Enfoque Sistemico y Med Familiar Clase I

 

DKGAXTD _C_PÃICOA S ID@COCKH GHICECHZ LDKDZHEC@H@D_. Bhsth de iaid iaidk kta eas pragdsca dscak kheds eds `d eh she sheu` bhk sc`a d`uoh uoh`as prciar`cheidktd oak uk dkgaqud jcaiã`coa, de ouhe sd jhsh dk de ihkdma `d eh dkgdrid`h`, dk oudkth de eas oaipakdktd oueturhe dk de sck qudtdkdr sd `dsdkvudevdk ck`cvc`uas.`d prdvdkocÿk kc de id`ca saoche y De Dkgaqud Ghicechr dk _heu` tcdkd oaia guk`hidkta eh htdkocÿk cktdlrhe `d eh ghicech, ds `docr, jusoh ka sÿea de jcdkdsthr géscoa scka thijcãk de pscoaeÿlcoa, saoche y oaiukcthrca. ^hrh rdheczhr ukh htdkocÿk ghicechr h`douh`h ds ck`cspdkshjed pdkshr dk eh ghicech oaia uk scstdih oak uk dqucecjrca `ckèicoa, de ouhe pud`d `cstarscakhrsd oak ohijcas dstruoturheds a gukocakheds.

BC_PAZCH S @D_HZZAEEA @D EH PDAZÉH LDKDZHE @D _C_PDIH_ De dkgaqud scstãicoa h`apth`a par de Dkgaqud Ghicechr dk _heu` sd guk`hidkth dk eh ―Pdaréh Ldkdrhe `d _cstdihs’. ^hrh idmarhr eh oaiprdkscÿk `d eh ghicech oaia scstdih ds prdocsa dktdk`dr eas prckocpcas jèscoas `d dsth tdaréh (HZCH_, 8334). Dk dgdota, de arcldk `de dkgaqud `d scstdihs pud`d rdiakthrsd h eas gceÿsagas lr lrcdl cdlas as y prajhj prajhjed edidk idktd td h ocvcec ocvceczho zhocak cakds ds hktd hktdrca rcards rds.. Eh tdaré tdaréh h hrcst hrcstatã atãeco ecoh h pehk pehktd tdhj hjh h uk hodr hodroh ohic icdk dkta ta scst scstãi ãico coa a h eh cktd cktdrp rprd rdth thoc ocÿk ÿk `de `de iuk` iuk`a, a, y su hgcrihocÿk `d qud ―…de ta`a ds iès qud eh suih `d ehs phrtds’, ds hpecohjed h eh tdaréh ldkdrhe `d scstdihs ―ia`drkh’. Dsth tdaréh, the oaia sd pehktdh bay, sd dkoudktrh dstrdobhidktd rdehocakh`h oak de trhjhma `de jcÿeala hedièk Eu`wcl Wak Jdrth Jdrtheh ehkg kggy gy,, qucdk qucdk dk 83:4 83:4 bcza bcza pýjec pýjecohs ohs sus sus ckvdst ckvdstcl clhoc hocak akds ds sajr sajrd d eas scstdihs hjcdrtas. hjcdrtas. H pdshr pdshr `d ta`a, de iuk`a ocdktégcoa `d eh ãpaoh he phrdodr ka dsthjh prdphrh`a phrh dktdk`dr eh c`dh y ãsth sÿea gud hoalc`h `dspuãs `d eh _dluk`h Ludrrh Iuk`che, ouhk`a atras ocdktégcoas prdsdkthrak trhjhmas qud eh hpayh hp ayhjh jhk. k. H phrtcr phrtcr `d dktak dktakods ods,, eh tdaréh tdaréh bh tdkc`a tdkc`a uk rèpc`a rèpc`a `dshr `dshrra raeea eea,, dmdrocd dmdr ocdk`a k`a ukh ckgeudko ckgeudkoch ch iuy ciparthk ciparthktd td dk `cgdrdkt `cgdrdktds ds ohipas ohipas `d eh ocdkoch ocdkoch (HZCH_, 8334).

 

GCLTZH 8

TKCWDZ_A OTEPTZH _AOCD@H@ OAITKC@H@ GHICECH

^DZ_AKH _C_PDIH AZLÈKCOA OÃETEH IAEÃOTEH ÈPAIA H`hpth`a `d= Hrchs- O, E, Iaktdra M, Ohstdeehkas M. 8334. Id`cockh ghicechr. ghicechr. Dkgaqud scstãicoa y eh id`cockh ghicechr. ghicechr. Ickcstdrca `d _heu`, Oaeaijch. D`ctarche Ihe`akh`a. ^èls ?.

Tkh prdlukth pud`d sdrvcr he prapÿscta `d dktdk`dr idmar eh tdaréh= ±Dk quã sd phrdodk ukh oãeueh, ukh ghicech, ukh diprdsh y de ukcvdrsa1 Oak sdlurc`h` bhee bh eehr hréh éhia ias s iès iès `cgd `cgdrrdkochs ochs qud scic scicec ecttu`ds `ds6 sck dijhrla eh tdaréh ldkdrhe `d scstdihs scst dihs iudstrh iudstrh qud oashs hphrdktdidktd thk `cvdrshs tcdkdk prapcd pra pcd`h `h`d `ds s qud qud eds sak oaiukds. Pa`as sak scstdihs oaktdkc`as dk suprhsc supr hscstdi stdihs hs `d ihyar  oaipedmc`h` y oaip oa ipu udsta dstas s par  sujscstdihs. Dsth tdaréh pdrictd tdkd tdkdrr ukh ukh vcscÿ cscÿk k `d `de ta`a ta`asaeh h phrtd phrt phrtcr  cr  `de ukh (gclurh 8) (HZCH_, 8334).

@coba `d atrh gar garih, ih, eh tdaréh ldkdrhe `d scstd scs tdihs ihs pr prdt dtdk` dk`d d c`dkt c`dktcgc cgcoh ohrr hqud hqudeea eeas s prcko prckocpc cpcas as hpeco hpecohje hjeds ds h eas eas `cgdrd `cgdrdktd ktds s scstdihs dk ouhequcdr ohipa `d eh ocdkoch. Eas scstdihs dk qud pa`dias `cvc`cr  eh rdhec`h` sak sdidmhktds dk dk helukas hspdotas pdra `cgdrdktds dk atras. ^ud`dk sdr hlruph`as hlruph`as dk `cstckt `cstcktas as eatds, eatds, pdra pdra ukh ohrhotdrés ohrhotdréstcoh tcoh qud ds dvc`dktd dvc`dktd `d ckid`chta ds qud dxcstd ukh mdrhrquéh= eas scstdihs ckgdrcards (a sujscstdihs) sd dkoudktrhk oaktdkc`as dk eas supdrcards (a suprhscstdihs) (HZCH_, 8334).

 

Eh tdaréh `d eas scstdihs pud`d dktdk`drsd idmar id`chktd ajsdrvhocÿk y sdktc`a oaiýk. Eh khturhedzh dstè arlhkczh`h mdrèrqucohidktd dk ukc`h`ds oaipedmhs `d ihyar a idkar rhkla, oak eh ohrhotdréstcoh `d qud oh`h kcvde dk eh mdrhrquéh rdprdsdkth uk ta`a `ckèicoa, cktdlrh`a y arlhkczh`a. Ouhequcdr scstdih prdsdkth ukh arlhkczhocÿk ldkdrhe scicehr, `d ia`a qud pasdh sugcocdktd pdrscstdkoch d c`dktc`h`, c`dktc`h `, ea ouhe mustcgcoh su kaijrd. Oh`h uka tcdkd ohtdlaréhs ohtdlaréhs `d ckgarihocÿk ckgarihocÿk y rdqucdrd rdqu cdrd orctdrca orctdrcas s `d dstu`ca dstu`ca y dxpearho dxpearhocÿk cÿk prapch. prapch. Oh`h Oh`h scstdih scstdih ds, he icsia icsia tcdipa, uk oaipakdktd `d uk lrhk scstdih6 de scstdih odeuehr ds phrtd `de scstdih tcsuehr, ãstd h su vdz, ds oaipakdktd `de scstdih arlèkcoa, qud ds uka `d eas dedidktas oakstctutcvas `d eh pdrsakh, y hsé suodscvhidktd (HZCH_, 8334).

Dk eh oaktckuc`h` `d eas scstdihs khturheds oh`h ukc`h` ds he icsia tcdipa ukh phrtd y uk ta`a. Kh`h dxcstd hcseh`a. hcseh`a. Dsta dxpecoh dxpecoh de par quã oh`h oh`h scstdih dstè ohrhotdrczh`a d ckgeudkoch`a par eh oakgclurhocÿk y dsth`a `de scstdih `de ouhe bhod phrtd (HZCH_, 8334).

DE DKGAXTD ZD@TOOCAKC_PH Prh`co Prh`cocakh cakheidk eidktd, td, ehs ocdkochs ocdkochs dxhoths dxhoths bhk sc`a pralrds pralrdscvhi cvhidktd dktd hkheétco hkheétcohs. hs. Ouhk`a hela ka pa`éh sdr h`douh`hidktd dxpecoh`a, sd `csdoocakhjh dk phrtds iès pdqudøhs6 sc dsths kudvhs phrtds thipaoa drhk dktdk`cjeds, kudvhidktd drhk grhlidkth`hs, y hsé bhsth qud pu`cdrhk sdr `dgckctcvhidktd oaiprdk`c`hs y rd rdpr pra` a`uo uoc` c`hs hs.. (HIH (HIHS SH, :>>0 :>>0). ). Dstd std iãta iãta`a `a rd`u rd`uoo ooca cakc kcst sth, h, jhsh` hsh`a a dk `dsoaipakdr de ta`a dk sus phrtds phrh idmarhr su oaiprdkscÿk, bh sc`a uk phrh`clih dk de ouhe sd bh jhsh`a de lrhk `dshrraeea `d eh ocdkoch, sajrd ta`a dk de ýetcia sclea (HZCH_, 8334). Dk de ohipa `d eh sheu` dstd dkgaqud dkgaqud oarrds oarrdspak pak`d `d he ia`dea ia`dea jcaiã`coa. jcaiã`coa. Ehs ohrhotdréstcohs `de Ia`dea Jcaiã`coa ckcoch`a par Jrclbt dk de _clea RCR, pud`dk rdsui rds uicrs crsd d hs hsé= é= _d jhsh jhsh dk ukh oakod oakodpoc pocÿk ÿk phtae phtaealc alcsth sth,, ds rd`u rd`uooc oocak akcst csth, h, ds ourht our htcva cva,, ds ajmdt ajmdtcv cva, a, ihkt ihktcdk cdkd d eh `cvcs `cvcscÿk cÿk idkt idktd/o d/oudr udrpa pa,, de `chlk `chlkÿst ÿstcoa coa ds jcaeÿlcoa, ordh tdrrctarcas dsthjedocdk`a jcaeÿlcoa, dsthjedocdk`a jhrrdrhs jhrrdrhs `csocpeckhrchs `csocpeckhrchs y de phocdktd qud`h trazh`a dk phrtds qud pdrtdkdodk h oh`h dspdochec`h`, de trhthicdkta sd oaksc`drh ldkdr ld kdrhei heidkt dktd d dxtdr dxtdrka ka he phoc phocdkt dktd d y h eh rdeho rdehocÿ cÿk k dqucpa dqucpa `d sheu` sheu`-- phocdk phocdktd td (Odcteck, 8333). Eh ceuscÿk `de iãta`a rd`uoocakcsth oaia de ýkcoa gchjed, par ea idkas, de iès gchjed, bcza qud ehs ocdkochs `d eh sheu` `csdoocakhrhk oh`h vdz iès de arlhkcs arlhkcsia ia buihka buih ka (hcseèk` (hcseèk`aea, aea, h`diès, h`diès, `d su dktarka dktarka vcthe). vcthe). Dk de ohipa ohipa `d eh sheu`, sheu`, eh hpecohocÿk `d dstd dkgaqud pud`d vdrsd rdgedmh`h dk eas lrhk`ds hvhkods tãokcoas phrhedeas phrhedea s he surlcicdkta surlcicdkta `d ehs dspdochec`h`ds dspdochec`h`ds y sujdspdoch sujdspdochec`h`ds. ec`h`ds. De ckgarid Gedxkdr dk 838> rdoaidk`ÿ h ehs ukcvdrsc`h`ds dk Dsth`as Tkc`as ckoarparhr h sus pralrhihs eas hvhkods dk atrhs èrdhs `de oakaocicdkta oaia eh jcaquéicoh a eh jhotdrcaealéh y, par atra eh`a, trhjhmhr par `dphrthidktas dspdocheczh`as, the

 

oaia yh ea vdkéh bhocdk`a de Baspcthe Mabks Bapfcks. H phrtcr `d dsd iaidkta dipcdzh de huld `d ehs dspdochec`h`ds dspdochec`h`ds.. Helukhs `d deehs `cvc`dk `cvc`dk de ouc`h`a `de phocdktd phocdkt d sdlýk su d`h` a sdxa (^d`chtréh (^d`chtréh,, Id`cockh Cktdrkh, Cktdrkh, Lckdoaealéh) Lckdoaealéh) atrhs sdlýk sdl ýk de ÿrlhka ÿrlhka hgdoth` hgdoth`a a (Agthei (Agtheiaeal aealéh, éh, Atrarrc Atrarrckae kaehrcl hrclaea aealéh, léh, dto) y atrhs atrhs sd `dshrraeehk herd`d`ar `d ukh tãokcoh (Zh`caealéh, Hkdstdscaealéh) (HZCH_, 8334). Dstd dkgaqud, hukqud iuy ýtce, tcdkd lrhk`ds `djcec`h`ds, yh qud ka pdrictd hprdo hp rdochr chr ehs cktdrr cktdrrdeh dehoca ocakd kds s qud qud dx dxcst cstdk dk dktrd dktrd eas eas scst scstdih dihs, s, kc thipa thipaoa oa ehs ehs vhrchocakds qud surldk ouhk`a sd phsh `d uk scstdih `d idkar oaipedmc`h` h atra `d ihyar oaipedmc`h`. oaipedmc`h`. Hukqud ds dstrcothidktd ocdrta qud uk sdr buihka ds uk oakmukta `d iaeãouehs, thijcãk ds ocdrta qud ds iuoba iès qud dsa6 eh ihrhvceeash oaipedmc`h` `de sdr buihka ka pud`d sdr dxpecoh`h `dsoaipakcãk`aeh dk ukc`h`ds oh`h vdz iès pdqudøhs. H`diès dstd ia`dea ka oaks oa ksc` c`dr drh h ehs ehs vhrc vhrchj hjed eds s buih buihkh khs, s, saoch aoched eds s kc ouet ouetur urh heds, eds, par par ea ouhe ouhe ds ocdktégcohidktd ckoaipedta (KCDPA, HZCH_, 8334). Grdktd h ea prapudsta par eh tdaréh hkheétcoh a dkgaqud rd`uoocakcsth surld eh tdaréh ldkdrhe `d eas scstdihs oaia uk cktdkta `d oaiprdk`dr de gukocakhicdkta `d eas arlhkcsias arlhkcsi as `d ukh garih leajhe (HIHS (HIHSH, :>>0). De dkgaqud scstãicoa iudstrh he sdr buihka oaia uk scstdih ckidrsa dk su suprhscstdih iès ckid`chta qud ds eh ghicech, oak ouyas icdijras `d cktdrrdehocakh, icdktrhs qud he icsia tcdipa, dstè oaipudsta par sujscstdihs iès pdqudøas (de scstdih rdspcrhtarca, `cldstcva, dto.)) (gclurh:) dto. (gclurh:) (HZCH_, (HZCH_, 8334). 8334). Dk de ohipa `d eh sheu` de dkgaqud dkgaqud scstãicoa scstãicoa oarrdspak`d oarrdspa k`d he hjar`hmd hjar`hmd jca pscoasaoche. pscoasaoche. Eas puktas dsdkocheds dsdkocheds `d dstd dstd kudva dkgaqud sak (Odcteck, 8333)= 8. Ka dxcstd de ajsdrvh`ar ajmdtcva. :. Eh prdsdkoch `de ajsdrvh`ar y sus ckstruidktas pdrturjhk he gdkÿidka `d ukh ihkdrh ka `dtdrickhjed. ?. Ka bhy bhy uk gdkÿ gdkÿid idka ka dk sé ic icsi sia, a, eh oakm oakmuk ukoc ocÿk ÿk dktr dktrd d de apdr apdrh` h`ar ar y de gdkÿidka pra`uod ukh kudvh oak`cocÿk dk eh qud hphrdodk gdkÿidkas qud sak pra`uotas `d hijas. 0. Eh ohushec`h` `d ta`a gdkÿidka ds iýetcped. Ehs rdehocakds `d ohushec`h` sak oaipedmhs y ka eckdheds. 4. _d cktra`uod de oakodpta `d ckodrtc`uijrd. 7. Ka ds pascjed grhlidkthr grhlidkthr uk gdkÿidka phrh su dstu dstu`ca. `ca. Eas gdkÿidkas gdkÿidkas `djdk sdr taih`as scdiprd oaia tathec`h`ds >06 Io\bckkdy 8334)= Tt Ttcec ceczh zhk`a k`a ds dsths ths `dgck `dgckcoc cocak akds ds ds pascj pascjed ed cihlc cihlckhr khr ukh ukh dkari dkarid d vhrcd` vhrcd`h` h` `d dmdipea dmdi peas.. s.. Tk scstdih scstdih pud`d sdr ukh oãeueh, oãeueh, uk sdr buihka, buihka, ukh ghicech, ghicech, uk dquc dq ucpa pa `d gý gýtj tjae ae,, de scst scstdi dih h saeh saehrr. Pa`as a`as dsta dstas s scst scstdi dihs hs tcdk tcdkdk dk ukhs ukhs cktdrrde cktd rrdehoca hocakds kds d cktdrohi cktdrohijch jchk k ―dkdrlé ―dkdrléh’ h’ thkta thkta bhoch bhoch eas scstdihs scstdihs supdrca supdrcards rds (suprhscstdihs) oaia bhoch eas ckgdrcards (sujscstdihs) (HZCH_, 8334)  Hbarh vdhias vdhias ouèeds ouèeds sak ehs prapcd`h`ds prapcd`h`ds `d eas scstdihs scstdihs hjcdrtas hjcdrtas 8. Pathec`h`, y su oaraehrca ka suihtcvc`h`- _ckdrlch= De ta`a ds iès qud eh suih `d sus phrtds6 dsta ds= dxcstdk ocdrths prapcd`h`ds `de scstdih qud `drcvhk ka sÿea `d eas dedidktas dk sé icsias, scka `d eh garih dk qud dstas sd rdehocakhk. Oh`h ukh `d ehs phrtds `d uk scstdih dstè rdehocakh`h `d the garih oak ehs `diès qud uk ohijca dk ukh `d deehs `dsdkoh`dkh uk ohijca dk ta`hs y oh`h ukh `d ehs `diès y, par thkta, dk de scstdih oaia uk ta`a (HIHSH, :>>0). Paidias oaia dmdipea de `d uk dqucpa `d gýtjae ±_drè qud oakaocdk`a de `dsdipdøa ck`cvc`uhe `d oh`h mulh`ar pa`réh prd`docrsd de oaiparthicdkta leajhe `de dqucpa dk uk phrtc phrtc`a `a1 1 ^ar ^ar supu supudst dsta a qud ka, yh qud qud ehs ehs oaipe oaipedmh dmhs s cktdrr cktdrrdeh dehoca ocakd kds s ldkdrh`hs dktrd `d easgýtjae mulh`ards ckgeucréhk `docr, `de dqucpa (HZCH_, 8334).sajrd de `dsdipdøa `de scstdih tathe, ds :. Baida Baidasth sthscs scs.. Eh baida baidasth sthscs scs ds de dst dsth`a h`a cktdrka cktdrka `d uk scstdi scstdih h qud qud sd ihktcdkd ihkt cdkd rdehtcvh rdehtcvhidkt idktd d oaksthk oaksthktd td id`chktd id`chktd eh hutarrdl hutarrdlueho uehocÿk. cÿk. Oh`h Oh`h scstdih scstdih dxcstd uk dsth`a dsth`a `d dqucecjrca dqucecjrca cktdrka `ckèicoa `ckèicoa dktrd sus phrtds y `d dqucecjrca dqucecjrca dxtdr dxt drka ka oak eas scstdi scstdihs hs qud qud garihk garihk su id`ca id`ca hijcd hijcdkt ktd. d. _c de dquce dqucecjr cjrca ca ds hetdrh`a par ohijcas `dktra a gudrh `de scstdih, dktrhk dk gukocakhicdkta gudrzhs oarrdotarhs qud pud`dk rdsthurhr de dqucecjrca a sctuhr de scstdih dk uk kudva dsth`a. Ouhequcdr Ouhequcdr ohijca dk ukh phrtd phrtd pra`uod ohijcas ohijcas dk de oakmukta oakmukta y `h`a

 

qud eh khturhedzh khturhedzh ds uk oaktckuui, de ohijca rdpdroutd bhoch hrrcjh y bhoch hjhma dk eh mdrhrquéh `d scstdihs. (HIHS (HIHSH, :>>06 Io \bckkdy, \bckkdy, 8334). ?. Dqucgckhec`h`/iuetcgckhec` Dqucgckhec`h`/iuetcgckhec`h`. h`. De oakodpta oakodpta `d dqucgckhec`h` dqucgckhec`h` `dgcdk`d qud de dsth`a `d uk scstdih dstè `dtdrickh`a par eh khturhedzh `d eh rdehocÿk (praodsa) y ka par  sus oak`cocakds ckcocheds, `d ihkdrh the qud, `cstckths oak`cocakds ckcocheds pud`dk eedvhr h uk icsia dsth`a `de scstdih. De oakodpta apudsta, de `d iuetcgckhec`h`, bhod rdgdrdkoch he bdoba `d qud `ds`d uk icsia pukta ckcoche sd pud`d eedlhr h `cgdrdktds dsth`as gckheds (HIHSH, :>>0). 0. Zdourscvc`h`= _d dktcdk`d par rdourscvc`h` de bdoba `d qud uk ajmdta sckãrlcoa (uk scstdih) scstdih) dstã dstã oaipudsta oaipudsta par phrtds phrtds qud sak h su vdz scstdihs. scstdihs. _d bhjeh bhjeh dktakods `d scstdihs, sujscstdihs y suprhscstdihs. Ea ciparthktd `de ohsa, qud ds ea dsdkoch `d eh rdourscvc`h`, ds qud oh`h uka `d dstas oaipakdktds `de scstd scs tdih, ih, ka cipart ciparth h su thihø thihøa, a, tcdkd tcdkd prapcd prapcd`h` `h`ds ds qud qud ea oakvc oakvcdrt drtdk dk dk ukh tathec`h`, ds `docr dk uk scstdih ck`dpdk`cdktd (HZCH_, 8334).

EH GHICECH OAIA _C_PDIH

Ehs prapcd`h`ds qud hohjhias `d dxpakdr dk rdehocÿk rdehocÿk oak eas scstdihs hjcdrtas sak hpecohjeds h eh ghicech. Eh gh ghic icec ech h oa oaia ia uk ta`a ta`a ds iès iès qud qud eh suih suih `d sus sus phrt phrtds ds (tat (tathe hec` c`h` h`/k /ka a suihtcvc`h`- sckdrlch) yh qud ka `dpdk`d sÿea `d ehs ck`cvc`uhec`h`ds `d sus icdijras scka `d ehs rdehocakds qud dktrd deeas ihktcdkdk. _c uk saea icdijra `d eh gh ghice icech ch ds ajsdr ajsdrvh vh`a, `a, ±ds ±ds pascj pascjed ed bh bhod odrr ckgdr ckgdrdk dkoch och h trhvãs trhvãs `d dstd dstd ýkcoa ýkcoa icdijra `de gukocakhicdkta `d ta`h eh ghicech1 _dréh cipascjed, yh qud ck dstd scstdih scst dih dk phrtcoue phrtcouehr hr,, oh`h oh`h cktdlrh cktdlrhktd ktd ds ýkcoa ýkcoa y par atra eh`a eh`a ehs oaipedmhs oaipedmhs cktdrrdehocakds cktdrrdeh ocakds qud heeé sd ldkdrhk sÿea sak dxpecohjeds dxpecohjeds ouhk`a sd hkheczh ta`a de scstdih ghicechr ghicechr dk oakmukta (HZCH_, (HZCH_, 8334). 8334). ^ar thkta, eh hphrcocÿk hphrcocÿk `d uk séktaih a dkgdrid`h` dk uka `d eas dedidktas `de scstdih ghicechr hgdoth h ta`as eas `diès `d iès icdijr icdijras as `de `de scstd scstdih. ih. Dsta Dsta ds cipart ciparthkt hktd d yh qud qud pud`d pud`d oaipec oaipecoh ohr  r  `dtdrick `dtd rickh`a h`as s ohijcas ohijcas `d bèjctas bèjctas prapudsta prapudstas s par de dqucpa dqucpa `d sheu` sheu` phrh phrh uk ck`cvc`ua he rdpdroutcr dk de rdsta `d eh ghicech (HIHSH, :>>0).

 

@d eh icsih ihkdrh, eh ghicech tcdkd tdk`dkoch h hutardluehrsd oak idohkcsias `d `as tcpas= de `d ordocicdkta/ohijca grdktd he `d hutarrdluehocÿk/baidasthscs. Eh hetdrkhkoch `d dsths `as ghsds sdøheh de lrh`a `d h`hpthjcec`h` `de scstdih icdktrhs qud eh ihxciczhocÿk `d ukh `d deehs kas pud`d hktcocphr eh hphrcocÿk `d helukh orcscs. Dk helukas ohsas, eh dkgdrid`h` dk uka `d eas icdijras `d eh ghicech pud`d sdr uk idohkcsia `d hutarrdluehocÿk he qud hpdeh de scstdih dk hrhs `d su oabdscÿk, oaia ukh hetdrkhtcvh rdlueh`arh qud prdscakh dk `crdoocÿk

GCLTZH 0 _C_PDIH GHICECHZ  _ujscstdih phrdkthe

_ujscstdih grhtdrkhe

_ujscstdih gdidkcka

Paih`a `d= Hrchs- O, E, Iaktdra M, Oh Ohstdeehkas stdeehkas M. 8334. Id`cockh ghicechr. Dkgaqud scstãicoa y eh id`cockh ghicechr. ghicechr. Ickcstdrca `d _heu`, Oaeaijch. Oaeaijch. D`ctarche Ihe`akh`a. ^èls 7. `d eh dsthjcec`h`. (HIHSH, :>>0).  He hkheczhr hkheczhr eh rdourscvc`h` rdourscvc`h` `dktra `de scstdih ghicechr, ds pascjed ajsdrvhr qud eh ghicech ds ukh ukc`h` oaipedmh, pdrtdkdocdktd pdrtdkdocdktd he suprhscstdih suprhscstdih `d eh oaiukc`h`, oaiukc`h`, y he icsia tcdipa oaktcdkd sujscstdihs, ds `docr, sciuetèkdhidktd ds uk ta`a y ukh phrtd. Dk de ihroa `d eas eas sujscstdihs, sujscstdihs, eas phtrakds phtrakds `d cktdrhoocÿk cktdrhoocÿk qud qud sd ihkdmhk ka sak vèec`as phrh de scstdih ghicechr dk su oakmukta. Phijcãk dk eh ghicech, eas ck`cvc`uas qud eh oaipakdk pdrtdkdodk pdrtdkdodk h vhrcas sujscstdihs sujscstdihs h eh vdz, dk eas qud hprdk`dk y `dshrraeehk bhjcec`h`ds jcdk `cgdrdkoch`hs. Jèscohidktd sak trds eas sujscstdihs qud tdk`rdias qud vhearhr h eh barh `d rdheczhr uk hjar`hmd ghicechr (HIHSH, :>>0)= - De sujscstdih oakyulhe. - De sujscstdih phrdkthe (a phrdkta-gceche). - De sujscstdih grhtdrkhe.

 

Eh dv dvhe heuho uhocÿk cÿk `d eas sujscs sujscstdi tdihs hs ghicec ghicechrd hrds s prap praparo arocak cakh h uk rèpc` rèpc`a a ouh` ouh`ra ra `chlkÿstcoa `d eh ghicech, dk gukocÿk `d eh ouhe sd arcdkthrèk ehs cktdrvdkocakds tdrhpãutcohs (HIHS (HIHSH, :>>0). 8) _ujscstdih oakyulhe, de garih`a par eh phrdmh. Ds de dmd dk tarka he ouhe sd garihk ta`hs ehs rdehocakds. Oak de sujscstdih oakyulhe oaicdkzh y tdrickh eh ghicech, y eedvh cipeéoctas thrdhs `d oaipedidkthrcd`h` y `d hoaia`hocÿk iutuh, dk eas qud oh`h icdijra `djd h`hpthrsd h`hpthrsd phrh garihr ukh c`dktc`h` dk phrdmh, uk "kasatras" "kasatra s" qud vh iès heeè `de "tý" y "ya". ^asdd gukocakds gukocakds dspdoégcohs, dspdoégcohs, vctheds vctheds phrh de gukocakhicdkta `d eh ghicech, oaia sak de jrck`hrsd hpaya y sdlurc`h`, iastrhrsd hgdota y tdkdr rdehocakds sdxuheds shtcsghotarchs.

:) _ujscstdih phrdkthe (a phrdkta-gceche), de garih`a par ph`rds d bcmas. Zdprdsdkth de pa`d pa`drr dmdo dmdout utcv cva a y dmdr dmdrod od ehs ehs guko gukoca cakd kds s arlh arlhkc kczh zhtc tcvh vhs s jèsc jèscoh ohs. s. Dk dstd dstd sujscstdih sak jèscoas eas prckocpcas `d hutarc`h`, mdrhrquéh y `cgdrdkochocÿk `d sus icdijras, oak eh kdodsc`h` `d oaiphrtcr sdktcicdktas `d ukcÿk y hpaya. Eas

ph`rds `djdrèk vhearhr h oh`h bcma oaia eas sdrds ýkcoas d crrdipehzhjeds qud sak, sck oaiphrhreas dktrd sé, h eh vdz qud eds agrdodk cluhe`h` `d hetdrkhtcvhs y `d apartukc`h`ds sck kcklýk tcpa `d `cgdrdkochocÿk h ohush `de sdxa. Hotuheidktd, dk eh saocd`h` dk eh qud vcvcias, oh`h vdz bhy iès ghicechs oak uk saea bcma, par  ea qud ds ciparthktd qud eas ph`rds, par ukh phrtd, gaidktdk eh rdehocÿk `d ãstd oak atras kcøas, h`diès `d qud eh phrdmh ecictd ehs dktrh`hs `de bcma h eh rdehocÿk oakyulhe. ?) _ujscstdih grhtdrkhe, de garih`a par eas bdrihkas. Ds de prcidr ehjarhtarca saoche sao che dk de qud qud eas kcøas kcøas hprd hprdk`d k`dk k h rdeho rdehocak cakhrs hrsd d oak oak cluhe cluheds ds (oaiph (oaiphrtc rtcrr, kdlaoch kdla ochrr, rdobhzhr rdobhzhr). ). Ehs rdehocak rdehocakds ds dktrd dktrd bdrihkas bdrihkas sak iuy sclkcgco sclkcgcohtcv htcvhs hs y oakstctuydk oakstctu ydk uk hutãktcoa hutãktcoa ohipa `d hprdk`czhmd `ak`d sd dkshyhk eh oaipdtcocÿk, pdra thijcãk eh oaapdrhocÿk y eh kdlaochocÿk. Eh oaipdtcocÿk dktrd bdrihkas ds ukh gudktd patdkoche `d oakgecotas, pdra thijcãk `d diuehocÿk oakstruotcvh, yh qud eas bdrihkas dvaeuocakhk lrhochs h eh rdehocÿk qud bhy dktrd deeas, y he hgèk par  `cgdrdkochr su prapch c`dktc`h` dk de scstdih ghicechr. Eh ldkdrasc`h` sdrè ukh ouhec`h` qud thijcãk bhjrèk `d ckoarparhr dk sus rdehocakds oak eas `diès. Cluheidktd dxcstdk= de sujscstdih gdidkcka, a ihsouecka, dto. (gclurh0). _dlýk eas oaktd oaktdxta xtas s saoc saocaou aouetu eturhe rheds, ds, dxcst dxcstdk dk heluk helukas as phtra phtrakd kds s qud qud ohrho ohrhotd tdrcz rczhk hk ds dstas tas sujscstd sujscstdihs. Dsqud hsé trhjhmhk oaia, par dmdipea, dmdipea, dk helu helukhs saocd`h`ds, saocd` eas baijrds baij `d eh ghicechihs. sak eas gudrh `de balhr, sd khs rdýkdk oakh`ds, sus hiclas easrds gckds `d sdihkh sdihkh y vhk vhk eas `aick `aicklas las h gýtjae gýtjae.. Ehs Ehs iumdrd iumdrds s pdrih pdrihkdo kdodk dk dk ohsh, ohsh, rdheczhk ehs ehjards `de balhr y eas `aicklas vhk h ohsh `d eh ghicech ihtdrkh. Dsth ckgarihocÿk iudstrh atrhs cktdrrdehocakds, raeds y mdrhrquéhs dk de scstdih. _c sd dxpearh iès hphrdodrèk atras sujscstdihs iès sutceds, par dmdipea de `d eas bcmas ihyards y idkards (HZCH_, 8334).  Helukas hutards `dsorcjdk atras sujscstdihs qud sdlýk deeas vhk surlcdk`a surlcdk`a h ea ehrla ehr la `d eh dv dvaeu aeuocÿ ocÿk k `de `de ocoea ocoea vcthe vcthe ghicec ghicechr hr,, pra` pra`uot uota a `d ehs ehs cktdr cktdrhoo hoocak cakds ds

 

rdehocakheds `d sus icdijras theds oaia de sujscstdih `d ouc`h`as iutuas (dk de qud eas icdijras `d eh ghicech sd ouc`hk thkta diaocakhe oaia géscohidktd)6 de sujscst suj scstdih dih hgdotcva hgdotcva-di -dipètc pètcoa oa (dk de qud eas icdijras icdijras dxprdshk dxprdshk sdktcic sdktcicdkta dktas s dktrd sé y sd c`dktcgcohk oak ehs vcvdkochs y diaocakds `d oh`h uka)6 de sujscstdih sdksarca-sdxuhe (qud ckoeuyd de oakthota géscoa dktrd ta`as eas icdijras `d eh ghicech y de oakthota sdxuhe dktrd eas ph`rds)6 de sujscstdih oaiukcohocakhe (oak dxprdscÿk vdrjhe a ka vdrjhe `d ictas, bcstarch, c`dhs) (HIHSH, :>>0). Eh vcscÿk scstãicoh `d eh ghicech kas hyu`hrè h oaiprdk`dr qud ehs rdehocakds qud sd `hk dktrd eas `cgdrdktds icdijras tcdkdk ukh ohushec`h` ocrouehr, ds `docr, kh`cd ds ouephjed y kh`cd ds véotcih. Pa`as, phocdktd y ghicech, mudlhk de icsia  mudla `dsdipdøhk`a `dsdipdøhk`a oh`h uka su phpde. De dkgaqud par phrtd `de pragdscakhe pragdscakhe `ds`d dsth pdrspdotcvh ghvardodrè ukh hotctu` kdutrhe dk su trhjhma h eh barh `d `doc` `d oc`cr cr hjar` hjar`hr hr d cktdr cktdrvd vdkcr kcr ouheq ouhequcd ucdrr scstdi scstdih h ghice ghicechr chr dk phrtc phrtcou ouehr ehr.. Xucz Xuczès ès pa`hias dipdzhr h "pdkshr `d garih scstãicoh", hjrcr de èkluea y rdehocakhr eas séktaihs géscoas oak eas pscoaeÿlcoas `dktra `d uk oaktdxta iès lrhk`d, eh ghicech.  H kasatras kas lusth oaiphrhr h eh ghicech dk ouhkta scstdih hjcdrta,

idthgÿrcohidktd, oaia eh ghicech oaia uk lrupa `d pdrsakhs, ta`hs deehs dk uk jatd. ^hrdod gèoce `d dktdk`dr qud ouhk`a helýk ck`cvc`ua kudva dktrh dk ãe, de jatd sd `dsdqucecjrh. Dstd ohsa pu`cdrh dqucphrhrsd oak de scstdih ghicechr ouhk`a khodk eas bcmas a ouhk`a de hjudea "ctckdrhktd" vcdkd h phshr "uk tcdipa" dk ohsh "parqud ed taoh". ^hrh qud de jatd oaksclh su dqucecjrca hktdrcar (a ckoeusa, uk kudva dqucecjrca a ohecjrhocÿk `de scstdih), ehs pdrsakhs qud dk ãe sd dkoudktrhk tcdkdk qud iavdrsd. Eedvh`a h eh ghicech, phrh cktdlrhr he kudva icdijra dk de scstdih, de rdsta `d ghicechrds tcdkd qud hsuicr kudvas y `cgdrdktds raeds (tcdkdk qud dvaeuocakhr, dsta ds, "iavdrsd"). Cluheidktd, "ouhk`a helucdk shed `de jatd" (pa`dias pdkshr dk eh ghicech ehkzh`drh a dk pehthgarih `d `dspdlud, ckoeusa ouhk`a par helukh dkgdrid`h` uka `d eas icdijras `de scstdih ghicechr gheedod), kudvh ku dvhid idktd ktd ãs ãstd td dktrh dktrh dk orcsc orcscs s y su dquce dqucecjr cjrca ca sd trhst trhstark arkh. h. De pdrca pdrca`a `a `d trhkshoocÿk `d ukh ghsd h atrh sd rdheczhrè oak hmustds, dsta ds, ohijca dk ehs gukocakds `de rdsta `d eas icdijras `de scstdih ghicechr. Dstd dmdipea sdréh vèec`a phrh ta`hs y oh`h ukh `d ehs dthphs `de ocoea vcthe ghicechr. (HIHSH, :>>0).  He dvheuhr dvheuhr ghicechs ds ciparthktd ciparthktd tdkdr tdkdr dk oudkth oudkth ehs cktdrrdehoc cktdrrdehocakds akds a cktdrohijc cktdrohijcas as `d ―dkdrléh’ ―dkdrléh’ dktrd sus icdijras, icdijras, id`c`as id`c`as dk de ghicecalrhih. ghicecalrhih. Ds guk`hidkthe guk`hidkthe tdkdr dk oudkth eh rdehocÿk oak su suprhscstdih suprhscstdih (eh oaiukc`h`) dvheuh`a h trhvãs `de Doaihph. Doaihph. Dstas scstdihs, scstdihs, he cluhe qud eh ghicech, tcdkdk tcdkdk dstruoturh dstruoturh,, gukocÿk y ldkdrh cktdrhoocÿk (HZCH_, 8334).

BAEC_IA S _HET@ Ohjd idkocak Ohjd idkocakhr hr hqué hqué de oakodp oakodpta ta `d baecsia baecsia,, iuy rdehocakh`a rdehocakh`a oak eh tdaréh tdaréh ldkdrhe `d scstdihs. Dstd gud cktra`uoc`a oaia oakodpta dk 83:7 par de gceÿsaga y paeétcoa su`hgrcohka su`hgrcohka Mhk Obrcstchk Obrcstchk _iut, surlcdk`a surlcdk`a oaia ukh rdspudsth he hkèecscs rd`uooca rd`u oocakcst kcsth h y oaktdip oaktdipehk` ehk`a a heh pdrsakh pdrsakh oaia uk sdr cktd cktdlrh lrhe. e. Eh phehjrh phehjrh

 

―baecsia’ pravcdkd pravcdkd `de lrcdla baeas  qud sclk sclkcgcoh cgcoh ta`a6 dstd dstd dkgaqud dkgaqud prdtdk`d prdtdk`d de hkèecscs `d ehs `aedkochs `aedkochs buihkhs `ds`d ukh ukh vcscÿk tatheczhktd tatheczhktd d cktdlrhe. cktdlrhe. De sdr  buihka ka ds sÿea uk sdr jcaeÿlcoa y ds cipascjed sdphrhr dstd hspdota `d atras oaia ea idkthe, diaocakhe, dspcrctuhe y saoche (gclurh 4) (HZCH_, 8334).

GCLTZH 4

_AOCHE

D_^CZCPTHE

^DZ_AKH

JCAEßLCOA

^_COAEßLCOA

Paih`a `d= Hrchs- O, E, Iaktdra M, Ohstdeehkas M. 8334. Id`cockh ghicechr. Dkgaqud scstãicoa Oaeaijch. D`ctarche Ihe`akh`a. ^èls >0). De baecsia prdtdk`d, sck `dsoakaodr ea jcaeÿlcoa, hipechr de hkèecscs `d eh dkgdrid`h` h ehs atrhs `cidkscakds (idkth-saoche y dspcrctuhe) y jusohr rdoursas ourhtcvas dk deehs (HZCH_, 8334). Ds par dsta qud rdoakaod eh ohphoc`h` hutaourhtcvh `de phocdktd y thijcãk eh pascjcec`h` `d qud ocdrths tãokcohs ourhtcvhs ka arta`axhs, `dshrraeeh`hs dk oh`h oueturh, pud`hk sdr `d hyu`h dk eh ourhocÿk `d ehs `aedkochs buihkhs (HZCH_, 8334). De baecsia pdrictd bhodr ed dkgaqud `de ^raodsa Wcthe Buihka (^WB), oak sus oaipa oai pakd kdktd ktds s `cheã `cheãot otcoa coas s `de `de oaktck oaktckuu uui i _heu` _heu` ‟ Dkgdr Dkgdrid` id`h` h` y Wc`h Wc`h-- Iudr Iudrtd td (H (HZC ZCH_ H_,, 8334) 8334).. Zdoak Zdoakao aod d qud qud eh dkgd dkgdrid rid`h `h` ` dstè dstè gudrt gudrtdid didktd ktd eclh`h eclh`h h eh pdrsakhec`h` y h eh dxpdrcdkoch vcthe `d eh pdrsakh6 par deea `djd dktdk`drsd oaia phrtd ph rtd `de `de praod praodsa sa vcthe vcthe buihk buihka, a, ckoeu ckoeuyd ydk`a k`a ehs `cidks `cidkscak cakds ds rdeho rdehocak cakhe heds, ds,

 

hijcdktheds, dspcrctuheds, rdoakaocdk`a eh sckluehrc`h` `d oh`h pdrsakh dk oh`h oaktdxta dk de ouhe su vc`h trhksourrh (HZCH_, :>>0).

Dstd dkgaqud scstãicoa baeéstcoa tcdkd dk oudkth eas hspdotas ýkcoas `d oh`h pdrsakh pdrs akh y sus cktdrhoo cktdrhoocak cakds. ds. ^drictd ^drictd dktdk`dr dktdk`dr eas ia`deas ia`deas dxp dxpecoh ecohtcva tcvas s qud bhodk ehs pdrsakhs pdrsakhs `d ehs `aedkochs a hgdoocakds. hgdoocakds. Ghocecth eh oaiprdkscÿk oaiprdkscÿk `d par  quã ukh pdrsakh qud qud bh tdkc`a uk eukhr dk eh ohrh `ds`d bhod bhod 8> høas, oaksueth saehidktd ouhk`a sd dktdrh `d qud de eukhr dk eh ohrh qud tdkéh su vdocka, rdsuetÿ ohkodrasa (HZCH_, 8334). Dsth Ds th ga gari rih h `d ic icrh rhrr y vcvc vcvcrr eh _heu _heu` ` rdoa rdoaka kaod od eas eas oa oakt ktdx dxta tas s ghic ghicec echr hrds ds y saocaoueturheds dk cktdrhoocÿk oak ea ýkcoa a ohrhotdréstcoa `d oh`h sdr h kcvde jcaiã`c jcai ã`coa, oa, oaiparth oaiparthidkt idkthe, he, dspcrct dspcrctuhe uhe y scoaeÿlc scoaeÿlcoa, oa, phrh phrh agrdodr agrdodr ukh htdkocÿ htdkocÿk k oèec`h, buihkh y odktrh`h dk eh pdrsakh (HZCH_, 8334).

JCJECALZHGÉH a

a

a

a

a

a

 Hihyh, ], Eÿpdz, I. Zdvcsth DE ID@COA y DE ID@COA CKPDZHOPCWA, CKPDZHOPCWA, `chrca `ch rca dedotrÿk dedotrÿkcoa coa `d eh shkc`h`. shkc`h`. ^ralrhi ^ralrhih h `d Gariho Garihocÿk cÿk Oaktcku Oaktckuh`h h`h  Hord`cth`h  Hord`ct h`h phrh iã`coas `d Htdkocÿk Htdkocÿk ^rcihrch. _aocd`h` _aocd`h` Dsphøaeh `d Id`cockh `d Ghicech y Oaiukcthrch. Ih`rc` (Dsphøh). Aotujrd :>>0  Hrchs- O, E, @uhrtd, H. Iÿ`uea `d hotuheczhocúk hotuheczhocúk iã`coh. H_OAGHID. H_OAGHID. Oaeaijch. ^rcidrh d`cocÿk :>>0.  Hrchs- O, E, Iaktdra M, Ohstdeehkas Ohstdeehkas M. 8334. Id`cockh ghicechr. ghicechr. Dkgaqud Dkgaqud scstãicoa scstãico a y eh id`cockh ghicechr ghicechr. Ickcstdrca `d _heu`, _heu`, Oaeaijch. Oaeaijch. D`ctarche D`ctarche Ihe`akh`a. ^èls :-2. Odcte Od cteck, ck, M. Id`co Id`cockh ckh `d Ghice Ghicech= ch= Tk ia`de ia`dea a iã`co iã`coa a `d pdks pdkshic hicdkt dkta a y ho hooc ocÿk. ÿk.Dk Dk== Id`coc Id`cockh kh,, Hoh`di Hoh`dich ch Khoca Khocakhe khe `d Id`coc Id`cockh kh `d Oaea Oaeaijc ijch. h. Waeuidk :8, Ka?. Kavcdijrd, 8333. Io \bckkdy, \bckkdy, C. Id`cockh `d ghicech. D`ctarche D`ctarche Iasjy/@ayi Iasjy/@ayih h Ecjras. Ecjras. 8334. ^èls 78- 70. Kcdta, K. Eh ghicech= ukh icrh`h cktdlrh`arh `ds`d eh oaipedmc`h`. Zdvcsth `d Id`cockh Ghicechr. Oaeaijch. ^hls 8:, 8