Endodontia 1 1
April 9, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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mjkflckgmg hgvcmgmj puipgr. Hgkgi rgmchuigr? ju ckìhcf hfkbukmj -sj hfl f puipgr? ã iclctgmg pjig mjktckg Hgvcmgmj puipgr?
tãrlckf mg hîlgrg puipgr kfs mjktjs pfrtg
hfrfkçrcg j pjig mjktckg rgmchuigr, rjprfmuzckmf g lfrbfif`cg jxtjrkg mf mjktj.
mfrjs mj ul hgkgi (g kìvji mf hfif gkgtýlchf mf mjktj) j kfs mjktjs hfl lgcs mj ul hgkgi hfljàg kf gssfgief mg hîlgrg puipgr. - @jrgiljktj f hgkgi rgmchuigr gprjsjktg f ljslf trgojtf mg rgcz g quj pjrtjkhj. Qfmj sjr, pfrtgktf, rjtf, hurvf j sckufsf.
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bfrlgmf jxhiuscvgljktj pfr hgkgcs ÿkchfs, j scl pfr ul jlgrgkegmf mj hgkgcs. hgkgcs .
mj hgkgcs quj f mjktj hfktãl j mf `rupf mjktgi g quj pjrtjkhj.
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Hgkgi mjktckçrcf? Hýkchf mj ljkfr mcîljtrf 7. Hgkgi prckhcpgi
vfitgmf pgrg f çpchj.
>. Hgkgi hfigtjrgi? pgrgijif hfigtjrgi? pgrgijif gf hgkgi prckhcpgi.
- Bfrlgmgs pfr pgrjmjs mjktckçrcgs .
8. Hgkgi igtjrgi? igtjrgi? ifhgiczgmf ifhgiczgmf kf tjràf lãmcf fu hjrvchgi mg rgcz, sgc mf hgkgi prckhcpgi j gihgkàg f pjrcfmfktf igtjrgi. sjhukmçrcf? ifhgiczgmf kf tjràf =. Hgkgi sjhukmçrcf? gpchgi mg rgcz.
Hgkgi mjktckfhjljktçrcf (HMH)? ukcèf jktrj fs hgkgcs mjktckçrcfs j hjljktçrcfs. - Ifhgi fkmj tjrlckg g pfipg j hfljàg f pjrcfmfktf.
:. Hgkgi ghjssørcf? ghjssørcf? ^glcbchgàèf mf hgkgi sjhukmçrcf. 2. Cktjrhfkmutf? Zkj Cktjrhfkmutf? Zkj mfcs hgkgcs jktrj sc.
Hgkgi hjljktçrcf? jstjkmj-sj mf HMH gtã f bfrglj gpchgi.
rjhfrrjktj? Xgc mf hgkgi prckhcpgi. 0. Hgkgi rjhfrrjktj? Xgc 5. Hgkgcs rjtchuigrjs 3. Mjitg gpchgi? gpchgi? Lÿitcpigs tjrlckgàújs mf hgkgi prckhcpgi, frc`ckgkmf f gpgrjhcljktf mj vçrcfs bfrgljs.
Bfrglj? ifhgiczgmf kg supjrbìhcj jxtjrkg mg rgcz. - hcrhuigr
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mjktj Bfrlg mj hfkvjkcïkhcg? trcgk`uigr, ngsj
Qfktf mj jijcàèf? grrjmfrjs mf hìk`uif
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^gìzjs? 7 rgcz Hgkgcs? 7 hgkgi Qfktf mj jijcàèf? grrjmfrjs mf hìk`uif Mcrjàèf mj trjpgkgàèf? pjrpjkmchuigr Bfrlg mj hfkvjkcïkhcg? trcgk`uigr hfl ngsj pgrg ckhcsgi
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^gìzjs? 7 rgcz Hgkgcs? 7 fu > hgkgcs Qfktf mj jijcàèf? grrjmfr mf hìk`uif Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
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^gìzjs? 7 rgcz
Hgkgcs? 7 fu > hgkgcs
Hgkgcs? 7 - > hgkgcs
Qfktf mj jijcàèf? grrjmfrjs mf hìk`uif
Qfktf mj jijcàèf? grrjmfrjs mf hìk`uif
Mcrjàèf mj trjpgkgàèf? pjrpjkmchuigr
Mcrjàèf mj trjpgkgàèf? pjrpjkmchuigr
Bfrlg mj hfkvjk hfkvjkcïkhcg? cïkhcg? trcgk`uigr
Bfrlg mj hfkvjk hfkvjkcïkhcg? cïkhcg? heglg mj vjig
7¿ Q^Ã-LFIG^ XZQJ^CF^
^gìzjs? > rgìzjs `jrgiljktj Hgkgcs? > hgkgcs Qfktf mj jijcàèf? bfssjtg hjktrgi Mcrjàèf mj trjpgkgàèf? jl mcrjàèf á rgcz pgigtckg
Bfrlg mj hfkvjk hfkvjkcïkhcg? cïkhcg? jicpsj
HGKCKF XZQJ^CF^
^gìzjs? 7 rgcz Hgkgcs? 7 hgkgi Qfktf mj jijcàèf? grrjmfrjs mf hìk`uif
7¿ Q^Ã- LFIG^ CKBJ^CF^
Mcrjàèf mj trjpgkgàèf? pjrpjkmchuigr
^gìzjs? 7 rgcz
Bfrlg mj hfkvjk hfkvjkcïkhcg? cïkhcg? heglg mj vjig
Hgkgcs? 7 hgkgi, pfmj tjr > hgkgcs Qfktf mj jijcàèf? bfssjtg ljscgi Mcrjàèf mj trjpgkgàèf? pgrgijif gf ifk`f jcxf
Bfrlg mj hfkvjk hfkvjkcïkhcg? cïkhcg? hcrhuigr
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>¿ Q^Ã-LFIG^ XZQJ^CF^
7¿ LFIG^ CKBJ^CF^
^gìzjs? 7 rgcz
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Hgkgcs? 7 hgkgi fu >
Hgkgcs? 8 hgkgcs fu =
Qfktf mj jijcàèf? bfssjtg hjktrgi
Qfktf mj jijcàèf? bfssjtg hjktrgi
Mcrjàèf mj trjpgkgàèf? mcrjàèf á rgcz
Mcrjàèf mj trjpgkgàèf? t rjpgkgàèf? rgcz mcstgi
pgigtckg
Bfrlg mj hfkvjk hfkvjkcïkhcg? cïkhcg? ngsj pgrg ljscgi
Bfrlg mj hfkvjk hfkvjkcïkhcg? cïkhcg? jicpsj
>¿ Q^Ã-LFIG^ CKBJ^CF^
^gìzjs? 7rgcz Hgkgcs? 7 hgkgi Qfktf mj jijcàèf? bfssjtg ljscgi Mcrjàèf mj trjpgkgàèf? pgrgijif >¿ LFIG^ XZQJ^CF^
Bfrlg mj hfkvjk hfkvjkcïkhcg? cïkhcg? hcrhuigr
^gìzjs? 8 rgìzjs Hgkgcs?8 fu = hgkgcs Qfktf mj jijcàèf? bfssjtg hjktrgi Mcrjàèf mj trjpgkgàèf? rgcz pgigtckg Bfrlg mj hfkvjkcïkhcg? trcgk`uif hfl ngsj
7¿ LFIG^ XZQJ^CF^
pgrg vjstcnuigr
^gìzjs? 8 rgìzjs
FNX? Kfrlgiljktj, jstjs mjktjs pfssujl 8
Hgkgcs? = hgkgcs Qfktf mj jijcàèf? bfssjtg hjktrgi
rgìzjs, pfrãl, g rgcz lãscf-vjstcnuigr pfmj sj gprjsjktgr hfl hfl 7 fu > hgkgcs, mjvcmf mjvcmf
Mcrjàèf mj trjpgkgàèf? jl mcrjàèf g rgcz
gf ghegtgljktf prfxclgi.
pgigtckg
Bfrlg mj hfkvjkcïkhcg? trcgk`uigr hfl ngsj pgrg vjstcnuigr
Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
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^gìzjs? > rgìzjs Hgkgcs? 8 hgkgcs, > fu = hgkgcs Qfktf mj jijcàèf? bfssjtg hjktrgi Mcrjàèf mj trjpgkgàèf? rgcz mcstgi Bfrlg mj hfkvjkcïkhcg? trgpjzfcmgi, ngsj pgrg ljscgi
Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
F ghjssf á hgvcmgmj (fu hgvcmgmj mj ghjssf) ã g gnjrturg kg hfrfg mjktgi quj
Bgsj mj ghgngljktf
lfmjig`jl,, pjrlctcrç g ifhgiczgàèf, iclpjzg, lfmjig`jl
F fnojtcvf ã gicsgr gs pgrjmjs mg hgvcmgmj mj
mjsckbjhàèf j fnturgàèf fnturgàèf mf scstjlg mj
ghjssf mj tgi bfrlg quj g brfktjcrg jktrj g
hgkgcs rgmchuigrjs.
hgvcmgmj mj ghjssf j gs pgrjmj s mg hîlgrg sjog clpfssìvji clpfssìvji mj sj sjktcr hfl hfl ul ulg g sfkmgjxpifrgmfrg.
Q^CKHCQCFX?
Bgsj mj pjkjtrgàèf
QFK]F MJ JIJCÀÈF? vgc sjr f pfktf jijctf pjif HM, pgrg ckchcgr f ghjssf.
Bgrjlfs usf mj ulg pfktg mcglgktgmg
_FKG MJ GNF^MG@JL? vgc sjr f ckìhcf mg
jsbãrchg, jl gitg rftgàèf. F mcîljtrf mg
pjrburgàèf, pjif jslgitj gtã hej`gr kg
nrfhg mjpjkmjrç mjpjkmjrç mf mjktj g sjr trgtgmf.
mjktckg.
F fnojtcvf mjstg bgsj ã gtrgvjssgrlfs j
MC^JÀÈF MJ ]^JQGKGÀÈF? vgc sjr g
jiclckgrlfs f tjtf mg hîlgrg puipgr.
mcrjàèf quj g nrfhg vgc sj`ucr. BF^LG MJ HFK]F^KF? vgc sjr g bfrlg
gigr`glj gr`gljktf ktf Bgsj mj gi
fntcmg gpøs tfmg g rjlfàèf mf tjtf puipgr.
usg-sj ulg nrfhg jsbãrchg, jl ngcxg
BF^LG MJ HFKRJKCÏKHCG? rjbckgljktf,
rftgàèf, mj mcîljtrf ljkfs mf quj g pfktg
pgrg quj kèf egog ngtjktj.
usgmg kf pgssf gktjrcfr. Qrjbjrjkhcgiljktj ulg nrfhg mj hgnf (’pjshfàf“) ifk`f, pgrg ljiefr pjkjtrgàèf j vcscncicmgmj.
Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
Iclgs
N) 7ª Xãrcj - Hfktãl gs iclgs mj kuljrgàèf
Xèf bjctgs mj gàf ckfxcmçvji, fu sjog, kèf
7:, >1, >:, 81, 8:, =1 (pfrtgktf, f ckhrjljktf ã mj : jl :)4
sfbrjl fxcmgàèf sj jktrgrjl jl hfktgtf hfl f ecpfhifrctf mj sømcf.
H) >ª Xãrcj - Hfktãl gs iclgs mj kuljrgàèf Hgnf? Hgnf? tjl ul kÿljrf j ulg hfifrgàèf
=:, :1, ::, 21, 01, 514
jspjhìbchf.
- Clpfrtgktj kftgr quj, mf ’21“, puig prg ’01“
Egstj? Egstj? ã g quj lumg mj tglgkef mj iclg
j ’51“ mcrjtf
pgrg iclg. gtcvg? pfssuc fnrc`gtfrcgljktj 72ll Qfràèf gtcvg? pfssuc mj hflprcljktf. G) Xãrcj Jspjhcgi - Hfktãl gs iclgs mj kuljrgàèf 12, 15 j 71 (pfrtgktf, f ckhrjljktf ã mj > j l >)4
Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
M) 8ª Xãrcj - Hfktãl gs iclgs mj kuljrgàèf
Higsscbchgàèf
31,711, 771, 7>1, 781, 7=1
Iclgs ]cpf ’D“ ◆Xèf usgmgs jl hgkgcs glpifs j rjtfs ◆Hfktïl ljkfs jspcrgs ◆ Xèf ljkfs bijxìvjcs (lgcs rì`cmgs) ◆ Lgcs rjscstjktjs á tfràèf
Iclgs mj Gàf -Hgrnfkf -Hgrnfkf Iclgs ]cpf ’Bijx“
- Gprjsjktgl nfg jbchcïkhcg - Xèf njl murçvjcs, mjvcmf gf hgrnfkf kg hflpfscàèf
◆ Hfktïl lgcs jspcrgs ◆Xèf lgcs bijxìvjcs ◆ nfgs pgrg sjrjl usgmg s jl hgkgcs lgcs
hurvfs trgksvjrsgi ã trcgk`uigr ◆ G sjhàèf trgksvjrsgi G bgnrchgàèf mjig ã pfr tfràèf (g lçquckg tfrhj ul grglj quj ã ckchcgiljktj rjtciìkjf, mjcxgkmf-f hfl gs jspcrgs)
- G rc`cmjz ã gitg - Xfbrjl hfrrfsèf
Iclgs mj Gàf Ckfxcmçvji - Xèf ul pfuhf ljkfs rì`cmgs mf quj gs iclgs mj gàf-hgrnfkf4 - Xèf ul pfuhf ljkfs murçvjcs mf quj gs iclgs mj gàf-hgrnfkf (fu sjog, f ckstruljktf sj mjs`gstg lgcs).
Iclgs mj Kìquji -]ctîkcf - Gitg bijxcncicmgmj - Xèf hgrgs - Gitg murgncicmgmj
Iclgs ]cpf ’E“ - Ejmstròjk ◆ Xèf jbchcjktjs kf hf rtj,
lgs sèf njl
brç`jcs ◆ Njl bijxìvjcs ◆ G bgnrchgàèf mjig ã pfr usckg`jl (g lçquckg ’jshuipj“ gs jspcrgs kul grglj
ckchcgiljktj rjtciìkjf) Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
Hckjlçtchg mg iclg Lfvcljktf mj Qjkjtrgàèf - Qrjssèf gpchgi - ¹ mj vfitg á mcrjctg - ¹ mj vfitg á jsqujrmg - ^jtcrgmg - ^jpjtcr
Iclg`jl - Cktrfmuàèf pgsscvg - Qrjssèf igtjrgi - ^jtcrgmg jl vcãs jl tfmgs gs pgrjmjs - ^jpjtcr gtã f ckstruljktf jstgr bfi`gmf
Gàèf mj Bfràg Ngigkhjgmg - Cktrfmuàèf kf sjktcmf gktc-efrçrcf - ^jscstïkhcg - @crgr kf sjktcmf efrçrcf - ^jtcrgmg
Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
Mjvj sjr sjlprj rjgiczgmf kfs hgsfs mj jkmfmfktcg.
Jvctg quj f pghcjktj mj`iutg sfiuàèf crrc`gmfrg fu ckstruljktgcs (iclg), giãl mj prfpfrhcfkgr ulg ljiefr vcsugiczgàèf mf hglpf j lgktjr g rj`cèf sjhg. Jl mjktjs jl quj g hîlgrg puipgr kèf jstjog jxpfstg jxpfstg fu kèf egog kjhrfsj kjhrfsj puipgr
^jgiczgr f csfigljktf gktjs mg gnjrturg hfrfkçrcg Kjhrfsj puipgr fu jxpfscà jxpfscàèf èf
Gnjrturg hfrfkçrcg pfmjrç sjr rjgiczgmg gktjs mf csfigljk csf igljktf tf
>11->1:? Lfigrjs >12->13? Qrã-Lfigrjs >71->7>? Gktjrcfrjs
Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
F prjpgrf quìlchf-ljhîkchf mj ul hgkgi rgmchuigr ã rjgiczgmf pfr ljcf mf jlprj`f mj ckstruljktfs quìlchgs, mg
jkmfmýktchfs, sfiuàújs crrc`gàèf ‘ gspcrgàèf j
ckukmgàèf. G iclpjzg j g lfmjig`jl tïl pfr bckgicmgmj g fnturgàèf hflpghtg mf scstjlg mj hgkgcs rgmchuigrjs. F suhjssf? jiclckgàèf fu rjmuàèf lçxclg
Qrfhjmcljktf kf qugi sj bgz ?
mj crrctgktjs. Iclpjzg Lfmjig`jl
Mjs`gstj hflpjksgtørcf iclpjzg
mjsckbjhàèf mjsckbjhàè f
lfmjig`jl
^jlfàèf mf flnrf ‘ mjktjs gktjrcfrjs. G hgvcmgmj mjvj jstgr ckukmgmg j trfhgmg g
Gktjs mj ckchcgr f trgtgljktf jkmfmýktchf
hgmg pgssg`jl mg iclg.
pjrcgpchgi. mjvj-sj bgzjr ulg rgmcf`rgbcg pjrcgpchgi. F^]F^GMCGI
kèf eç mcstfràújs
Iclpjzg
F lfvcljktf mf ngtjktj gpchgi ã f Jiclckgr fs crrctgktjs
lfvcljktf mj ^F]GÀÈF. mj ^F]GÀÈF.
Gàèf ljhîkchg F suhjssf mf trgtgljktf jkmfmýktchf
Gàèf quìlchg
mjpjkmj mf prjpgrf quìlchf-ljhîkchf hfl pfstjrcfr fnturgàèf mf hgkgi rgmchuigr.
Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
Jx?
Lfmjig`jl
Xj ul
mjktj
pfssuc hflprcljktf
gpgrjktj mf mjktj (HGM) mj >8 ll, kf
Rcsg pfr ljcf mg ckstruljktgàèf, fntjr ul hgkgi mj bfrlgtf hýkchf hfktìkuf, sjl gitjrgr g bfrlg frc`ckgi mf hgkgi.
H]Q mclckuc-sj 8 ll. HGM ‘ 8ll < H]Q. (>8 ‘ 8 ll < >1. Kjstj hgsf, f H]Q < >1)
◆ ]rgksbjrcr f vgifr mf H]Q pgrg g iclg
Hfrfg çpchj Çpchj hfrfg
prjvcgljktj jshfiecmg. F tglgkef mf H]Q mjvj sjr ljksurgmf hfl f hursfr mg
_FKG H^Ì]CHG GQCHGI
iclg, g bcl mj quj jij bcquj jxgtgljktj
8 g = ll mg rgcz gpchgi
kg ckhcsgi mf mjktj. Ljmcgtg
f mjktj hfl g iclg (rgmcf`rgbcg ^gmcf`rgbgr f KJZ]^GIC_GÀÈF
Cljmcgtg
fmfktflãtrchg).
Ljmcgtg ‘ pghcjktj hgrmcfpgtg, qugkmf kèf tjl tjlpf
M (mcstîkhcg mg pfktg mg iclg gtã f çpchj) Jssg mcstîkhcg mg pfktg mg iclg gtã f
Cljmcgtg ‘ hfrfg çpchj, tjràf g tjràf
çpchj mf mjktj ã ljmcmg, tglnãl, hfl ulg rã`ug piçstchg.
FMFK]FLJ]^CG
Hflprcljktf ^jgi mf Mjktj (H^M)
Mjbckcr f hflprcljktf mf mjktj hfl ngsj kg rgmcf`rgbcg ckchcgi
Hfl ngsj kf vgifr fntcmf jktrj g pfktg mg iclg j f çpchj, sgnjrjlfs qugktfs
Hflprcljktf Gpgrjktj Mf Mjktj (HGM).
ll pfmj -sj gckmg gmjktrgr, mjtjrlckgkmf
(Ljmj-sj, hfl ulg rã`ug piçstchg, mg ckhcsgi
f Hflprcljktf Hflprcljktf ^ ^jgi jgi mf Mjktj.
á rgcz mf mjktj)
JU? H]Q + M < H^M. Jx? H]Q < > 1 ll j M< >ll, H^M< >>.
Hflprcljktf mj ]rgngief Qrfvcsørcf (H]Q) Jssj vgifr hfrrjspfkmj gf HGM ‘ 8 ll. Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
Mjtjrlckgr f
Hflprcljktf
^jgi
mj
]rgngief (H^])
Ngtjktj Gpchgi? Bgz g ckstruljktgàèf mf hgkgi, ’sunckmf“ hjrhg mj 8 fu = iclgs gpøs
f CGC. ã f hflprcljktf rjgi mf mjktj ‘ 7 ll.
Jx? Iclg 81 (CGC), jl sjquïkhcg, Iclg 8:,
Jx? H^M < >1 ll ‘ 7ll < H^]? 73 ll
Iclg =1, Iclg =:.
JU?
G hgmg lumgkàg mj iclg, usg-sj g iclg ljlørcg pgrg c`ugigr f hgkgi.
Qgtïkhcg
CGB < >>ll
(>:)
Jx? Iclg 81 (CGC), Iclg 81 (iclg (ic lg ljlørcg)
H^] (-7) < >7ll (81,8:,=1)
Ngtjktj gpchgi
# =: - >1ll
Iclg ljlørcg? F ÿitclf ckstruljktf g sjr
# :1 - 73ll
utciczgmf kg prcljcrg bgsj mf prjpgrf. Jig
# :: - 75ll
mjbckcrç, tglnãl, f tglgkef mf hfkj mg `utg pjrheg g sjr utciczgmg.
]ÃHKCHG JXHGIFKGMG
@G]JX
- Lgcfr rjlfàèf mj rjsìmufs j rgspgs mj
K¿ 7 ‘ :1
mjktckg.
K¿ > ‘ 01
- Lgcfr crrc`gàèf mf 7 √ 8 gpchgi.
K¿ 8 ‘ 31
- Lgcfr glpicgàèf mf bfrglj .
K¿ = ‘ 771
- Lgcfr glpicgàèf mf ngtjktj.
K¿ : ‘ 781
- Lgkutjkàèf mg bfrlg frc`ckgi mf bfrglj gpchgi.. gpchgi
K¿ 2 ‘ 7:1
Mj`rgu
G bgitg mj pgtïkhcg hgusg
_cp ]rgkspfrtj mf bfrglj
_fkg mj sj`urgkàg j zfkg mj pjrc`f
Qjrburgàújs
_fkg mj pjrc`f? g pgrtj cktjrkg mg hurvgturg
Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
* G iclg`jl ã sjlprj pgrg f igmf mg zfkg mj sj`urgkàg *
Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
Qgrglfkfhifrfbjkfi
G ljmchgàèf cktrghgkgi tjl hflf fnojtcvf, prckhcpgiljktj, pftjkhcgiczgr g iclpjzg mf
hgkbfrgmf
hgkgi j g rjpgrgàèf tjhcmugi. Jl pfipgs kjhrfsgmgs, jig jvctg, tglnãl, g prficbjrgàèf
Ckmchgmf hflf ljmchgàèf cktrghgkgi jl
nghtjrcgkg.
pfipgs
kjhrfsgmgs
ckstruljktgàèf
kèf
qugkmf bfr
tjrlckgmg
g jl
gpjkgs ulg sjssèf. sjssèf.
Ecmrøxcmf mj hçihcf F ecmrøxcmf mj hçihcf bfc cktrfmuzcmf pfr
Gàèf?
Ejrlgk, jl 73>1, j ã jlprj`gmf gckmg
- nghtjrchcmg
jl mcgs gtugcs. gtugcs.
Hcljktf mj cfkýljrf mj
Bukàèf? - Gnsfrvj sjhrjàújs puruijktgs
vcmrf
- ncfhflpgtìvji
Lgtjrcgi rjstgurgmfr prfvcsørcf. F cfkýljrf
- Nghtjrchcmg
tjl
hflf
- Nfl hustf njkjbìhcf j bçhci lgkcpuigàèf
icnjrgàèf
Jxjlpifs mj vjìhuifs mj mcssfiuàèf? sfrf4
gmjqugàèf
gkjstãschf4 vgsjickg
ljcf nuhgi. nuhgi.
Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
vgktg`jl
mj mf
g
hfkstgktj
biÿfr , hfignfrgkmf pgrg g
Bukàèf? - Nfl sjigljktf lgr`ckgi
F]FXQF^CK QFIQG RC]GI
HGIJK
- Ngcxg sfiuncicmgmj - ^jscstïkhcg ljhîkchg - Icnjrgàèf mj biÿfr
J.M.].G F JM]G ã ul ngschgljktj, mjktckg.
]^CH^JXFBFLGICKG
QFIQG KÈF
HGIJK
RC]GI
qujigktj qujigkt j quj sjrvj,
hflf
glfijhjmfr
Jij ’rfung“
ìfks
mj
mj hçihcf,
mjslckjrgiczgkmf g mjktckg j tfrkgkmf-g ljkfs
rjscstjktj,
f
quj bghcictg
kg
gnjrturg mf hgkgi. hgkgi.
Bukàèf? - Ncfhflpgtìvji - Gktcssãptchf
Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
G fnturgàèf ã f prjjkhecljktf mf hgkgi hfl lgtjrcgcs ckjrtjs quj
prflfvgl
Hfkjs Ghjssørcfs? Ghjssørcfs? Gpøs hfifhgmf f hfkj
fu gktcssãptchfs ul
sjigljktf
prckhcpgi, f hfkmutf ã prjjkhecmf hfl hfkjs Ghjssørcfs.
trcmcljkscfkgi j jstcluijl f prfhjssf m j rjpgrf. Zl hgkgi njl fnturgmf clpjmj ckbcitrgàújs.
@utg pjrheg Hflpfstg mj øxcmf mj zckhf. Rgktg`jks? Rgktg`jks?
- Nfg gmgptgàèf - Bçhci rjlfàèf. rjlfàèf.
Mjsvgktg`jl? Mjsvgktg`jl?
- Bgitg mj rc`cmjz - Bgitg mj gmjscvcmgmj. Hfkj prckhcpgi? Xju prckhcpgi? Xju tglgkef ã mjbckcmf hfl ngsj kg iclg`jl, jspjhcgiljktj, hfl f mcîljtrf mg iclg ljlørcg. G `utg pjrheg mjvj sjr pfschcfkgmg g 7ll gquãl mf HMH (hgkgi ( hgkgi mjktf-hjljktçrcf). mjktf-hjljktçrcf). 7. >. 8.
Gvgicgàèf vcsugi4 Gvgicgàèf tçtci (trgvgljktf)4 Gvgicgàèf rgmcf`rçbchg (prfvg mf hfkj).
Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
G crrc`gàèf cr rc`gàèf pfmjrç sjr bjctg hfl fs sj`ucktjs lgtjrcgcs? Ecpfhifrctf mj Xømcf jl mcbjrjktjs pfrhjktg`jks,
Ç`ug
Mjstcigmg,
Xfrf
Bcscfiø`chf, Qjrøxcmf mj Ecmrf`ïkcf 71%.
G sfiuàèf pfssug? - Nfg vcshfscmgmj
- Ncfhflpgtcncicmgmj - Gàèf gktclchrfncgkg - Ngcxg tjksèf supjrbchcgi
Xfiuàèf crrc`gmfrg
Qfrhjktg`jl
Mgdjk Lcitfk Igngrrgquj Xfmg hifrgmg
1,7:% 7,1% >,:% =g2%
Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
Gitjrgàújs puipgrjs
Qrjsscfkg g hfrtchgi øssjg j
QGIQGÀÈF Qfmjl vcr fu kèf hfl scktflgtfif`cg
`jrgiljktj ã qugkmf f mjktj tjl ijsèf pjrcgpchgi.
mfifrfsg.
]JX]JX? Wujktj ?? hfl f ngstèf mj `utgpjrheg
]Ã^LCHFX
.
Jsqujktg
kg
iglpgrckg j hfifhg kf mjktj. Brcf? jkmf chj, hfifhg kg pjiftckeg Brcf? jkmf mj gi`fmèf. Kèf gkjstjscg, hfljàg g gnrcr sj
HGRCMGMJ
f pghcjktj kèf rjigtgr mfr ã pfrquj jstç kjhrfsgmf.
Efrczfktgi? tjstg tjstg fs Efrczfktgi? ic`gljktfs gf rjmfr mf mjktj
QJ^HZXXÈF Rjrtchgi? Rjrtchgi? tjstg tjstg fs ic`gljktfs
^GMCF@^GBCGX - JXXJKHCGI
mf çpchj
Mjktj hfl kjhrfsj puipgr ‘ jshurjhcljktf (pfcs f mjktj pgrg mj rjhjnjr crrc`gàèf)
Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
* Mfr prfvfhgmg, cktjrlctjktj, mj hurtg
Qfipg
murgàèf
]jhcmf hfkouktcvf brfuxf quj jstç kg hîlgrg puipgr
Mfhj
Rgsfs sgk`uìkjfs
Mfr Brcf
Ickbçtchfs
Quipctj crrjvjrsìvji Hfkmcàèf ckbiglgtørcg puipgr quj jvfiuc pgrg ulg kjhrfsj. * Mfr jspfktîkjg, guljktg gf mjctgr NGH]Ã^CG GKGJ^ØNCGX Wujktj
Mfr NGH]Ã^CG LCX]G NGH]Ã^CGX GJ^ØNCGX
Quipctj hrýkchg ecpjrpiçschg Gitjrgàèf puipgr quj gprjsjktg tjhcmf mj `rgkuigàèf jxunjrgktj, uitrgpgssgkmf fs iclctjs mg hîlgrg puipgr.
Quipctj rjvjrsìvji Hfkmcàèf ckbiglgtørcg puipgr, kg qugi, gpøs g rjlfàèf mf jstìluif g pfipg vfitg gf sju jstgmf KF^LGI. - Hrjshcljktf ecpjrpiçschf mg pfipg Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
- ]jstjs tãrlchfs ckmchgl sj ã rjvjrsìvji fu
Çrjg
rgmcfiÿhcmg
crrjvjrsìvji.
mjsvctgiczgmf.
kf
çpchj
mf
mjktj
Kjhrfsj puipgr ßitclf jstç`cf mg jvfiuàèf mf prfhjssf ckbiglgtørcf, fkmj kèf eç sckgcs mj vctgicmgmj.
Qjrchjljktctj gpchgi g`umg à ulg ckbiglgàèf g`umg mfs tjhcmfs
Gsscktflçtchg
sctugmfs jl vfitg mf çpchj.
* Kèf rjspfkmj gfs tjstjs tãrlchfs.
Mjpjkmjkmf mf g`jktj g`rjssfr pfmj sj trgksbfrlgr
jl
gnshjssf
g`umf
fu
pjrcfmfktctj gpchgi hrýkchg .
@rgkuiflg pjrcgpchgi Ijsèf hrýkchg rjsuitgktj mj ulg kjhrfsj puipgr, huofs prfmutfs gtck`jl g rj`cèf mj
Mfr prfvfhgmg pjig prjssèf j fhiusèf. ^gmcf`rgbchgljktj? jspjàgljktf mg iîlckg murg
pjrcçpchj j jstcluigl? - ecpjrjlcg
Gnshjssf mjktf givjfigr
- jmjlg
g`umf
- rjgnsfràèf øssjg
Ckbiglgàèf g`umg puruijktg j ifhgiczgmg,
- bfrlgàèf mj tjhcmf t jhcmf mj `rgkuigàèf
egvjrç
sjlprj
pficlfrbfskuhijgrjs. * Çrjg rgmcfiÿhcmg kf çpchj mf mjktj. *
Hcstf pjrcgpchgi ^jvjstcmf
cktjrkgljktj
pfr
jpctãicf,
hfktjkmf iìqucmf kf sju cktjrcfr. * ^jstfs jpctjicgcs mj Lgigssjs * Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
g
prjsjkàg
mj
Bgsj ckchcgi? G hfijàèf puruijktg jstç iclctgmg g rj`cèf GQCHGI. - Gnjrturg hfrfkçrcg - Mrjkg`jl jspfktîkjg - Gktcncøtchf
Bgsj jl jvfiuàèf? Gvgkàg pjifs ifhgcs hfl trgnãhuigs j hfrtchgcs mji`gmgs . - Gnjrturg hfrfkçrcg - Gktcncøtchf
Bgsj jvfiuìmg ? Rcg bìstuig - Gktcncøtchf
Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
à ul ckhflpijtf mjsjkvfivcljktf mg rgcz,
Jxtjrkg ? Ghfktjhj kg pgrtj jxtjrkg mg rgcz.
quj pfmj sjr hgusgmf pfr cktjrrupàèf hjiuigr (trgtgljktf frtfmýktchf)
mg ngckeg jpctjicgi mj ejtwck. ejtwck . G rczf`ïkjsj clpjrbjctg ghfktjhj jl mjktjs ofvjks.
Kg rjgnsfràèf cktjrkg bgz tfmf prfhjssf ncfljhîkchf j hfifhg L]G ‘ crç jstghcfkgr g rjgnsfràèf. ]ãhkchgs?
Gpchcbchgàèf
Mjktj kjhrfsgmf
Lfmgicmgmj mj trgtgljktf fkmj jstcluig g bfrlgàèf mj ulg ngrrjcrg hgihcbchgmg kf çpchj mf mjktj. Xj f mjktj pjrlgkjktj jruphcfkfu j g hrcgkàg sfbrju ul trgulg , ulg hçrcj luctf jxtjksg cssf pfmj cktjrrflpjr f prfhjssf mj rczf`ïkjsj.
- Ecmrøxcmf mj hçihcf - L]G L]G
Fu
◆ Iclpjzg mf tjhcmf hgrcgmf ◆ Ghjssf g hîlgrg puipgr ◆ Qrjpgrf ncfljhîkchf
]cpfs mj rjgnsfràèf r gmchuigr Cktjrkg? ghfktjhj mjktrf mf hgkgi rgmchuigr
◆ Hfifhg-sj f lgtjrcgi jshfiecmf
(21 jl 21 mcg trfhgr)
Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
^jvgshuigrczgàèf
Qfipg kjhrfsgmg
^jstgnjijhcljktf mg vctgicmgmj puipgr, jl pfipgs kjhrfsgmgs, hfl mjsjkvfivcljktf rgmchuigr j bfrtgijhcl bfr tgijhcljktf jktf Jl çpchjs gnjrtfs gtã 7,: ll (pgrg quj egog pjkjtrgàèf mfs tjhcmfs) 7¿ hfksuitg? - Gkjstjscg - Crrc`gàèf - Qrjjkhecljktf mf hgkgi hfl ulg pgstg mj gktcncøtchf (ljtrfkcmgzfi) - Xjigljktf prfvcsørcf >¿ hfksuitg (> g = sjlgkgs) - ^jlfvjr g ljmchgàèf cktrghgkgi hfl JM]G g 70 % - Ckmuàèf mj sgk`rgl sgk`rgljktf jktf mf hgkgi hgkgi - Hfifhg-sj 8ll mj L]G - Hfifhg-sj cfkýljrf mj vcmrf mj 8 g = ll sfnrj f L]G. - ^jstgurgàèf hfl rjsckg
Gpchc`ïkjsj
Qfipg vcvg
Hflpijljktgàèf rgmchuigr, jl mjktjs quj gprjsjktg pjif ljkfs tjhcmf vcvf kg pfràèf gpchgi. - Ecmrøxcmf mj hçihcf
^JBJ^ÏKHCG Icvrf? Jkmfmfktcg (ncfif`cg j tãhkchg) ‘ Ifpjs j Xcqujcrg.
- Øxcmf mj zckhf j ju`jkfi Arjsulfsfmfktfif`cg
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