Energy Balance (2)

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION

1. Across Washer

Input Streams Stream l1 m = 3333.33 kg/hr Cp of stream: Fiber=

0.0432 x 3.72

= 0.15509 kj/kg.K

Dissolved Solids = 0.1250 x 1.1827 = 0.1382 kj/kg.K Aroma

= 0.0001 x 3.0006 = 0.0003 kj/kg.K

Water

= 0.8317 x 4.18

Total Cp

= 3.7850 kj/kg.K

= 3.4765 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 298.15K T2 = 298.15K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 3333.33 x 3.7850 x (298.15 – 298.15) = 0 kj/kg

Stream l2 m = 350 kg/hr Cp of stream

Energy Balance

Page 20

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION Water = 4.18 x 1 = 4.18kj/kg.K Total Q: T1 = 298.15K T2 = 298.15k=K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 350 x 4.18 x (298.15 – 298.15) = 0 kj/kr

Output Streams Stream l4 m = 3333.3 kg/hr Cp of stream: Fiber=

0.0432 x 3.72

= 0.15509 kj/kg.K

Dissolved Solids = 0.1250 x 1.1827 = 0.1382 kj/kg.K Aroma

= 0.0001 x 3.0006 = 0.0003 kj/kg.K

Water

= 0.8317 x 4.18

Total Cp

= 3.7850 kj/kg.K

= 3.4765 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 298.15 K T2 = 298.15 K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 3333.33 x 3.7850 x (298.15 – 298.15) = 0 kj/hr

Stream l8 m = 350 kg/hr Cp of stream Water= 4.18 x 0.9962 = 4.164 kj/kg.K Impurities = 1.1x 0.0038 = 0.00418 kj/kg.K Total Cp = 4.17 kj/kg.K Total Q:

Energy Balance

Page 21

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION T1 = 298.15 K T2 = 298.15 K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 350 x 3.7850 x (298.15K – 298.15K) = 0 kj/hr

Balance: Qin = Qout l1 + l2 = l4 + l8 0+0=0+0 0 kj/hr = 0 kj/hr (Balanced)

2. Across Crusher

Input Streams Stream l4 m = 3333.33 kg/hr Cp of stream: Fiber=

0.0432 x 3.72

= 0.15509 kj/kg.K

Dissolved Solids = 0.1250 x 1.1827 = 0.1382 kj/kg.K

Energy Balance

Aroma

= 0.0001 x 3.0006 = 0.0003 kj/kg.K

Water

= 0.8317 x 4.18

Total Cp

= 3.7850 kj/kg.K

= 3.4765 kj/kg.K

Page 22

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION Total Q: T1 = 298.15K T2 = 298.15K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 3333.33 x 3.7850 x (298.15 – 298.15) = 0 kj/hr

Stream l3 m = 6.66 kg/hr Cp of stream: Enzyme

= 0.05 x 2.26 = 0.113 kj/kg.K

Water

= 0.95 x 4.18

Total Cp

= 4.08 kj/kg.K

= 3.97 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 303.15K T2 = 298.15K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 6.66 x 3.7850 x (303.15 – 298.15) = 126.04 kj/hr

Output Streams Stream l5 m = 3339.96 kg/hr Cp of stream: Fiber=

0.0431 x 3.72

= 0.1603 kj/kg.K

Dissolved Solids = 0.1247 x 1.1827 = 0.1474 kj/kg.K Aroma

= 0.0001 x 3.0006 = 0.0003 kj/kg.K

Water

= 0.8320 x 4.18

Enzyme

= 9.97 x 10-5 x 2.26 = 2.253 x 10-4 kj/kg.K

Total Cp

= 3.7859 kj/kg.K

= 3.4777 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 303.15K T2 = 298.15K

Energy Balance

Page 23

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 3339.96 x 3.7859 x (303.15 – 298.15) = 63223.7728 kj/hr

Balance Qin = Qout L4 + l3 = l5 0 + 126.04 = 63223.7728 0 = 63097.7328 kj/hr Crusher Duty = 63097.7328 kj/hr Hot water mass = 503.17 kg/hr

3. Across With-holding Tank

Input Streams Stream l5 m = 3339.96 kg/hr Cp of stream: Fiber=

0.0431 x 3.72

= 0.1603 kj/kg.K

Dissolved Solids = 0.1247 x 1.1827 = 0.1474 kj/kg.K Aroma

= 0.0001 x 3.0006 = 0.0003 kj/kg.K

Water

= 0.8320 x 4.18

Enzyme

= 9.97 x 10-5 x 2.26 = 2.253 x 10-4 kj/kg.K

Total Cp

= 3.7859 kj/kg.K

= 3.4777 kj/kg.K

Total Q:

Energy Balance

Page 24

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION T1 = 303.15 K T2 = 298.15 K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 3339.96 x 3.7859 x (303.15 – 298.15) = 63223.7728 kj/hr

Output Streams Stream l6 m = 3339.96 kg/hr Cp of stream: Fiber=

0.0431 x 3.72

= 0.1603 kj/kg.K

Dissolved Solids = 0.1247 x 1.1827 = 0.1474 kj/kg.K Aroma

= 0.0001 x 3.0006 = 0.0003 kj/kg.K

Water

= 0.8320 x 4.18

Enzyme

= 9.97 x 10-5 x 2.26 = 2.253 x 10-4 kj/kg.K

Total Cp

= 3.7859 kj/kg.K

= 3.4777 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 303.15 K T2 = 298.15 K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 3339.96 x 3.7859 x (303.15 – 298.15) = 63223.7728 kj/hr

Balance Qin = Qout L5 = l6 63223.7728 kj/hr = 63223.7728 kj/hr (Balanced)

Energy Balance

Page 25

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION

4. Across Presses

Input Streams Stream l6 m = 3339.96 kg/hr Cp of stream: Fiber=

0.0431 x 3.72

= 0.1603 kj/kg.K

Dissolved Solids = 0.1247 x 1.1827 = 0.1474 kj/kg.K Aroma

= 0.0001 x 3.0006 = 0.0003 kj/kg.K

Water

= 0.8320 x 4.18

Enzyme

= 9.97 x 10-5 x 2.26 = 2.253 x 10-4 kj/kg.K

Total Cp

= 3.7859 kj/kg.K

= 3.4777 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 303.15K T2 =298.15K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 3339.96 x 3.7859 x (303.15 – 298.15) = 63223.7728 kj/hr

Output Streams Stream p4 m = 501 kg/hr Energy Balance

Page 26

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION Cp of stream: Fiber

=

0.2101 x 3.72

= 0.7815 kj/kg.K

Dissolved Solids = 0.0742 x 1.1827 = 0.0877 kj/kg.K Water

= 0.7157 x 4.18

Total Cp

= 3.8608 kj/kg.K

= 2.9916kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 303.1484 K T2 = 298.15K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 501 x 3.8608 x (303.1484– 298.15) = 9668.2128 kj/hr

Stream l15 m = 2838.96 kg/hr Cp of stream: Fiber=

0.0136 x 3.72

= 0.0506 kj/kg.K

Dissolved Solids = 0.1336 x 1.1827 = 0.1580 kj/kg.K Aroma

= 0.0001 x 3.0006 = 0.0003 kj/kg.K

Water

= 0.8526 x 4.18

Enzyme

= 9.97 x 10-5 x 2.26 = 2.253 x 10-4 kj/kg.K

Total Cp

= 3.7729 kj/kg.K

= 3.5639 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 303.15K T2 = 298.15K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 2838.96 x 3.7729 x (303.15 – 298.15) = 53555.56 kj/hr

Balance Qin = Qout l6 = L15 + p4 53555.56 + 9668.2128 = 63223.7728 63223.7728kj/hr = 63223.7728 kj/hr (Balanced) Energy Balance

Page 27

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION

5. Across Heat Exchanger

Input Streams Stream l15 m = 2838.96 kg/hr Cp of stream: Fiber=

0.0136 x 3.72

= 0.0506 kj/kg.K

Dissolved Solids = 0.1336 x 1.1827 = 0.1580 kj/kg.K Aroma

= 0.0001 x 3.0006 = 0.0003 kj/kg.K

Water

= 0.8526 x 4.18

Enzyme

= 9.97 x 10-5 x 2.26 = 2.253 x 10-4 kj/kg.K

Total Cp

= 3.7729 kj/kg.K

= 3.5639 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 303.15 K T2 = 298.15 K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 2838.96 x 3.7729 x (303.15 – 298.15) = 53555.56 kj/hr

Stream u3 m = 48.66 kg/hr Temperature = T2 = 393.57 Pressure = 2 bar (g) Latent Heat = 2201 kj/kg Energy Balance

Page 28

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION Cp of steam= 2.02 kj/kg Cp of water= 4.18 kj/kg Total Q: T1 = 298.15 K T2 = 393.57 K Q = mCpwaterdT + m.H Q = (48.66 X 4.18 X (393.57 - 298.15)) + (48.66 X 2201) = 126731.04 kj/hr

Output Streams Stream l17 m = 2838.96 kg/hr Cp of stream: Fiber=

0.0136 x 3.72

= 0.0506 kj/kg.K

Dissolved Solids = 0.1336 x 1.1827 = 0.1580 kj/kg.K Aroma

= 0.0001 x 3.0006 = 0.0003 kj/kg.K

Water

= 0.8526 x 4.18

Enzyme

= 9.97 x 10-5 x 2.26 = 2.253 x 10-4 kj/kg.K

Total Cp

= 3.7729 kj/kg.K

= 3.5639 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 313.15K T2 = 298.15K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 2838.96 x 3.7729 x (313.15 – 298.15) = 160666.68 kj/kg

Stream c1 m = 48.66 Cp of water: Water

= 1 x 4.18

= 4.18 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 394.15K T2 = 298.15K

Energy Balance

Page 29

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 48.66 x 4.18 x (394.15 – 298.15) = 19542.34 kj/hr

Balance Qin = Qout L15 + u3 = l17 + c1 53555.56 + 126731.04 = 19542.34 + 160666.6 180286.596 kj/hr = 180209.02kj/hr Difference: 77.57 kj/hr

6. Across Falling Film Evaporator

Input Streams Stream l17 m = 2838.96 kg/hr Cp of stream: Fiber

=

0.0136 x 3.72

= 0.0506 kj/kg.K

Dissolved Solids = 0.1336 x 1.1827 = 0.1580 kj/ kg.K Aroma

= 0.0001 x 3.0006 = 0.0003 kj/ kg.K

Water

= 0.8526 x 4.18

Enzyme

= 9.97 x 10-5 x 2.26 = 2.253 x 10-4 kj/ kg.K

Total Cp

= 3.77 kj/ kg.K

= 3.5639 kj/ kg.K

Total Q:

Energy Balance

Page 30

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION T1 = 313.15K T2 = 298.15K P= -0.79 bar (g) Q = mCp (T1-T2) Q = 2838.96 x 3.77 x (313.15 – 298.15) = 160543.188 kj/hr

Stream u4 m = 484.904 kg/hr Temperature = 335.35K Latent Heat = 2352.31 kj/kg Total Q: Q = mCpdT + m.H Q = (484.904 x 4.18 (335.35- 298.15))+(484.904 x 2352.31) = 1216045.161 kj/hr

Output Streams Stream l19 m = 2510.150 kg/hr Cp of stream: Fiber=

0.015381 x 3.72

= 0.0572 kj/kg.K

Dissolved Solids = 0.1511 x 1.1827 = 0.1787 kj/kg.K Water

= 0.8330 x 4.18

= 3.4819 kj/kg.K

Enzyme

= 1.1276 x 10-4 x 2.26 = 2.540 x 10-4 kj/kg.K

Total Cp

= 3.71 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 323.15K T2 = 298.15K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 2510.150 x 3.71 x (323.15– 298.15) = 232816.412 kj/hr

Stream A2 m = 328.80 kg/hr Cp of stream: Aroma Energy Balance

= 8.6342 x 10-4 x 3.0006 = 2.590 x 10-3 kj/kg.K Page 31

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION Water

= 0.9991 x 4.18

Total Cp

= 4.18 kj/kg.K

= 4.1762 kj/kg.K

Total Q: Enthalpy of aroma = 3093.11 kj/kg T1 = 335.35K T2 = 298.15K Since the stream contains both aroma in vapor and water in liquid form so, Q = mCp(T1-T2) + m.H Q = (328.80 x 4.18 x (335.35– 298.15)) + (328.80 x 3093.11) = 1068141.653 kj/kg

Stream c2 m = 484.904 kg/hr Cp of water: Water

= 1 x 4.18

= 4.18 kj/kgoC

Total Q: T1 = 335.35K T2 = 298.15K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 484.904 x 4.18 x (335.35 – 298.15) = 75400.63 kj/hr

Balance Qin = Qout L17 + u4 = l19 + A2 + c2 160543.188 + 1216045.161 = 232816.412 + 1068141.653 + 75400.63 1376588.349 kj/hr = 1376358.695 kj/hr Difference = 233.654 kj/hr

Energy Balance

Page 32

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION

7. Across Aroma Stripping Column

Input Streams Stream A2 m = 328.80 kg/hr Cp of stream: Aroma

= 8.6342 x 10-4 x 3.0006 = 2.590 x 10-3 kj/kg.K

Water

= 0.9991 x 4.18

Total Cp

= 4.18 kj/kg.K

= 4.1762 kj/kg.K

Total Q: Enthalpy of aroma = 3093.11 kj/kg T1 = 335.35K T2 = 298.15K Since the stream contains both aroma in vapor and water in liquid form so, Q = mCp(T1-T2) + m.H Q = (328.80 x 4.18 x (335.35– 298.15)) + (328.80 x 3093.11) = 1068141.653 kj/kg

Output Streams Stream A3 m = 0.283893 kg/hr Cp of stream: Aroma

Energy Balance

= 1 x 3.0006 = 3.0006 kj/kg.K

Page 33

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION Total Cp

=

3.0006 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 353.15K T2 =298.15K Q = mCp(T1-T2) + m.H + mCp(T3-T4) Q = [0.283893 x 3 x (351.45– 298.15)] + [0.283893 x 846] + [0.283893 x 2.5 x (353.15 – 351.45)] = 286.77 kj/kg

Stream w7 m = 328.517 Cp of stream: Water = 4.18 x 1 = 4.18 kj/kg.K Total Cp = 4.18 kj/kg.K Total Q: T1 = 373.15 T2 = 298.15 Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 328.517 x 4.18 x (373.15 – 298.15) + (328.517 x 2270) = 848723.669 kj/kg

Balance Qin = Qout A2 = A3 + w7 1068141.653 kj/hr = 286.77 kj/hr + 848723.669 kj/hr 1068141.653 kj/hr = 849010.439 kj/hr Heat needed to be removed to maintain required conditions = 219131 kj/hr

Energy Balance

Page 34

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION

8. Across Aroma Condensor

Input Streams Stream A3 m = 0.283893 kg/hr Cp of stream: Aroma

= 1 x 3.0006 = 3.0006 kj/kg.K

Total Cp

=

3.0006 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 353.15 T2 = 298.15 Q = mCp(T1-T2) + m . H Q = [0.283893 x 3 x (351.45– 298.15)] + [0.283893 x 846] + [0.283893 x 2.5 x (353.15 – 351.45)] = 286.77 kj/kg

Stream w1 m = 3.432 kg/hr Cp of pure water: 4.18 kj/kg.K T1 = 309.95 K T2 = 298.15 K Total Q: Q = mCpdT Q = 3.432 x 4.18 x (309.95 - 298.15) Q = 169.88 kj/hr

Energy Balance

Page 35

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION

Output Streams Stream w6 m = 3.432 kg/hr Cp of pure water: 4.18 kj/kg.K T1 = 323.15K T2 = 298.15K Total Q: Latent Heat liberated by aroma = (0.283893 x 846) = 240.17 Q = Q = mCp(T1-T2) + m.H Q = 3.432 x 4.18 x (323.15 - 298.15) + 240.17 Q = 455.18 kj/hr

Stream A4 m = 0.283893 kg/hr Cp of stream: Aroma

= 1 x 3.0006 = 3.0006 kj/kg.K

Total Cp

=

3.0006 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 300.15 T2 = 298.15 Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = [0.283893 x 3.0006 x (300.15 – 298.15)] = 1.7 kj/kg

Balance Qin = Qout A3 + w1 = w6 + A4 256.77 + 169.88 = 455.18 + 1.7 456.88 kj/hr = 456.88 kj/hr

Energy Balance

Page 36

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION

9. Across Enzymatic Treatment Tank

Input Streams Stream l19 m = 2510.156 kg/hr Cp of stream: Fiber=

0.015381 x 3.72

= 0.0572 kj/kg.K

Dissolved Solids = 0.1511 x 1.1827 = 0.1787 kj/kg.K Water

= 0.8330 x 4.18

= 3.4819 kj/kg.K

Enzyme

= 1.1276 x 10-4 x 2.26 = 2.540 x 10-4 kj/kg.K

Total Cp

= 3.7180 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 323.15K T2 = 298.15K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 2510.156 x 3.7180 x (323.15 – 298.15) = 233319 kj/hr

Stream E1 m = 54.146 kg/hr Cp of stream:

Energy Balance

Enzyme

= 1 x 2.26 = 2.26 kj/kg.K

Total Cp

=

2.26 kj/kg.K Page 37

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION

Total Q: T1 = 323.15K T2 = 298.15K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 54.146 x 2.26 x (323.15 – 298.15) = 3059.249 kj/hr

Output Streams Stream l22 m = 2564.804 kg/hr Cp of stream: Fiber=

0.01565 x 3.72

= 0.0582 kj/kg.K

Dissolved Solids = 0.14788 x 1.1827 = 0.1748 kj/kg.K Water

= 0.81471 x 4.18

= 3.4055 kj/kg.K

Enzyme

= 0.021221 x 2.26 = 0.0480 kj/kg.K

Total Cp

= 3.6865 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 323.15K T2 = 298.15K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 2564.804 x 3.6865 x (323.15 – 298.15)) = 236378.249 kj/hr

Balance Qin = Qout L19 + l21 = l22 233319 kj/hr + 3059.249 kj/hr = 236378.249 kj/hr 236378.249 kj/hr = 236378.249 kj/hr (Balanced)

Energy Balance

Page 38

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION

10.

Across Ultra filtration Unit

Input Streams Stream l22 m = 2564.804 kg/hr Cp of stream: Fiber=

0.01565 x 3.72

= 0.0582 kj/kg.K

Dissolved Solids = 0.14788 x 1.1827 = 0.1748 kj/kg.K Water

= 0.81471 x 4.18

= 3.4055 kj/kg.K

Enzyme

= 0.021221 x 2.26 = 0.0480 kj/kg.K

Total Cp

= 3.6865 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 323.15 T2 = 298.15K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 2564.804 x 3.6865 x (323.15 – 298.15) = 236378.249 kj/hr

Output Streams Stream l23 m = 2223.2217 kg/hr Cp of stream:

Energy Balance

Page 39

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION Dissolved Solids = 0.1535 x 1.1827 = 0.1815 kj/kg.K Water

= 0.8465 x 4.18

Total Cp

= 3.7199 kj/kg.K

= 3.5384 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 323.15K T2 = 298.15K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 2223.2217 x 3.7199 x (323.15 – 298.15K) = 206754.06 kj/hr

Stream l23’ m = 341.5823 kg/hr Cp of stream: Fiber=

0.1175 x 3.72

= 0.4371 kj/kg.K

Dissolved Solids = 0.6121 x 1.1827 = 0.7239 kj/kg.K Water

= 0.1110 x 4.18

= 0.4639 kj/kg.K

Enzyme

= 0.1593 x 2.26 = 0.3600 kj/kg.K

Total Cp

= 1.984 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 341.85K T2 = 298.15K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 341.5823 x 1.984 x (341.85 – 298.15) = 29624.189 kj

Balance Qin = Qout L22 = l23 + l 23’ 236378.249 kj/hr = 206754.06 kj/hr + 29624.189 kj/hr 236378.249 kj/hr = 236378.249 kj/hr (Balanced)

Energy Balance

Page 40

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION

11.

Across Triple Effect Evaporator

Input Streams Stream l23 m = 2223.2217 kg/hr Cp of stream: Dissolved Solids = 0.1535 x 1.1827 = 0.1815 kj/kg.K Water

= 0.8465 x 4.18

Total Cp

= 3.71 kj/kg.K

= 3.5384 kj/kg.K

Total Q: T1 = 323.15K T2 = T2 = 298.15K Q = mCp(T1-T2) Q = 2223.2217 x 3.71 x (323.15 – 298.15) = 205648.007 kj/hr

Stream u5 m = 767 kg/hr Temperature = 138oC = 411.15K Specific enthalpy of saturated steam = 2706.54 kj/kg Total Q: Q = m x Enthalpy Q = (767 x 2147) + (767 x 2.17 x (411.15 - 407.15)) + (767 x 4.18 x (407.15 -298.15)) = 2002867.1 kj/hr Energy Balance

Page 41

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION

Output Streams Stream c5 m = 767 kg/hr Temperature = 134 oC = 407.15K Cp of water from 0 to 100 = 4.18 kj/hr Total Q: Q = mCpdT Q = 767 x 4.18 x (407.15K - 298.15K) = 349460.54 kj/hr

Stream c6 m = 594.612 kg/hr Temperature = 121oC = 394.15K Cp of water = 4.18 kj/kg Total Q: Q = mCpdt Q = 594.612 x 4.18 x (394.15 - 25) = 238605.9 kj/hr

Stream c7 M = 583.3 kg/hr Temperature = 112.53oC = 385.68K Cp of water = 4.18 Total Q: Q = mCpdT Q = 583.3 x 4.18 x (385.68 - 298.15) = 213390.73 kj/hr

Stream v1 M = 571.359 kg/hr Temperature = 385.68K Cp of Water = 4.18 Latent Heat of vapors = 2226.23 kj/kg Total Q:

Energy Balance

Page 42

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION Q = mCpdT + m.H = (571.359 x 4.18 x (385.68-347.25)) + (571.359 x 2226.23) = 1363758.171 kj/hr

Stream l26 M = 474 kg/hr Cp of apple juice at 72 brix = 2.02 kj/kg Temperature = 345.15K Total Q: Q = mCpdT Q = 474 x 2.02 x (345.15 - 298.15) = 45001.56 kj/hr

Balance Qin = Qout l23 +u5 = c5 + c6 + c7 + l26 + v1 205648.007 + 2002867.1 = 349460.54 +238605.9 + 213390.73 + 47874 + 1363758.171 2208515.107kj/hr = 2213089.341kj/hr

Heat Capacity Estimation of Constituents Enzyme The value of heat capacity used is estimated from the reference given and is very near to the heat capacity of protein as our enzyme is protein based. Heat capacity of enzyme = 2.26 kj/kg

Fiber The value of heat capacity used is estimated from the reference given Heat Capacity of Fiber = 3.72 kj/kg

Aroma The heat capacity of aroma is estimated based on the heat capacity of individual components and their composition in aroma. Constituents Ethanol Propanol Butanol 2-Methyl Butanol Hexanol Ethyl Iso-Butyrate Ethyl Butyrate Ethyl Acetate Energy Balance

Composition(xi) 0.495 0.016 0.046 0.014 0.015 0.097 0.064 0.010

Heat Capacity(kj/kgoC) 2.43 2.37 2.307 2.303 2.308 1.7372 1.6290 1.9200

xiCp 1.203 0.038 0.106 0.032 0.035 0.167 0.1042 0.0192 Page 43

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION Butyl Acetate Pentyl Acetate Ethyl Valerate Benzaldehyde Hexanal Trans-2-Hexanal Total

0.035 0.040 0.078 0.0005 0.043 0.042

1.9630 1.7667 2.1980 1.6211 2.11 2.07

0.0688 0.061 0.171 0.0081 0.9073 0.0261 3.0006 kj/kg.K

Note: The references for composition and heat capacities of constituents are provided.

Dissolved Solids The heat capacity of dissolved solids is estimated based on the heat capacity of individual components and their composition in dissolved solids. Constituents Protien Ash Liphids Sucrose Glucose Fructose Starch Calcium Iron Magnesium Phosphorous Potassium Zinc Vitamin C Vitmain A Total

Composition(xi) 0.0234 0.0171 0.0153 0.1868 0.2193 0.5325 4.63 x 10-3 5.45 x 10-7 1.083 x 10-8 4.513 x 10-7 9.92 x 10-7 9.65 x 10-6 9.02 x 10-8 4.151 x 10-7 1.353 x 10-6

Heat Capacity (kj/kg.K) 2.34 1.343 2.1 1.30 0.63 1.28 1.753 0.650 0.447 1.024 0.809 0.74 0.399 1.39 1.62

xiCp 0.0548 0.0230 0.0321 0.2428 0.1382 0.6816 8.086 x 10-3 3.5198 x 10-8 4.1841 x 10-9 4.621 x 10-7 8.0253 x 10-7 7.141 x 10-6 3.5990 x 10-8 5.769 x 10-7 2.192 x 10-6 1.182 kj/kg.K

Note: The references for composition and heat capacities of constituents are provided.

Water Heat capacity of water is taken from literature as 4.18 kj/kg.K.

Energy Balance

Page 44

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION

Overall Energy Balance IN STREAM NAME

STREAM Heat kj/hr

l1

O

l2

0

l3

63223.8182

u2 (u3+u4)

1183470.062

E1

3059.249

w1

169.88

u5

2009960.37

TOTAL Heat

3382001.794

OUT STREAM NAME

STREAM heat kg/hr

l8

0

p4

9668.212

c4 (c1+c2)

100344.56

A4

1.7

Energy Balance

Page 45

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION

w7

903075.79

w2

455.18

w5

29624.189

c5

350417.342

c6

238605.98

Energy Balance

Page 46

PRODUCTION OF APPLE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING BY ULTRAFILTRATION

sc7

213415.1208

v3

1363758.1

l24

45001.56

TOTAL Heat

3350784.662

Energy Balance

Page 47