EN 14531-1

DRAFT

ÖNORM

EN 14531-1 Edition: 2012-10-01

Railway applications — Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilisation braking Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles

Bahnanwendungen — Verfahren zur Berechnung der Anhalte- und Verzögerungsbremswege und der Feststellbremsung — Teil 1: Grundlagen Applications ferroviaires — Méthodes de calcul des distances d'arrêt, de ralentissement et d'immobilisation — Partie 1: Algorithmes généraux utilisant des valeurs moyennes pour des compositions de trains ou véhicules isolés

Note: Because of possible comments, the final version of this ÖNORM can differ from the present Draft. Please send your comments (in writing) by 2012-11-15 to Austrian Standards Institute.

AS+ Shop 06.05.2015

Publisher and printing Austrian Standards Institute/ Österreichisches Normungsinstitut (ON) Heinestraße 38, 1020 Wien Copyright © Austrian Standards Institute 2012. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical and photocopying or any other data carrier – without prior permission! E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.as-plus.at/nutzungsrechte Sale and distribution of national and foreign standards and technical regulations via Austrian Standards plus GmbH Heinestraße 38, 1020 Wien E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.as-plus.at Webshop: www.as-plus.at/shop Tel.: +43 1 213 00-444 Fax: +43 1 213 00-818

ICS Identical (IDT) with

45.060.01 prEN 14531-1:2012-07

Supersedes

ÖNORM EN 14531-1:2006-01

responsible

Committee 213 Railway applications

DRAFT ÖNORM EN 14531-1:2012

Explanations concerning Draft The present Draft European Standard EN 14531-1 has been submitted to CEN members for voting. In case of a positive result of the voting as required by CEN/CENELEC regulations, this Draft will be published as EN. Like all member organizations of CEN, Austrian Standards Institute is basically obliged to implement European Standards in Austria and to withdraw conflicting standards. Austrian Standards Institute herewith submits this Draft of a European Standard as Draft ÖNORM to public enquiry and information. Since a German translation is not yet available, the English version of prEN 14531-1 is submitted to public enquiry and information, in order to observe the deadline fixed by CEN.

Comments on this Draft Please find below some practical instructions intended to offer you and the responsible committee assistance for the processing of comments and proposals for modification: Form

Structure

Please use a new line for each comment. This facilitates the attribution of the comments received to the different clauses and chapters of the respective Draft.

Language

Please formulate technical comments on European Standards if possible in English, since English is the common working language of the most European standardizing bodies. Editorial and/or linguistic proposals for change/improvement of German versions of European Standards shall (certainly) be submitted in German.

Script/Format

Dispatch

AS+ Shop 06.05.2015

Aspects concerning patent law

2

For your comments/proposals for change, please use the relevant form available from Internet. Download under http://www.as-institute.at/en/standards/developing-standards/offersolutions/comments/ or use the Draft Standard Portal http://www.as-institute.at/en/standards/draft-standard-portal/

Please use the script „Arial“ with 9 pt font size. Please do not change the formats. Please send your comments by E-Mail to the responsible Committee Manager ([email protected]) The recipients of this Draft ÖNORM are requested to add information on any patent rights known to their comments and to provide supporting documentation, if available.

EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE

DRAFT prEN 14531-1

EUROPÄISCHE NORM July 2012 ICS

Will supersede EN 14531-1:2005

English Version

Railway applications - Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilisation braking - Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles Applications ferroviaires - Méthodes de calcul des distances d'arrêt, de ralentissement et d'immobilisation Partie 1: Algorithmes généraux utilisant des valeurs moyennes pour des compositions de trains ou véhicules isolés

Bahnanwendungen - Verfahren zur Berechnung der Anhalte- und Verzögerungsbremswege und der Feststellbremsung - Teil 1: Grundlagen

This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 256. If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.

AS+ Shop 06.05.2015

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2012 CEN

All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.

Ref. No. prEN 14531-1:2012: E

prEN 14531-1:2012 (E)

Contents

ÖNORM DRAFT

Page

Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................4

AS+ Shop 06.05.2015

Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................5 1

Scope ......................................................................................................................................................6

2

Normative references ............................................................................................................................6

3 3.1 3.2

Definitions, symbols and abbreviations ..............................................................................................6 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................6 Symbols and indices .............................................................................................................................8

4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.5 4.4.6 4.4.7 4.4.8 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.5.5 4.5.6 4.6 4.7 4.7.1 4.7.2 4.7.3 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2

Stopping and slowing distances calculation ................................................................................... 10 General ................................................................................................................................................. 10 Accuracy of input values ................................................................................................................... 10 General characteristics ...................................................................................................................... 10 Train formation.................................................................................................................................... 10 Characteristics of a train .................................................................................................................... 11 Brake equipment type characteristics .............................................................................................. 13 General ................................................................................................................................................. 13 Forces of friction brake/tread brake equipment .............................................................................. 14 Forces of friction brake (disc brake) equipment ............................................................................. 20 Mean dynamic coefficient of friction (µm) ........................................................................................ 25 Brake forces of other brake equipment types ................................................................................. 25 Time characteristics ........................................................................................................................... 34 Blending concept ................................................................................................................................ 37 Sharing, proportioning of the brake forces - achieved forces ....................................................... 39 Initial and operating characteristics ................................................................................................. 39 Gradient of the track ........................................................................................................................... 39 Initial speed ......................................................................................................................................... 40 Coefficient of adhesion ...................................................................................................................... 40 Level of the brake demand ................................................................................................................ 41 Quantity of each brake equipment type available ........................................................................... 41 Calculation in degraded conditions .................................................................................................. 41 Total retarding force at train level ..................................................................................................... 41 External forces .................................................................................................................................... 42 Gradient ............................................................................................................................................... 42 Wind force on the train ....................................................................................................................... 42 Train resistance .................................................................................................................................. 42 Stopping and slowing calculation based on mean values ............................................................. 42 Mean braking force with respect to the distance ............................................................................ 42 Equivalent deceleration (ae) based on mean forces ....................................................................... 43

4.8.3

Mean decelerations supplied by each braking force ( ai ) .............................................................. 43

4.8.4 4.8.5 4.8.6 4.8.7 4.9 4.9.1 4.9.2 4.9.3 4.9.4 4.9.5 4.10

Equivalent free run distance (s0) ....................................................................................................... 44 Stopping and slowing distance (s) ................................................................................................... 44 Stopping distance on a gradient (sgrad) ........................................................................................... 45 Other specific formulae for the calculation of stopping distance ................................................. 46 Supplementary dynamic calculations .............................................................................................. 46 General ................................................................................................................................................. 46 Mass to be braked (mB) ...................................................................................................................... 46 Braking energy .................................................................................................................................... 46 Braking power ..................................................................................................................................... 48 Maximum specific power flux for each type of friction brake ........................................................ 49 Specific expressions of performance ............................................................................................... 49

2

ÖNORM DRAFT

prEN 14531-1:2012 (E)

4.10.1 4.10.2 4.10.3 4.10.4 4.10.5

General ................................................................................................................................................. 49 Braked weight percentage (λ) ............................................................................................................ 49 Braked weight ...................................................................................................................................... 50 Braking ratio ........................................................................................................................................ 50 Equivalent brake force ........................................................................................................................ 50

5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10

Immobilization brake calculation ....................................................................................................... 50 General ................................................................................................................................................. 50 General characteristics ....................................................................................................................... 50 Static coefficient of friction ................................................................................................................ 51 Train and operating characteristics .................................................................................................. 51 Immobilization force provided by equipment type .......................................................................... 51 Force of a screw hand brake (Tread brake) ...................................................................................... 51 Force of a screw hand brake (Disc brake) ........................................................................................ 51 Force of a tread brake unit ................................................................................................................. 51 Force of a disc brake unit ................................................................................................................... 52 Force of a permanent magnetic track brake ..................................................................................... 53 Immobilization force for each axle .................................................................................................... 53 Total immobilization force per train .................................................................................................. 54 Immobilization safety factor ............................................................................................................... 54 Coefficient of adhesion required by each braked axle .................................................................... 54 Maximum achievable gradient ........................................................................................................... 55

Annex A (informative) Workflow of stopping and slowing distance calculation method ......................... 56 Annex B (informative) Workflow of immobilization calculations ................................................................. 58 Annex C (informative) Brake equipment type example calculations ........................................................... 59 Annex D (informative) Train stopping distance and immobilization brake calculation example ............. 73 D.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 73 D.2 Train stopping calculations ................................................................................................................ 75 D.3 Train stopping calculations on a gradient ........................................................................................ 76 D.4 Train immobilization (parking) brake calculations .......................................................................... 77 Annex E (informative) Development of the formula for the mean brake force with respect to the braking distance .................................................................................................................................. 78 Annex F (informative) Slowing or stopping distance calculation using alternative method of equivalent response time calculation as French Railway requirements for train operating in “G” position ..................................................................................................................................... 80

AS+ Shop 06.05.2015

Annex G (informative) Requirements and example calculation of brake force data required for UK rolling stock library ............................................................................................................................. 82 G.1 Purpose ................................................................................................................................................ 82 G.2 Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 82 G.3 General ................................................................................................................................................. 82 G.4 Calculation of brake force data .......................................................................................................... 82 G.4.1 Vehicles with either a single value of brake force, or values fixed for the tare and laden conditions............................................................................................................................................. 82 G.4.2 Vehicles with a value of brake force that varies in proportion to the load .................................... 83 G.4.3 Factors to be considered in the derivation of brake force .............................................................. 84 G.5 References (UK Standards) ................................................................................................................ 85 Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EC Directive 2008/27/EC ....................................................................................... 87 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................... 88

3

prEN 14531-1:2012 (E)

ÖNORM DRAFT

Foreword This document (prEN 14531-1:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry. This document will supersede EN 14531-1:2005. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. This series of European Standards EN 14531, Railway applications — Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilization braking consists of: 

Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles;



Part 2: Step by step calculations for train sets or single vehicles.

AS+ Shop 06.05.2015

The two Parts are interrelated and should be considered together when conducting the step by step calculation of stopping and slowing distances.

4

ÖNORM DRAFT

prEN 14531-1:2012 (E)

Introduction The objective of this European Standard is to enable the railway industries and operators to work with a common calculation method. It describes the general algorithms utilizing mean value calculation in the design and validation of brake equipment and braking performance for all types of train sets and single vehicles. In addition the algorithms provide a means of comparing the results of other performance calculation methods. To assist in the understanding of a standard it may be appropriate to include information in the form of normative annexes, and/or informative annexes and/or notes and examples. Normative annexes give provisions that are mandatory and additional to those in the body of the document. The inclusion of normative annexes is optional. An annex’s normative status is made clear by the way in which it is referred to in the text, by an indication in the table of contents and under the heading of the annex. Informative annexes give additional information that is not mandatory but intended to assist the understanding or use of the document. They do not contain mandatory requirements, except in the case of optional requirements. The inclusion of Informative annexes is optional. An annex’s informative status is made clear by the way in which it is referred to in the text, by an indication in the table of contents and under the heading of the annex. Informative annexes may contain optional requirements. For example, a test method that is optional may contain requirements but there is no need to comply with these requirements to claim compliance with the document.

AS+ Shop 06.05.2015

Notes and examples integrated in the text of a document are only used for giving additional information that is not mandatory, but are intended to assist the understanding or use of the document. These elements do not contain requirements or any information considered indispensable for the use of the document.

5

prEN 14531-1:2012 (E)

1

ÖNORM DRAFT

Scope

This European Standard describes general algorithms which may be used for all types of train sets, units or single vehicles, including high speed, locomotive and passenger coaches, conventional vehicles and wagons. This standard does not specify the performance requirements. It enables the estimation and,/or comparison by calculation of the various aspects of the performance: stopping or slowing distances, dissipated energy, power, force calculations and immobilization braking. If it is required to validate, verify or assess braking performance it is recommended that a more detailed calculation is performed in accordance with prEN 14531-2, i. e. a step by step calculation. This European Standard contains generic examples of the calculation of brake forces for individual brake equipment types and calculation of stopping distance and immobilisation braking relevant to a train (see Annex C and D).

2

Normative references

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 14067-2, Railway applications — Aerodynamics — Part 2: Aerodynamics on open track EN 14478, Railway applications — Braking — Generic vocabulary prEN 14531-2, Railway applications — Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilisation braking — Part 2: Step by step calculations for train sets or single vehicles ISO 80000-3, Quantities and units Part 3: Space and time. ISO 80000-4, Quantities and units Part 4: Mechanics

3 3.1

Definitions, symbols and abbreviations Terms and definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in EN 14478, prEN 14531-2, ISO 80000-3 and ISO 80000-4, and the following apply. 3.1.1 static mass per axle mass measured by weighing at the wheel-rail interface, or estimated from design evaluation, of each axle in a stationary condition for each operating condition required e. g. operational mass in working order, as defined in EN 15563

AS+ Shop 06.05.2015

3.1.2 static mass of the train summation of all the static mass values per entity e. g. per axle, for each operating condition 3.1.3 equivalent rotating mass linear conversion of the moment of inertia due to rotating parts coupled to the wheelsets during braking e.g. brake disc, gear wheel etc. 3.1.4 brake equipment type (i) group of equipment the purpose of which is to provide braking force

6