If you (need) ……………..to contact me sometime next week, I (stay) …………..at the Sheraton in San Francisco. End of UNIT TEST
VI.8.1. VI. 8.1. Use 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8.
Pr Prese esent nt C Continuous ontinuous or o r Future Future Simple: Did you write to Ann? No, I forgot. I (write)……………..her tomorrow. What (you cook)………………….for dinner d inner this this evening? We (go)…………………….to the cinema tomorrow. I (go)…………………to the museum this evening. 'I need more money.' 'I (lend)………………….you some if you want.' 'Have a ni n ice time!' 'T 'Th ha nks I (send)………………….you a postcard.' postcard.'
shut)……………………..the It's cold in door, please? me? I don' don 't w wan antthere. to be(you at home aallo ne. (you stay) …………………with
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Jim has got a plan for Friday. He (pla (play y)…………………tenni )…………………te nniss w with ith friends. 'Have you phone pho ned d JJim? im?'' 'No, I forgo orgot. t. I ((p p ho hone) ne) ……………………him later. Peter (meet)……………………….his friends this this evening. What time (Bill and Jerry Jerr y come)…………………….tonight? What time (you (yo u leave)……………………tomorrow a aft fternoon ernoon?? I (work)………………………tomorrow so I can't go anywhere. The French president (visit)…………………Britain next week. (you do) ……………………..anything tonight? I (get) ……………………….married next Saturday Saturday.. Have you heard? She (go)………………………to have a baby next week. It must be very heavy. I (carry)………………………..it for you. I (do)………………………my exams next week.
VI.8.2. Choose the correct option to complete the sentence. There may be more than than one o ne possib possibility. ility.
1. "What …………………when you leave university?" "I want to go back to London" a. do yo yo u do; b. are you going to do do;; c. are you doing; d. will you do 2. If the plane gets in late I ………………… my train connection. a. am missing; b. will miss; c. am go go ing to miss; d. will w ill be missing 3. It's half past eight and it takes twenty minutes to get to the station. My train leaves in fifteen minutes. I ………………… a. am la la te; b. will be late; c. am going to be late; d. am a m being late 4. I've had twenty replies to the invitations I sent out, so I know twenty people ………………… a. definitely come; b. are definitely coming; c. will definitely come; d. are definitely going to come 5. I'm sure you ………………… a lot better after a good night's sleep. a. feel; b. are feeling; c. will feel; d. are going to feel 6. "Oh, no! I've spilt my wine." "Don't worry. …………………a cloth to wipe it up." a. I get; b. I'm getting; c. I'll get; d. I'll be getting 7. The plane doesn't leave until tomorrow afternoon, so I …………………the cases in the morning. a. pack; b. will pack; c. am going to pack; d. am packing 8. "Can I come round after dinner?" "Yes, that's fine. I …………………anything." a. don't do; b. won't do; c. won't be doing; d. won't have been doing 9. The matc match h doesn't start ttill ill 9 o'c o'cllo ck, so we …………………a drink first. a. will have; b. are going to have; c. are having; d. will be having 10. At the be ginning of next month we ………………… married for ten years. a. are; b. will be; c. are going to be; d. will ha ve been.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Acklam, R., First F irst Certificate Gold, Longman, 2003; 2. Aspinall, T., Advanced Masterclass CAE, OUP, 2001; 3. Radu, Lucian, Milotoiu, C., Sasu, L., Antonaru, C., Andrei, M., Farcas, A. Popa, R. si Ion, M. Gramatica Practica a Limbii Engleze (Morfologie). Brasov: Editura Universitatii Transilvania Brasov, 2005; 4. Vince, M., First F irst Certificate Language Practice, Macmillan Heinemann, 2003; 5. Vince, M., Intermediate Language Practice, Macmillan Heinemann, 2006; 6. http://www.englisch-hilfen.de 7. http://www.eslgold.com/grammar/simple_past.html 8. www.onestopenglish.com 9. www.learningenglishfeelgood.com 10. www.nonstopenglish.com 11. www.bbcenglish.com 12. www.english-at-home.com 13. www.english-test.net 14. www.english-online.at 15. www.esltower.com 16. www.englishforeveryone.org 17. www.englishexercises.org
18. www.learningenglish.com
ANSWER KEY FOR END OF UNIT TESTS UNIT 1 I.8.1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
work hair content damages funds
6. customs 7. scales 8. custom 9. minute 10. colours I.8.2. were 1. is 2. were 3. is 4. were 5. was 6. were 7. was 8. is 9. were 10. were 11. are 12. are 13. are 14. were 15. are 16. were 17. is 18. are 19. was I.8.3.
1. Jimmy‟s coat; 2. yesterday‟s newspaper; 3. the wife of the man crossing the street; 4. my parents‟ neighbours ; 5. the roof of the house; 6. your friend ‟s name; 7. the name of that river; 8. the dress of the girl we met yesterday; 9. government ‟s po li licc y;
10. the boy‟s and girl‟s marks/ the boy and girl‟s marks. I.8.4.
11. advice 12. rice 13. chocolate 14. lemonade 15. coffee 16. milk 17. meat 18. oil 19. tennis 20. jam jam
UNIT 2 II.6.1. I remember in THE dim and distant past my children being obsessed by A man called Bob Dylan. I have no idea he‟s still alive, but THE impact he had in THE sixties and seventies was incredible. I remember one song called „Blowing in THE Wind‟; my son – he‟s in his fifties now – sang it all day and all night, month in month out, for several years. And it was so silly: „How many times must man look up before he can see THE sky?‟ I mean, question like that can‟t be taken seriously, can it? And „How many
times must THE white dove fly before it sleeps in THE sand?‟ And then answer to profound questi profound quest ions: „ THE Answer, my friend, is blowing in THE wind‟. THE Generation after mine didn‟t know what life was all about, did they? We did, of course. „Very thought of you‟, „Just THE way you look tonight‟. „ THE Night they invented champagne‟. They were real songs. But what came next? „How many years can THE mountain exist before it is washed to sea?‟ And there was A whole generation singing along to song. Funny world we live in, I say it‟s A funny world we live in. II.6.2.
6. the 7. a 8. a 9. the 10.the
1. accidents 2. a 3. his 4. the 5. The II.6.3.
Every day there is news of another war breaking out somewhere in THE world. Clauswitz claimed that the war is a continuation of the government by other means, but is it necessary? THE First World War is often used, especially by pacifists, as an example of an unjustifiable war: the European powers allied themselves with each other and for five years killed each other in appalling conditions. What makes society indulge in such extraordinary behaviour? Is it simply in THE nature of man to fight? Under any circumstances can violence ever be justified? II.6.4.
1. A 2. THE
12. THE 13. – –
23. …24. THE
3. A 4. THE 5. THE 6. THE 7. A 8. A 9. – 10. AN 11. – –
14. THE 15. – – 16. THE 17. – – 18. THE 19. THE 20. – – 21. THE 22. THE
25. THE 26. THE 27. A 28. THE 29. – – 30. THE 31. THE
UNIT 3 III.7.1. 1. impatient 2. pleasant
3. confident 4. courteous
5. mischievous 6. fancy 7. momentous 8. occupied 9. disorganised 10. unrecognisable
11. unforgettable 12. unbelievable 13. unendurable 14. irresponsible 15. unhealthy
III.7.2. 1. instructive
11. permissive 12. convincing 13. collapsible 14. arguable 15. pitiful 16. reserved 17. concerned 18. employable/ employed 19. useful 20. successful
2. attractive 3. relative 4. persuasive 5. constructive 6. exclusive 7. avoidable 8. removable 9. deniable 10. solvable
III.7.3. WORD
e.g safe modest Happy complete expensive interesting important Perfect friendly Polite Correct Honest Certain flexible III.7.4.
OPPOSITE OPPOSITE
SIMILAR SIMILAR MEANING
uns unsa a fe immodest unhappy incomplete inexpensive uninteresting unimportant imperfect unfriendly impolite incorrect dishonest uncertain Inflexible
Dangerous
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
funniest heavier easier sunniest more successful
6. softer 7. mo st beaut beautiful iful 8. larger 9. less 10. cleverer
1. 2. 3. 4.
asymmetrical dissimilar irrational impure
6. 7. 8. 9.
III.7.5.
5. impractical
impossible apolitical polite imperfect
10. impatient impatie nt
11. 12. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
immodest immaterial illegal dishonest indirect unclear uncertain unattractive
13. disloyal 14. illogical illogica l
UNIT 4 IV.8.1. 1. is practi practising sing 2. am reading 3. are going 4. eats 5. rises 6. is having 7. study 8. do not llike ike 9. is drinking drinking 10. talks
11. is getting 12. is wearing 13. looks looks 14. drink 15. uses 16. works 17. spends 18. speaks 19. is standing 20. are you going
UNIT 5 V.8.1. 1. heard 2. had never met 3. had driven 4. had a lready lready started 5. found 6. had not eaten 7. had come 8. had drunk 9. di did d no t know 10. had stolen
11. had broke broken n 12. had made/ made 13. had lost 14. wrote 15. had never seen 16. had never been 17. had bought 18. spent 19. had lived 20. finished/ had finished
V.8.2.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. V.8.3. 1. 2. 3. 4.
went drove arrived, was asked, had said, forgot
6. told 7. walked 8. saw 9. stopped, bought 10. was
Last night, Samantha HAD H AD p izza for ssu upper. My pet lizard DIED last month. Yesterda Yest erda y I SPENT two hours ccllea ning my lliving iving roo room. m. This morning before coming to class, Jack ATE/ HAS EATEN two bowls of cereal. 5. What HAPPENED to your leg?
UNIT 6 VI.8.1.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
will write are you cooking are going am going will lend will send
7. will you shut 8. will you stay 9. is playing playing 10. will phone
11. is meeting 12. are Bill and Jerry coming 13. are you leaving 14. I will work work 15. visits 16. are you doing 17. am going to get 18. is going 19. will carry 20. am doing
VI.8.2.
1. b. 2. b. 3. b. 4. c. 5. c.
6. c. 7. c/ d 8. c. 9. b. 10. d.
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