Engleski Jezik I

PRAKTIKUM PREDAVANJA I VEZBE ENGLESKI I

TEST OF ENGLISH CHOOSE AND CIRCLE THE CORRECT WORD FROM THE TWO CHOICES LISTED AFTER EACH NUMBER IN BRACKETS: My cousin Julia (1) (is/am) from Europe . She (2) (has/had) never been to the United States . I (3) (think/thinks) that American food is terrible. She (4) (thinks/think) that the reason why Americans are fat is because (5) (we/they) eat hamburgers and hotdogs. Every night I (6) (write/am writing) her (7) (a/an) email message. Last night while I (8) (was/were) writing to her, the doorbell (9) (rang/was ringing). Julia’s cousin, Jim was standing outside. When I saw him, I (10) (was screaming/screamed) with joy. He was hungry and wanted to go out to eat. He said that he wanted to go (11) (in/to) a restaurant that (12) (had/was having) a big menu. I selected my favorite restaurant. When we got there, (13) (he/she) was amazed and said that he (14) (has/had) never seen a menu so big. He selected a fish dinner. After we (15) (were finishing/finished) eating, he told me that if Julia knew that American restaurants had such big selections, she (16) (would have changed/would change) her opinion about American food. Right now he (17) (talks/is talking) (18) (on/in) the phone with Julia. Next year, she is planning to study English at Boston Academy of English and he (19) (is/will be) excited to tell her about his experience with American food. He is certain (20) (that/what) if she had known that American food was so good, she (21) (would have come/came) to the United States to learn English earlier. WHAT IS YOUR SCORE? If you have written down all of your answers check the complete list of correct answers and find out what your English level is. Here are the correct answers to your test. Compare your answers with the correct answers. Then read the scale below to define your English level.

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ANSWER KEY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

is has think thinks we write an was rang screamed to had he had finished eating would change is talking on is that would have come

How many correct answers did you have? 0-3 correct answers – Beginner 1 You need to work more on basic English structures. 4-7 correct answers – Beginner 2 You need to work more on English tenses 8-11 correct answers – Intermediate 1 You are familiar with the simple tenses in English but you still have to practice them more. 12-15 correct answers – Intermediate 2 You know both simple and complex tenses but have to practice accuracy. 16-19 correct answers – Advanced 1 You have to work on complex structures. 20-21 correct answers – Advanced 2 You need to improve the accuracy and fluidity of all complex English structures.

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HOW TO LEARN ENGLISH Tips and ideas on the best way to learn English faster. Tips for Beginners 1. You are like a new baby. Babies learn their language slowly. First they learn to listen. Then they learn to talk. Finally, they can read and write. 2. Listen to English every day. Listen to English radio. Watch English TV. Go to English movies. Use online lessons. 3. Make an English ESL (English as a Second Language) friend. Make up conversations. Practice dialogues. Use beginner’s textbooks. 4. Read English stories. Start with simple storybooks. Try ESL readers. Read advertisements, signs and labels. Try www.EnglishClub.com. 5. Write down new words. Start a vocabulary (new words) notebook. Write words in alphabetical order (A…B…C…). Make example sentences. Always use an English-English dictionary first. 6. Keep an English diary. Start with one sentence. How do you feel? What is the weather like? What did you do today? Write another sentence tomorrow. 7. Visit an English speaking country. Learn English more quickly. Stay with an English family. Hear native speakers talk. Have a fun experience. WHERE DO I START? Why do you want to learn English? Before you begin(or go back to)studying English, ask yourself a question. Why do I want to study English? Is it because you want to, or because someone else wants you do? Like every decision in life,studying English must be something you want to do? Set goals If you know why you want to study, setting goals is easy. For example, maybe you want to travel to an Englishspeaking country.Great.Your goal might be to learn” Survival English”. Perhaps you already know many useful

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phrases, but you want to improve your listening skills and pronunciation. Whatever your goals are, write them down. Make an agenda How long do you need to study to achieve your goals? This answer is different for every student. The important thing is to be realistic. If you work 60 hours per week, don’t plan on spending another 40 hours a week studying English. Start off slow, but study regulary. Use material that is challenging, but not too difficult. Find out what works for you. After you have studied for a few weeks, adjust your schedule accordingly. Do you study best at night, or on the bus on your way to work? Do you like to study alone or with friends and background music? Make a commitment Learning English requires a lot of motivation. Nobody is going to take your attendance when you aren’t in class. If you are ready to begin. If you are sure you are ready to begin studying, make a commitment. Have fun learning English! The things we do best in life are things we enjoy doing. If you aren’t having fun learning English, you`re not studying the right way! You can be a serious student who has fun at the same time. Make up your own rewards program to give yourself incentives to stay on task. STUDY A BALANCE OF THE 4 KEY SKILLS (LISTENING, SPEAKING, READING, AND WRITING) Most students want to communicate better in English. If this is one of your goals, it is important to study a balance of the four mayor skills. Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing are the main (macro) skills you need to communicate in any language. Being very good at only one of these skills will not help you to communicate. For example you need to be able to read well before you can write well. You also need to be able to listen before you can speak. It helps to think of these communicative skills in two groups. Input - Listening (in through your ears) - Reading (in through your eyes) Output - Speaking (out through your mouth) - Writing (out through your hand) 4

It’s simple. Think of it this way. First you have input. Next you have output. First you listen to someone ask you a question. Second you speak and give them your answer. First you read a letter from someone. After that you write back to them. These are examples of communicating. Input and output don’t necessarily go in a specific order. Sometimes you speak first and then you listen. Sometimes you write about something you hear. During communication, the person you are communicating with uses one of opposite skills. Therefore in order to understand each other, everyone must be skillful in all four areas. Some students want to know which skill is the most important. Since all of the skills rely on each other, they are all important. However, to communicate we do use some skills more often than others. For example, about 40% of the time that we spend communicating we are simply listening. We speak for about 35% of the time. Approximately 16% of communication comes from reading, and about 9% from writing. These statistics are for an average communicator in English. Depending on someone’s job situation, these numbers may vary. Each of these main skills have micro skills within them. For example, pronunciation is a type of speaking skill that must be practiced in order to improve communication. Spelling is a skill that makes understanding the written word easier. Grammar and vocabulary are other micro skills. Micro doesn’t mean they are unimportant. Macro skills such as listening are very general, while micro skills are more specific. For the best results, create an agenda that combines all four areas of study. Allow one type of studying to lead into another. For example, read a story and then talk about it with a friend. Watch a movie and then write about it. This is what teachers in an English class would have you do, right? 1.HOW TO LEARN LISTENING Listen to the radio Don’t always have a pen in hand. Sometimes it helps to just listen. Watch English TV Children’s programming is very useful for ESL learners. Choose programs that you would enjoy in your own language. Remember that much of what you hear on TV is slang.

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Call Automated Answering Machine recordings You can fin these numbers at the front of telephone books in many English-speaking countries. Before you dial, make sure that you are calling the free numbers. Watch movies Choose ones with subtitles, or one from Use Internet listening resources Every day there are more and more places to listen to English online. 2.HOW TO LEARN SPEAKING AND PRONUNCIATION Talk to yourself Talk about anything and everything. Do it in the privacy of your own home. If you can’t do this at first, try reading out loud until you feel comfortable hearing your own voice in English. Record your own voice This might feel very uncomfortable, but it will help you find your weak pronunciation points. Listen to yourself a few days later. Which sounds do you have difficulty hearing? Use the telephone Participate in class Learn common idioms Understand the sounds that your language doesn’t have For example, many languages don’t have the “r” sound. These sounds require extra practice. Recognize that teachers are trained to understand you When you get out into the real word, average people will have a more difficult time understanding you unless you practice speaking slowly and with proper pronunciation. Practice minimal pairs Study word and sentence stress Practice toque twisters 3. HOW TO LEARN READING AND VOCABULARY Read something every day Children's books, simplified readers (Penguin), newspapers, magazines, Internet sites, novels, and much much more... Read what interests you. Remember that you learn better when you are having fun. Read at the appropriate level You want to learn new vocabulary, but you also want to understand what you are reading. If you are looking up every word, the reading is too difficult.

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Review Who, What, Where, When, Why for each story you read You can do this for almost any type of reading. Who is it about? What happened? Why did it happen? Where did it take place? When did it take place? This is very useful when you have no comprehension questions to answer. You can write or speak your answers. Always have an English-English dictionary nearby It is a bad habit to always rely on a translation dictionary or electronic dictionary. Use online dictionaries when you are using the Internet (keyword online dictionary). Record vocabulary in a personal dictionary Keep this notebook separate from other work Record vocabulary in alphabetical order (an English address book works well because it has letters of the alphabet) Record the part of speech (sometimes there is more than one) Write a sample sentence for yourself (don't use the one from the dictionary) Review your personal dictionary (especially new entries) every night before bed 4.HOW TO LEARN WRITING AND SPELLING Keep a diary/journal Don’t always pay attention to grammar. Free writing can be very useful. It can show you that writing is fun. Have fun with the language. Write emails in English Stay in contact with teachers or other students. Rewrite your local news in English This is another exercise that can be done on a daily basis. Remember that regular activities are the best ones. Learn important spelling rules Remember, you won’t always have a dictionary or a spell-checker handy, especially when you are writing a test. Even native English speakers need to review the spelling rules from time to time.

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Learn commonly misspelled words Learn common English errors Get an ESL pen pal MORE TIPS FOR LEARNING ENGLISH Don’t be afraid of grammar Grammar is for communication Sometimes students get obsessed with grammar. This is especially true for students who grew up with strict grammar schooling. Remember that you only study grammar in order to communicate. Practice with a few exercises, then write an essay or have a conversation and try to use tools. Isolate your week points Don’t waste time on grammar that you already understand just because they are easier for you. Concentrate on grammar that is difficult for you. If you are unsure of where your problems are write a few short essays or paragraphs and ask a teacher to circle repeated errors. Then look up tour problem and practice it. Teach grammar points to a friend Find a friend who studies at lower level than you. Teaching will force you to remember and to understand them properly. Try preparing a worksheet for your friend. Improve your homework skills Stay organised. Keep separate notebooks for exercises, writing, and vocabulary. Use a pen that you love. Study in short, regular periods. Allow a short amount of time for review. Study in a place where you feel happy and comfortable.

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Don’t allow distractions. Consider email, TV, and the telephone (unless in English) off limits while you are studying. Have a drink and snack handy so that you don’t have to get up. If you study in pairs or groups, make an English-only rule. Visit an English-Speaking Country Take a language holiday. Stay with a homestay family. Learn from native English teachers. Gain access to English culture. Volunteer. Make a native English friend. Make friends with people from other countries. Become more confident. Hire a tutor. Offer language lessons/ swap in your own native tongue.

Prepare for standardized test such as TOEIC or TOEFEL

Qualify for a better job in your country (TOEIC). Get accepted to an American collage or university (TOEFEL). Use guided-study textbooks. Study a broad range of whole language. Track your improvement easily (test scores). Learn idiomatic language. 9

Learn business English (TOEIC). Improve your vocabulary quickly. Take classes and get access to many listening exercises. Challenge yourself to improve your score. Learn and practice proper essay format (TWE/NEW TOEFEL). Become a grammar expert. Improve your general knowledge. FUN WITH ENGLISH IDEAS Have an English-only evening once a week. Cook in English (rewrite your recipe in English) or watch English movies. Write an English love letter. (If your loved one doesn’t understand English that’s even better!). Write English limericks. (These are excellent and simple for writing, pronunciation and rhythm practice.) Rewrite fairytales, jokes or instructions in English. Go out and pretend you don’t understand your native language (try to get by in only English.) Go online and find the lyrics to your favorite English songs and sing along to them (use a search engine.) Learn the words to English national anthemes. Sing along when you hear them on TV (sporting events.) Invent an English character for yourself (with job, family, etc.). Write this person’s biography. Buy an English board game (like Monopoly or Scrabble). Play cards in English. Start up or join an English reading or conversation club. Talk to yourself in English while you clean or do the dishes. Go around the house and try to name everything in English (furniture, clothes etc). Look up for words you don’t know.

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3. LEAVING A MESSAGE 1. Use the appropriate words to complete each of the gaps in the answerphone recordings: for calling; business hours; Friday; is closed; back; possible; I’m not able; call; leave; message. a. Thank you _______________ TDK Products. I’m afraid that our office _______________ and there is no-one to take your call at the moment. Our _______________ are 08.30 to 18.30, Monday to _______________, and we will get __________ to you as soon as __________. b. This is Phil Thomas. _____________ at the moment to take your __________. If you’d like to __________ a __________, please speak after the tone. I’ll ring you __________. 2. Here are two messages left on an answerphone. Fill in the gaps: tell; call; repeat; report; trying; machine; urgently; discuss; as soon as possible. a. This is Paula Ricchi of Velex Supplies. I need to speak to Diana Winter of Sales. Can you __________ her to __________ me first thing tomorrow morning? My number is 071 237 9897. I’ll just __________ my name: Paula Ricchi of Velex Supplies. Oh, and could you tell her that I got her __________ about Turin Conference? b. Phil, this is Janine. I’ve been __________ to ring you all day but all I get is the answering __________. Where have you been? I need to speak to you __________ about the Belman contract. I’ve had a look at it and there are a couple of things we need to __________ before we send it out. Can you ring me __________________? I’ll be here till about half past seven. Bye.

Etiquette - Making Introductions In North America we seem to be taking a more casual approach to etiquette than in previous eras. However, it is valuable to know the basic tenets of etiquette so that you know what to do in business and social settings. Introductions are one of the things we do frequently in our work life and daily life. The intention is to introduce one

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person to another person or persons or to introduce several people to each other. There are a few key rules to know to ensure you conduct your introductions smoothly and according to the traditions of business etiquette. In this page we will discuss: how to make introductions, how to introduce yourself, shaking hands. introductions at meetings and use of business cards and name tags. We are a multicultural society and are participating in a global economy. If you will be meeting or working with people from another country you might wish to consult books for information about cultural etiquette or taboos in their cultures. Introduction In social situations, a man is traditionally introduced to a woman. However, in the business world introductions are based on a person's rank or position in a company. Whoever is the highest-ranking person is introduced to everyone else in order of their position. If you introduce two people of equal rank to each other, introduce the one you know less well to the one you know better. Introducing a client The only exception is when you are dealing with a client. In this case the client should be introduced first, even if you are with someone of higher rank within your company. In making introductions, observe the following practice: One person is always introduced to another person by saying the name of the person to the other is being introduced. An example of how to introduce a client to a member of your company would be: "MS. Brown (of your company) I would like you to meet the vice president of Marketing of Able Communications, Ms. Armstrong. Ms. Armstrong, I would like to introduce Ms. Brown (you could also include her title). Other tips for introductions: Use a friendly relaxed manner when Introducing people. Remember to smi1e. Mention both the first and last names distinctly including titles. Note: Do not use first names in the following situations unless specifically requested to do so: To a superior in one's business, To a business client or customer, To a person of higher rank, To professional people offering their services,

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To an older person. If you are in a group and you're making many introduction it is helpful to include a bit of information about each person. This can help to facilitate further conversation. You don't want to leave people in an uncomfortable situation by introducing them and then just walking away and leaving them in the position of not knowing what to say. In a large group it can be overwhelming to be faced with many new names and faces. To ease the situation you can try introducing a person to only a few people at a time. The information provided could pertain to the reason the person is a special guest, a particular, accomplishment, hobby, etc. As with any introductions, be discreet and do not say anything that would embarrass the guest or those being introduced. How to handle different introductory situations: The younger person is introduced to the older person. A man is introduced to a woman. A less important person is introduced to a more important person. A younger couple is introduced to an older couple. An untitled person is introduced to a titled person; For example, "Mr. president, may I present Mr. Black". Use titles, unless requested not to, such as in the case of a doctor. For people who live together, give each person's full name - no explanation need be given. For husbands and wives with different names, introduce the wife first and give their full names. For example, "Anne Walker and her husband John Smith". If you forget someone's name, apologize briefly and wait for the persons involved to volunteer their names. If you are uncertain how to pronounce someone's name ask them for the correct pronunciation prior to introducing them if possible. If you are introduced to someone and you do not hear the name clearly, simply ask them to repeat it. Introducing Yourself There are occasions in which you need to introduce yourself. For example if you are meeting new colleagues, associates or clients. To introduce yourself extend your hand and say, "Hello, I am _________. I am the __________ with company ABC. If you have previously been introduced to someone do not assume that they will remember you. Be prepared to reintroduce yourself should it be necessary. Shaking Hands

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When you are introduced to someone you should always stand and shake hands and make eye contact. A handshake is the physical greeting that accompanies the verbal introduction. Not shaking hands could be perceived as a sign of rejection and could be very insulting to the other person. A handshake should be firm but not bone crushing. You should grip the other person's hand so that the web of your thumbs meet. Shake hands a couple of times being sure to perform the motion from the elbow not from the shoulder. If you are wearing gloves you should remove them before shaking hands. Some of the situations in which you should shake hands: When meeting a person for the first time or when saying good-bye When renewing acquaintances When greeting a host or hostess or being introduced to someone When ending a transaction or leaving a business or social event. Name tags If name tags are worn, they should be placed on the right shoulder. The reason for this is that most people are right handed and when people shake hands, using their right hand, this is where the eye can best see the name tag and the name of the person. Meetings If you are leading a meeting and the people at the meeting do not know each other, or even if only a few are not acquainted it is advisable to conduct introductions. It is most efficient to have people introduce themselves, stating their role or position. You also have the option of introducing those present. If you do so introduce them by name and provide some additional information as their position, role or the reason they are in attendance. Business Card Etiquette It is essential to have a supply of business cards on hand at all times. They should be in a place that is easy to reach so you don't have to hunt or fumble for them when you need one. If you are going to be at a meeting or event where you expect you may want to have them available place a few in your jacket pocket, or in a convenient location in your purse. Always have business cards that are clean, neat and accurate. If you have more than one business, have more than one card and have them filed separately so you can easily find the one you need. Old, dog-eared business cards with information crossed out or corrected by hand do not portray a professional impression.

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Present your business card face up and turned so that the

person you are giving it to can read it. Be selective in distributing business cards, don't hand them out as if you were dealing out a pack of cards. Give them to people who express an interest in yours or who offer you theirs. If someone offers you their card don't turn it down. If you don't want it you can always dispose of it later. If you ask for someone's card and they don't want to provide one to you, if you sincerely have a reason for wanting one explain your purpose or let the matter drop. Most people, when they are handed a business card simply slip it into their pocket or folder without looking at it. When handed a business card, take the time to read it. Say the name of the person out loud to check that you have the correct pronunciation. If you are uncertain of the pronunciation ask them to pronounce it for you. Make note of the company name and the title and if possible comment on previous experience you have had with the company or ask something about the person's company or position there to show your interest. In addition to using your business card as a means of introduction you can also include it along with business correspondence. Business Introductions The most important point about introductions is - to make them! Introductions are important aspects of our daily business life, make sure to do it right. Always stand for introductions, everyone should stand up to greet new colleagues, associates or clients. In an office, always stand up and come around from behind the desk to greet visitors. Failing to do so causes embarrassment and discomfort. We prefer better to make an incorrect introduction instead of none, even if you forgot their name, rather than stand there unacknowledged and disregarded. Another important point in any introduction is the order of names. The name of the person being introduced is mentioned last, and the person to whom the introduction is made is mentioned first. Business Introductions are based on power and hierarchy. Simply, persons of lesser authority are introduced to persons or greater authority. Gender plays no role in business etiquette; nor does it affect the order of introductions. Responding to Introductions is just as important as making the introduction. In response to informal introductions, 15

simply say "hello". Add "How do you do?" followed by the person's name is the customary response to a formal introduction. Do not use the first names until the person to who you've been introduced has indicated that the familiarity is preferred. Exchanging Business Cards

Do's and Dont's of Business Introductions 1. Be prepared Always have a handful with you to present to potential clients or other business associates, even on the weekends. Make sure they are clean and crisp with no frayed edges or pen marks. You'll find that many important contacts and business card exchanges can take place in the most unlikely places. Local restaurants often hang a bulletin board near the front counter for business cards to be posted. They're offering you free advertising, so be ready to take advantage. 2. Make it a point to hand out business cards It doesn't take a large convention to bring customers and business owners together. Informal meetings are one of the best times to network and exchange business cards. If the person you are speaking with seems interested in your product or service you represent, offer that person a business card. 3. Exchange business cards smoothly When you first meet someone, it's ok to request a business card from them provided you have offered yours first. If the person is of a higher position than yourself, you should wait for them to offer their card to you first. Remember if they want you to have a card, they will give you one! Only give one business card to your new contact. Leaving two or three may give the signa1 that you want them to make contacts for you which is tacky and unprofessional. Unless a prior agreement is made to exchange more than one card, keep the focus on person to-person contact. 4. Receiving a business card properly When accepting a business card, have a good look at it for a few seconds. In your conversation, offer a compliment about the logo, design, etc. Place the business card you receive in a planner or notebook or on the table in front of you. Never place the card in a wallet that will be put in your back pocket. Stick to these four quick tips for swapping business cards and enjoy your newfound business card marketing success

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HOW TO HAVE A SUCCESSFUL MEETING

By Dave Wiggins, Human Resources Consultant One, two, three, YAWN! Inefficient, unproductive meetings may be the single biggest time waster in both business and government. In one poll, 90 percent of managers said half the meetings they attended were either unnecessary or a complete waste of time. While nobody loves them, meetings are an inescapable part of the modern workplace. For most, attendance is often mandatory. Do you have meetings often? If so, conduct an anonymous poll of those involved and ask them a simple question: "Are most of our meetings necessary and productive, or are they usually a waste of time?" You may be surprised by the response. Meetings are quite costly in both money and time. For example, if eight employees at a company meeting earn an average of $30,000 per year, and they meet for 90 minutes, the cost of this little assembly is about $180 in salaries, plus the expense of transportation, meals, sending out memos, faxes, etc. Of course, other tasks go undone while the attendees are talking, listening and being bored to tears. If a meeting is to take place, it should be both necessary and effective, or it should not be held at all. Here are some tips and techniques to make your meetings more productive. 1) Know where you're going. What do you want to accomplish between the beginning and the end of the meeting? What is the purpose? You should always have a specific, clear objective whenever you participate in a meeting; i.e., come up with a plan of action, brainstorm a long-standing problem, educate, inform, etc. Whatever it is you want and need to accomplish, make sure you, and everyone at the meeting, are clear on why you are getting together. Meetings without a clear purpose are meetings that become a waste of precious time. 2) Have a set agenda. The cause of failure in almost every endeavor comes from a lack of thoughtful planning, and meetings are no different. Put together a simple outline before everyone arrives, and stick to it. List all of the topics you need to discuss and the amount of time you will spend discussing each issue. 3) Limit attendance. Meetings get less productive as the number of attendees increases, so be selective when choosing who will attend. Also, ask yourself if it's really necessary for everyone to stay through the entire session. If not, have part-time participants who can come and leave without staying the whole meeting. 4) Stay focused on the subject at hand. Meetings are always more effective when a leader controls the direction of the meeting and keeps everyone focused on the agenda. Even the 17

best-intentioned participants will start discussing topics unrelated to the issue at hand, and an effective meeting leader will politely stop such digressions quickly. 5) Be prompt! If a meeting is scheduled to begin at 8 a.m., start at 8 sharp, not at 8:05 or 8: 10. Some people have a bad habit of arriving late, and to make those who arrive on time wait for those who do not is both unfair and inconsiderate. When people know that your meetings start promptly, they will arrive on time more often. Be punctual and begin every meeting on time, every time! 6) Have a deadline. Meetings should not only begin at a precise time, but end on time, too. Time limits create a sense of urgency, and meeting participants will usually react by concentrating on the issues at hand, avoiding idle chatter, etc. Deadlines will encourage the attendees to be more efficient and effective, especially as the end of the meeting approaches. 7) Schedule intelligently. The best times for meetings are at 11 a.m. and 4 p.m. People are more likely to focus on the subject at hand before lunch and around quitting time. However, try to avoid scheduling meetings right after lunch. Most people experience an energy dip right after a meal, and the larger the meal, the less their ability to pay attention and participate. Also, the best time to schedule a future meeting is at the end of one. Rather than making phone calls and sending letters announcing an upcoming meeting, set a time and place to meet again while everyone is together. 8) Stand and deliver. If you want to have a brief, "nofluff" meeting that lasts no more than 10 minutes, do not seat yourselves. Have everyone stand during the meeting. There is a correlation between comfort and the length of conversations, and standing up is less comfortable than being seated. 9) Heaven (and everything else) can wait! Never, ever permit an interruption during a meeting unless there is an emergency. Every minute the meeting is disrupted is a minute lost for everyone in attendance. 10) Kill it. Is your next meeting really necessary? The meeting that appears to be essential Monday sometimes loses its urgency by Thursday. If the need for a meeting does not seem as great as it did when you originally planned it, please do everyone a favor. Cancel it! Remember, no one likes meetings, and they will not be angry at you for calling it off. PMR Meetings in English Whether you are holding a meeting or attending a meeting, it is important that you understand key English phrases and

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expressions related to meetings. A successful meeting has no surprises. With proper preparation and careful organization, a meeting can run smoothly. The most typical complaint about meetings is that they run too long. Meetings that run longer than necessary can be very costly to a company or business. As the famous business expression says: Time is money. Setting goals and time limits, keeping to the agenda, and knowing how to refocus, are key components of an effective meeting. This may sound simple in your own native language, but it is a little trickier when you or the participants do not speak fluent English. These pages will help you hold or attend a meeting with success. Review the vocabulary, read through the lessons, and then check your understanding. Scenario The following pages will be based on the meeting of a fictional company called Paris Tours. The owner of the small tour company is Pierre . He has ten employees, including four supervisors, Kana and Thomas (guides), Nolan (driver), and Jane (receptionist). These four supervisors will be called to a meeting to discuss the upcoming tourist season. Follow through the pages to watch how Pierre prepares for and holds the meeting, and how his staff participate. • • • • • • •

Vocabulary Vocabulary Quiz Preparing for a Meeting Opening a Meeting Following the Agenda Closing a Meeting

Preparing for a Meeting Calling a Meeting There are a number of ways that you may call or be called to a meeting. Some meetings are announced by e-mail, and others are posted on bulletin boards. If a meeting is announced at the end of another meeting, it is important to issue a reminder. A reminder can also come in the form of an e-mail or notice. Verbal announcements or reminders should always be backed up by documented ones. The date, location, time, length, and purpose of the meeting should be included. It is also important to indicate exactly who is expected to attend, and who is not. If you are planning on allocating someone to take on a certain role, make

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personal contact with that person to inform them of his or her duty. Sample E-mail: To: [email protected] cc: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] From: [email protected] Subject: Meeting Hi Everyone, We will be having a meeting next Friday from 2:00 PM-4:00 PM in Room 3. All supervisors are expected to attend. The purpose of the meeting is to discuss the upcoming tourist season. As you probably have heard, this could be our busiest season to date. There are already twenty bus tours booked from Japan , and fifteen walking tours booked from North America . We are also expecting Korean and Australian tours in late summer. Please make arrangements to have other staff members cover your duties during the meeting. Thank you, Pierre

Sample Notice: MEETING LOCATION: Room 3 DATE: Friday, May 5th TIME: 2:00 PM-4:00 P.M. FOR: Supervisors only SUBJECT: Tourist Season ATTENDANCE IS MANDATORY Writing an Agenda In order to keep the meeting on task and within the set amount of time, it is important to have an agenda. The

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agenda should indicate the order of items and an estimated amount of time for each item. If more than one person is going to speak during the meeting, the agenda should indicate whose turn it is to "have the floor". In some cases, it may be useful to forward the agenda to attendees before the meeting. People will be more likely to participate in a meeting, by asking questions or offering feedback, if they know what is going to be covered. Sample Agenda: 1 Welcome, Introduction: Pierre and Stella (5 minutes) 2 Minutes from previous meeting: Jane (10 minutes) 3 Japan Tours : Pierre (15 minutes) 4 N.A. Tours: Pierre (15 minutes) 5 Korean Tours: Pierre (15 minutes) 6 Australian Tours: Pierre (if time allows 10 minutes) 7 Feedback from last year: Everyone (15 minutes) 8 Vote on staff picnic: Everyone (15 minutes) 9 Questions/Closing remarks/Reminders: Everyone (5 minutes) Allocating roles The person in charge of calling and holding a meeting may decide to allocate certain roles to other staff members. Someone may be called upon to take the minutes, someone may be asked to do roll call, and someone may be asked to speak on a certain subject. This should be done either in person, or in an e-mail. Sample Personal Request: Pierre : Hi Jane, did you get the e-mail about next week's meeting? Jane: Yes, I'll be there. Pierre : Great. I'd like to put you in charge of reviewing the minutes from last meeting for us. Jane: Sure, I can do that. I think there is a copy of the minutes in my file. Pierre : Thanks, you'll have ten minutes to remind us of what we discussed last meeting. This will be good for Stella to hear. Stella will be our new private tours coordinator. Sample E-mail: To: [email protected] From: [email protected]

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Subject: Minutes Hi Jane, I just wanted to make sure that you would be available to review last month's minutes and present them at Friday's meeting. We have a new staff member joining us, so I'd like to give her a chance to see where things have been going since the last meeting. If you have any concerns about this, let me know. Thanks, Pierre

Opening a Meeting Small Talk Whether you are holding the meeting or attending the meeting it is polite to make small talk while you wait for the meeting to start. You should discuss things unrelated to the meeting, such as weather, family, or weekend plans. Sample Dialogue: Pierre: Hi Thomas. How are you? Thomas: Great thanks, and you? Pierre : Well, I'm good now that the warm weather has finally arrived. Thomas: I know what you mean. I thought winter was never going to end. Pierre : Have you dusted off your golf clubs yet? Thomas: Funny you should ask. I'm heading out with my brother-in-law for the first round of the year on Saturday. Welcome Once everyone has arrived, the chairperson, or whoever is in charge of the meeting should formally welcome everyone to the meeting and thank the attendees for coming. • • • • • •

Well, since everyone is here, we should get started. Hello, everyone. Thank you for coming today. I think we'll begin now. First I'd like to welcome you all. Thank you all for coming at such short notice. I really appreciate you all for attending today. We have a lot to cover today, so we really should begin.

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Sample Welcome: Pierre: I think we'll begin now. First I'd like to welcome you all and thank everyone for coming, especially at such short notice. I know you are all very busy and it's difficult to take time away from your daily tasks for meetings. Introductions If anyone at the meeting is new to the group, or if there is a guest speaker, this is the time when introductions should be made. The person in charge of the meeting can introduce the new person, or ask the person to introduce him or herself. •

I'd like to take a moment to introduce our new tour coordinator. • I know most of you, but there are a few unfamiliar faces. • Stella, would you like to stand up and introduce yourself? • Hi everyone. I'm Judy Strauss. I'll be acting as Amanda's assistant while Nancy is away on maternity leave. Roll Call/Apologies If the meeting is a small group, it is probably unnecessary to take attendance out loud. The person who is taking the minutes will know everyone personally and can indicate who is present and who is absent. In a larger meeting, it may be necessary to send around an attendance sheet or call out names. If an important figure is absent, it may be necessary for the chairperson to apologize for his or her absence and offer a brief explanation for it. • •

It looks like everyone is here today. If you notice anyone missing, please let Jane know so that she can make a note of it. • Unfortunately, Ken cannot join us today. He has been called away on business • Mike will be standing in to take the minutes today, as Lisa is home with the flu. Objectives Some people who hold meetings prefer to pass around copies of the agenda, and others will post a large copy on a wall, or use an overhead projector. No matter which format is used, attendees should be able to follow the agenda as the meeting progresses. Before beginning the first main item on

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the agenda, the speaker should provide a brief verbal outline the objectives. Sample Introduction to the Agenda: Pierre: As you can all see here on the agenda we will be mainly talking about the upcoming tourist season. First we'll discuss the groups that will be coming in from Japan . After that we'll discuss the North American Tours, followed by the Korean tours. If time allows we will also discuss the Australian tours which are booked for early September. Next, I'm going to request some feedback from all of you concerning last year's tours and where you think we can improve. And finally, we'll be voting on where and when to have this year's staff picnic. Following the Agenda Taking the Minutes Anyone, including you, may be assigned to take the minutes at a meeting. Often someone who is not participating in the meeting will be called upon to be the minute-taker. Before a meeting the minute-taker should review the following: • • •

The minutes from previous meeting All of the names of the attendees (if possible) The items on the agenda

It also helps to create an outline before going to the meeting. An outline should include the following: • • • • • •

A title for the meeting The location of the meeting A blank spot to write the time the meeting started and ended The name of the chairperson A list of attendees that can be checked off(or a blank list for attendees to sign) A blank spot for any attendees who arrive late or leave early

Sample Minutes Outline: Supervisor's Meeting Friday, May 5 Room 3 Start: ________ Finish: ________ Chair: Pierre Attendees: 1._________

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2._________ 3._________ 4._________ 5._________ Late to arrive:_________ Early to depart:________ The minute-taker can use a pen and paper or a laptop computer and does not need to include every word that is spoken. It is necessary to include important points and any votes and results. Indicating who said what is also necessary, which is why the minute-taker should make sure to know the names of the attendees. If you cannot remember someone's name, take a brief note of their seating position and find out their name after the meeting. A minute-taker should type out the minutes immediately after the meeting so that nothing is forgotten. Watching the Time One of the most difficult things about holding an effective meeting is staying within the time limits. A good agenda will outline how long each item should take. A good chairperson will do his or her best to stay within the limits. Here are some expressions that can be used to keep the meeting flowing at the appropriate pace. • • •

I think we've spent enough time on this topic. We're running short on time, so let's move on. We're running behind schedule, so we'll have to skip the next item. • We only have fifteen minutes remaining and there's a lot left to cover. • If we don't move on, we'll run right into lunch. • We've spent too long on this issue, so we'll leave it for now. • We'll have to come back to this at a later time. • We could spend all day discussing this, but we have to get to the next item. Regaining Focus It is easy to get off topic when you get a number of people in the same room. It is the chairperson's responsibility to keep the discussion focused. Here are some expressions to keep the meeting centred on the items as they appear on the agenda. • • • •

Let's stick to the task at hand, shall we? I think we're steering off topic a bit with this. I'm afraid we've strayed from the matter at hand. You can discuss this among yourselves at another time.

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• • • • •

We've lost sight of the point here. This matter is not on today's agenda. Let's save this for another meeting. Getting back to item number 5... Now where were we? Oh yes, let's vote.

Voting When issues cannot be resolved or decisions cannot be easily made, they are often put to a vote. Most votes occur during meetings. Votes can be open, where people raise their hands in favour or in opposition of the issue. In an open vote, the results are evident immediately. Other votes, such as who should be elected to take on a certain role, are private or closed. During private votes, attendees fill out ballots and place them in a box to be counted. The results may not be counted until after the meeting. Here are some specific expressions used during open voting: • • •

•

All in favour? (Those who agree raise their hands or say "Aye".) All opposed? Motion to hire more tour guides, moved by Thomas. (Suggestions or ideas that are put to a vote are called motions. When a person makes a suggestion, the term to use both during the meeting and in the minutes is moved.) Motion to hire more tour guides seconded by Nolan. (When another person agrees with the motion, it is seconded.)

When a motion is voted and agreed upon it is carried. When it is voted and disagreed upon it is failed. Most often votes are put to a majority. If there is a tie vote, the chairperson will often cast the deciding vote. Sample Voting Session: Pierre: Okay, now that we've covered most of the business, it's time to vote on the staff picnic. Jane and I have come up with two different ideas. I'll give Jane the floor now, and she'll outline these two options. After that we'll vote. I don't think there is any reason to have a private vote, so I'll just ask to see a show of hands. Jane, would you do the honours? Jane: Thanks Pierre . Okay, so, as you all probably assumed, we are going to wait until most of the tours have passed through before we have the staff picnic. That way most of you should be able to attend. So we've chosen the last Sunday of September. I hope that works out for all of you. Now, the first option is to have a BBQ at Mariposa Beach . We would do this on the last Sunday of September. 26

The second option is to have a potluck dinner/pool party in Pierre 's backyard. The only problem with this is if it rains, there isn't much in the way of shelter there. I don't think Pierre and his wife will want all of us dashing inside in a thunderstorm. Pierre : Well, if we had to we could probably squeeze everyone in the basement. Anyhow, those are the options, so let's put it to a vote. All in favour of option number one? Raise your hands please...okay, one vote. And, all in favour of option number two? That's four. Okay, so it looks like a pool party at my house. Jane: Great. I'll put up a sign up sheet and everyone can write down what they plan to bring. Comments and Feedback During the meeting, participants will comment, provide feedback, or ask questions. Here are some ways to do so politely: • • • • • • • • •

If I could just come in here... I'm afraid I'd have to disagree about that. Could I just say one thing? I'm really glad you brought that up, Kana. I couldn't agree with you more. (I agree) Jane, could you please speak up. We can't hear you at the back. If I could have the floor (chance to speak) for a moment... We don't seem to be getting anywhere with this. Perhaps we should come back to this at another time? Closing a Meeting

Wrapping Up There are different reasons why a meeting comes to an end. Time may run out, or all of the items in the agenda may be checked off. Some meetings will end earlier than expected and others will run late. The odd time, a meeting may be cut short due to an unexpected problem or circumstance. Here are a variety of ways to adjourn a meeting: • • • • •

It looks like we've run out of time, so I guess we'll finish here. I think we've covered everything on the list. I guess that will be all for today. Well, look at that...we've finished ahead of schedule for once. If no one has anything else to add, then I think we'll wrap this up.

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•

I'm afraid we're going to have to cut this meeting short. I've just been informed of a problem that needs my immediate attention. Reminders There is almost always one last thing to say, even after the closing remarks. A chairperson might close the meeting and then make a last-minute reminder. Instructions for tidying up the room may also be mentioned. •

Oh, before you leave, please make sure to sign the attendance sheet. • I almost forgot to mention that we're planning a staff banquet next month. • Don't forget to put your ballot in the box on your way out. • If I didn't already say this, please remember to introduce yourself to the new trainees. • Could I have your attention again? I neglected to mention that anyone who wants to take home some of this leftover food is welcome to. • If you could all return your chair to Room 7 that would be appreciated. • Please take all of your papers with you and throw out any garbage on your way out. Thank you and Congratulations The end of the meeting is also the time to thank anyone who has not been thanked at the beginning of the meeting, or anyone who deserves a second thank you. Congratulations or Good-luck can also be offered here to someone who has experienced something new, such as receiving a promotion, getting married, or having a baby. •

Before I let you go let's all give a big thank you (everyone claps) to Thomas for baking these delicious cookies. • Again, I want to thank you all for taking time out of your busy schedules to be here today. • Most of you probably already know this, but Nolan's wife just gave birth to a baby boy. • As you leave today, don't forget to wish Stella luck on the weekend. The next time you see her she will be happily married. Follow Up In the closing remarks, the chairperson, or participants may want to discuss the date and time for the next meeting, when the minutes will be available, or when a decision should be made by. This is also the time to give contact

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information, such as how to send a question by e-mail or who to call regarding a certain issue. • • • • •

We'll meet again on the first of next month. Next time we meet I'll be sure to have those contacts for you. If anyone has any questions about anything we discussed today, feel free to send me an e-mail. The minutes from today's meeting will be posted as of tomorrow afternoon. I'll send out a group e-mail with the voting results.

Vocabulary Word

Meaning

Example Sentence

absent

not present

The vice president is absent due to unforeseen circumstances.

accomplish

succeed in doing

We have a lot to accomplish today, so let's begin.

address

deal with; speak on

I hope we do not have to address this matter again in the future.

adjourn

close a meeting

If there are no further comments, we will adjourn the meeting here.

agenda

noun

list of objectives to cover in a meeting

Please forward the agenda to anyone who is speaking at the meeting.

AGM

noun(abbr.)

Annual (yearly) General Meeting

We always vote for a new chairperson at the AGM.

allocate

verb

assign roles/tasks to certain people

I forgot to allocate someone to bring refreshments.

AOB

Any Other Business

The last item on

Part of speech adj

verb

verb

verb

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noun(abbr.)

(unspecified item on agenda)

the agenda is AOB.

apologies

item on agenda announcing people who are absent; apologies for absence

Everyone is present today, so we can skip the apologies.

ballot

a type of vote, usually in writing and usually secret

Please ballot before in the

board of directors

group of elected members of an organization/company who meet to make decisions

The board of directors meets once a month to discuss the budget.

boardroom

noun

a large meeting room, often has one long table and many chairs

The boardroom is reserved for a managers' meeting, so we'll have to meet in the lounge.

brainstorm

thinking to gather ideas

Let's take a few minutes and brainstorm some ways that we can cut costs.

casting vote

deciding vote (usually by the chairman) when the votes are otherwise equal

The role of treasurer was decided based on the chairman's casting vote.

chairperson/chair

the person who leads or presides at a meeting

As chair, it is my pleasure to introduce to you, Mr. Allan Davis.

noun

noun

noun

verb

noun

noun

fold your in half you place it box.

clarification/verification explanation/proof that noun something is true/understood

Before we address this matter, I'll need some clarification as to who was involved.

closing remarks

I just have a few closing remarks and then you will all be free to go.

noun

last thoughts spoken in a meeting (i.e. reminders, thank yous)

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collaborate

verb

work together as a pair/group

The board fell apart because the members had difficulty collaborating.

commence

begin

We will commence as soon as the last person signs the attendance sheet.

comment

express one's opinions or thoughts

If you have a comment, please raise your hand rather than speak out.

conference

formal meeting for discussion, esp. a regular one held by an organisation

Before the conference there will be a private meeting for board members only.

conference call

telephone meeting between three or more people in different locations

Please make sure I have no interruptions while I'm on the conference call.

confidential

adjective

private; not to be shared

Any financial information shared during this meeting should be kept confidential.

consensus

general agreement

If we cannot come to a consensus by the end of the meeting we will put it to a vote.

deadline

due date for completion

The deadline for buying tickets to the conference is May 25th.

designate

assign

If no one volunteers to take the minutes I will be forced to designate someone.

verb

verb or noun

noun

noun

noun

noun

verb

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formality

a procedure (often unnecessary) that has to be followed due to a rule

Everyone knows who is going to be the next vice president, so this vote is really just a formality.

grievance

complaint

The first item on the agenda relates to a grievance reported by the interns.

guest speaker

person who joins the group in order to share information or deliver a speech

I am delighted to welcome our guest speaker Holly, who is going to be offering some sales pitch tips.

implement

verb

make something happen; follow through

It's not a question of whether or not we're going to use this idea, it's whether or not we know how to implement it.

mandatory

required

It is mandatory that all supervisors attend Friday's meeting.

minutes

noun

a written record of everything said at a meeting

Before we begin with today's meeting, let's quickly review the minutes from last month.

motion

noun

a suggestion put to a vote

The motion to extend store hours has been passed.

objectives

goals to accomplish

I'm pleased that we were able to cover all of the objectives today within the designated time.

noun

noun

noun

adjective

noun

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opening remarks

chairperson or leader's first words at a meeting (i.e. welcome, introductions)

As I mentioned in my opening remarks, we have to clear this room before the end of the hour.

overhead projector

machine with a special light that projects a document onto a screen or wall so that all can see

I'm going to put a pie chart on the overhead projector so that everyone can visualize how our profits have declined.

participant

person who attends and joins in on an event

Can I have a show of hands of all of those who were participants in last year's conference?

proxy vote

noun

a vote cast by one person for or in place of another

There must have been one proxy vote because I count twelve ballots but only eleven attendees.

punctual

on time (not late)

Firstly, I want to thank you all for being punctual despite this early meeting.

recommend

suggest

I recommend that you sit closer to the front if you have trouble hearing.

show of hands

noun

raised hands to express an opinion in a vote

From the show of hands it appears that everyone is in favour of taking a short break.

strategy

plan to make something work

We need to come up with a strategy that will allow us to have meetings

noun

noun

noun

adjective

verb

noun

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less frequently. unanimous

in complete agreement; united in opinion

The vote was unanimous to cut work hours on Fridays.

vote

to express (the expression of) an opinion in a group by voice or hand etc

We need to vote for a new vice chairperson now that Jerry is retiring.

wrap up

finish

Let's wrap up here so that we can get back to our desks.

adj

verb or noun

verb

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Self-Assessment Test Are the following statements True or False? 1. The person who is in charge of the meeting is the person who takes the minutes. True False 2. The best way to call a meeting is to inform each participant individually by phone. True False 3. An agenda should outline the order and amount of time to spend on each item at the meeting. True False 4. Engaging in small talk throughout the meeting is an effective way to keep the focus. True False 5. When someone agrees with a motion it is "seconded". True False 6. The person who is speaking during a meeting is the person who "has the floor". True False 7. A polite way to indicate that you want to make a comment during a meeting is to say: "If I could just come in here..." True False 8. When there is a tie vote, it is customary for the chairperson to ask one participant to reconsider his/her decision. 35

True False 9. During the closing remarks, the person holding the meeting should introduce new staff members or guest speakers. True False 10. Reminders are typically announced after all of the items on the agenda have been covered. True False

Making appointments Never underestimate the importance of punctuality in German business culture. Arriving even five to ten minutes later than the appointed time is perceived as late, especially if you are a subordinate. Fifteen minutes would be considered a very serious faux pas and could mean a shaky start to any potential business relations. Be prepared to make an appointment for most things. Germans don't usually feel comfortable discussing especially serious things "on the go", so don't expect to be able to just drop into the office unannounced for any detailed discussions. Make your appointments well in advance. [Making appointments for a more detailed telephone conversation is also not unusual]. Give at least one or two weeks notice for an appointment made by telephone; allow at least a month for an appointment made by mail. If you don't have much preparation time, it's sometimes possible to arrange for a brief, introductory meeting within a few days' notice. If you must be late for any reason, it's important that you call and notify the person who is expecting you. Moreover, you should give a plausible explanation for the delay. The preferred times for business appointments are between 10:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. or between 3:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. Avoid scheduling appointments on Friday afternoons, as some offices close by 2:00 p.m. or 3:00 p.m. on Fridays. Casually changing the time and place of an appointment is not appreciated. Allow for at least 24 hrs, if you can, to change or cancel appointments. Be prepared to offer a plausible explanation.

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Be sensitive to vacation and festival periods here. Germans generally have six weeks of paid vacation, which means someone is almost always "in Urlaub" ["on holiday"]. Therefore, be prepared to take this into consideration when making appointments or planning visits. For instance, Germans commonly take long vacations during July, August, December and Easter, when schools break. THE BUSINESS TRIP Here are some partnerships about travel: duty free; time difference; excess baggage; boarding card/pass; hand luggage; taxi fare; departure lounge; travel agents; expense claim; business/economy class. Now use these partnershipa to complete these dialogues about the business trip; * _ What’s the ____________________ between here and New York ? _ Six hours, I think. * _ Allan, can I give you this ____________________ for my trip to the States? _ Sorry, but I don’t deal with expenses now. You have to go to Kate in Finance. * _ If you’ve got a moment, Di, can you ring the ____________________ and book me a seat on the morning flight to Geneva ? _ You’ll be flying ____________________ as usual, I suppose? _ Yes, of course. * _ Can I see your ____________________, sir? _ Yes, of course, here you are. _ Is that bag yours? _ Yes, it is. _ I’ll have to put it in the hold, I’m afraid. You’re only allowed one piece of ____________________ in the cabin.

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* _ Thanks for the perfume, Tom. It must have cost a fortune. _ Well, actually, I bought it in the ________________ shop at the airport. * _ By the way, how much is the ____________________ from the airport to your office? _ About $20, I think. It depends on the route the driver takes. Here are some more partnerships about BUSINESS TRIP: Catch/take/book/miss/reserve a flight Book/leave/change/reserve/choose a hotel room Arrange/plan/cancel/delay a business trip Book/change/buy/collect a plane ticket Frequent flyer Hotel accomodation Check in at the desk Confirm a flight Hire a car

USE THESE VERBS TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES ABOUT THE BUSINESS TRIP: Hire, check in, change, meet, confirm, stay, miss, land. 1. You must phone the airport to __________ your flight 24 hours before departure. 2. Passengers for Turin should __________ at the Al Italia desk. 3. If you wish to __________ a car on landing, please speak to one of our ground staff on arrival. 4. It’s best to __________ your money before you leave for the States. You’ll get a much better rate here. 5. Don’t worry, Martina, I’ll arrange for our driver to ___________ you at the airport and take you to our office. 6. Look, it’s nearly eleven o’clock, If we don’t get a move on we’ll __________ our flight. 7. If I’m in Singapore , I usually __________ at the Royal Park Hotel. 8. What time does your flight __________ in Brussels ?

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AFTER A SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS TRIP IT IS USUAL TO WRITE AND THANK YOUR HOST. USE THESE PARTNERSHIPS TO COMPLETE THE LTTERS BELOW: During my stay; your general manager; the end of the month; for your hospitality; meeting your colleagues; do business together. * Dear Mr. Fouad, I’m writing to thank you _____________________ during my recent trip to Bahrain . I was very pleased to visit your Al-Khadir Production Plant and to meet ____________________, Mr. Abdelatif. I’m sure that we will be able to ____________________ in the near future. Thank you again. Yours sincerely, F. Daniels, Head of Sales

* Dear Tina, Thanks for all your kindness and help _______________ in Toronto . I very much enjoyed ____________________ and visiting your wonderful city. I’m sure there are great prospects for us in the Canadian market. I’m reading your market study and I’ll get back to you before _____________________ with my conclusions. Thanks again. Paul THE WORKING LUNCH •

WHAT IS THE OPOSITE? USE THESE ADJECTIVES:

mild; cold; well-done; alcoholic; sparkling; light; dry; stale. 1. 2. 3. 4.

a heavy meal __________ fresh bread __________ spicy food __________ still water __________

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5. 6. 7. 8. •

sweet wine __________ hot soup __________ soft drink __________ rare steak ___________

USE THESE VERBS TO COMPLETE THE GAPS IN THESE USEFUL SENTENCES:

book; order; bring; recommend; follow, eat; have; prefer; start; ask; suit; take. 1. Do we have to __________ a table or can we just turn up? 2. I’ve ordered a table for half past twelve. Does that __________ you? 3. Would you like something to drink or shall we __________ straight away? 4. Can I __________ the garniture de legumes? It’s one of the chef’s specialities. 5. I think I’ll have the aborigine salad to __________ and the salmon to __________. 6. Which wine do you __________, red or white? 7. I’m a vegetarian. I don’t __________ meat or fish. 8. No desert for me, thanks. I’ll just __________ coffee. 9. Would you like anything else or shall I __________ for the bill? 10. Could you __________ us the bill, please? Do you __________ VISA? CURRENT ACCOUNT When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favor of another person. Primarily, the bank-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor - who is which depending on whether, the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn. But, in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him. The bank must obey its customer's instructions and not those of anyone else. When, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques drawn by himself. He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to payout a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's signature has been forged. It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skilful

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one: the bank must recognize its customer's signature. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the modern practice, adopted by some banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques. If this facilitates forgery it is the bank, which will lose, not the customer. COMPREHENSION Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible. Use one complete sentence for each answer. a) What is meant by the statement that "the banker – customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor"? b) Quote a sentence from the second paragraph which illustrates this statement: "a bank customer - cannot complain that the law is loaded against him." c) Why does a customer give the bank specimens of his signature when he first opens an account?

CUSTOMS Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting customs duties and for controlling the flow of people, animals and goods (including personal effects and hazardous items) in and out of the country. Depending on local legislation and regulations, the import or export of some goods may be restricted or forbidden, and the customs agency enforces these rules. The customs agency may be different from the immigration authority, which monitors persons who leave or enter the country, checking for appropriate documentation, apprehending people wanted by international search warrants, and impending the entry of others deemed dangerous to the country. A customs duty is a tarrif or tax on the import of or export of goods. In England , customs duties werw traditionally part of the customary revenue of the king, and therefore did not need parliamentary consent to be levied, unlike excise duties, land tax, or other impositions. RED AND GREEN CHANNELS Customs for arriving passengers at many international airports are separated into Red and Green Channels. Passangers with goods to declare (carrying items above the permitted customs limits and/or carrying prohibited items) should go through the Red Channel. Passengers with nothing to declare (carrying goods within the customs limits only and/or not carrying prohibited items) can go through the Green Channel. Passengers going through the Green Channel are only subject to spot checks and save time. But, if a passenger going through the Green Channel is found to have goods above the customs limits on them or carrying 41

prohibited items, they may be prosecuted for making a false declaration to customs, by virtue of having gone through the Green Channel. Airrports within the EU also have a Blue Channel. The EU is a cusstoms union, travellers between EU countries do not have to pay customs duties, so long as the goods they are carrying are for personal use only (will not be sold). Passengers arriving from other EU countries should go through the Blue Channel. Luggage tickets for checked in luggage within the EU are green-edged so they may be identified. SHOPPING MALL A shopping mall (or simply “mall”),mshopping center, or shopping arcade is a building or set of buildings that contain stores, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from store to store. The walkways may be enclosed. In the British Isles and Australia , shopping malls are more usually referred to as shopping centers or, sometimes, shopping arcades. In North America , the term shopping mall is usually applied to enclosed retail structures, while the term shopping centers refers to open-air retail complexes. Strip malls are a recent development, corresponding to the rise of suburban living in the United States after World War II. As such, the strip mall development has been the subject of the same criticisms leveled against suburbanization and suburban sprawl in general. In the United Kingdom these are called retail parks or out-of-town shopping centers. A very large shopping mall is sometimes called a megamall. The title of the largest enclosed shopping mall was held by the West Edmonton Mall in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada for 20 years. One of the world’s largest shopping complexes at one location is the two-mall agglomeration of the Plaza at King of Prussia and the Court at King of Prussia in the Philadelphia Suburb of King of Prussia, Pensilvania , USA . The King of Prussia Mall has the most shopping per square foot in the US . Comparable in size is Europe’s largest shopping center, Dundrum Town Center in Dundrum, Dublin , Ireland . The most visited shopping mall in the world and the largest mall in the United States is the Mall of America, located near the Twin Cities in Bloomington , Minnesota . However, several Asial malls are advertised as having more visitors including Taman Anggrek Mall, Kelapa Gading Mall and Megamall Pluit, all in Jakarta-Indonesia, Beryava Times Square in Malaysia and SM Megamall in the Philippines . 42

Beijings Golden Resources Shopping Mall opened in October 2004, is the world’s largest, at 600,000 square meters (approximately 6 million sqare feet). Beryava Times Square in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , is advertised at 700,000 square meters of gross floor area with further expansions still ongoing. The Mall of Arabia inside Dubailand in Dubai , United Arab Emirates , which will open in 2008, will become the largest mall in the world, at 929,000 square meters (10 million square feet). “Pitt Street Mall” of Sydney is Australia ’s busiest shopping mall. This mall has eight retail centers and more than 600 speciality stores, within two city blocks. The term “mall” can refer to a shopping mall, which is a place where a collection of shops all adjoin a pedestrian area, or an exclusively pedestrian street, that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic. The term “Mall” is generally used in North America and Australasia to refer to large shopping areas, while the term “arcade” is more often used, especially in Britain , to refer to a narrow pedestrian-only street, often covered or between closely spaced buildings. A larger, often only partly covered but exclusively pedestrian shopping area is in Britain also termed a “shopping precinct” or “pedestrian precinct”. The majority of British shopping centers are in town centers, usually inserted into old shopping districts, and surrounded by subsidiary open-air shopping streets. A number of large out-of-town “regional malls” as Meadowhall were built in the 1980s and the 1990s, but there are only ten of them or so and current planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks, which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centers , although with patchy success. CLASSES OF MALLS In many cases regional or super-regional malls exist as parts of large superstructures which often also include office space, residential space, amusement parks and so forth. This trend can be seen in the construction and design of many modern supermalls such as Cevahir Mall in Turkey . Regional mall A regional mall is a shopping mall which is designed to service a larger area than a conventional shopping mall. As such, it is typically laarger with 400,000 square feet (37,000 square meters) to 800,000 square feet (74,000 43

square meters) gross leasable area with at least two anchors , and offers a wider selection of stores. Given its wider service area, these malls tend to have higher-end stores that need a larger area in order for their services to be profitable. Regional malls are also found as tourist attractions in vacation areas. Super-regional mall A super-regional mall is a shopping mall with over 800,000 square feet (74,000 square meters) of gross leasable area, and which serve as the dominant shopping venue for the region in which they are located. Dead malls and new trends In the U.S. , as more modern facilities are built, many early malls have become largely abandoned, due to decreased traffic and tenancy. These “dead mallsss” have failed to attract new business and often sit unused for many years until restored or demolished. Interesting example s of architecture and urban design, these structures often attract people who explore and photograph them. Until the mid-1990s, the trend was to build enclosed malls and renovate older outdoor malls into enclosed ones. Such malls had adventages such as temperature control. Since then, the trend has turned and it is once again fashionable to build open-air malls. Some enclosed malls have been opened up, such as the Sherman Oaks Galleria. In addition, asome malls, when replacing an empty anchor location, have replaced the former anchor store building with the more modern outdoor design, leaving the reminder of the indoor mall intact, such as the Del Amo Fashion Center in Torrance , California . In parts of Canada, it is now rare for new shopping malls to be built, as outdoor outlet malls or big box shopping areas known as power centers are now favoreed, although the traditional enclosed shopping mall is still much in demand by those seeking weather-protected , all-under-one-roof shopping. In addition, the enclosed interconnections between downtown multi story shopping malls continue to grow in the Underground City of Montreal (32 kilometers of passage way), the PATH system of Toronto (27 km of passageway) and the Plus 15 system of Calgary (16 km of passageway). Seminar on Youth Research How to be number one in the youth market

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Children change at a bewildering rate: every age group has unique tastes and attitudes and presents a distinct audience for TV programme, or target for drink, snack or fashion item. Today’s young people are also extremely well informed: they are adept at multi-media, experienced in using electronic media and have knowledge and understanding of international issues. This Seminar will attempt to identify some of the factors which influence youth, beginning with an introductory session and trends and values, with papers from Brazil , India and the UK , will discuss the ways in which these trends can be used strategically in marketing and advertising. Children are extremely brand conscious. Commercial jingles have replaced nursery rhymes as the verses of the childhood and numerous research studies have shown that very young children can recall brands names and the product associated with them. In recent article in the Economist a spokesman from Grey Advertising, which claims to place about a quarter of all children’s advertising in the USA, suggest that children between three and 12 control about US$ 47 billion a year. Their own pocket money comes to US$ 540 million. Children are also the consumers of the next generation. A brand known and loved in childhood is often still used in adulthood. A paper by Professor Robert Wyckham and Professor Colleen Coins – Dodd, from the Simon Fraser University , reports research from Canada on “Learning brands”. Flemming From Thygesen , Belgium and Kirsty Fuller, Flamingo , UK , will discuss Levi’s work in protecting its brand and maintaining its distinctive image in spite of the tremendous competition in the jeans sector. Michael Cohen of ARC Consulting in the USA works closely with child psychologists in examining the way children respond to products and programmes. His joint paper with Stacey Matthias will present case histories using qualitative research to understand and transfer brand loyalty for children. Pegram Walters International in the UK , have done a good deal of work on global village issue and the meanings of global youth icons. They suggest that the youth market across the globe is likely to share even more symbols and references than both the baby boomer generation and the youth of eight years ago when PWI tested a similar hypothesis. The drivers of effective youth advertising will be explored in the paper presented by Caroline Flaster and Bill Pegram using data from Germany , Russia , Singapore , Spain , the UK and the USA . Media

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Several companies which specialize in children’s research will take part in the session on “Consumer access” including icon kids in Germany , the Children’s Research Unit in the UK and IJF Institute für Jugendforschung , Germany . These and many other companies like them have refined the techniques used for interviewing children and young people and done a great deal of work in examining this volatile market. Children’s consumption of TV is extremely high. Many of them have sets in their own rooms. A study by Roper Starch in the US found that 32% of six to seven years olds, 50% of eight to twelve year – olds and 64% of thirteen to seventeen year – olds have TV in their rooms. It is said that by the time American children leave high school, they have spent more then 20,000 hours watching TV – almost double the 11,000 hours they will have spent in the classroom. In the UK , it is estimated that children with cable or satellite TV now spend two – thirds of their viewing time watching something other than the over – the – air networks, compared with just over one – third for adults. A recent study from Zurich University investigated how German – speaking Swiss children aged five to 15 use the mass media. Top-line results for children seven to 12 years old indicate that 15% have their own TV set and 7% have their own video recorders, and this figure is expected to be higher for the next age category. There are magazines in just under 50% of the children’s rooms and newspapers in 8%. Around 45% of the primary schoolchildren watch TV on a daily basis. 37% spend up to two hours each day in front of TV and about 10% watch for more than two hours. However, as Brigitte Meizer-Lena and Axel Dammler from icon kids in a joint paper with Olaf Hansen and Christoph Blum, EGMONT EHAPA, Germany , point out, the reality of children’s media consumption is that there are a myriad of media options for children, but very little time. The distinction between “opportunity-to-see” and “broadcast” is of course highly relevant. How does one ensure that one’s message is reaching the right-aged target? A paper in this session by Marc Sasserath and Axel Schmidt, BBDO Düsseldorf, Germany , analyses the behaviour and attitudes of children in Europe in the future and Lisa Gregory and Sarah McKee, Research International, UK , focus on the most fickle of audiences, “teenage girls”. The paper by Glen Smith of the Children’s Research Unit will identify some of the enduring themes in advertising to this group eg, attention span, scheduling, aspirations, young people in advertisements, visual versus verbal communications and attitudes towards advertising. 46

Licensing Licensing has become an industry in itself. Cartoon characters can have all types of products associated with them that can be marketed in various outlets-clothes, stationery, toys and other accessories. In the Zurich study cited above, results indicate that the most-watched TV programmes are cartoons and comedies. Cartoons are very easy to export. Disney World is not only a name – it means what it says. Cartoon Network is beamed into Europe, Asia and Latin America and is starting to tailor channels for specific regional markets. A paper in this session from the Kidspeak Unit, Millward Brown , Italy , will report a study in which European children give their views on animated cartoons. Carrick James will discuss the role of characters and personalities in lateral marketing to children and young people. What accounts for the success of Nickelodeon’s Rugrats or the current craze for the Spice Girls among children as young as five? The session on methodology will look at some of the techniques used in researching this sector. Some of these methods are proprietary brands, but the way in which their approaches can be generalized provides useful learning. The Seminar will conclude by focusing on international youth, both in the current environment and in the future. Children are audiences and consumers in their own right, not an adult market only smaller, and specialized research has to be undertaken to understand their vagaries and movements. If the sector is complex today, it will be even more so in the future, as children and young people exchange ideas and values over the Internet and the boundaries between age groups become even more blurred. In an age of considerable pessimism, young people are talking about uniting together for a common good. The “tribal” model is a very useful one for this eclectic sector. Professor Harvey Goldstein has written that the needs of young people are for autonomy, identity and belonging. Much of the incomprehensible behavior of youth – eg playground fads, musical preferences and odd haircuts – can be readily understood in terms of these fundamental needs. GLOSAR EKONOMSKIH TERMINA A

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Abandon - napustiti, ostaviti, odreći se Аbandonment - napuštanje, ostavljanje Abbreviation - skraćenje; skraćenica Ability - veština, sposobnost, moć Ability to pay - sposobnost plaćanja Competitive ability - konkurentska sposobnost Working ability - radna sposobnost Abolish - poništiti, ukinuti Abolish the duty - ukinuti carinu Abound - obilovati Absence - nedostatak; odsustvo Absence of evidence - nedostatak dokaza In the absence of - u nedostatku Absolute - apsolutan; potpun Absolute acceptance - bezuslovni akcept; bezuslovno prihva tanje Absolute surplus value - apsolutan višak vrednosti Abstract - izvod, rezime; sažeti Abundance - mnoštvo; obilje In abundance - u izobilju Abuse - zloupotreba Accept - pristati; prihvatiti; primiti Accept the order - prihvatiti porudžbinu Acceptance - prihvatanje; prijem; preuzimanje; akcept Banker s acceptance - bankovni akcept Obtain acceptance - dobiti akcept Access - prilaz; pristup Gain access to the market - izaći na tržište Accident - nezgoda; slučaj Accident insurance - osiguranje protiv nesreće By accident - slučajno Accommodate - prilagoditi; podesiti Accomplish - ostvariti; postići Accomplish a task - obaviti zadatak Accordance - saglasnost In accordance with - u saglasnosti sa According to - prema, po, na osnovu According to standard sample - prema standardnom uzorku Account - račun; izveštaj; konto; dobiti; prednost; objasniti; opravdati; položiti račun; smatrati za Current account (A/C) - tekući račun Account holder - vlasnik računa Account title - naziv računa Annual account - godišnji račun Cash account - račun blagajne Closed account - završni račun Commission account - obračun provizije Credit account - kreditni saldo; račun pasive (bilansa) Debit account - račun rashoda Foreign exchange account - devizni račun Guiro account - žiro račun Savings account - štedni račun 48

Accountancy - računovodstvo; knjigovodstvo Accountant - računovođa Accounting - računovodstvo Accounting departament - odeljenje za računovodstvo Accumulation - akumulacija; gomilanje Primitive accumulation - prvobitna akumulacija Achieve - ostvariti; postići Achievement - uspeh; dostignuće Acknowledge - potvrditi Acknowledge receipt - potvrditi prijem Act - delo; radnja; akcija; odluka; zakon; delovati; raditi Act of law - pravni akt Act upon - preduzeti akciju Activity - delatnost; aktivnost Actual - stvaran; sadašnji; aktuelan Actual assets - čista imovina Adapt - prilagoditi Additional - naknaditi; dopunski; dodatni Additional charges - dodatni troškovi Adjoin - priključiti; pridodati Adjustment - podešavanje; korekcija; usaglašavanje Price adjustment - korekcija cene Administration - uprava; administracija; upravljanje; vlada Adopt -prihvatiti; usvojiti Advance - akontacija; avans; napredak; napredovati Advantage - prednost; preimućstvo Take advantage of - iskoristiti Advertise - oglasiti; reklamirati Advertising - reklama; reklamna delatnost Advertising agensy - reklamna agencija Advise - obaveštenje, izveštaj; savet Advice of payment - izveštaj o uplati Affair - posao; predmet; delatnost Foreign affairs - inostrani poslovi Affect - uticati After date - postdatirati Against - protiv; prema Against documents - plaćanje po predaji dokumenata Agency - zastupništvo; agencija; organ State agency - državni organ Trade agency - trgovinsko zastupljeništvo Agent - agent; zastupnik Sales agent - zastupnik prodaje Aggregate - ukupan Aggregate demand - ukupna tražnja Agreement - ugovor; sporazum; saglasnost License agreement - licencni ugovor Partnership agreement - ugovor o ortakluku Enter into an agreement - zaključiti sporazum/ugovor Sign an agreement - potpis ugovora Agriculture -poljoprivreda Agricultural - poljoprivredni Agriculture land - poljoprivredno zemljište Amalgamation - spajanje; integracija 49

Amount - suma; iznos; svota; dostizati Gross amount - bruto iznos Profit amount - veličina profita Total amount - ukupan iznos Annual - godišnji Annual report - godišnji izveštaj Anticipate - predvideti; planirati unapred Anticipated deficit - planirani deficit Application - molba, zahtev; primena Credit application - zahteva za kredit Appoint - naimenovati; postaviti Appraise - proceniti Appraise somebody s ability - proceniti nečiju sposobnost Approximate - približan; približno Assembly - skupljanje; skupština; montaža Assembly line - pokretna traka Town assembly - gradska skupština Assets - imovina; aktiva Assets and liabilities - aktiva i pasiva Capital assets - osnovni kapital Cash assets - novčana (gotovinska) sredstva Floating assets - obrtni kapital; tekuća aktiva Tangible assets - materijalna sredstva Assistance - pomoć Association - povezivanje; asocijacija; društvo Business association - poslovno udruženje Assurance - osiguranje; sigurnost; uveravanje Auction - aukcija; licitacija Audit - revizija; provera; pregled; kontrola Financial audit - finansijska kontrola Authority - vlast; organ; pravo; nadležnost; punomoćje Administrative authority - organ uprave Available - raspoloživ Available funds - raspoloživa sredstva Average - prosek; srednja vrednost; srednji; prosečan Award - nagrada; odluka; dodeliti; nagraditi B Back - pozadina; poleđina; podržavati; zaostao Back interest - zaostala kamata Back taxes - zaostali porez Backer - žirant; jemac Backing - pokriće; podrška; oslonac; žiriranje Balance - bilans; saldo; ostatak; višak; meriti; saldirati Balance due - iznos duga Balance in cash - saldo blagajne Balance of payments - platni bilans Balance sheet - knjigovodstveni bilans Trial balance - probni bilans Settle the balance - izravnati saldo Bale - bala; denjak 50

Bale goods - denčana roba Ban - zabrana; zabraniti Banned for export - zabranjeno za izvoz Bank - banka Bank branch - filijala banke Bank clerk - bankarski činovnik Bank draft - bankovna menica Banknote - banknota; novčanica Bank of issue - emisiona banka Bank returns - bankovni izveštaj Basic bank - osnovna banka Cooperative bank - zadružna banka Data bank - banka podataka Joint - stock bank - akcionarska banka Mortgage bank - hipotekarna banka Municipal bank - komunalna banka National bank - narodna banka Savings bank - štedionica Banker - bankar Banker's credit - bankovni kredit Banking - bankarstvo Banking commisson - bankarska provizija Banking operations - bankarski poslovi Bankrupt - bankrot; staviti pod stečaj Declare bankrupt - objaviti tečaj Bankruptcy - bankrotstvo; stečaj Bankruptcy proceedings - stečajni postupak Bargain - pogodba; posao; povoljna kupovina; cenjkati se; pogađati Bargain price - niska (povoljna) cena Bargain sale - rasprodaja Barrel - bure; barel (mera za tečnost - 36 gal. u VB, 42 gal. u SAD) Barrier - prepreka; pregrada; granica; barijera Tariff barriers - carinske barijere Trade barriers - trgovinske barijere Barter - trampa; razmena; trampiti; menjati Bear - nositi; snositi; podneti; trpeti Bear costs - snositi troškove Bear risks - snositi rizike Bearer - nosilac; donosilac Payable to bearer - plativo donosiocu; na donosioca Beneficiary - korisnik Benefit - dobit; korist; beneficija; naknada; pomoć Unemployment benefit - socijalna pomoć nezaposlenima Bid - ponuda; lecitaciona ponuda Highest bid - najviša ponuda Lowest bid - najniža ponuda Invitation to bid - poziv na licitaciju Bill - račun; menica; novčanica; nacrt zakona Bill of charges - priznanica Bill of delivery - dostavnica Bill of entry - carinska deklaracija Bill of exchange - vučena menica 51

Due bill - dospela menica Issue a bill - izdati menicu Meet is issue - isplatiti menicu Bill of lading (b/l) - konosman; tovarni list Black - crn Black market - crna berza Board - ploča; tabla; daska; komisija; odbor; ukrcati Board of directors - upravni odbor Editorial boards - uređivački odbor Body - organ; osoba; telo; lice Decision - making body - organ odlučivanja Legislative body - zakonodavno telo State organ - državni organ Bond - obveznica; veza; bon; obavezati; smestiti robu u carinsko skladište Bond bearer - obaveznica na donosioca Treasury bond - državna obveznica Boned debt - obligacioni dug Boned zone - slobodna zona Book - knjiga; sveska; knjižiti; rezervisati Account books - računske knjige Bankbook - bankovna knjižica Chequebook - čekovna knjižica Invoice book (i.b.) - knjiga faktura Pattern book - knjiga uzoraka Savings book - štedna knjižica Booking - rezervisanje; knjiženje Booking office - blagajna Bookkeeper - knjigovođa Bookkeeping - knjigovodstvo Double - entry bookkeeping - dvostruko knjigovodstvo Single - entry bookkeeping - jednostruko knjigovodstvo Boom - uspon; bum Economic boom - ekonomski napredak, bum Borrow - pozajmiti Bottom - dno; podloga Bottom fright - najniža tarifa prevoza Boundary - granica Branch - ogranak; filijala; grana Branch bank - filijala banke Branch of economy - grana privrede Brand - zaštitni znak; žig Brand new - sasvim nov Break - prekid; raskid; prekinuti; raskinuti Break a contract - raskinuti ugovor Breakdown - slom; propast; analiza Breeding - odgoj; vaspitanje Livestock breeding - stočarstvo Bring - doneti; dovesti Bring inflation under control - obuzdati inflaciju Broker - posrednik; senzal Customs broker - carinski posrednik Exchange broker - devizni posrednik Insurance broker - posrednik (agent) osiguranja 52

Stockbroker - berzanski posrednik Brokerage - posredovanje na berzi; posrednička provizija Budget - budžet; predračun Budget estimate - procena budžeta Budget receipts - budžetski ishod Household budget - kućni budžet National budget - državni budžet Exceed the budget - prekoračiti budžet Budgetary - budžetski Buffer - amortizer Buffer stocks - tamponche (regulatorske) zalihe Building - izgradnja; gradnja; zgrada Building permit - građevinska dozvola Building regulations - građevinski propisi Bulk - Masa; glavnica; količina; obim Bulky - obiman; masivan Bulletin - bilten; izveštaj Burden - tovar; teret; opteretiti; natovariti; trpeti opterećenje Bureau - biro; ured; uprava Federal Bureau of Statistics - savezni zavod za statistiku Business - biznis; posao; poslovanje; zanimanje; rad; trgovina; preduzeće Business activity - poslovna aktivnost Business association - poslovno udruženje Business hours - radno vreme Buy - kupiti Buy beck - ponovo kupiti; otkupiti Buy for cash - kupiti za gotovo Buy on hire purchase - kupiti na otplatu Buyer - kupac Prospective (possible) buyer - potencijalni (mogući) kupac Buying - kupovina Buying department - nabavno odeljenje Buying order - narudžbenica Buying price - kupovina (nabavna) cena By - pomoću; oko; pored By means of - pomoću By return of post - povratno poštom By - product - nus proizvod By - work - uzgredan posao C C/A - capital account - račun kapitala C. A. D. - cash against documents - plaćanje pri predaji dokumenata Calculate - izračunati Calculation - proračun; procena; kalkulacija Rough calculation - grub proračun Call - poziv; pozvati; posetiti 53

Payable at call - plativ na zahtev Call off a deal - otkazati posao; dogovor Campaign - kampanja; akcija Advertising campaign - propagandna kompanija Cancel - otkaziti; poništiti; raskinuti Cancel an order - otkazati porudžbinu Card - karta; kartica Credit card - kreditna kartica Cargo - tovar; teret Cargo insurance - osiguranje tereta Carriage - kola; prevoz; transport Carriage by rail - železnički prevoz Carrier - prevoznik Carry - nositi; prevoziti Carry in stock - čuvati u skladištu Cartel - kartel Case - slučaj; parnica; predmet In case of need - u slučaju potrebe Cash - gotov novac; gotovina; blagajna Cash audit - pregled blagajne Cash discount (C/D) - popust pri plaćanju u gotovom Cash remittance - novčana doznaka Cashier - blagajnik Cater - starati se; zadovoljiti Caterer - ugostiteljski radnik Catering - ugostiteljstvo Catering firm - ugostiteljsko preduzeće Center - središte; centar Training center - centar za osposobljavanje osoba Certificate - svedočanstvo; potvrda; atest Certificate of origin - uverenje o poreklu Chain - lanac; mreža (trgovačka) Department - store chain - lanac robne kuće Chairman - precednik Chamber - komora; veće Chamber of commerce - trgovinska komora Chamber of the economy - privredna komora Yugoslav Chamber of Economy - privredna komora Jugoslavije Channel - Kanal; prolaz Charge - potraživanje cena; trošak Free of charge - besplatno Charge back - naknadno zadužiti Charges - troškovi; izdaci Charges forward - plaćanje pouzeće Charges prepaid - Unapred plaćeni troškovi Freight charges - troškovi prevoza Charter - karter; povlastica; dozvola; zakup Cheap - jeftin Check - provera; kontrola; proveriti Quality check - kontrola kvaliteta Cheque - ček Cheque account - čekovni račun Crossed cheque - barirani ček 54

Postal cheque - poštanski ček Chief - šef Chief accountant - šef računovodstva Choice - izbor; asortiman Optimal choice - optimalni izbor Random choice - slučajan izbor Circulation - opticaj promet Commodity carculation - robni promet Withdraw from calculation - povući iz opticaja Citizen - državljanin Civil - gradjanski; civilni; građevinski Civil engineering - građevinarstvo Civil rights - građanska prava Claim - zahtev Claim for extension of time - zahtev za produženje roka Clash - sukob Clause - klauzula Clearance - odobrenje; rasprodaja Clearance sale - rasprodaja Clearing - kliring; obračun Clearing balance - obračunski saldo Clearing currency - obračunska valuta Clerical - kancelarijski Clerk - činovnik Close - blizak; prisan; zatvoriti; završiti Close the balance - zaključiti bilans Code - šifra Post code (zip) - poštanski broj Coin - Metalni novac Collect - prikupljati Collection - zbirka; naplata; skupljanje Collect advice - izveštaj o napadu Collective - kolektiv; zajednički Collective farm - seljačka radna zadruga Come - doći; prispeti Come into force - stupiti na snagu Commerce - trgovina Commercial - trgovački komercijalan Commercial correspondence - trgovačka korespondencija Commercial value - tržišna vrednost Commission - komisioni posao; komisionalan Commission agent - komisionar Commission fee - komisiona provizija Standing commission - stalna komisija Commitment - finansijska obaveza Commodity - roba; proizvod Commodity exchange - robni promet Commodity stocks - robni fondovi Common - običan zajednički Common carrier - javni prevoznik Common market - zajedničko tržište Communal - komunalan; opštinski Communal services - komunalna delatnost Community - zajednica 55

Social community - društvena zajednica Company - kompanija; društvo; udruženje Joint - stock company - akcionarsko društvo Limited Liability Company - društvo sa ograničenom odgovornošću Compete - takmičiti se; konkurisati Competition - konkurencija Fair competition - poštena konkurencija Perfect competition - savršena konkurencija Competitive - konkurentan Competitor - konkurentan; takmičar Complaint - reklamacija; žalba Complex - složen; kompleksan Agro - industrial complex - agro industrijski kompleks Composition - sastav; struktura Compulsory - obavezan; prinudan Compulsory education - obavezno obrazovanje Concept - pojam Concern - odnos; veza Confidence - poverenje Confirmation - potvrda Consideration - razmatranje Constitution - ustav; sastav Consume - trošiti Consumer - potrošač Consumer goods - roba široke potrošnje Consumption - potrošnja Per capita consumption - potrošnja po glavi stanovnika Contract - ugovor Contribution - doprinos Cooperation - saradnja Cost - trošak; cena Cost of delivery - troškovi dostave Labour cost - troškovi radne snage Counter - suprotan Create - stvoriti načiniti Credit - kredit; poverenje Credit rating - kreditna sposobnost Crisis - kriza Crop - žetva Currency - valuta Common currency - zajednička valuta Sound currency - jaka valuta Current - tekući; sadašnji Current liability - tekuća obaveza Cut - sniženje; smanjenje D Datum - data - podatak; činjenica Data procesing - obrada podataka Date - datum Deadline - krajnji rok 56

Deal - posao; pogodba Dealer - trgovac; posrednik Retail dealer - trgovac na malo Dept - dug; obaveza Long - term dept - dugoročni dug Decline - pad; smanjenje Deduction - oduzimanje; odbitak Tax deduction - poreska olakšica Deficiency - nedostatak; manjak Deliver - isporučiti; dostaviti Delivery - isporuka Delivery order (D. O) - nalog za isporuku Demand - zahtev; potražnja Peak demand - najjača potražnja Deposit - ulog; kaucija Savings deposit - štedni ulog Time deposit - oročeni depozit Depreciation - depresijacija; obezvređivanje Depression - kriza; depresija Destination - odredište mesto opredeljenje Detriment - šteta; gubitak Development - razvoj Direct - direktan; neposredan Direct taxes - neposredni porezi Director - direktor Board of directors - upravni odbor direkcije Disadvantage - gubitak; šteta; nedostatak Discount - rabat; popust Trade discount - popust u ceni robe Discrepancy - odstupanje; neslaganje Dismiss - otpustiti; obustaviti Distribution - podela distribucija Distribution of income - raspodela dohotka Division - podela Division of labour - podela rada Draft - vučena menica; nalog; nacrt Draw - vući; povlačiti Draw money from a bank - povući novac iz banke F Fabric - tkanina; materijal Facilitate - olakšati Facility - olakšica; pomoć Failure - nedostatak; nestašica; neuspeh Fair - izložba; sajam Fair grounds - sajmište Trade fair - privredni sajam Farm - farma Farmer - farmer Farming - poljoprivreda Fee - novčana nagrada honorar Author’s fee - autorski honorar 57

Commission fee - komisiona provizija File - dosije Data file - datoteka Finance - finansije; kreditiranje Financial - finansijski; novčani Financial resources - finansijska sredstva Financing - finansiranje Fine - novčana kazna Firm - preduzeće Fit - pogodan; podesan Flexible - fleksibilan; savitljiv Flexsible prices - elastične cene Flow - tok; protok Flow of goods and services - kretanje roba i usluga Forecast - prognoza; proračun Foreign - stran; inostran Foreign affairs - inostrani poslovi Foster - gajiti; unaprediti Franchisee - primalac franšize Franchiser - davalac franšize Fraud - prevara; obmana Free - slobodan; besplatan Free copy - besplatan primerak Free warehouse - franko skladište Freight - teret; prevoz robe Fund - fond; finansirati Available funds - raspoloživa sredstva Common fund - zajednički fond Fusion - spajanje, fuzija G Gain - profit; dobit Gap - praznina; jaz; nestašica General - opšti; generalni General ledger - glavna knjigovodstvena knjiga Goods - roba Goods train - teretni voz Goods in stock - roba na skladištu Fragile goods - lomljiva roba Government - vlada; uprava; država Government agency - državni organ Government bonds - državne obveznice Grand - subvencija; novčana pomoć Gross - ukupan iznos; bruto Gross amount - bruto iznos Gross yield - bruto prinos Ground - tlo; zemljište Ground rent - zemljišna zakupnina Growth - rast; porast; razvoj Guide - vodič; priručnik

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H Haberdasher - galanterista Haberdashery - galanterijska radnja Handbook - priručni Handicraft - zanat; ručni rad Handling - rukovanje; postupak Harm - povreda; šteta; oštetiti Head - glava Head of department - šef odeljenja Heading - zaglavlje Hinder - sprečiti; ometati Hold - držati se; istrajati Holder - vlasnik; imenilac Legal holder - zakoniti vlasnik Smallholder - sitni sopstvenik Holding - posedovanje imanja House - kuća; zgrada I Identity - identitet Identity card - lična karta Idle - lenj; besposlen Idle capacity - neiskorišćen kapacitet Illegible - nečitak Immature - nezreoimpact - uticaj; dejstvo; udar Imperfect - nesavršen Implication - uplitanje; upletenost Import - Uvoz Impose - nametnuti; uvesti; opteretiti Improvement - unapređenje; usavršavanje Incentive - podsticaj; podstrek Income - dohodak; prihod Income and expenditure - prihod i rashod Surplus income - višak dohotka Incorporate - ujediniti; prisjediniti Increase - povećanje; porast; povećati Indebted - zadužen Indebtedness - dugovanje; zaduženost Index - indices; registar; pokazatelj Economic indices - ekonomski pokazatelj Indicator - indikator; pokazatelj Induce - navesti; podstaći Industry - industrija; privredna grana Catering industry - ugostiteljstvo Clothing industry - industrija odeće Inevitable - neizbežan; neminovan Inflate - preuveličati; podići cenu Inflation - inflacija Inflate rate - stopa inflacije Innovation - inovacija Installment - rata; nastavak 59

First installment - kapara Insufficient - nedovoljan Insurance - osiguranje Insurance policy - polisa osiguranje Interfere - uplitati se; mešati se Interference - mešanje; uplitanje Government interference - intervencija države Intermediary - posrednik Internal - interni; unutrašnji Internal financing - sopstveno finansiranje Inventory - inventar popis Invest - uložiti; investirati Investment - investicija; ulaganje Investment marker - tržište investicija Invisible - nevidljiv Invisibles - nerobni uvoz i izvoz Invoice - faktura; fakturisati Pro forma invoice - fiktivna faktura Issue - emisija; izdavanje; emitovanje Item - predmet; tačka; stavka Income item - stavka prihoda J Job - posao; rad; zaposlenje Part - time job - posao sa skraćenim radnim vremenom Apply for job - podneti molbu za zaposlenje Joint - zajednički Joint efforts - zajednički napori Jump - skok; preskočiti Jump in prices - skok cena Just - pravedan; pravilan; ispravan Justify - opravdati K Keep - držati; čuvati Keep in stock - imati na skladištu Keeping - održavanje; držanje Keeping records - evidentiranje Key - ključ; glavni Key question - ključno pitanje Know - how - znanje;veština; sposobnost Knowledge - znanje; nauka Practical knowledge - iskustvo L Label - etiketa; nalepnica; oznaka Labour - rad; radna snaga; raditi Labour exchange - berza rada 60

Past labour - Minuli rad Semi - skilled labour - polukvalifikovani rad Lading - tovar; teret Bill of lading (B/L) - tovarni list; konosman Lag - zaostajanje; zaostati Land - zemlja; zemljište; država Land bank - agrarna banka Lasting - trajan; otporan Law - zakon; pravo Law of supply and demand - zakon ponude i potražnje Law of value - zakon vrednosti Lead - rukovoditi; komandovati Leader - vođa; rukovodilac Lead ship - rukovođenje; rukovodstvo Leasing - iznajmljivanje Legal - zakonski; legalan; prani Legal person - pravno lice Legal steps - zakonske mere Lend - pozajmiti; dati na zajam; ustupiti Lender - zajmodavalac Level - nivo; visina; stepen Price level - nivo cena Levy - porez; naplata Liability - odgovornost; obaveza; dugovi; pasiva Assets and liabilities - aktiva i pasiva Financial liability - finansijska odgovornost License - licenca; dozvola License agreement - licencni ugovor Apply for a license - tražiti licencu Life - život; vek trajanja Limit - granica; ograničiti Limiting value - granična vrednost Limited - ograničen Limited Liability Company - društvo sa ograničenom odgovornošću Line - linija; crta; granica; struka Assembly line - montažna traka Product line - asortiman proizvoda Production line - lanac proizvodnje Link - Veza; karika; povezati Business links - poslovne veze Liquid - likvidan; tečnost Liquid assets - likvidna (raspoloživa) sredstva List - spisak; lista Checklist - kontrolna lista Price list - cenovnik Load - tovar, teret Useful load - koristan teret Loan - zajam; pozajmica Grant a loan - dati zajam Raise a loan - uzeti zajam Loss - gubitak Cover a loss - nadoknaditi gubitak Low - nizak 61

Low cost - jeftin Low grade - slabog kvaliteta Luxury - luksuz Luxury goods - luksuzna roba M Macroeconomics - makroekonomija Mail - pošta; pisma; pošiljka By return mail - povratnom poštom Major - glavni; znatan Major article - glavni artikl Manage - rukovoditi; upravljati Management - upravljanje; rukovođenje; rukovodstvo; uprava Manager - upravnik; rukovodilac; direktor; šef Manufacture - izrada; fabrička proizvodnja; proizvoditi Manufactured goods - industrijski proizvodi Manufacturer - proizvodjač; fabrikant Manufacturing - izrada; proizvodnja; prerada Manufacturing costs - proizvodni troškovi Manufacturing plant - fabrički pogon Margin - marža; margina Marginal - granični; marginalni Mark - znak; obeležje; marka; etiketa Trademark - zaštitni znak Market - tržište; pijaca; potražnja; prodaja Market economy - tržišna privreda Commodity market - robno tržište Material - materijal; građa; tkanina Advertising material - reklamni materijal Raw materials - sirovine Mean - sredina; srednja vrednost Means of product - sredstva za proizvodnju Merchant - trgovac Merge - integrisati; spojiti Merger - spajanje Microeconomics - mikroekonomija Middle - srednji; sredina Middle sized - srednje veličine Minority - manjina Mode - način Mode of operation - način rada Model - model; primerak; uzor Money - novac; moneta Money economy - novčana privreda Current money - važeći novac Moveable - pokretan; pokretljiv; prenosan Moveable property - pokretna imovina Movement - kretanje; promet Multiplication - množenje Multiplier - Multiplikator Mutual - zajednički; uzajaman Mutual understanding 62

N Name - naziv; ime Trade name - trgovački naziv Negotiable - prenosiv Negotiation - pregovaranje Trade negotiations - trgovinski pregovori Net - neto; čist Net amunt - neto iznos Network - mreža Retail network - maloprodajna mreža Non-economic - neprivredni Note - zabeleška; primedba; nota; novčanica Numerous - Brojan; mnogobrojan O Objection - prigovor; zamerka Obligation - obaveza; dužnost Legal obligation - zakonska obaveza Offer - ponuda; ponuditi; pružiti Make an offer - učiniti ponudu Office - kancelarija; ured; biro Office staff - kancelarijsko osoblje Official - zvanični; službeni One - jedan; jedinica Open - otvoren; slobodan Open market - otvoreno tržište Operate - rukovati; upravljati Operating - radni; operativan; aktivan Operating instructions - uputstva za rad Operation - rukovanje; rad; funkcionisanje Economy of operation - ekonomičnost poslovanja Payment operations - platni promet Option - izbor; biranje At buyer s option - po izboru kupaca Order - red; poredak; naredba Order form - narudžbenica Order slip - narudžbenica Organ - organ; telo Executive organ - izvršni organ Organization - organizacija; organizovanje Out - spolja; izvan; napolju Out of date - zastareo Out of stock - rasprodato; nema na skladištu Output - proizvodnja Aggregate output - ukupna proizvodnja Over - nad; iznad; širom; svuda Over time - tokom vremena Overdue - neisplaćen; zaostao Own - imati; posedovati; sopstven; vlastiti 63

Owner - vlasnik; sopstvenik Sole owner - jedini vlasnik Ownership - vlasništvo; svojina Joint ownership - suvlasništvo P Pack - Pakovanje; svežanj; pakovati Package - paket; pošiljka; troškovi ambalaže Packing - pakovanje; ambalaža Packing list - otpremnica Paper - Papir; dokument; isprava Sheet of paper - list hartije Parcel - deo; paket; pošiljka Parcel of shares - paket akcija Participant - učesnik Partner - ortak; partner Silent partner - tajni partner Partnership - partnerstvo; udruženje; društvo Limited partnership - društvo sa ograničenjem odgovornošću Passenger - putnik Passengers train - putnički voz Patent - patent; patentirati Pattern - model; uzorak; primer Pattern book - knjiga uzoraka According to pattern - Prema uzorku Pay - plata; platiti; isplatiti Pay order - platni nalog Pay roll - platni spisak Payment - plaćanje; naplata; isplata Payment by effect - plaćanje po učinku Payable operations - platni promet Peak - vrhunac; maksimum Peak output - rekordna proizvodnja Penalty - kazna; kažnjavanje Subject to a penalty - podložan plaćanju penala Penetration - prodor Perform - izvršiti; obaviti; ispuniti;raditi Perform a function - obavljati funkciju Perishable - kvarljiv Permit - dopuštenje; dozvola Export permit - izvozna dozvola Import permit - uvozna dozvola Persistent - trajan; istrajan; uporan Person - osoba; lice Person in charge - odgovorno lice Legal person - pravno lice Personal - privatan; ličan Personnel - osoblje; personal Phase - faza; etapa Pile - gomila; hrpa Piling - nagomilavanje 64

Piling stock - stvaranje zaliha Plan - plan; projekat; planirati Planned economy - planska privreda Planning - planiranje Production planning - planiranje proizvodnje Plant - postrojenje; pogon; oprema Point - tačka; mesto; ukazati; istaći Point of delivery - mesto isporuke Policy - politika; polisa Policyholder - osiguranik Commercial policy - polisa osiguranja Politician - političar Pooling - udruživanje Pooling of labour and resources - udruživanje rada i sredstva Poor - siromašan; oskudan; loš Poor quality goods - roba lošeg kvaliteta Population - stanovništvo Possess - sosedovati; imati Possession - svojina; posedovanje; imovina Moveable possession - pokretna imovina Post - pošta; mesto; položaj Post free - franko Postpone - odložiti Potential - budući; potencijalan; moguć Potential buyer - potencijalni kupac Power - moć; snaga; sila; vlast; Executive power - izvršna vlast Purchasing power - kupovna moć Precondition - preduslov Predominant - preovlađujući; nadmoćan; pretežan Preference - prednost; prioritet Prepaid - unapred plaćen Preparation - priprema Prerequisite - preduslov Pressure - pritisak; opterećenje Pressure of business - pritisak posla Prevent - sprečiti Price - cena; odrediti cenu Price control - kontrola cena Price cut - sniženje cena Price freezes - zamrzavanje cena Pricing - formiranje cena Primary - prvobitan; osnovni; primaran Primary production - proizvodnja sirovina Primary products - primarni proizvodi Proceeding - postupak Legal proceedings - pravni postupak Processing - obrada; prerada Processing industry - prerađivačka industrija Produce - proizvoditi; stvarati; donositi; izneti Producer - proizvođač Producer commodity - robni proizvođač Product - proizvod 65

Domestic product - domaći proizvod Social product - društveni proizvod Production - proizvodnja Production costs - troškovi proizvodnje Commodity production - robna proizvodnja Productive - proizvodni; produktivan Productive forces - proizvodne snage Productivity - Proizvodnost; produktivnost Professional - stručnjak; profesionalac; stručni Professional skill - stručnost Profit - dobit; zarada; koristiti; profitirati Profit distribution - raspodela profiti Profit sharing - učešće o profitu Profitable - rentabilan; unosan Profitable venture - unosan posao Prohibit - zabraniti Prohibition - zabrana Prompt - brz; tačan Prompt delivery - brza isporuka Property - imovina; svojina; vlasništvo Moveable property - pokretna imovina Proprietor - vlasnik; sopstvenik Provide - snabdeti; obezbediti Provided - pod uslovom; ako Provision - snabdevanje; rezerva; odredba Public - javni; opšti; društveni Public offer - javna ponuda Public sale - javna prodaja Purchase - kupovina; nabavka; kupovati Purchase contract - ugovor o kupovini Purchase discount - popust pri plaćanju za gotovo Put - staviti; uneti Q Quality - kvalitet; svojstvo Quality control - kontrola kvaliteta Quantity - kvantitet; količina Quarterly - tromesečni Questionnaire - anketa; upitnik Quit - napustiti Quota - kvota; ograničena količina Exchange quota - devizna kvota Quote - odrediti; navesti Quote a price - odrediti cenu R Rail - šina; železnička pruga Railway - železnica Raise - podići; dići Raise money - skupiti novac 66

Raise prices - podići cene Random - slučajan Random sample/ specimen - slučajan uzorak Range - domet; opseg; raspon Range of prices - raspon cena Range of products - asortiman proizvoda Rate - stopa; tarifa; proceniti Rate of income - stopa dohotka Exchange rate - devizni kurs Growth rate - stopa rasta Selling rate - prodajni kurs Raw - sirov; grub Raw - materijalne sirovine Ready - made - gotov Ready - made clothing - konfekcija Realize - ostvariti Receipt - primanje; priznanica; prihod Receipts and expenses - prihodi i rashodi Current receipts - tekuća primanja Record - zapis; evidencija; dosije; zabeležiti Record keeping - evidentiranje; zapisivanje Recover - povratiti; oporaviti se; nadoknaditi Recovery - oporavak; povraćaj Economic recovery - oporavak privrede Redemption - isplata (dugova, hipoteke) Reduce - smanjiti; sniziti Reduce the output - smanjiti proizvodnju Refer - odnositi se; uputiti Reference - upućivanje; veza; znak Reference sample - ugledni uzorak Our/ your reference - naš/ vaš znak Reform - reforma; reformisati Economic reform - privredna reforma Refund - povraćaj novca; refundiranje Registration - prijavljivanje; registracija; upis Registration fee - kotizacija Registration form - prijava Regret - zaliti Regulation - propis; odredba According to regulations - po propisima Government regulations - državni propisi Reject - odbaciti; odbiti Reject an offer - Odbiti ponudu Relate - odnositi se Relation - odnos; veza Business relations - poslovne veze Commodity relations - robni odnosi Property relations - svojinski odnosi Relationship - povezanost; veza; odnos Reliable - pouzdan; poverljiv Rely - osloniti se; pouzdati se; računati Remainder - ostatak Remit - doznačiti Remit money - doznačiti novac 67

Remittance - doznaka; novčana pošiljka Remitter - primalac; lice kom se šalje novac Remitter - pošiljalac; lice koje šalje novac Removal - uklanjanje Removal of barriers - uklanjanje barijera Render - dati; pružiti; učiniti Render assistance - pružiti pomoć Rent - renta; kirija; zakup; iznajmiti Rent agreement - ugovor o zakupu Replace - zameniti Report - izveštaj; referat; podneti izveštaj Financial report - finansijski izveštaj Reproduction - reprodukcija Reproduction cost - troškovi reprodukcije Expanded/ extended reproduction - proširena reprodukcija Simple reproduction - prosta reprodukcija Request - zahtev; molba Request for payment - zahtev za isplatu Requirement - potreba; zahtev Employment request - potreba/ zahtev za radnom snagom Research - istraživanje; istraživački rad Research and development - istraživanje i razvoj Market research - istraživanje tržišta Reserve - zaliha; rezerva; rezervisati Commodity reserves - robne rezerve Resource -resurs; izvor; sredstvo Allocation of resources - raspodela sredstva Pooling of resources - udruživanje sredstava Responsibility - obaveza; odgovornost Financial responsibility - materijalna odgovornost Restriction - ograničenje; restrikcija Impose restrictions - uvesti ograničenja Restructuring - prestruktuiranje Retail - maloprodaja; trgovati na malo Detail dealer - trgovac na malo Retailer - trgovac na malo Retention - zadržavanje Return - povratak; vraćanje Return rate - stopa povraćaja Returns - prihod; dobiti; prinos High returns - visok profit Right - pravo; prav; ispravan; tačan Civil rights - građanska prava Rise - porast; povećanje Rough - grub; približan Rough estimate - gruba procena Rule - pravilo; propis; upravljati Run - Rukovati; trčati Run a factory - upravljati fabrikom Rush - žurba; navala; žuriti se S 68

Safe - kasa; sef; siguran; bezbedan Safe investment - sigurna investicija Safety - sigurnost; bezbednost Safety stock - rezervne zalihe Salary - plata; lični dohodak Sale - prodaja; prođa Sale by simple - prodaja na osnovu uzoraka Sale on commission - komisiona prodaja Salesman - prodavac Sample - uzorak; mustra; proba Sample book - kolekcija uzoraka Sanction - sankcija; kaznena mera Economic sanctions - ekonomske sankcije Satisfaction - zadovoljenje; satisfakcija Saturate - zasititi Save - spasiti; sačuvati; uštedeti Savings - spasavanje; štednja; ušteda; čuvanje Saving - ušteđevina Savings bank - štedionica Savings deposit - štedni ulog Scale - skala; merila; tarifa; odrediti merilo Scale of values - skala vrednosti Scarce - oskudan; redak Scarce items - oskudni artikli Scarcity - oskudica Scarcity of labour - oskudica radne snage School - škola; fakultet; školovati School of economics - ekonomski fakultet Scientific - naučan Seal - pečat; plomba; nalepnica; zapečatiti Sealed bid - zapečaćena ponuda Second - drugi Second jand - polovan Secondary - sekundaran; drugorazredan Secondary industry - prerađivačka industrija Security - bezbednost; sigurnost; garancija Securities market - tržište vrednosnih papira Sell - prodati Sell at a discount - prodavati sa popustom Seller - prodavac Selling - prodaja; prođa Selling terms - uslovi prodaje Semi durable - artikli sa ograničenim vekom trajanja Semi finished - poluprerađen Semi finished goods - poluproizvodi Serial - seriski; redni Service - služba; usluga; servisirati Service shop - servisna radionica Set - pribor; komplet; skup; postaviti Set of patterns - kolekcija uzoraka Set a price - utvrditi cenu Settle - urediti; srediti; obračunati Settlement - zaključenje; obračun; naseljavanje 69

Share - udeo; akcija; deonica; doprinos Share broker - berzanski posrednik Share capital - akcijski kapital Block of shares - paket akcija Shareholder - akcionar Sheet - list; tabak; ploča Balance sheet - knjigovodstveni bilans Shift - smena; promena; promeniti Day shift - dnevna smena Shipment - otpremanje; oprema; pošiljka State - država; vlada; stanje; izjaviti State of account - stanje računa State ownership - državna svojina Statement - izveštaj; saopštenje Stationery - kancelarijski materijal Statistics - statistika; statistički podaci Status - položaj; status; stanje Statue - zakon; statut Steady - čvrst; postojan; stabilan Stiff - čvrst; krut; jak Stiff competition - jaka konkurencija Stock - imovina; zaliha; skladište Stock company - akcionarsko društvo Stockbroker - berzanski posrednik Stockholder - akcionar Stoppage - zaustavljanje; obustava; prekid Storage - skladište; naknada za smeštaj robe Store - zaliha; skladište; radnja; uskladiti Department store - robna kuća Storehouse - skladište Subcontractor - kooperant; podizvođač Submit - potčiniti se Submit a tender - podneti ponudu Subscribe - potpisati; upisati se Subscription - potpis; potpisivanje; upis; pretplata Subscription rate - iznos pretplate Subsidiary - filijala; podružnica Subsidy - subvencija; dotacija Substitution - substitucija; zamena Suffer - podnositi; trpeti Suffer a loss - pretrpeti gubitak Sufficient - dovoljan Suitable - podesan; pogodan Sum - suma; zbir; iznos Total sum - ukupna suma Summary - rezime; zaključak Summary account - zbirni račun Super intendance - nadzor Superior - viši; pretpostavljeni; superioran Supermarket - samousluga Super profit - ekstra profit Supervise - kontrolor; nadzorni organ Supplement - dodatak; prilog Supplier - snabdevač; dobavljač 70

Supplier of goods - isporučilac robe Supply - snabdevanje; zaliha; nabavka Support - Oslonac; potpora; podržavati Surpass - prevazići; nadomašiti Surplus - višak; suficit Surplus account - račun dobiti Surplus fund - rezervni fond Survey - pregled; pregledati; ispitati Suspension - suspenzija; ukidanje; obustava System - sistem; poredak; uređenje Administrative system - upravni sistem Economic system - privredni sistem T Table - tabela; pregled Table of contents - sadržaj knjige Take - uzeti; zauzeti; zahtevati Take care of - starati se Take the initiative - preuzeti inicijativu Takeover - preuzimanje Tangible - stvaran; opipljiv Tangible property - materijalna imovina Target - cilj; zadatak; meta Set a target - postaviti cilj Tariff - tarifa; carinska tarifa Tariff barriers Tax - porez; taksa; oporezovati Tax authority - poreski organ Taxation - oporezivanje; poreski prihodi Burden with taxation - opteretiti porezima Technical - tehnički; stručan Technical ability - stručna sposobnost Technique - tehnika; metod rada Technology - tehnologija; tehnika Technology transfer - prenos tehnologije Teller - blagajnik u banci Temporary - privremen Tenant - zakupac; stanar Tender - licitaciona ponuda; pismena ponuda Term - termin; rok; trajanje; uslov Set a term - odrediti rok Terminate - raskinuti; završiti Test - test; proba; ispitivanje Test sample - probni uzorak Testify - svedočiti; dokazivati Testimony - svedočenje Theory - teorija Theory of probability - teorija verovatnoće Tie - veza; vezati Time - vreme; trenutak; vremenski Time of delivery - vreme isporuke Timing - podešavanje 71

Tool - oruđe; alat Town - grad Trade - trgovina; zanimanje; robni promet; robna razmena Trade agreement - trgovinski sporazum Trader - trgovac Tradesman - trgovac; prodavac Trading - trgovanje Trading company - trgovinska firma Traffic - promet; trgovina; saobraćaj Traffic safety - bezbednost saobraćaja Transaction - transakcija Transfer - transfer; prenos; preneti Transfer order - putni nalog Transform - pretvoriti; preobraziti Transport - prevoz; transport Transport charges - prevozni troškovi Travel - putovanje; putovati Travel agency - putnička agencija Traveler - putnik Commercial traveler - trgovački putnik Treasury - državna blagajna Treat - postupiti; tretirati Treatment - postupak; tretman Treaty - ugovor; sporazum Commercial treaty - trgovinski ugovor Break a treaty - prekršiti ugovor Trend - trend; tendencija; težnja; kretanje Economics trends - privredna kretanja Trial - pokušaj; proba Trial balance - probni bilans True - istinit; tačan; odan Trust - poverenje; kredit; odgovornost Trustee - staralac Board of trusteers - upravni odbor Turn - promet; prođa; obrt; staviti u promet Turning point - prekretnica Turn out - Proizvoditi Turnout - učešće; količina proizvoda Turnover - promet; obrt Turnover commision - provizija na promet TWIMC (to whom it may concern) - svima kojim se tiče U Ultimate - krajnji; poslednji Ultimate beneficiary - krajnji korisnik Ultimate consumer - krajnji potrošač Unaccepted - neprihvaćen Inappropriate - neodgovarajući; neiskorišćen Uncharged - bez troškova; oslobođen troškova Unconditional - bezuslovan Unconditional order - bezuslovna naredba Under - pod; ispod 72

Under separate cover - u zasebnom pismu; posebno Underestimate - potceniti Undergo - podvrgnuti se Underline - podvući; naglasiti Understanding - razumevanje; sporazum Mutual understanding - obostrano razumevanje Undertake - preduzeti Undeveloped - nerazvijen Undeveloped country - nerazvijena zemlja Unemployment - nezaposlenost Unfair - nepošten; neopravdan Unfair competition - nelojalna konkurencija Unfavorable - nepovoljan Uniform - jednoobrazni; isti Unify - ujediniti; izjednačiti Union - ujedinjenje; savez; unija Customs union - carinska unija Economic union - ekonomska unija Unique - jedinstven; jedini Unit - jedinica Unit of measurement - jedinica mere Unity - jedinstvo Unity of action - jedinstvo akcije Unjust - neopravdan; nelojalan Unlimited - neograničen Unlimited company - javno trgovačko društvo Unreliable - nesiguran; nepoverljiv Unskilled - nekvalifikovan; nestručni Upkeep - održavanje troškovi održavanja; održavati Up to date - savremen; aktuelan Upturn - preokret; skok Urge - navesti; podstaći; preporučiti; urgirati Urgency - hitnost Usage - korišćenje; upotreba Use - upotreba; korišćenje; korist Use value - upotrebna vrednost Come into use - ući u upotrebu Useful - koristan User - korisnik Usurer - zelenaš Usury - zelenaštvo Utility - korisnost; korist Utility services - komunalne usluge V Vacancy - slobodno; upražnjeno radno mesto Vacant - prazan; upražnjen Valuable - dragocen; vredan; koristan Value - Vrednost; cena; valuta Value in use - upotrebna vrednost Value of money - vrednost novca Variable - promenljiv; 73

Variety - raznovrsnost; različitost; mnoštvo Variety of patterns - asortiman uzoraka Venture - rizičan poduhvat; preduzeće Joint venture - zajedničko ulaganje Verify - potvrditi; overiti Vice versa - obratno; obrnuto Vocation - profesija; zanimanje Vocational - stručni; profesionalan Vocational education - stručno obrazovanje Volume - knjiga; ton; obim Volume of production - obim proizvodnje Voluntary - dobrovoljan Voluntary tax - samodoprinos Vouch - jemčiti; svedočiti Voucher - priznanica; bon W Wage - plata; najamnina Wage and salary fund - fond plata Want - nedostatak; oskudica; potreba; oskudevati Want of goods - nedostatak robe Warehouse - stovarište; skladište; magacin Warehouse ledger - skladišna knjiga Warrant - jamstvo; garancija; ovlašćenje Waste - rasipanje; otpadak; rasipati Water - voda Water carriage - prevoz vodenim putem Watermark - vodeni žig Waybill - tovarni list; Wealth - bogatstvo; blagostanje; obilje Public wealth - opšte dobro; opšte blagostanje Wear - nošenje; habanje Wear and tear - amortizacija Weight - težina; teret; teg; značaj Live weight - živa mera Welfare - blagostanje; dobrobit Welfare services - zajednička potrošnja Well to do - imućan; dobro stojeći Wholesale - prodaja na veliko; veletrgovina; prodavati na veliko Wholesale dealer - trgovac na veliko Wholesaler - trgovac na veliko; veletrgovac Winding up - likvidacija Forced winding up - prisilna likvidacija Withdraw - povući; podići Withdraw from carculation - povući iz opticaja Withdrawal - povlačenje; opoziv Withhold - zadržati Withhold delivery - Zaustaviti isporuku Work - posao; rad; zaposlenje; raditi; fabrika Work order - radni nalog Workday - radni dan; radno vreme 74

Worker - radnik Clerical worker - administrativni službenik Manual worker - Fizički radnik Working - rad; funkcionisanje; koji radi Working capital - obrtni kapital Working hours - radno vreme Workshop - radionica; fabrička hala Worldwide - širom sveta Worth - vrednost; zasluga; vredan Wrap - zapakovati; umotati Wrapping - zavijanje; umotavanje; pakovanje Write off - otpis Written - napisan; pisani Written order X Xerox - zeroks; aparat za fotokopiranje; fotokopirati Y Yard - jard; mera za dužinu (o, 914m) Year - godina Academic year - školska godina Yearbook - godišnjak Yield - dobitak; prihod; prinos; donositi prihod Yield of capital - prihod kapitala Z Zip code - poštanski broj (SAD) Zollverein - carinska unija Zone - zona; oblast; pojas; područje Buffer zone - tampon zona

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