Enfermedades Infecciosas y No Infecciosas en Bovinos

 

WF[VG@AMN GB@ATNWANHN EF TFHF_VF@N VHATFW]AENE HNMABHN@ F\[FWCFUN@ ‐]ACBH WBEWAJVF_–

HVM@FB? MAVENE GB@ATNW NWFN] CFEAMAHN? TFUFWAHNWAN VHAENE MVWWAMV@NW? Fhdfrcfenefs ahdfmmabsns y hb ahdfmmabsns fh gbvahbs ]FMMAÝH? ‐G–

Fhdfrcfenefs ahdfmmabsns y hb ahdfmmabsns fh gbvahbs.

[BWD? HAFTF N@TNWF_

AHUFJWNHUF] 

  

 

MAVENE GB@ATNW 76/>>/7;7; ÃHEAMF 

 Eavanhn Wbmmn M.A? 7; Mbhm`usaýh ………………………………………………………………………….. >> Gag`abjrndãn ………………………………………………………………………….. >7

 

AHUWBEVMMAÝH  Urneamabhn`cfhtf, `bs trngnonebrfs ef` mncpb lnh lfmlb prbeumar `n tafrrn mb mbpa panh nheb eb cbef cbef`b `bs s furb furbpf pfbs bs b hbrt hbrtfn fncf cfra ramn mnhb hbs s quf, quf, fh `n prîm prîmta tamn mn,, lnh lnh efcbstrneb quf njbtnh efdahatavncfhtf `bs rfmursbs y jfhfrnh efsfqua`agrabs ef tn tn`` fhvf fhvfrj rjne neur urn n quf quf lnst lnstn n `n vaen vaen lucn lucnhn hn sf vf ncfh ncfhnz nzne nen, n, pufs pufs fh `n njramu`turn lucnhns. f` cnybr mbhtncahnhtf y efsdbrfstnen ef mun`quafrn ef `ns nmtavaenefs ]ah fcgnrjb, fcgnrjb, `n prbeumm prbeummaýh aýh njrbpfmu njrbpfmunran nran sajuf sajuf safheb safheb pnrtf pnrtf ef` rfj`ýh rfj`ýh prbeumtbrr ef cntfrans pracns y n`acfhtbs fh f` cuheb, fs `n gnsf ef `n fmbhbcãn prbeumtb fmbhbcãn ef mnen pnãs y, pbr su pufstb, fs f` sustfhtb earfmtb ef `n dnca`an mncpfsahn9 fstb quafr qu afrf f efmar efmar quf quf lny lny quf quf sfjua sfjuarr prbeu prbeuma mafh fheb eb n`acf n`acfht htb b pnrn pnrn tbebs tbebs.. ]urjf ]urjf,, fhtbhmfs, f` ahtfrrbjnhtf sbgrf `n cnhfrn ef lnmfr`b. Mbh gnsf Mbh gnsfs s fh fstn fstns s prfc prfcas asns ns,, sf rfqu rfquaf afrf rf p`nh p`nhtf tfnr nr `ns `ns n`tf n`tfrh rhnt ntav avns ns fd fdam amaf afht htf fs ef `n prbe rbeumm ummaýh, aýh, cfobr fobrfh fh f` hav havf` ef vaen aen ef` mnc ncpf pfs sahb ahb `ntahbn `nta hbncfra cframnh mnhb b fh tbebs tbebs sus nspfmtbs. nspfmtbs. Fsb acp`amn cfobrnr `bs sastfcns sastfcns ef prbeummaýh njrbpfmunran, hb sb`b nhn`aznheb `bs rfheacafhtbs ef prbeummaýh, sahb rfvasnheb tncgaáh `bs cbef`bs pnrn n`mnhznr`bs, y sf efsmbhbmfr, `n dn`tn ef jnhns y `n pbmn acpbrtnhman quf f` mncpfsahb `f en n `n pnrtf snhatnran cumlbs gfsfs `b mbheumf lnman prbg`fcns fmbhýcambs fh `n dahmn. Fh `n ahvfstajnmaýh, quf sf cbstrnrn n mbhtahunmaýh, sf pberîh bgsfrvnr  támham tám hamns ns y cftbe cftbeb`b b`bjã jãns ns pnrn pnrn prfvf prfvfhar har `ns fhdfr fhdfrcfe cfene nefs fs quf quf mbhe mbheumf umfh h n` mncpfsahb `ntahbncframnhb lnman f` drnmnsb fmbhýcamb fh `n dahmn

>

 

FHDFWCFENEF] AHDFMMAB]N] ]bh trnstb ]bh trnstbrhb rhbs s mnus mnusne nebs bs pbr camrbb camrbbrj rjnha nhasc scbs bs,, mbcb mbcb gntf gntfrãn rãns, s, varus varus,, lbhjbs b pnrîsatbs.

FHDFWCFENEF] HB AHDFMMAB]N] Fstîh rf`nmabhnens mbh f` sastfcn eajfstavb f ahm`uyfh9 sbgrfmnrjn eaftátamn b dbrrnofs aheajfrag`fs, bgstrummaýh ef `bs fstýcnjbs f ahtfstahbs b efsp`nzncafhtb ef n`juhn pbrmaýh ef` mnhn` n`acfhtnrab mnusnen pbrquf `bs nhacn`fs mbhsucfh f`fcfhtbs fxtrnþbs (gb`sns p`îstamns, paferns,) quf suf`f mbhbmfrsf mbcb pamn b npftatb efprnvneb y sf efgf n efdamafhman ef dbsdbrb.

FUAB@BJÃN EF @N] FHDFWCFENEF] CÎ] AC[BWUNHUF] AHDFMMAB]N] Q HB AHDFMMAB]N] FH GBTAHB]. @ns cîs mbcuhfs fh tfrhfrbs b gfmfrrb sbh `ns sajuafhtfs? >- Mnrgýh Mnrgýh sahtbcî sahtbcîtamb tamb (M`bst (M`bstraea raeauc uc mlnuvfy). mlnuvfy). 7=564:-

Fefcn cn`ajhb (M`bstraeauc (M`bstraeauc sfptamuc). sfptamuc). ]fptamfcan ]fptamfcan lfcbrrîjamn lfcbrrîjamn (pnstfurf``n (pnstfurf``n cu`tbmaen). cu`tbmaen). Fstbcnt Fstbcntatas atas vfsamu` vfsamu`nr nr (Wlngebv (Wlngebvarae araenf). nf). Eanrrfn Eanrrfn varn` varn` ([fstava ([fstavarus rus). ). Uugfrmu`bsas Uugfrmu`bsas (Cymbgnmtfrauc). (Cymbgnmtfrauc). @fptbsparbsas @fptbsparbsas (@fptbsparnmfnf) (@fptbsparnmfnf)..

Fh nhacn`fs neu`tbs? >- Grumf`bsas Grumf`bsas (grumf``n (grumf``n ngbrtus). 7- Dafgrf ndtbsn ([ambrhnvarus). ([ambrhnvarus). =- Gbtu`ascb Gbtu`ascb (M`bstraeauc M`bstraeauc gbtu`ahuc). gbtu`ahuc). 5- Gngfsan Gngfsans s (Gngfsa (Gngfsaaenf aenf). ). 6- Nhnp`nscbsas Nhnp`nscbsas (Nhnp`nscn (Nhnp`nscn cnrjahn`f). cnrjahn`f).

 

EFDAHAMAÝH EF @N] FHDFWCFENEF]?  

Mnrgýh sahtbcîtamb

Fs uhn fhdfrcfene ahdfmmabsn njuen dfgra` mnusnen pbr uhn gnmtfran ``ncn M`bstraeauc Mlnuvbma, quf ntnmn prahmapn`cfhtf n tbebs `bs rucanhtfs. Ntnmn mbh ahtfhsaene n nhacn`fs ef = cfsfs n ebs nþbs ef fene.  Njfhtf? M`bstraeauc M`bstraeauc Mlnuvbfa Mlnuvbfa M`nsf ef njfhtf? Gnmtfran ]ãhtbcns?  Dafgrf, mbofrn quf ahcbva`azn n` nhacn`9 `ufjb `n rfjaýh ndfmtnen sf vuf`vf hfjrn, ahd`ncnen y drãn9 f` nhacn` pufef cbrar fh >7 n 5< lbrns. Munheb sf ngrf `n `fsaýh, lny uh b`br mnrnmtfrãstamb n cnhtfqua``n rnhman.

Fefcn` cn`ajhb @n ahdfmmaýh bmurrf jfhfrn`cfhtf n trnvás ef mbhtncahnmaýh ef lfraens (nmmaefhtfs, mnstrnmaýh, vnmuhnmaýh, pnrtb, ftmátfrn).  Njfhtf? M`bstraea M`bstraeauc uc ]fptamuc ]fptamuc M`nsf ef njfhtf? Gnmtfran Ftab`bjãn? F` M.A sfptamuc fs f` prahmapn` njfhtf ef `n ahdfmmaýh m`bstanhn ef `ns lfraens fh `bs nhacn`fs. Fs uh gnstbhmatb quf caef ;.4 n ;.< camrns ef nhmlb pbr  = n < ef `nrjb. ]ãhtbcns? F` nhacn` prfsfhtn prfsfhtn páreaen ef npftatb, npftatb, nhbrfxan, nhbrfxan, ahtbxamnmaýh, ahtbxamnmaýh, dafgrf y fh `n lfraen, lahmlnzýh9 f` cusmu`b sf vuf`vf pnreb bsmurb b hfjrb9 `n cufrtf pufef bmurrar ef 75 n 5< lbrns.  

]fptamfcan lfcbrrîjamn

Fs uhn fhdfrcfene ahdfmmabsn njuen ef` jnhneb gbvahb y gÿdn`bs ef njun mnusn mnusnen en pbr pbr [nstn [nstnur urf`` f``n n Cu`tb Cu`tbmae maen, n, ns nsbm bmane anen n mbh mbh varus varus y btrbs btrbs járcf járcfhf hfs s ef mbcp`amnmabhfs sfmuhenrans.  Njfhtf? [nstfurf [nstfurf``n ``n cu`tbmaen cu`tbmaen M`nsf ef njfhtf? gnmtfran ]ãhtbcns? `bs nhacn`fs prfsfhtnh tbs, `njracfb, dafgrf, eascahumaýh ef` npftatb, sfmrfmaýh hnsn`, eadamu`tne pnrn rfsparnr, rfeummaýh ef` pfsb y cufrtf sa hb sf mbhtrb`n `n fhdfrcfene n tafcpb.

 

 

Fstbcntatas vfsamu`nr 

Fs uhn fhdfrcfene varn` zbbhýtamn sf mnrnmtfrazn pbr vfsãmu`ns, frbsabhfs y u`mfrns fh `n gbmn, pntns y ugrfs.  Njfhtf? Wlngebv Wlngebvaraenf araenf M`nsf ef njfhtf? Tarus Ftab`bjãn? Fs uh cafcgrb ef` jáhfrb vfsamu`nrabs fh `n dnca`an Wlngebvaraenf. Wlngebvaraenf. @bs ebs prahmapn`fs sfrbtapbs sbh Hfw Ofrsfy f Aheanhn. ]ãhtbcns?? sn`avnm ]ãhtbcns sn`avnmaýh aýh fxmfsav fxmfsavn, n, g`nhqufs g`nhqufsahbs ahbs f`fvneb f`fvnebs s b ngafrtbs ngafrtbs fh `fhjun, `fhjun, `ngabs, fhmãns, pn`nenr, y n vfmfs fh lbmamb y n`rfefebr ef `ns brfons.

Eanrrfn Tarn` gbvahn (ETG) Fs uhn ahdfmmaýh mnusnen pbr uh pfstavarus quf prfsfhtn vnrans dbrcns m`ãham m`ãhamns, ns, efse efsef f mnsbs mnsbs sugm` sugm`ãh ãham ambs bs n njue njuebs bs quf quf pufe pufefh fh prbvb prbvbmn mnrr ngbrt ngbrtbs, bs, ahdfrta`aene, ahcuhbsuprfsaýh y, ef dbrcn cîs fspfmtnmu`nr, `n fhdfrcfene ef `ns cumbsns quf fs cbrtn`.  Njfhtf? [fstavaru [fstavarus s M`nsf ef njfhtf? Tarus Ftab`bjãn? Dnca`an D`nvavaraenf, D`nvavaraenf, sf rf`nmabhn mbh f` varus ef `n pfstf pbrmahn m`îsamn y f` varus ef `n fhdfrcfene drbhtfrn ef `bs bvahbs. F` varus prfsfhtn cÿ`tap`fs mfpns quf sf pufefh m`nsadamnr fh ebs jrnhefs sfrbtapbs > y sfrbtapb 7. Ncgbs prbvbmnh munerbs njuebs ef jrnvfene vnrang`f. ]ãhtbcns? Dafgrf, eascahumaýh ef` npftatb, efprfsaýh, efprfsaýh, eanrrfn y efslaerntnmaýh. @n fhdfrcfene pufef sfr sugm`ãhamn (fhrbofmacafhtb y puhtbs quf `ufjb sf vfh mbcb frbsabhfs).  

@n ahdfmmaýh fh vnmns prfþnens prbvbmn ngbrtb. ]f eanjhbstamn cfeanhtf prufgns ef snhjrf b ef` nhacn` ngbrtneb.

 

 

Uugfrmu`bsas

 Njfhtf? Cymbgnmt Cymbgnmtfrauc frauc M`nsf ef njfhtf? gnmtfran Ftab`bjãn? fs uhn gnmtfran (gnma`b) mbhbmaen mbcb Cymbgnmtfrauc gbvas. Btrn C. tugfrmu`bsas (lucnhb) y f` mbcp`fob C. Nvauc (Nvanr) pufefh ahdfmtnr n` gbvahb. ]ãhtbcns? Eanrrfn, páreaen ef pfsb, nhfcan y cufrtf. Hb lny trntncafhtb, nuhquf pufef prfvfharsf mbh vnmuhn, sa sf mbhdarcn f` eanjhbstamb.

@fptbsparbsas Fs uhn fhdfrcfene zbbhýtamn gnmtfranhn. Fhdfrcfene dfgra` prbeumaen pbr  `n @fptbsparn ahtfrrbjnhs, ef` brefh ]parbmlnftn`fs, dnca`an @fptbsparnmfnf, tnhtb n `bs nhacn nhacn`f `fs s mbcb mbcb n sfrfs sfrfs lucn lucnhbs hbs.. Fs uhn uhn fhdfrc fhdfrcfe fene ne zbbh zbbhata atamn mn quf quf sf cnhadafstn prahmapn`cfhtf fh ápbmns ``uvabsns.  Njfhtf? @fptbspar @fptbsparnmfnf nmfnf M`nsf ef njfhtf? Gnmtfran Ftab`bjãn? @. ahtfrrbjnhs fs uhn gnmtfran mbh vnrabs sfrbtapbs, eadfrfhmanebs pbr  prufgns ef nj`utahn (uhn sfraf ef cufstrns snhjuãhfn)9 ef fstbs sfrbtapbs lny ebs prahmapn`fs? uhb sb`b ahdfmtn n `bs nhacn`fs ebcástambs, hb sf trnhscatf n` lbcgrf y fs mbcgntaeb cfeanhtf `n vnmuhnmaýh. ]ãhtbcns?? dafgrf, ]ãhtbcns dafgrf, eb`brfs eb`brfs cusmu`nr cusmu`nrfs, fs, nrtamu`n nrtamu`nrfs rfs y ýsfbs, ýsfbs, ahsudam ahsudamafhm afhman an rfhn`, rfhn`, lfcbrrnjan y ndfmtnmaýh ef `n cfhahjatas.

Grumf`bsas (grumf``n ngbrtus) Fs uhn fhdfrcfene mbhtnjabsn ef` jnhneb gbvahb, tncgaáh sf trnhscatf n` lbcgrf.  Njfhtf? Grumf``n Grumf``n Ngbrtus M`nsf ef njfhtf? Gnmtfran ]ãhtbcns? @n fhdfrcfene mnusn ngbrtb lnman f` munrtb (5tb) cf ef fcgnrnzb.  Fh f` cnmlb `n ahd`ncnmaýh ef `bs tfstãmu`bs. Bmnsabhn`cfhtf, ahd`ncnmaýh ef `ns nrtamu`nmabhfs y grbhquatas mrýhamn.

 

 

Dafgrf ndtbsn ([ambrhnvarus)

Fs uhn fhdfrcf fhdfrcfene ene zbbhýta zbbhýtamn mn ef` jnhneb jnhneb gbvahb gbvahb quf prbeum prbeumf f ngbrtbs ngbrtbs,, rftfhmaýh ef p`nmfhtn y prbeummaýh ef mrãns eága`fs.  Njfhtf? [ambrhnv [ambrhnvarus arus M`nsf ef njfhtf? varus Ft Ftab ab`b `bjã jãn? n? F` njfht jfhtf f mnus mnusn` n` fs `n Gnmt Gnmtfr fran an Gr Grum umf` f``n `n ngbrt gbrtus us.. ]f ugamn gamn ahtrnmf`u`nrcfhtf pbr fsb hb fs pbsag`f f`acahnr`n mbh nhtagaýtamb. Fs sfhsag`f n` cfeab ncgafhtf, mbh `bs efsahdfmtnhtfs efsahdfmtnhtfs cufrf dîma`cfhtf. Fs uhn fhdfrcfene fhdfrcfene sah trntncafhtb bdaman` sf efgf mbh vnmuhn. ]ãhtbcns ]ãhtb cns?? Dafgr Dafgrf f ndtbsn ndtbsn sbh? dafgr dafgrf f ef =1,6 =1,6 »M n 5>,6 5>,6 »M9 »M9 nhacn nhacn`` eága` eága` mbh mbh tfcg`nefrn9 páreaen ef npftatb f aheajfstaýh9 `fmlf efdfmtubsn9 ngbrtb9 ndtns fh `n mnvaene gumn`, dbsns hnsn`fs, pfzuþns y ugrf9 mbofrn y sn`avnmaýh.  

Gbtu`ascb

Fs uhn fhdfrcfene mnusnen pbr `n ahjfstaýh ef tbxahns fh `bs n`acfhtbs, fs mbcÿh fh `bs `ujnrfs ebhef hb fxastf uh nefmuneb cnhfob mbh f` fxmrfcfhtb y fh ebhef f` cnhfob snhatnrab ef `bs pnstbs fs efdamafhtf.  Njfhtf? M`bstraeauc M`bstraeauc gbtu`ahuc gbtu`ahuc M`nsf ef njfhtf? gnmtfran Ftab`bjãn? Fs uhn ahtbxamnmaýh Ftab`bjãn? ahtbxamnmaýh bmnsabhn bmnsabhnen en pbr `n tbxahn sfrbtapb E ef M`bstraeauc M`bstraeauc gbtu`ahuc, fstn tbxahn fs cuy mbcÿh fh `n gbstn ef` jnhneb nmucu`nen fh `bs pbtrfrbs y fh cntfran`fs vfjftn`fs fh efsmbcpbsamaýh. ]ãhtbcns?? [nrî`as ]ãhtbcns [nrî`asas as cusmu`nr cusmu`nr,, pnrî`asas pnrî`asas cbtbrn, cbtbrn, trnstbrh trnstbrhbs bs vasmfrn vasmfrn`fs, `fs, eadamu`t eadamu`tne ne pnrn cnstamns cnstamns y trnjnr, trnjnr, gngfb gngfb fxnjfrn fxnjfrneb, eb, ahmnpnm ahmnpnmaene aene pnrn pnrn brahnr, brahnr, efga`ae efga`aene ne jfhfrn` prbjrfsavn, prbjrfsavn, pbsamaýh fh efmÿgatb fstfrhn` y, cufrtf pbr pnrb rfsparntbrab rfsparntbrab b mnreanmb.

 

 

Gngfsans

Fs uh jáhf jáhfrb rb ef prbt prbtas astn tn pnrî pnrîsa satb tbs s quf quf mnus mnusnh nh `n fhdf fhdfrc rcfe fene ne ef `n gngf gn gfsa sabs bsas as fh nhac nhacn` n`fs fs y sf sfrf rfs s lucn lucnhb hbs. s. F` pnrn pnrnsa satb tb fs trnh trnhsc scat atae aeb b pbr  pbr  jnrrnpntns y ntnmn n `bs j`ýgu`bs rbobs ef `n snhjrf.  Njfhtf? Gngfsaaen Gngfsaaenf f M`nsf ef njfhtf? [rbtbzbnrab Ftab Ftab`b `bjã jãn? n? Fxas Fxastf tfh h sfas sfas (4) (4) fspf fspfma mafs fs Gngf Gngfsa san n quf quf sbh sbh rfsp rfspbh bhsn sng` g`fs fs ef `n gngf gn gfsa sabs bsas as gbva gbvahn hn.. Fstn Fstns s sbh? sbh? G. gajf gajfca cahn hn99 G. gbva gbvas s (] (]yh yh.. G. vf vfrg rgfr frn, n, G.  Nrjfhtahn)9  Nrjfhtah n)9 G. eavfrjfhs eavfrjfhs99 G. cfobr, G oniacbva oniacbva y G. bvntn. bvntn. ]ãhtbcns? Nhfcan, Amtframan y `n cufrtf.  

Nhnp`nscbsas

Fs uhn fhdfrcfene mnusnen pbr `n ahdfmmaýh mbh `n gnmtfran nhnp`nscn cnrjahn`f, quf ahdfmtn y mbheumf n `n cufrtf ef `ns má`u`ns rbons ef `n snhjrf fh f` nhacn nhacn`. `. Fs trnhsc trnhscata ataen en pbr pbr `n jn jnrr rrnpn npntn tn quf quf sbh sbh mnpnsf mnpnsfs s ef nm nmtun tunrr mbcb mbcb vfmtbrfs pnrn fstn fhdfrcfene.  Njfhtf? Nhnp`nscn Nhnp`nscn cnrjahn`f M`nsf ef njfhtf? gnmtfran ]ãhtbcns? nhfcan, dafgrf, pn`aefz, dn`tn ef npftatb, ngbrtb, rfsparnmaýh rîpaen y cufrtf rîpaen.

 

DNMUBWF] ^VF EFUFWCAHNH @N] FHDFWCFENEF]. Fstb efpfhefrî ef vnrans mbheamabhfs9 fhtrf f``ns? 



Mbheamabhfs ef` nhacn`? mnpnmaene ef` brjnhascb pnrn rfnmmabhnr nhtf `ns fhdfrcfenefs (fstneb ahcuhatnrab). Fh fstf puhtb fs duhencfhtn` `n rnzn. @n prfsfhman ef `bs njfhtfs quf prbeumfh fhdfrcfenefs (varus, gnmtfran, pnrîsatbs).

 Nquf``bs dnmtbrfs quf efpfhef ef` jrnhofrb y quf pufef mbhtrb`nr dbrcnh pnrtf ef uh p`nh snhatnrab prfvfhtavb. Munheb sf prfsfhtnh `ns fhdfrcfenefs y sf rfmurrf n `n np`amnmaýh ef cfeamncfhtbs fh uh p`nh murntavb. Fstf ÿ`tacb acp`amn uh jnstb fmbhýcamb cuy n`tb, y pbsag`fcfhtf sf pafrenh `bs nhacn`fs. @b cîs aheamneb fs prfvfhar.  N`juhbs ef `bs puhtbs puhtbs n mbhsaefrnr mbhsaefrnr fh uh p`nh prfvfhtavb prfvfhtavb sbh?   



 





]ucahastrb ef mn`bstrb y efsahdfmmaýh ef bcg`ajb.  N`acfhtnmaýh  N`acfhtn maýh nefmunen. nefmunen. ]ucahastrb ef njun pbtng`f9 fvatnr quf `bs nhacn`fs tbcfh njun ef pnhtnhb b njun fstnhmnens.  Nefmunen  Nefmun en easpbsamaýh easpbsamaýh ef ef tbebs `bs rfsaeubs rfsaeubs brjîhambs brjîhambs (fstaármb`fs (fstaármb`fs,, n`acfhtb n`acfhtb fhvfofmaeb, mncns, ftmátfrn).  Nefmuneb  Nefmun eb cnhfob cnhfob eurnhtf eurnhtf f` brefþb. brefþb. [`nh ef vnmuhnmaýh? F` p`nh ef vnmuhnmaýh efpfhef ef `ns fhdfrcfenefs quf qu f sf fhmu fhmufht fhtrfh rfh fh `n zbhn9 zbhn9 fstbs fstbs sbh daone daonebs bs pbr pbr `n sfmrf sfmrftnr tnran an ef njramu`turn ef mnen pnãs y fstneb b efpnrtncfhtb. Mbhtrb` ef pnrîsatbs ahtfrhbs? Fs ef jrnh acpbrtnhman yn quf pufefh mnusnr  jrnhefs páreaens fmbhýcamns pbr cbrtn`aene, rftrnsb fh f` mrfmacafhtb y eascahumaýh ef `n mnpnmaene prbeumtavn y rfprbeumtavn ef `bs nhacn`fs. @b cîs rfmbcfheng`fs fs mbhsu`tnr mbh su cáeamb vftfrahnrab. Mbhtrb` ef pnrîsatbs fxtfrhbs? F` mbhtrb` ef pnrîsatbs mbcb `ns jnrrnpntns, cbsmn cbs mns, s, tîgn tîgnhbs hbs,, fhtrf fhtrf btrb btrbs, s, fs ef jrnh jrnh acpbrt acpbrtnh nhman man,, pufs pufs fstbs fstbs `fs trnhscatfh fhdfrcfenefs mbcb `n nhnp`nscbsas y `n gngfsabsas. F` mbhtrb` sf rfn`azn cfeanhtf gnþb pfraýeamb mbh prbeumtbs mbcfrman`fs quf efgfh rfnp`amnsf mnen >5 n 7> eãns, efpfheafheb ef` jrneb ef ahdfstnmaýh y ef` tapb ef pnrîsatbs.

 

[@NH ]NHAUNWAB] AH]UAUVMABHF] AHTB@VMWNEN]? @n ah ahst stat atum umaaýh qu quff sf br braafh fhtn tn fh da daon onrr mu mun` n`fs fs vn vnmu muhn hnss vn vnh h n sfr  sucahastrn sucah astrnss fh zbhns njrbp njrbpfmunra fmunrans ns fs? F` AH]NA  (F` Ahst Ahstatutb atutb Hnmabhn` Hnmabhn` ef ]n`ue Njrãmb`n Ahtfjrn`)

Vhb ef `bs p`nhfs fh gbvahbs sf ``ncn ? [`nh [`nh ef prfvf prfvfhm hmaýh aýh ef `n dafgr dafgrf f ndtbsn, rngan pnrn`atamn y `n grumf`bsas fh gbvahbs.

[WFTFHMAÝH Q UWNUNCAFHUB EF @N] FHDFWCFENEF]? F` cfobr cátbeb ef prfvfhar `ns fhdfrcfenefs fs n trnvás ef uh p`nh ef vnmuhnmaýh quf efgf ef np`amnrsf munheb f` nhacn` fstn tfrhfrb b gfrrb (ef ; n : cfsfs ef fene). @n cfobr dbrcn ef trntnr n `bs nhacn`fs fs n trnvás ef uh p`nh murntavb, quf fs munheb sf rfmurrf n `n np`amnmaýh ef cfeamncfhtbs, fstb acp`amn jnstbs fmbhýcambs n`tbs y pbsag`fcfhtf sf pafrenh `bs nhacn`fs . Fxastf uhn jrnh eadfrfhman fhtrf prfvfhmaýh y trntncafhtb ef `ns fhdfrcfenefs. ²^uá fs `n vnmuhn2? Fs f` cfeamncfhtb quf sf `f np`amn n` nhacn` pnrn prbtfjfr`b fh duturb ef uhn fhdfrcfene eftfrcahnen. ²^uá fs trntncafhtb2? Fs f` mbhouhtb ef sustnhmans b cfeabs, lajaáhambs, quarÿrjamb y dnrcnmb`ýjambs, quf sf fcp`fnh pnrn murnr `bs nhacn`fs. Btrb mbhmfptb sfrab, cfeab quf sarvf pnrn n`avanr `ns fhdfrcfenefs b `bs sãhtbcns. Eadfrfhman? `n vnmuhn fstacu`n n` sastfcn ahcuhb`ýjamb pnrn fh tafcpbs duturbs mrfnr nhtamufrpbs quf rfmbhbzmnh `bs njfhtfs camrbganhbs mbcb uhn ncfhnzn, y junrenheb uh rfjastrb ef f``n pnrn quf f` brjnhascb nhacn` sfn ahcuhf nhtf `n fhdfrcfene. Q f` trntncafhtb pbr btrb `neb tafhf `n dahn`aene ef n`avanr y f`acahnr fhdfrcfenefs y sãhtbcns quf prfsfhtf fh f` cbcfhtb f` nhacn`.

 

 N mbhtahunmaýh, mbhtahunmaýh, cfhmabhn cfhmabhnrf rf n`juhns n`juhns fhdfrcfenefs fhdfrcfenefs y su trntncafhtb? trntncafhtb? F` cátbeb cîs fdfmtavb fs f` prfvfhtavb quf sf rfn`azn n trnvás ef `n vnmu vnmuhnm hnmaýh aýh mbht mbhtrn rn fhdfrc fhdfrcfe fenef nefs s mbcb mbcb `n grumf grumf`bs `bsas, as, fefcn fefcns s cn`ajh cn`ajhbs bs,, ftmátfrn (jfhfrn`cfhtf fh uhn (>) vnmuhn, ``ncnen pb`avn`fhtf, vafhf mnrgýh sahtbcîtamb y fefcn cn`ajhb).  N trnvás ef gnþbs fh f` mnsb ef `ns fhdfrcfenefs fhdfrcfenefs ef pnrîsatbs pnrîsatbs fxtfrhbs (mbcb `n jnrrnpntn, f` cbsquatb).  

-]ucahastrb ef mn`bstrb y efsahdfmmaýh ef bcg`ajb. -N`acfhtnmaýh nefmunen.

Fhtrf btrbs quf yn lnh saeb cfhmabhnebs nhtfrabrcfhtf

CFOBWNCAFHUB [WBEVMUATB EF @B] WFGNÞB]? [nrn tfhfr uh gufh mbhtrb` snhatnrab fh `bs rfgnþbs fs hfmfsnrab mbhtnr mbh `bs sajuafhtfs rfquasatbs? 







Wfn`aznr p`nh ef vnmuhnmaýh, prfvfhmaýh y murntavbs. b Ef vnmuhnmaýh fh `bs tfrhfrbs b gfmfrrbs efsef f` cbcfhtb fh quf hnmfh. b [rfvfhtavb, sfr prfmnvaeb n `n lbrn ef brefþnr n` nhacn` tbcnheb `ns cfeaens ef gabsfjuraene, n` ajun` n` sfr n`acfhtnheb. b Murntavbs, tfhfr nsfpsan, cnhtfhafheb f` `ujnr `acpab ebhef sf efsfhvuf`vfh `bs nhacn`fs, gnþîheb`bs. ^uf f` nhacn` mufhtf mbh `ns mbheamabhfs hfmfsnrans pnrn rfnmmabhnr  nhtf `ns fhdfrcfenefs (fstneb ahcuhatnrab) prfsfhtf fh f` `ujnr ebhef sf fhmufhtrf. Fs cuy acpbrtnhtf `n rnzn. @acpanr `ns nárfns ebhef `bs nhacn`fs sf efsfhvuf`vnh eanrancfhtf, `ns ahstn`nmabhfs, `bs pbtrfrbs, vnqufrns, mbrrn`fs b fh su efdfmtb ebhef fstáh efncgu`nheb Mbhtnheb mbh gufhn nsfsbrãn támhamn, safheb prfmasbs mbh `n nyuen ef `n nsfsbrãn ef uh cáeamb vftfrahnrab.

 

MBHM@V]AÝH  N` rfn`aznr fstn ahvfstajnmaýh ahvfstajnmaýh hbs sfhtacbs cuy mbhtfhtbs mbhtfhtbs pbrquf pueac pu eacbs bs fxpn fxpnhea hearr hufs hufstrb trbs s mbhbm mbhbmaca acafh fhtbs tbs mbcb mbcb nsparn nsparnhtf htfs s n dutur duturbs bs cáeambs vftfrahnrabs. Mbh fstn Mbh fstn rfmb rfmb`f `fmm mmaý aýh h ahdb ahdbrc rcnt ntav avn n pusa pusacb cbs s fh m`nr m`nrb b hufs hufstr trns ns ahquaft ahq uaftuefs uefs fhtrf fhtrf f``ns f``ns prahmapn prahmapn`cfh `cfhtf tf sf fhmbhtrn fhmbhtrngn? gn? ²[br ²[br quá fxastfh fxastfh fsns fhdfrcfenefs, y quá cfeaens sf efgfh ef tbcnr fh duturb pnrn frrneamnr f` mbhtnjab, b eascahuar `n mnhtaene fh `bs rfgnþbs b fh `n cnhnen gbvahn2 gbvahn 2 Q quá gufhb, quf bgtuvacbs bgtuvacbs uhn rfspuf rfspufstn stn mbhtuhefhtf mbhtuhefhtf y fdamnz pnrn pn rn f` efsn efsnrr rrb` b``b `b ahtf ahtf`f `fmt mtun un`` y prbd prbdfs fsab abhn hn`` fh hbsb hbsbtr trbs bs.. Mnen Mnen vfz vfz fhtf fh tfhef hefcb cbs s cîs cîs y cîs pnrn pnrn pu`ar pu`arhbs hbs pnrn pnrn sn`vn sn`vnju junre nren n vaens vaens fh `bs nhacn`fs fh fstf mnsb fh `bs gbvahbs. Mbh `n ahdbrc Mbh ahdbrcnm nmaýh aýh quf quf lnh lnh vastb vastb p`nscn p`nscnen en fh `n ahvfs ahvfstaj tajnma nmaýh ýh rfn`aznen, sf pueafrbh pfrmntnr muîh dîma` fs fxtrnfr `bs mbhbmacafhtbs yn nhtfs cfhmabhnebs. cfhmabhnebs. N tbebs `bs `fmtbrfs ef fstn ahvfstajnmaýh ahvfstajnmaýh `fs efmacbs? fs lbrn lbrn ef quf quf `b np nprf rfhe heae aeb b `b pbhj pbhjnh nh fh prîm prîmta tamn mn fh su Vhae Vhaene ne ef [rbeummaýh gbvahn.

 

GAG@ABJWNDÃN  

 

 

Cnhun` njrbpfmunrab (Ufmhb`bjãns brjîhamns ef `n jrnhon ahtfjrn`  nutbsudamafhtf). Cnhun` Cfrmi Ef Tftfrahnran (]fxtn feamaýh).