Engine Health Monitoring Systems For Industrial Gas Turbines

 

 Aebkea Xystams Xymplsk Xymplskum um 71-79-72 Mgrh` ?477

Aebkea @agjt` Mlektlrkeb Xystams ilr Kefustrkgj Bgs Vurokeas Gs`wke X@KEFA   Fapt. Li Tlwar Tlwar gef Trlp Trlpujskle, ujskle, Hrgeikaj Hrgeikajf f Qekvarskty Qekvarskty,, Hrgeikajf, O Oafilrfs`kra afilrfs`kra MC68 4GJ 4GJ,, Qektaf Ckeb Ckebflm, flm, g.s`kefaDhrgeikajf.gh.uc

Gostrght Bgs Vurokeas gra axtaeskvajy usaf gs prkma mlvars ilr kefustrkgj gppjkhgtkles. V`ay gra usaf, olt` ilr hletkeulus futy gppjkhgtkles jkca ogsa jlgf plwar baeargtkle gef ilr ketarmkttaet futy gppjkhgtkles jkca mgrkea prlpujskle, bgs pumpkeb gef pagc jlgf plwar baeargtkle. Leha ge kefustrkgj bgs turokea aebkea `gs oaae mgeuighturaf, kestgjjaf gef hlmmksskleaf ilr sarvkha, kts lwear strkvas tl bat mgxkmum oaeaikt irlm t`a aebkea furkeb kts jkia tkma sl gs tl bat g `kb` rature le t`a kevastmaet. V`ks mages t`gt ge aebkea s`lujf `gva mgxkmum gvgkjgokjkty, rajkgokjkty, plwar lutput gef jkia gt g mkekmum lpargtkeb hlst. Ke lt`ar wlrfs t`a aebkea s`lujf `gva g jlw jkia hyhja hlst. LAMs w`l faskbe gef oukjf t`a aebkeas, prlvkfa t`a mat`lfljlby ilr mgketaeghea gef jkikeb hgjhujgtkles li t`a aebkea. V`asa gra amparkhgjjy lotgkeaf gef gra gppjkhgoja tl gjj aebkeas ke baeargj. V`arilra t`ara ks shlpa ilr kmprlvamaet gs ghtugj hlefktkles gs wajj gs kefkvkfugj aebkeas mgy fkiiar. Iurt`ar, lpargtkle ke lii faskbe aevkrlemaets gef pramgtura hlmpleaet igkjura hge frgstkhgjjy kehragsa jkia hyhja hlsts. Aebkea @agjt` Mlektlrkeb ks g hlehapt w`kh` `ajps us gh`kava t`a jlwast jkia hyhja hlst oy bkvkeb us ge keskb`t ketl t`a ghtugj mgtarkgj hlefktkles li ge kefkvkfugj aebkea. V`ks hlehapt ks ghtugjksaf t`rlub` ge Aebkea @agjt` Mlektlrkeb Xystam, w`kh` assaetkgjjy ks g hljjahtkle li fkgbelstkh tah`ekquas usaf tl gssass t`a mgtarkgj stgta li ge aebkea. V`ks pgpar axpjlras t`a avljutkle, lonahtkvas, shlpa, mat`lfljlby, hurraet traefs gef iutura prlspahts li Aebkea @agjt` Mlektlrkeb Xystams. Caywlrfs>  Bgs Vurokea3 Fkgbelstkhs3 Kefustrkgj3 @agjt` Mlektlrkeb

Gooravkgtkles  _LK

_ature le Kevastmaet

 A@M Aebkea @agjt` Mlektlrkeb  JHH  KHM

7. 

Jkia Hyhja Hlst  Keijuaeha Hlaiiahkaet Mgtrkx

KEV_LFQHVKLE

Bgs Vurokeas gra celwe tl oa vary varsgtkja gef rajkgoja prkma mlvars. V`ay gra gjsl `kb`jy hlmpjax mgh`keas gef raqukra `uba hgpktgj kevastmaets. Ke tlfgy‛s `kb`jy hlmpatktkva mgrcats w`ara _LK ks mgrbkegj, ilhus le rafuhkeb t`a JHH li ge aebkea ks tramaeflus.

IHM Igujt Hlaiiahkaet Mgtrkx BTG

Bgs Tgt` Gegjysks  

 GEE

Grtkikhkgj Eaurgj Eatwlrc  

VOH

V`armgj Ogrrkar Hlgtkeb 

A@M systams gra tlfgy ampjlyaf axtaeskvajy tl hletrlj mgketaegeha hlsts li bgs turokeas. Vl uefarstgef `lw t`a hlehapt li aebkea `agjt` mlektlrkeb wlrcs kt ks  partkeaet tl oa igmkjkgr wkt` mgtarkgj fatarklrgtkle ke k e bgs turokeas gef t`a avljutkles li mgh`keary mgketaegeha lvar t`a jgst iaw fahgfas. V`asa gspahts `gva oaae hlvaraf ke t`a kektkgj pgrgbrgp`s li t`ks pgpar. Lonahtkvas, shlpa, mat`lfljlby li A@M systams gra t`ae axgmkeaf ke suosaquaet pgrgbrgp`s. V`a pgpar hlehjufas

 

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Aebkea @agjt` Mlektlrkeb Xystams ilr Kefustrkgj Bgs Vurokeas ‘  Gs`wke  Gs`wke X@KEFA

wkt` g fkshusskle le t`a prasaet traefs gef iutura  prlspahts ilr A@M systams. ?. 

FAB_GFGVKLE KE BGX VQ_OKEAX

Gs wkt` gjj mgh`keary, g bgs turokea gjsl axparkaehas mgtarkgj gef parilrmgeha fabrgfgtkle fua tl igkr wagr gef tagr. @lt bgs pgt` hlmpleaets li ge aebkea, w`kh` hlmprksa li t`a hlmoustkle, trgesktkle gef turokea sahtkles, gra axplsaf tl axtramajy `kb` tampargturas gef gra t`arailra prlea tl mgtarkgj fabrgfgtkle. Hlmpleaets suh` gs `kb` prassura turokea ojgfas lpargta gt tampargturas oaylef t`akr majtkeb plket gef gra skmujtgealusjy suonahtaf tl vary `kb` haetrkiubgj ilrhas. Iurt`ar, mgtarkgj fabrgfgtkle ks ghhajargtaf gt lpargtkeb hlefktkles favkget tl faskbe plket hlefktkles. Hraap, igtkbua, hlrrlskle, arlskle gef ruookeb gra slma li t`a mah`geksms oy w`kh` mgtarkgj fabrgfgtkle lhhurs ke bgs turokeas. Xlma li t`a hgusas ilr mgtarkgj fatarklrgtkle gra jkstaf oajlw  oajlw S7]> -

8.7.  Hlrrahtkva Mgketaegeha

Hlrrahtkva mgketaegeha kevljvaf uefartgckeb rapgkr ghtkle le g mgh`kea w`aeavar kt orlca flwe. Gs t`a fapaefaehy le mgh`keas braw uepjgeeaf oragcflwes stgrtaf oahlmkeb hlstjy gef slma mat`lf `gf tl oa favksaf tl uefartgca rapgkrs oailra t`a mgh`kea hlujf  oragcflwe. V`ks us`araf ke t`a arg li pravaetkva mgketaegeha p`kjlslp`y.

Hgusas li elrmgj fatarklrgtkle 

  @kb` hlmoustkle tampargturas   @kb` haetrkiubgj ilrhas   V`armgj hyhjas axparkaehaf oy stgrt stlp hyhjas

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Ikbura 7 ‘  7 ‘  Avljutkle  Avljutkle li Mgketaegeha T`kjlslp`kas. (Gfgptaf ilrm S?]) ilrm S?])  

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Hgusas li ghhajargtaf fatarklrgtkle kehjufa

  @kb` gmokaet tampargtura gef `umkfkty.   Tllr qugjkty iuaj wkt` `kb` hgrole, slfkum,

8.?.  Travaetkva Mgketaegeha

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 pltgsskum gef vgegfkum hletaet.   Juorkhgtkeb lkj fkjutkle gef/lr hletgmkegtkle fua tl  pllr `ybkaea.   Ketgca gkr hletgmkegtkle wkt` fust pgrtkhjas, sllt, lkj vgplur lr ilrakbe lonahts.   Tlwar gubmaetgtkle oy wgtar, stagm kenahtkle lr ketgca ilbbkeb.   Amarbaehy s`utflwe irlm iujj jlgf lr plwar up tl

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iujj jlgf.

  Lpargtkle gt pgrt jlgf.

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8. 

AYLJQVKLE LI AEBKEA MGKEVAEGEHA

Fua tl mgtarkgj fabrgfgtkle gef t`us parilrmgeha jlss wkt` tkma t`gt ge aebkea ighas, mgketaegeha  oahlmas ge assaetkgj ghtkvkty tl rastlra rahlvargoja mgtarkgj fatarklrgtkle, w`kh` t`ae rasujts ke rastlrgtkle li parilrmgeha. Aebkea mgketaegeha p`kjlslp`y `gs avljvaf lvar t`a fahgfas gef Ikbura 7 fashrkoas t`a avljutkle li t`ks p`kjlslp`y irlm Hlrrahtkva Mgketaegeha tl Travaetkva Mgketaegeha gef t`ae Trafkhtkva Mgketaegeha.  Mgketaegeha. S?] 

Travaetkva mgketaegeha kevljvas uefartgckeb mgketaegeha ghtkle le g mgh`kea oailra kt ragh`as t`a  plket li oragc flwe. V`a parklf li lpargtkle oailra uefartgckeb mgketaegeha ghtkle ks ogsaf le aebkea faskbe fgtg, axparkmaetgj fgtg traefkeb gef ikajf losarvgtkles. Ketrlfuhkeb pravaetkva mgketaegeha kehragsaf t`a gvgkjgokjkty li mgh`keas gs t`ay oahgma jass prlea tl  oragcflwes. _aqukramaet li spgras ilr rapgkrs hlujf oa  pjgeeaf ke gfvgeha, w`kh` rafuhaf t`a flwe tkma ilr rapgkrs. olt` gvgkjgokjkty geffrgwoghc rajkgokjkty mgh`kea Lvargjj, wgs kehragsaf. wgs Out g mgnlr frgw oghc lilit`ksg mgketaegeha systam ks t`gt axpaeskva rapgkrs gef lvar`gujs gra elt gjwgys eahassgry gef hlujf oa gvlkfaf lr faiarraf. V`ks ks oahgusa elt gjj mgh`keas fatarklrgta ke t`a sgma parklfkh mgeear gef wkt`ke g mgh`kea elt gjj hlmpleaets fatarklrgta aqugjjy. Iurt`ar, suffae oragc flwes fua tl ragsles jkca hlmpleaet igkjura stkjj hletkeuaf gs t`ara wgs el wgy tl getkhkpgta t`am. V`ks ketrlfuhaf shlpa ilr kmprlvamaet ke tarms li rafuhtkle ke mgketaegeha hlsts gef kehragskeb t`a gvgkjgokjkty gef rajkgokjkty li g mgh`kea. 8.8.  Trafkhtkva Mgketaegeha

V`a golva frgwoghcs li Travaetkva Mgketaegeha gra elw oakeb lvarhlma oy t`a Trafkhtkva Mgketaegeha T`kjlslp`y. Ketrlfuhaf slma tkma ke mkf 24‛s, t`ks t `ks

 

8

Aebkea @agjt` Mlektlrkeb Xystams ilr Kefustrkgj Bgs Vurokeas ‘  Gs`wke  Gs`wke X@KEFA

 p`kjlslp`y kevljvas hgraiuj mlektlrkeb gef gegjysks li ge aebkea‛s lpargtkeb pgrgmatars gef uefartgckeb rabujgr kespahtkles tl ghhass kts mgtarkgj stgta sl t`gt rapgkrs gra uefartgcae lejy w`ae assaetkgjjy raqukraf. Ge A@M systam ighkjktgtas kmpjamaetgtkle li t`a  prafkhtkva mgketaegeha p`kjlslp`y ilr bgs turokeas.

uefartgcae wkt` g Olrashlpa w`kh` ks assaetkgjjy g ijaxkoja ikora lptkh hgoja w`kh` hge oa kesartaf ketl t`a bgs turokea t`rlub` prlvkfaf lpaekebs. G typkhgj Olrashlpa ks s`lwe ke Ikbura ke Ikbura ?.  ?. 

6. 

qugjktgtkva pkhtura li t`a fabrgfgtkle. Kt ks gjwgys usaf tl hleikrm t`a luthlma li g fkgbelstkhs gegjysks gef raqukramaet li mgketaegeha ghtkle.

LONAHVKYA GEF XHLTA LI GE A@M X[XVAM

Losarvgtkles hge oa mgfa wkt` t`a egcaf aya lr vkawaf le g shraae. Yksugj kespahtkle bkvas g vary bllf

V`a iuehtkle li ge A@M systam ks tl prlvkfa ge ghhurgta pkhtura li t`a mgtarkgj stgta li ge aebkea oy gegjyskeb kts lpargtkeb pgrgmatars gef oy vksugj axgmkegtkle li kts hlmpleaets. V`ks keilrmgtkle ks usaf ilr tkmajy kfaetkikhgtkle li pltaetkgj oragcflwe sktugtkles gef tl prahksajy qugetkiy gef sh`afuja  pravaetkva mgketaegeha ghtkvkty. _afuhkeb aebkea JHH ks t`a ujtkmgta lonahtkva li ge A@M systam. Gs vgrklus lpargtkeb pgrgmatars li ge aebkea eaaf tl oa mlektlraf, A@M systams hlmprksa g sukta li fkgbelstkhs tah`ekquas gs gbgkest g skebja pjgtilrm systam. V`asa tah`ekquas hlujf oa liijkea lr lejkea. Liijkea tah`ekquas gra t`lsa w`kh` fl elt raqukra t`a bgs turokea tl oa rueekeb gef gra elt ragj tkma, w`kja lejkea tah`ekquas hletkeulus mlektlrkeb g rueekeb aebkea gef gegjysa ragj tkma fgtg. Kmplrtget aebkea `agjt` mlektlrkeb tah`ekquas kehjufa  kehjufa  S?]> -

       

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1. 

Yksugj Kespahtkle Vah`ekquas Hlgst Flwe Vkma Mlektlrkeb Vah`ekqua Jkia Hyhja Hluetkeb Vah`ekqua Vurokea Axkt Vampargtura Xpragf Mlektlrkeb Vah`ekqua Juorkhgtkeb Lkj Gegjysks Vah`ekquas Ykorgtkle Gegjysks Vah`ekquas Ghlustkh Gegjysks Vah`ekquas Bgs Tgt` Fkgbelstkhs Vah`ekquas MAV@LFLJLB[ LI AEBKEA @AGJV@ MGEGBAMAEV

Gs maetkleaf agrjkar ge A@M systam hlmprksas li g sukta li fkgbelstkhs tah`ekquas. Agh` li t`asa tah`ekquas ks fkshussaf oajlw tl bkva g oattar uefarstgefkeb li t`a lvargjj systam. 1.7.  Yksugj Kespahtkle Vah`kquas

Yksugj kespahtkle ks lea li t`a mlst aiiahtkva hlefktkle mlektlrkeb tah`ekquas. Axtaregj vksugj axgmkegtkle hge oa uefartgcae le g rueekeb aebkea gef baeargjjy `ajps kfaetkiy systams rajgtaf igujts suh` gs kespahtkle hgejagcs lejy gef oa jllsa flea ikttkebs. w`ae geKetaregj aebkea vksugj ks liijkea. Kt ks

Ikbura ? - G Olrashlpa wkt` g Ykfal Hgmarg gef JHF Fkspjgy (Hlurtasy Vruaplwar)

1.?.  _ueflwe Vkma Mlektlrkeb Vah`ekqua

_ueflwe Vkma mlektlrkeb, w`kh` ks ge lii jkea tah`ekqua ks ge axhajjaet wgy li mlektlrkeb t`a `agjt` li ge aebkea‛s oagrkebs. Kt kevljvas mlektlrkeb t`a tkma tgcae ilr t`a aebkea rltlr tl frlp oatwaae twl  prafatarmkeaf _TMs gitar t`a aebkea `gs oaae stlppaf. V`ks tkma ks eltaf flwe avary tkma t`a aebkea ks s`ut flwe gef t`a traef mlektlraf. _afuhtkle ke _ueflwe Vkma ks usugjjy fua tl mksgjkbeaf lr ngmmaf oagrkebs w`kja kehragsa ke _ueflwe Vkma hlujf oa fua axhasskvajy wlre lut oagrkeb. Olt` sktugtkles wlujf raqukra iurt`ar kevastkbgtkle oy ketaregj axgmkegtkle wkt` g olrashlpa tl hleikrm gef kektkgta rapgkr ghtkle. Kt ks g vary hlst aiiahtkva `agjt` mlektlrkeb tah`ekqua w`kh` flas elt raqukra gey gffktklegj `grfwgra. 1.8.  Jkia Hyhja Hluetkeb Vah`ekqua

 

6

Aebkea @agjt` Mlektlrkeb Xystams ilr Kefustrkgj Bgs Vurokeas ‘  Gs`wke  Gs`wke X@KEFA

V`ks ks gelt`ar liijkea tah`ekqua w`kh` kevljvas mlektlrkeb t`a eumoar li stgrt/stlp hyhjas uefarblea  oy ge aebkea. Agh` stgrt stlp hyhja suonahts t`a hlmpleaets li t`a bgs turokea `lt sahtkle tl t`armgj igtkbua. V`a eumoar li stgrt/stlp hyhjas gjjlwaf ilr g bkvae aebkea jkia ks fatarmkeaf oy ampkrkhgj ilrmujga  prlvkfaf oy t`a LAM. Ki t`a jkmkt ks k s axhaafaf t`a jkia li t`a aebkea ks ghhlrfkebjy rafuhaf. V`ks tah`ekqua ks mlra gppjkhgoja tl ketarmkttaet futy mgh`keas suh` gs t`lsa usaf ilr pagc jlgf plwar baeargtkle. V`ks ks gjsl g vary hlst aiiahtkva `agjt` mlektlrkeb tah`ekqua w`kh` flas elt raqukra gey gffktklegj `grfwgra. 1.6.  Vurokea Axkt Vampargtura Xpragf Mlektlrkeb Vah`ekqua.

Vurokea Axkt Vampargtura Xpragf mlektlrkeb tah`ekqua ks kmplrtget oahgusa kt raijahts axplsura li turokea ojgfas tl `kb` hyhja t`armgj igtkbua. Qeavae fkstrkoutkle li tampargtura lvar t`a geeujus axplsas turokea ojgfas tl fkiiaraet tampargtura zleas avary tkma t`ay hlmpjata g ravljutkle gef rasujts ke t`a rafuhtkle li kts jkia. V`ks ks assaetkgjjy ge lejkea tah`ekqua.

rajgtkva mltkle gef hletght wkt` agh` lt`ar kt hgrrkas gjleb wkt` kt wagr faorks. Mgbeatkh saeslrs pjgha ke t`a  pgt` li juorkhgtkeb lkj axktkeb vgrklus jlhgtkle ke ge aebkea bat ghtkvgtaf ki wagr pgrtkhjas axhaaf hartgke skza gef qugetkty. Fatgkjaf gegjysks li wagr faorks oy iarrlbrgp`y mat`lfs hge `ajp pkeplket t`a jlhgtkle, egtura gef qugetum li fatarklrgtkle ke g hlmpleaet w`kh` ks usugjjy t`a oagrkebs. 1.0.  Bgs Tgt` Fkgbelstkhs Vah`ekquas

Bgs Tgt` Fkgbelstkhs ks g vary plwariuj parilrmgeha  ogsaf `agjt` mlektlrkeb hlehapt w`ara t`a qugetum li fabrgfgtkle li ge aebkea‛s bgs pgt` hlmpleaets ks farkvaf irlm t`a gegjysks li ge aebkea‛s magsuraf bgs  pgt` pgrgmatars. BTG lr Bgs Tgt` Gegjysks ks g bgs pgt` fkgbelstkhs tah`ekqua w`kh` ks mlfaj ogsaf gef jkeagr. Kt wgs ikrst prlplsaf oy JG Qroge ke 7;92. Ikbura 7;92.  Ikbura 8 bkvas g  pkhtura li keilrmgtkle ijlw ilr BTG.

1.1.  Ghlustkh Gegjysks Vah`ekqua

V`ks tah`ekqua kevljvas gegjyskeb ghlustkh amksskles irlm ge aebkea. H`gebas ke t`a ghlustkh skbegtura li ge aebkea raijaht g wkfa rgeba li avaets slma li w`kh` kehjufa hrghc prlpgbgtkle, ojgfa ruookeb lr sagjs, fgmgbaf ojgfas, hlmoustlr pujsgtkles gef plsskojy fgmgbaf VOH. V`ks mlektlrkeb tah`ekqua ks slmatkmas hlmokeaf wkt` vkorgtkle mlektlrkeb gef ks tarmaf gs Ykorl-Ghlustkh Hlefktkle Mlektlrkeb. Olt` tah`ekquas gra wajj gfgptaf ilr lejkea mlektlrkeb li t`a aebkea. 1.9.  Ykorgtkle Mlektlrkeb Vah`ekqua

Ykorgtkle Mlektlrkeb ks gelt`ar wkfajy usaf hlefktkle mlektlrkeb tah`ekquas gef w`kh` `gs suostgetkgjjy avljvaf. V`ks tah`ekquas kevljvas mlektlrkeb t`a h`gebas ke t`a aebkea‛s vkorgtkle skbegtura irlm t`a ogsa jkea skbegtura rahlrfaf w`ae t`a aebkea wgs kestgjjaf. Oagrkeb igujts, hlmoustkle  pujsgtkles gef faiahts rajgtaf tl mah`gekhgj ketabrkty li t`a aebkea hge oa kfaetkikaf oy t`ks tah`ekqua. 1.2.  Juorkhgtkle Lkj Gegjysks Vah`ekqua

Juorkhgtkle Lkj Gegjysks ks gelt`ar kmplrtget tah`ekquas usaf tl kfaetkiy mgtarkgj fatarklrgtkle ke ge aebkea. Xkeha juorkhgtkeb lkj pgssas lvar gjj surighas ke

Ikbura 8 - Keilrmgtkle Ijlw ilr BTG. (Gfgptaf irlm irlm S8])  S8])  

V`a mgt`amgtkhgjjy hlehapt oa`kef t`ks tah`ekqua ks raprasaetaf oy Aqugtkle 7.

∉P = @ ∉^ 

(7)

R`ara, ∉P  raprasaets  pgrgmatars

favkgtkle

ke

magsuraf

aebkea

∉^ raprasaets favkgtkle ke hlmpleaet parilrmgeha  pgrgmatars w`kh` `gva hgusaf ∉x. @  raprasaets t`a mgt`amgtkhgj iuehtkle w`kh` rajgtas ∉P gef ∉^.

Gs t`ara gra mlra t`ge lea magsuraf pgrgmatars gef hlmpleaet parilrmgeha pgrgmatars P, ^ gef @ gra ke mgtrkx ilrm. ‐ @ ‛  ks hgjjaf t`a Keijuaeha Hlaiikhkaet Mgtrkx (KHM). R`ae t`a golva rajgtkles`kp ks kevarsaf wa `gva Aqugtkle ?.  ∉ ^ =  @ -7 ∉  P  

( ?)

 

1

Aebkea @agjt` Mlektlrkeb Xystams ilr Kefustrkgj Bgs Vurokeas ‘  Gs`wke  Gs`wke X@KEFA

-7

R`ara,  @    ks hgjjaf t`a Igujt Hlaiikhkaet Mgtrkx (IHM) gef ks t`a kevarsa li KHM. V`ks rajgtkles`kp aegojas kfaetkikhgtkle gef qugetkikhgtkle li aebkea  parilrmgeha fatarklrgtkle irlm favkgtkles ke magsuraf  pgrgmatars w`kh` assaetkgjjy gra t`a ragfkeb lotgkeaf irlm t`a aebkea kestrumaetgtkle. V`a favkgtkle ke hlmpleaet parilrmgeha pgrgmatars hget`am. t`ae oa hlrrajgtaf tl t`a p`yskhgj prlojams hguskeb Ilr t`a golva mgt`amgtkhgj rajgtkles`kp tl `ljf gef bkva ghhurgta rasujts t`a iljjlwkeb ks raqukraf> -

  Kestrumaetgtkle ragfkebs s`lujf igkt`iujjy raprasaet

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t`a ghtugj mgbektufa li t`a aebkea pgrgmatar. pgrg matar.   V`a kestrumaetgtkle ragfkebs s`lujf oa rapagtgoja lr hleskstaet.   V`a igujt hlaiikhkaet mgtrkx s`lujf oa ghhurgtajy farkvaf.   V`a magsuraf pgrgmatars gef t`a lotgkeaf hlmpleaet parilrmgeha pgrgmatars s`lujf oa t`armlfyegmkhgjjy hlrrajgtaf gef s`lujf `gva g jkeagr rajgtkles`kp.

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rkb`t ckef li kestrumaetgtkle s`lujf oa sajahtaf   V`a sl t`gt hlmpleaet parilrmgeha pgrgmatars `gva

Aebkea @agjt` Mlektlrkeb systams gra elw-g-fgys axtaeskvajy usaf ke t`a kefustry. Mlst systams ilhus le vkorgtkle gef parilrmgeha mlektlrkeb tah`ekquas w`kh` gra baeargjjy ketabrgtaf ketabrgtaf wkt` t`a aebkea‛s hletrlj systam. Lt`ar `agjt` mlektlrkeb tah`ekquas mgy oa usaf kefapaefaetjy gef ilrm g pgrt li t`a lvargjj `agjt` mlektlrkeb strgtaby w`kh` aehlmpgssas elt lejy t`a bgs turokeas out gjj lt`ar rltgtkeb gef rahkprlhgtkeb aqukpmaet ke t`a pjget lr pjgtilrm. V`asa systams hlujf oa prlvkfaf  oy LAMs t`amsajvas lr oy kefapaefaet t`krf pgrtkas hlmpgekas. G hgsa stufy li ge ghtugj A@M systam uefartgcae oy Xðrjk at gj  gj  S1]  `gs oaae orkaijy prasaetaf `ara wkt` t`a gkm li prlvkfkeb g vkaw li g typkhgj A@M systam. V`a A@M systam wgs mgeuighturaf oy M/s Oruaj & Cngar Ykorl gef kestgjjaf leolgrf ge liis`lra kefustrkgj pjgtilrm ke t`a yagr ?44?. Kt prlvkfas g bllf keskb`t ketl g mlfare fgy A@M systam. Kmpjamaetgtkle li t`ks systam leolgrf t`a vassaj raqukraf hllrfkegtkle oatwaae t`a vassajs lwears, t`a A@M systam mgeuighturar gef g hlesujtget spahkgjkskeb ke t`armlfyegmkh ilrmujgtkle gef mlfajjkeb. Ikbura 6 s`lws t`a lii s`lra kefustrkgj  pjgtilrm le w`kh` t`a kestgjjgtkle wgs uefartgcae. uefartgcae.

gfaqugta hlrrajgtkle.

  V`a eumoar li kestrumaet magsuramaets s`lujf oa

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aqugj tl t`a eumoar li hlrrajgtkeb hlr rajgtkeb parilrmgeha  pgrgmatars. Trghtkhgjjy, ke g bgs turokea t`a rajgtkles`kps oatwaae magsuraf pgrgmatars gef hlmpleaet parilrmgeha  pgrgmatars gra ele jkeagr. Iurt`ar, saeslrs gra okgsaf, gef t`akr gsslhkgtaf ajahtrlekh hkrhukts gff elksa tl t`a magsuraf vgjua. V`asa t`raa gspahts rafuha t`a ghhurghy li t`a BTG tah`ekqua. Vl lvarhlma t`ks prlojam vgrklus kmprlvamaet `gva oaae mgfa tl t`a BTG tah`ekqua. Gppjkhgtkle li  Eawtle-_gjp`sle  S?]  mat`lf `gs tgcae ketl ghhluet t`a  Eawtle-_gjp`sle ele-jkeagr rajgtkles`kp oatwaae t`a magsuraf  pgrgmatars gef hlmpleaet parilrmgeha pgrgmatars. Ghhurghy li t`a BTG tah`ekqua `gs gjsl oaae iurt`ar kmprlvaf oy lptkmum astkmgtkle tah`ekquas suh` gs Cgjmge Ikjtar gef Rakb`taf Jagst Xqugra gjblrkt`m. _ljjs _lyha `gs gflptaf Cgjmge Ikjtars wkt` g hlehaetrgtlr tl uefartgca bgs pgt` fkgbelstkhs w`kja Trgtt & R`kteay usa Cgjmge Ikjtars wkt` g fkiiaraet gfgptgtkle. Baeargj Ajahtrkh usas t`a Rakb`taf Jagst Xqugra gjblrkt`m tl uefartgca BTG.  BTG.  S6] 9. 

HQ__AEV V_AEFX

Ikbura 6 ‘  6 ‘  G  G Vypkhgj Liis`lra Kefustrkgj Tjgtilrm S1] Tjgtilrm S1]

Jkst li leolgrf aqukpmaet w`kh` ks uefar `agjt` mlektlrkeb ks bkvae ke Vgoja 7. V`a pjgtilrm ks g Ijlgtkeb, Trlfuhtkle, Xtlrgba gef Liijlgfkeb (ITXL) vassaj gef ks t`arailra lutikttaft`a ilrpjgtilrm hrufa lkjgjsl prlhasskeb. Gpgrt irlm ilur bgs turokeas `gs g `lst li mltlr frkvae gef fkasaj frkvae mgh`keary.

Vgoja 7 ‘  7 ‘  Jkst  Jkst li Mgh`keary Qefar @agjt` Mlektlrkeb S1] Mlektlrkeb S1]

 

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Aebkea @agjt` Mlektlrkeb Xystams ilr Kefustrkgj Bgs Vurokeas ‘  Gs`wke  Gs`wke X@KEFA

Xj

Aqukpmaet Fashrkptkle

Wty

Trkma Mlvar

Ykorgtkle Mlektlrkeb

Tarilrmgeha Mlektlrkeb

47

? Xtgba _ahlmprasslr

4?

Mltlr

• 

• 

4?

7 Xtgba _ahlmprasslr

47

Mltlr

• 

• 

48

Axhass Bgs

47

Mltlr

• 

• 

46

Hlmprasslr _akenahtkle Hlmprasslr

4?

BV JM?144

• 

•  • 

41

Vurol Baeargtlrs

4?

BV JM9444

• 

49

AXX Fkasaj Baeargtlr

4?

Fkasaj

• 

42

V`rustars

41

Mltlr

• 

40

Xag Rgtar Jkit Tumps

48

Mltlr

• 

4;

Haetrkiubas

49

Mltlr

• 

74

Gkr Hlmprasslrs

48

Mltlr

• 

 

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Aebkea @agjt` Mlektlrkeb Xystams ilr Kefustrkgj Bgs Vurokeas ‘  Gs`wke  Gs`wke X@KEFA

G fkgbrgmmgtkh vkaw li t`a grh`ktahtura li t`a A@M systam ks bkvae ke  ke   Ikbura 1

Ikbura 9  ‘   Lutput li ge A@M Xystam Fkspjgykeb g Hlmokegtkle li _ltlfyegmkh gef V`armlfyegmkh _asujts S9] _asujts  S9]

Kt mgy oa plsskoja ke t`a eagr iutura tl skmujtgealusjy vkaw gffktklegj lejkea aebkea hlefktkle mlektlrkeb  pgrgmatars ke lea shraae tl bat ge ghhurgta pkhtura li kts `agjt`. Xlma hlmmarhkgjjy gvgkjgoja A@M systams gra jkstaf ke Vgoja ke Vgoja ?

Vgoja ? ‘  ? ‘  Hlmmarhkgjjy  Hlmmarhkgjjy Gvgkjgoja A@M Xystams

Ikbura 1 ‘  1 ‘  Grh`ktahtura  Grh`ktahtura li li ge A@M Xystam S1] Xystam S1]

Xj

Xystam Egma

Mgeuighturar

V`a iljjlwkeb losarvgtkles golut A@M systams hge  oa mgfa irlm t`ks hgsa stufy> -

47

HLMTGXX

Oruaj & Cngar  S9]  S9]

4?

KeXkb`t Xystam

Xljgr Vurokeas Vurokeas S2]  S2]

  Vgoja 7 s`lws t`gt fafkhgtaf A@M systams usugjjy

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HOMkℯ   HOMkℯ

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ampjly vkorgtkle gef parilrmgeha mlektlrkeb tah`ekquas. V`a lt`ar `agjt` mlektlrkeb tah`ekquas t`lub` ampjlyaf fl elt ilrm g pgrt li t`a ketabrgtaf systam.

Vgoja 7 gjsl s`lws t`gt ke gffktkle tl bgs turokeas lt`ar mgh`keary ks gjsl kehjufaf ke t`a `agjt` mlektlrkeb systam. V`ks mgcas t`a kevastmaet ke ge A@M systam hlst aiiahtkva.

  Ikbura 1 s`lws us t`gt t`a A@M systam eaafs tl oa

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ketabrgtaf wkt` lt`ar axkstkeb systams leolgrf suh` gs t`a bgs turokea hletrlj systam, t`a kefustrkgj  prlhass eatwlrc, wagt`ar stgtkle gef t`a gfmkekstrgtkle eatwlrc. Hlmokegtkle li vkorgtkle gef parilrmgeha  pgrgmatars ks losarvaf tl oa iraquaetjy usaf ke t`a kefustry. Ikbura 9 s`lws g hlmokeaf lutput li ge aebkea‛‛s rltlfyegmkh gef t`armlfyegmkh pgrgmatars aebkea w`kh` hge oa vary usaiuj ke kfaetkiykeb gef hleikrmkeb aebkea igujts.

46

Oaetjy TA_IL_MGEHA

41

Lsys

2. 

Kmpght Vah`eljlbkas Vah`eljlbkas S0]  S0] VM

 

Baeargj Ajahtrkh S;] Ajahtrkh S;] _ljjs _lyha S74] _lyha  S74]

IQVQ_A T_LXTAHVX

V`lub` bgs pgt` fkgbelstkhs ae`gehaf wkt` vgrklus mlfkikhgtkles `gs oaae axtaeskvajy ampjlyaf ke t`a kefustry, kssuas rabgrfkeb ele-jkeagrkty, saeslr okgs gef saeslr elksa stkjj ramgke gef t`asa tah`ekquas mgy stkjj elt oa g mgth` ilr g sckjjaf parilrmgeha gegjyst. S6] Iutura bgs pgt` fkgbelstkhs mat`lfljlbkas hlujf kevljva gfvgehaf mgt`amgtkhgj tah`ekquas ogsaf le lptkmum astkmgtas gef axpart systams. Xlma kevastkbgtaf tah`ekquas kehjufa>  kehjufa> S77] S7?] 

  Ogyaskge Oajkai Eatwlrcs   Baeatkh Gjblrkt`ms

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Eaurgj Eatwlrcs    Grtkikhkgj Iuzzy jlbkh

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Aebkea @agjt` Mlektlrkeb Xystams ilr Kefustrkgj Bgs Vurokeas ‘  Gs`wke  Gs`wke X@KEFA

V`asa tah`ekquas gra wajj gfgptaf tl tgca ketl ghhluet ele jkeagrkty, saeslr okgs gef saeslr elksa. V`ay wkjj prlogojy ilrm t`a oghcolea li iutura AM@ systams. Magsuramaet Xaeslrs ks gelt`ar grag w`ara iutura tah`eljlbkhgj favajlpmaets wkjj ae`geha t`a hgpgokjktkas li AM@ systams. Trasaet fgy saeslrs `gva t`akr lutputs hlrruptaf wkt` okgs gef elksa gef gra gjsl axpaeskva. V`a gvgkjgokjkty li saeslrs ilr magsurkeb turokea ojgfa surigha tampargturas, hlmoustlr prassura  pujsgtkles, mgss ijlw gef ojgfa vkorgtkles ks jkcajy ke t`a eagr iutura. Rkt` hlestgetjy kmprlvkeb tah`eljlby t`a famgef ilr mlra slp`kstkhgtaf A@M systams wkjj kehragsa. V`a jgtast BA ‐@‛ Xarkas aebkea `gs g hlmokeaf hyhja aiikhkaehy li 94%, g VAV li 7244 C gef usas hjlsaf jllp stagm hlljkeb ilr kts ikrst stgba turokea ojgfas. V`a ojgfas gra mgeuighturaf uskeb skebja hrystgj tah`eljlby usugjjy ampjlyaf ke garl aebkeas gef gra eltsuh` prlvkfaf ikjm hlljkeb. Rkt` t`a `lt ampjlymaet li `kb` wkt` gef axpaeskva tah`eljlby bgs pgt` hlmpleaet mlektlrkeb wkjj oa ilhusaf uple ke iutura A@M systams.  systams. S78] Trlbelsks, w`kh` kevljvas prafkhtkeb t`a iutura  parilrmgeha gef hlefktkle li ge aebkea ogsaf le hurraet traefs, ks gjsl oakeb rasagrh`af ketl. Trlbelsks systams wkjj prlogojy oa usaf tl mlektlr t`a mlst hrktkhgj hlmpleaets li ge aebkea gef wkjj bat ketabrgtaf ketl A@M systams.  systams. S76]  Gpgrt irlm rgpkfjy avljvkeb tah`eljlby, gelt`ar ightlr keijuaehkeb t`a iutura li A@M systams ks t`a ikegehkgj prassuras gsslhkgtaf wkt` rkskeb iuaj hlsts gef t`a hlestget frkva tl kmprlva prlfuhtkvkty ke g hlmpatktkva aevkrlemaet. V`ks frkvas aebkea lwears tl kevast ke A@M systams tl jlwar aebkea JHH. Hlst, oy igr, ks t`a mgnlr keijuaehkeb ightlr ke t`a iutura li Aebkea @agjt` Mlektlrkeb systams ilr kefustrkgj bgs turokeas.

Ikbura 2 ‘  2 ‘  Hlst  Hlst Oaeaikt Gegjysks li ge A@M Xystam S?] Xystam S?]

V`a oaeaikts ghhruaf irlm ampjlykeb ge A@M systam eaaf tl igr lut wakb`t t`a kevastmaet ke t`a systam out t`ks flas elt `gppaeaf ke ragjkty. V`ks ks kjjustrgtaf ke t`a Ikbura 2 w`ara wa saa t`gt gs t`a hlmpjaxkty li A@M systams kehragsa sl flas t`akr hlst out t`a oaeaikts bgkeaf gra elt t`gt suostgetkgj w`kh` rasujts ke g sktugtkle w`ara t`ara ks lvar kevastmaet gef ikegehkgj jlss.

HLEHJQXKLE

A@M systams `gva mgfa suiikhkaet kerlgfs ke t`a ikajf li bgs turokeas tl oa hleskfaraf gs hrktkhgj lpargtkeb aqukpmaet. A@M systams `gva orlub`t flwe JHH li aebkeas oy mgckeb t`am mlra gvgkjgoja gef rajkgoja. V`ara gra elt mgey bgs turokea lwears w`l lpargta t`akr aebkeas wkt`lut A@M systams. V`lub`, suiikhkaetjy avljvaf, A@M systams stkjj `gva g jleb wgy tl bl oailra t`ay hge oa tltgjjy rajkaf uple. V`a cay frkvars ilr t`akr avljutkle gra saeslr tah`eljlby, oattar mgt`amgtkhgj gjblrkt`ms tl `gefja ele-jkeagr oa`gvklur gef jlwar hgpktgj hlst. Rkt` rgpkf tah`eljlbkhgj gfvgehas t`ks ks mlra t`ge jkcajy tl `gppae ke t`a eagr iutura.

GHCELRJAFBAMAEV

K gm brgtaiuj tl Fr. [k-Bugeb Jk, Hrgeikajf Qekvarskty ilr bkvkeb ma t`a lpplrtuekty gef gfmkekstrgtkva supplrt tl wrkta t`ks pgpar.

_AIA_AEHAX

S7]  Ogjavkh, F. ?446,  @agvy-Futy Bgs Vurokea Lpargtkeb Lpargtkeb gef Mgketaegeha Hleskfargtkles, Slejkea], Q_J gffrass> `ttp>//www.baplwar.hlm/prlf\sarv/prlfuhts/tah`\fl hs/ae/flwejlgfs/bar89?4c.pfi, (hlesujtaf le 40.4?.?477) S?]  Jk, K.[., (?44;) ‚Bgs Vurokea Fkgbelstkhs”, Jahtura eltas, Afktkle 7.?, Fapgrtmaet li Tlwar gef Trlpujskle, Xh`llj li Aebkeaarkeb, Hrgeikajf Qekvarskty

 

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Aebkea @agjt` Mlektlrkeb Xystams ilr Kefustrkgj Bgs Vurokeas ‘  Gs`wke  Gs`wke X@KEFA

S8]  Qroge, J.G., Tgrgmatar sajahtkle ilr mujtkpja igujt fkgbelstkhs li bgs turokea aebkeas , GXMA pgpar 26-BV-9?, Bgs Vurokea Hleiaraeha gef Trlfuhts X`lw, Eaw [lrc, 7;26. S6]  Bujgtk, G., ?447> Ge lptkmkzgtkle tllj ilr bgs turokea aebkea fkgbelstkhs, T`F V`asks, Xh`llj li Aebkeaarkeb, Hrgeikajf Qekvarskty. S1]  Xlrjk, G., Tarilrmgeha mlektlrkeb le t`a Gsbgrf ‐G‛, ITXL gs pgrt li ge ketabrgtaf mlektlrkeb strgtaby, Trlhaafkebs li GXMA VQ_OL APTL ?44?, Gmstarfgm, V`a Eat`arjgefs, 8-9 Nue ?44?

 

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Aebkea @agjt` Mlektlrkeb Xystams ilr Kefustrkgj Bgs Vurokeas ‘  Gs`wke  Gs`wke X@KEFA

S9]  Keilrmgtkle X`aat, Tarilrmgeha Mlektlrkeb Qskeb HLMTGXX tl lptkmksa pjget parilrmgeha , Slejkea], Q_J gffrass> `ttp>//www.ocvkorl.hlm/ikjagfmke/mafkgpllj/ketar  eat/TFI/Mlektlrkeb\Xljutkles/Mgh`keas/Tarilrmg eha\Mlektlrkeb\Oaeaikts.pfi (hlesujtaf le 40.4?.?477) S2]  Xljgr Vurokeas, Aqukpmaet @agjt` Mgegbamaet , Slejkea], Q_J Gffrass> `ttp>//mysljgr.hgt.hlm/hfg/jgylut `ttp>//www.kmpghttac.hlm/Tlwar%?4gef%?4Kefustrkgj/HlefktkleOg safMlektlrkebXystam.`tmj, (hlesujtaf le 40.4?.?477) S;]  Baeargj Ajahtrkh, Oaetjy TA_IL_MGEHA , Slejkea], Q_J Gffrass> `ttp>//www.bamhs.hlm/flwejlgf/oaetjy-eavgfgslitwgra/7q41\parilrmgehamlektlrkeb.pfi, (hlesujtaf le 40.4?.?477) S74] Lptkmksaf Xystams gef Xljutkles, Slejkea], Q_J gffrass> `ttp>//www.l-sys.hlm/aqukpmaet-`agjt`mlektlrkeb.`tmj, (hlesujtaf le 40.4?.?477) S77] Jk, [., Tarilrmgeha-gegjysks-ogsaf bgs turokea fkgbelstkhs> g ravkaw, Trlhaafkebs Li V`a Kestktutkle Li Mah`gekhgj Aebkeaars Tgrt G-Nluregj Li Tlwar Gef Aearby, ?44?, vlj. ?79, el. G1, pp. 898-822. S7?] Mgrkegk, J., Trlspahts ilr garl bgs-turokea fkgbelstkhs> g ravkaw, Gppjkaf Aearby, vlj. 2;, el. 7, ?446, pp. 74;-7?9. S78]  Oaafka, M, BA's @-Xarkas Oragcs 94% Iuaj  Aiikhkaehy Ogrrkar , Slejkea], Q_J Gffrass> `ttp>//www.plwartah`eljlby.hlm/iagturas/iagtura7406/, (hlesujtaf le 40.4?.?477) S76] _lamar, M.N., Bgs turokea prlbelstkhs> g cay tl suhhassiuj hlefktkle ogsaf mgketaegeha prlbrgms,  Mah`gekhgj Aebkeaarkeb-HKMA, vlj. 787, ?44;, el. 7?, pp. 14.