EMDR Sanando La Pandilla Que Vive Adentro
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EMDR Sanando La Pandilla Que Vive Adentro...
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SANANDO A LA PANDILLA QUE VIVE ADENTRO Cómo el EMDR pued puedee sanar san ar nuestros nu estros roles roles interno inter noss de Esly Esl y Regina Regina Carv C arvalho, alho, Ph.D
Índice Prefacio ... Prefacio . .. La Metáf Me táfora ora del Traum Trauma: a: Re Recue cuerden rden a la la Muje Muje r de de Lot... El trau trauma ma y sus conse cuencias... EMDR – Eye Eye Move ment Dessensitization and Reprocessing... Play of Life y EMDR : EMDR :Ne Negoc gocian iando do la inter inte r-relación de la Pandill Pandillaa Intern Inte rna... a... La Sesión de Mariana: Habla la Pandilla Interna... Conclusiones Concl usiones ... Sobre este libro... Acerca de la Autora ...80 Formación e Información...
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Prefacio Todos tenemos “personas” que viven adentro de nosotros. Si nos detenemos a escuchar, podemos oír las “voces” de muchas de ellas. Hay una que nos dice “burra, burra” cuando cuando nos equivocamos; equivocamos; otra que tiene miedo miedo y nos impide hacer las cosas, la Miedosita. Algunos tienen un Ansioso para que nadie se queje, que nos hace tomar pésimas decisiones decisi ones con la esperanza de acabar con la ansiedad en vez de resolver resol ver el problem roble ma con prudencia prudencia y sabiduría. Y todos todos tenem tenemos os un Médico Intern Interno. o. Todos los días la l a Pandill Pandillaa Intern Internaa está presente presente en nuestra uestra vida. Existen Existen algunos roles que nos resultan evidentes: estamos conscientes de ellos. Sin embargo, existen otros que rigen nuestra vida sin que nos demos cuenta. El que ocupa el “asiento del conductor” de nuestra vida es quien toma las decisiones en determinados momentos. Si nuestro Niño Interno toma las decisiones que debe tomar el Adulto, puede provocar más embroll embrollos os que soluciones.
Cierta vez, tuve una paciente que me preguntó si yo pensaba que ella sería capaz de estudiar una lengua extranjera en otro país. Yo le dije: - Depende... - ¿Depende de qué, doctora? - Depende de quién estudie... - ¿Cómo así? - Si va la Adulta, ingeniera, joven capaz y madura, pienso que no habrá ningún problema de quedarse un mes estudiando afuera. Pero si la que viaja es su iña Interna de siete años, que vive agarrada a la falda de su mami, en 24 horas vuelve a su casa... -Ah, -Ah, creo que entendí... ente ndí... Hay roles de los que tenemos conciencia y otros sobre los que debemos poner atención (o hacer terapia) para entender qué nos pasa. Muchas veces, cuando no entendemos por qué hacemos ciertas cosas, es probable que algún rol escondido se hayaa colado hay col ado al asiento del condu c onductor ctor de nuestra uestra vida. vi da. Cierta vez, oí decir que en la homeopatía la diferencia entre el remedio y el veneno es la dosis. Pues con nuestra Pandilla Interna también es así. En algunos casos extremos, encontramos personas que llegan a tener “personalidades” distintas. (Vamos a tratar esto más adelante cuando hablemos acerca de la disociación). Esas personas
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En los últimos años, el énfasis de mi trabajo ha sido ayudar a las personas a curar sus traumas y recuerdos dolorosos oriundos de situaciones adversas. Cuanto más trabajo trabaj o esa cuestió cuestión, n, más me convenzo convenzo de que que los traumas traumas –los grandes y los pequeños– van afectando afectando nuestra nuestra vida vi da actual y nuestra nuestra capacidad capa cidad de elegir el egir respuest res puestas as y reacciones sabias para las situaciones que enfrentamos todos los días. Fuimos creados para un mundo perfecto, y realmente realmente no sabemos lidiar lidi ar con la imperfección, imperfección, la violencia, la muerte, el rompimiento de las relaciones interpersonales, la decepción y la pérdida de nuestros sueños y esperanzas de un futuro mejor. Espero que este libro pueda esclarecer la existencia de esa Pandilla Interna, la forma en que sus roles nacen y se desarrollan adentro de nosotros, cuál es la función que cumplen en nuestra vida y cómo son sus interacciones. Además, trataré de proveer algunas formas de sanar a aquellos personajes heridos de nuestra Pandilla Interna que nos impiden vivir plenamente. También aprenderemos a celebrar aquellos que nos edifican, nos lanzan lanzan hacia hacia arriba arri ba y adelan adela nte, y nos nos proveen pr oveen recursos positivos. pos itivos. Nuestra uestra propuesta es desarrolla desarr ollarr un unaa “política de buen buenaa convivencia”, convivencia”, pero ahora con los personajes que viven dentro dentro de d e nosotros, nuestra nuestra Pandilla Pandill a Interna. Interna.
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Introducción Este libro fue escrito para que el público en general pueda tomar contacto con sus roles internos: la Pandilla que vive dentro de nosotros. Por esa razón, he procurado escribir escri bir en e n uunn lengu lenguaje aje sencillo s encillo y accesible accesi ble a todos. De una manera especial, los terapeutas de Eye Movement Dessensitization and Reprocessing (Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por medio de los Movimientos Oculares - EMDR) podrán sacar provecho de los conceptos psicoterapéuticos que se presentan aquí y podrán identificar identificar los pasos a seguir seguir de los respectivos protocolos. Las personas que desean entender qué es EMDR pueden leer aquellos capítulos primero (EMDR será explicado más adelante y no al inicio del libro), libr o), ya que esto puede ayudarles ayudarles a entender entender las observaciones observa ciones casuísticas que aparecen en los capítulos iniciales. Quiero dejar claro que no creo que los roles que representan nuestra Pandilla Interna sean “personas” internas. La Pandilla Interna es una conceptualización creativa para ayu ayudarnos darnos a entender entender nuestros uestros roles y como como estos guían nu nuestros estros pensamientos, pensamientos, emociones y conductas. Así pues, se trata de construcciones internas que todos tenemos. Los casos aquí presentados son verídicos, pero tuve el cuidado de disfrazar toda la información identificadora. Todos los nombres y datos personales fueron modificados para proteger la identidad de las personas que comparten sus historias. La mayoría de estos casos ocurrieron en otros lugares, ya que he vivido y trabajado en cuatro países diferentes, y he tratado pacientes en muchos otros más. Siempre elegí nombres distintos para los casos, pero es imposible evitar nombres comunes. En ningún caso fue utilizado el nombre real del paciente. Mis clientes (pasados y presentes) pueden estar seguros de que, si encuentran un caso con un nombre parecido al suyo, ellos no son el sujeto descrito en la viñeta. Cualquier semejanza entre los nombres de mis clientes y los casos presentados es mera coincidencia. La esencia de las historias fue mantenida para fines de ilustración de lo que las nuevas terapias de reprocesamiento pueden hacer en la vida de las personas. Lastimosamente, en esos relatos la emoción y las expresiones físicas de los pacientes se pierden pi erden en la escri e scritu tura, ra, pero p ero aún a ún así tengo tengo la l a esperanz esp eranzaa de que puedan puedan tener tener una idea de cómo es la sesión, s esión, y de la rapidez r apidez y el impacto impacto del EMDR. EMDR.
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Presentación de la Pandilla que Vive Adentro Todos tenemos una “Pandilla que vive adentro”. Son nuestros roles internos que se van desarrollando durante nuestra vida. Esa Pandilla tiene algunos elementos en común: 1. En primer lugar, la Pandilla Interna existe . Existe de verdad, pero sólo dentro de nosotros. El Bebé Recién-nacido, el Niño Interno de tres años, la Niña en Crisis de 13 años, el Adolescente Rebelde, (mi) Madre o (mi) Padre, y el Médico Interno, son todos roles que de cierta manera vinieron a vivir adentro de nosotros a través de las experiencias e xperiencias que tuvim tuvimos os en el transcurso de la vida. Cada vez que algún incidente se queda emocionalmente mal digerido, o “archivado” en nuestro cerebro de una manera disfuncional, se forma dentro de nuestra existencia psíquica (y neuroquímica) alguien de nuestra Pandilla Interna. Estos son roles que se formaron adentro de nosotros. Esto constituye un desarrollo normal y no debe sorprendernos. Ana Ana Emilia: yo tengo la sensación de que vive mucha gente aquí adentro... así, de la manera que usted habla de la Pandilla Interna. Hay una enorme iedosita... ella parece una gatita asustada. Cuando se asoma, me da frio en la barriga, por el pánico. Estoy segura que no voy a poder enfrentar las situaciones más sencillas. Cuando se asoma la Adulta otra vez, yo no entiendo cómo fue que aquella Miedosita pudo tener tanto temor a una situación tan banal, tan fácil de resolver. Pero cuando la Miedosita se asoma, no hay nada que la pueda calmar. Pienso que ella necesita neces ita un abrazo, de alguien que le cuide... cui de... Lázara: Tengo una Llorona Llorona - ¿Conoce aquel árbol que tiene ramas largas y arece que llora al lado de los ríos...? ¿Un sauce? Pues... hay una Llorona que vive dentro de mí. Ella tiene unos 13 años y me contó que en donde vive dentro de mí, no hay UN adulto cerca… 2. La Pandilla Interna también existe adentro de los otros. ¿Quién no ha tenido la experiencia de conversar con alguien y de repente tiene la sensación de que deja de ser aquella persona a la que estamos acostumbrados? ¿Por qué se enfurece desmedidamente, o hace una escena de celos o se pone frío y calculador, o se porta como un niño con actitudes bien infantiles...?
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3. Arrastramos a la Pandilla Interna con nosotros por dondequiera que vamos. Lo peor es que a veces hay gente asustada adentro, o enojada, o totalmente perdida, erdid a, que de repente se asoma. asoma. Enton Entonces, ces, puede impedirnos impedirnos hacer las cosas importantes importantes que queremos. Me tomó mucho tiempo entender que el préstamo del banco es solamente apel, dijo Juan, cierta vez en una consulta. Cada vez que yo tenía que lidiar con esas cuestiones de alquiler, burocracia, o préstamos de banco, me daba un pánico total. Yo perdí buenos negocios y hasta vendí un departamento precipitadamente, orque la ansiedad interna vinculada a estos procesos me impedía tomar buenas decisiones con tranquilidad. Cuando finalmente entendí que era uno de mis Niños nternos, el que entraba en acción cada vez que yo tenía que hacer esto, pude asegurarle que el préstamo era cosa del adulto y que yo, Juan Adulto, iría a encargarme de ello. En una sesión de psicoterapia con EMDR, pude dimensionar la ansiedad infantil y transformar la “catástrofe burocrática” en una realidad adulta. Yo venía de una familia de inmigrantes, donde tuvimos que aprender una lengua extranjera y todos en casa se encontraban medio perdidos con la cultura y soterrados soterr ados bajo un mundo de información inf ormación que no tenía sentido para un extranjero. ex tranjero. A veces en la escuela, yo entendía las palabras, pero no entendía el sentido o contexto. unca me olvido de ir al banco diciéndome suavecito, “Juan. El préstamo es solamente papel. Es solamente papel. Un papel tras otro... es solamente papel...”, ero finalmente pude lograr hacerlo sin tener un ataque de ansiedad.
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decisiones es esa Madre Interna. Entones hoy decidí devolverle a mi Madre Externa todo lo que le pertenece, y de ahora en adelante yo voy a decidir esas cosas; yo, y yo misma. Adentro de nuestra Pandilla Interna vive también aquella “Madre Externa” que todavía nos “habla” y dispara cosas adentro. Ella es parte de los roles que van formándose adentro de nosotros. Pasa a formar parte de nuestra Pandilla Interna. La Madre Externa puede haber fallecido hace 20 años, pero ella sigue viva y activa adentro, a través de mi Pandilla Interna. En una sesión de EMDR con María Antonia, ella comentó que había tenido una madre muy crítica, que nunca le dio elogios ni palabras positivas. El primer recuerdo recuerdo que ella ell a tenía, a los l os cuatro años, era de la madre madre reclamando que ella había hecho algo malo. Le pedí a María Antonia que entrara en el rol de esa niña interna de cuatro años, y fuimos procesando ese recuerdo con EMDR. Quejándose llorosamente que la madre siempre le decía cosas críticas, le dije que todos tenemos un botón para regular el volumen, y que ella podría controlar el volumen de la comunicación de la madre o incluso, ponerla en “mute”. Después de una serie de movimientos bilaterales típicos del EMDR, ella comentó: - Pero los niños tienen – ¡deben! – oír la voz de la madre. Entonces le dije: - Pero usted puede elegir qué oye. Pensando una vez más, María Antonia Antonia me contestó: - Ah, ¿puedo usar un filtro? ¿Y elegir oír lo que me hace bien y no oír lo que me hace daño? - Ahora puede... 5. Las heridas de la Pandilla Interna pueden hacer daño a la Pandilla xterna. Los traumas son como astillas en el corazón de cada cual. Pero además, puede
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6 . También hay roles positivos en nuestra Pandilla Interna.
Muchas personas consideradas “fuertes” “fuertes” o resisten resis tentes, tes, tuvieron tuvieron la posibilidad posibi lidad de desenvolver miembros de su Pandilla Interna que les ayudaron a vencer los desafíos de la vida. Algunas tuvieron infancias envidiables, y por lo tanto, poseen naturalmente un repertorio repertori o natural natural de roles rol es positivos. posi tivos. Otras, lograron desarrollar desarrol lar un unaa Pandilla Intern Internaa de roles positivos a pesar pes ar de sus circunstancias. circunstancias. A veces tuvieron una una persona significativa significativa en su medio, que invirtió mucho en su crecimiento emocional. O quién sabe si nacieron con un temperamento o disposición interna que les permitió vencer las adversidades en que se encontraron. Lo cierto es que, en mayor o menor grado, en todos existen estos roles positivos. Así pues, una de las propuestas psicoterapéuticas debe ser ayudar a los client clie ntes es a rescatar y desenvolver desenvolver a los miembros positivos de su Pandilla Interna. Interna. Cierta vez Rosita me dijo : “Recuerdo que en medio del caos que fue mi amilia, yo tenía una profesora de corte y confección. Durante cuatro años yo fui a sus clases, todas las tardes. A veces v eces me sentía molesta, porque porque mi madre madre me había dicho que la condición para que yo pudiera hacer el curso, era que tenía que coser también para mi hermana. Me sentía enojada porque cuando tenía que hacer un vestido de fiesta… era desesperante terminar mi vestido y el de mi hermana también. ¡Encontraba todo aquello tan injusto! Pero Doña Fátima me ayudaba, tenía aciencia conmigo, me explicaba las cosas, y hoy me doy cuenta que aquellas clases eran un oasis de estabilidad y aprecio en mi vida de adolescente. Veo que todavía hoy hago cosas como ella me enseñó. A veces hasta me pregunto qué haría ella en tal o cual situación... 7. Podemos aprender a oír a nuestra Pandilla Interna. Todos tenemos estos diálogos internos entre los miembros de nuestra Pandilla. En la medida en que vamos aprendiendo a prestar atención a aquello que nos quieren decir, a sus necesidades, a como se formaron, lo que necesitan para calmarse y vivir mejor, tendremos más salud en la vida. Aprender a escucharnos es un gran don. Si se nos enseña a escuchar a los
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8. Porque estos roles viven adentro de nosotros y son fruto de nuestra ercepción, podemos cambiar su contenido. No tenemos que pensar que estamos
condenados a vivir eternamente eternamente amarr amarrados ados y atrapados atrap ados a una una infancia infancia infeliz o a experiencias que nos atormentaron la vida entera y nos continúan perjudicando en el presente. Las percepciones percepci ones de los miembros de nuestra uestra Pandilla Intern Internaa pueden cambiar. Además, pueden ser liberados para hacer nuevas elecciones y opciones, y tomar decisiones que nos traigan salud, realización personal, y una mayor satisfacción con la vida. Jennifer: Jennifer : yo me acuerdo que cuando era pre-adolescente y toda larg l arguirucha, uirucha, un día íbamos a un festejo. Dentro del auto, mi tío y otros niños empezaron a burlarse de mí, y me sentí tan molesta con eso, que acabe bajándome del auto. Volví a la casa a pie. Sentí que era como un bebé abandonada al borde del camino. Me sentí muy lastimada con todo aquello. Imaginen que mi madre, madre, que estaba también en el carro, ¡permitió que me hicieran esto! La terapeuta terapeuta dijo a Jen Je nnifer nifer que ahora ahora podría rehacer r ehacer la escena en términos términos ideales, ideal es, de la manera manera en que a ella le l e hubiera hubiera gust gustado ado que sucediera. Lueg uegoo de reprocesar con los movimientos bilaterales de EMDR, Jennifer dijo: Pero ahora estoy viendo que yo, la Adulta, puedo rescatar a esa niña que necesita la protección de adre y madre. (MBs [1] ) Además, recuerdo recuerdo que mi madre madre comentaba que ella – mi madre madre – había sido muy muy ridiculizada ridiculi zada en la adolescencia. (MBs) Ahora Ahora yo puedo hacer las cosas de forma distinta. Puedo decirle a mi Adolescente Larguirucha lo que quería que mi madre le dijera: “Tu eres mi hijita querida, y voy a volver contigo”. h! Veo a mi madre haciéndolo, volviendo conmigo para no dejarme volver sola y me siento sient o defendida y amparada. (MBs) (MBs) No tengo más odio. Comprendo Comprendo lo que pasó: ella ell a también fue víctima como yo. (MBs) Ella volvió conmigo y le dijo a mi tío que ya no íbamos a la fiesta. Ella y yo nos fuimos conversando por el camino, ella pasó por una tienda y fuimos comiendo caramelos.
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La Metá M etáfora fora del de l Trauma: Trauma: Recuerden a la Mujer de Lot Una de las mejores metáforas del trauma viene de la Biblia. Se trata de una historia muy antigua y bastante conocida de los estudiosos de las Escrituras judíocristian cris tianas. as. La historia historia es más o menos menos así (versi ( versión ón C Carval arvalho) ho)[2] [2]:: El antepasado de los judíos, Abraham, tenía un sobrino que se llamaba Lot. Ambos tenían muchas ovejas y cabritos, y sus sirvientes comenzaron a pelear por los pastos. Para que no no hubiera hubiera desacuerdos en la famili familia, a, Abraham le propuso a Lot que se separaran y que Lot escogiera a qué lado quería ir. Lot estuvo de acuerdo y eventualmente fue a vivir en una ciudad llamada Sodoma. Según la narración bíblica, Dios decidió destruir esa ciudad, pero como se había comprometido con Abraham a salvar a los justos, él mandó un ángel a avisar a Lot de que saliera corriendo de allá con su familia. Lot llevó a los ángeles a su casa, pensando que eran seres humanos, y los áng ángeles eles le dieron di eron el aviso. a viso. El mensaje mensaje divino incluía la instrucción instrucción de que huy huyesen y que no mirasen hacia atrás hasta llegar a su destino. Los novios de las hijas de Lot no creyeron en el mensaje – pensaron que se trataba de una broma – y se quedaron en la ciudad, mientras que Lot, su esposa y sus dos hijas salieron corriendo hacia la planicie. Apenas habían recorrido cierta distancia, cuando comenzó a llover azufre del cielo sobre la ciudad. Todos juntitos, siguieron huyendo, pero por alguna razón que nadie puede explicar, la mujer de Lot decidió mirar hacia atrás ¡y se con co nvirtió en estatua estatua de sal! sal ! Esa es la metáfora del trauma: de cierta manera nos transforma en estatuas de sal, eternamente congeladas mirando hacia atrás donde está ocurriendo la tragedia y la
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Cuando queremos hacer algo diferente, ellas se aterran y dicen que “¡No! ¡Mira el peligro! ¡Mira la destrucción! ¡Meternos en esto será un desastre!” Lo que resulta más interesante es que recientes estudios de neurobiología confirman y explican cómo esos recuerdos se atascan y se congelan en las redes asociativas de la memoria que hay adentro de nuestro cerebro. No sólo es la metáfora la que nos atrapa. Nuestro propio cerebro archiva los recuerdos de forma mal-adaptativa en esos casos. La memoria no resuelta se queda guardada en las redes neuronales de forma desconectada de las herramientas mentales que podrían ayudar a metabolizarlas y digerirlas. Hoy en día podemos ver esto en las tomografías cerebrales sofisticadas. El recuerdo traumático del pasado queda sin resolverse en el cerebro de la misma manera en que la estatua queda congelada viendo la destrucción. La verdad es que de cierta forma, podemos decir que fuimos creados para un mundo perfecto y nunca nos acostumbramos a la maldad o a la imperfección. La vida y los traumas nos rompen a todos, y cuando estos ocurren, dentro de nosotros se van formando pequeñas “estatuas de sal”. Pasamos el resto de la vida arrastrando esas estatuas hasta el día – si es que llega – en que finalmente logramos visitar esos recuerdos, esas es as estat es tatuuas, y descongelar descongelarlas. las. ¿Cóm ¿Cómoo ocurre esto? e sto? Es el tema tema de este libro, li bro, pero vale decir que la relación relac ión terapéutica terapéutica es un unaa de las maneras más interesa interesanntes de consegu conseguir “abrazar” esas e sas estatuas estatuas y descongelarlas a través del amor amor y del afecto. Hay muchas técnicas, enfoques, sugerencias y terapias. En los capítulos que
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El trauma y sus consecuencias El trauma nos perjudica de muchas maneras... más de lo que muchas personas imaginan. Y no sólo los “traumas obvios” como secuestros, violaciones, muertes violentas, experiencias de guerra, terremotos, huracanes destructores. Cuando hablamos de traumas hablamos también de aquellos que se encuadran en experiencias dolorosas que no necesariamente encajan en los diagnósticos oficiales de médicos y psicólogos. Los traumas light t ambién hacen daño. Por ejemplo, un paciente que se queja que todos los días durante la infancia y adolescencia, el padre criticaba su forma de comer en la mesa porque sin querer derramaba una una taza de leche, el tenedor tenedor caía ca ía al a l suelo, no sabía sabí a manejar manejar los lo s cubiertos, su conversación era tonta… y hoy reclama que tiene dificultad para salir a comer con sus amigos. Tomar una cerveza, lo hace con dificultad, ¿pero sentarse a la mesa a cenar? ¡Jamás es diversión! La ansiedad le revuelve el estomago, el corazón se le dispara, llega a sudar frío ¡porque va a comer con los amigos! No podemos decir que este paciente tiene un diagnóstico diagnóstico de Trastorno de Estrés Pos-Traum Pos-Traumático (TEPT), pero definitivamente esos recuerdos crean situaciones difíciles para él y limitan su vida cotidiana.
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Selena compartió con enorme tristeza: yo tuve una hermanita que nació muchos años después que los demás. Luego que me quedé embarazada de mi primer hijo, ella murió. Se contagió de una de esas enfermedades comunes de la época y murió a los siete años. En ese entonces no había antibióticos ni remedios para esas enfermedades de niños. Mi madre nunca más fue la misma. Antes ella se vestía de seda y joyas, se hacía peinar pei nar el cabello cabel lo todas las l as semanas en la peluquería, peluquerí a, y andaba siempre arreglada. Después que murió mi hermana, nunca más se puso esas ropas, ropas, desistió de las joyas y nunca más frecuentó al peluquero. Se dejó crecer el cabello y usaba un moño como era común en aquel tiempo. Ella nunca superó la muerte de mi hermanita. 2. Lo que va a ayudar a sanar esos recuerdos es justamente la posibilidad de reprocesar e integrar adaptativamente el contenido de ellos. Es lo que hacen las
nuevas terapias de reprocesamiento. Crean nuevas conexiones cerebrales que permiten el surgimiento de nuevas informaciones e insights, y transforman los recuerdos traum traumáticos en nuevas nuevas percepciones percepci ones resolut res olutivas. ivas. Eliana comento: Solté a mi niña interna para que pudiera jugar en un lugar seguro. Hacía dos años que no experimentaba esto… yo antes era una muñeca de eso. De hecho, hay estudios que proponen la hipótesis de que el trauma es mucho más un un distu dis turbi rbioo del sueño que de la memori emoriaa (Stickgold (Stickgold 2007 2007[3] [3]). ). En cuanto
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3. El trauma es la secuela de vivencias de peligro (real y/o percibido) que no conseguimos resolver adecuadamente. Es conocido que cuando nos enfrentamos
con una situación de peligro es probable que reaccionemos en alguna de las siguientes tres formas normales: huir, luchar o congelarnos.[4] congelarnos. [4] Cuando un zorro encuentra un conejo en el bosque, el conejo sabe que hay que reaccionar o se va a convertir en la cena. Si se ve acorralado, lucha porque es la única oportunidad de salir vivo de las garras del zorro. Si piensa que puede correr más que el zorro, el conejo huye. Pero a veces, en la carrera, cuando el zorro se aproxima, el conejo puede congelarse: cae como muerto en un estado fisiológico que hace creer al zorro que murió de susto. Como la carne muerta no le interesa al zorro, éste se retira. Cuando el conejo percibe que el peligro pasó, empieza empieza a temblar temblar y sacudirse que es su manera de salir sali r del estado de congelamiento. Este riesgo es tan alto, que si no lo hace correctamente, puede llegar a morir de verdad. Terminado el proceso de descongelamiento, el conejo vive para ver otro día sin secuela del de l trauma. trauma. En los seres humanos hay muchas de esas mismas reacciones, y las estatuas de sal muchas veces son sólo un rol adentro de nosotros que no conseguimos “sacudir” de forma apropiada. La experiencia es que “no pasó” y el peligro se siente eternamente presente. De cierta manera podemos decir, según el sabio Job (aquel mismo de la paciencia), que Dios colocó la eternidad en nuestros nuestros corazones. corazones. Hoy en día, un unaa forma forma
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4. Una de las cosas que el trauma nos quita es la capacidad de elegir .
Fuimos creados para tener libre albedrío. La salud siempre implica la posibilidad de elegir cómo voy a responder o actuar. El trauma acaba con esa capacidad de elección y nos obliga obl iga a repetir rep etir compor comportam tamientos. ientos. Esto nos nos ayuda ayuda a entender entender por qué ciertas cie rtas personas repiten conductas conductas destru des tructivas, ctivas, aun aunque que no quieran hacerlo. (¿Q ( ¿Quuién no conoce la mujer que se queda en una relación violenta? ¿Quién sabe qué traumas anteriores le impiden romper este vínculo dañino…?) Vale la pena averiguar su historia de vida y ver en qué momento esos recuerdos comenzaron a congelarse. Las estatuas no nos ofrecen alternativas de conducta. 5. El trauma hace que creamos en mentiras sobre nosotros . Una de las cosas que suceden cuando vivimos una experiencia dolorosa y no logramos procesarla (o “digerirla”) es que los recuerdos se quedan guardados no sólo con el dolor, pero tambié tambiénn con lo que pensamos, sentimos sentimos físicam física mente, los olores olo res,, sonidos, colores colo res - todo eso queda vinculado en ese recuerdo, en los archivos de nuestro cerebro. Esos pensamient ensamientos os suelen ser irracionales irr acionales y falsos. Hay una parte dentro dentro de nosotros nosotros que dice que todo esto es mentira, pero la parte que vivió la experiencia y continua “viendo” la destrucción no logra creer en la verdad sobre lo que sucedió y permitir que soltemos los recuerdos. La estatua no cree en lo que decimos en nuestro rol adulto. Leticia: Letici a: Yo Yo no pienso que soy una persona interesante. i nteresante. Desde que me sucedió s ucedió aquello a los 10 años, yo pienso que soy pobre, fea y que nadie iba a querer quedarse
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metabolizar todo esto espontáneamente a través de sus recursos y resistencias internas... pero no siempre es posible, posi ble, y es ahí que existe existe el peligro del cong congelamien elamiento to traum traumático. Tener estatuas internas derivadas de esas cosas es común, pero limitante. Nuestro cerebro sencillamente no logró procesar la enormidad de lo que nos sucedió. Bessel van der Kolk [5], [5] , comenta que la dificultad del trauma es enfrentar la verdad de lo que sucedió: es manejarse con la verdad. 6. El trauma nos trae pensamientos obsesivos e intrusivos. No logramos dejar el trauma en el pasado. Nos perturba diariamente. Me digo a mi misma: “No voy a pensar más en esto. Voy a cambiar de asunto interno” y cambia… por poco tiempo. De repente cuando se da cuenta, otra vez está ahí, ñe-ñe-ñe, y listo, el asunto en pauta vuelve a ser la experiencia difícil. Es difícil difíc il lidia li diarr con estos pensamientos pensamientos intrusivos. En los momentos omentos más inesperados, cuando estamos tranquilos, de repente algo dispara uno de esos
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Las personas traum traumatizadas no logran aprender bien. No hay espacio espa cio cerebral cerebr al y emocional emocional para esto, es muy muy común común recibir pacientes que dicen que que son burros. Nunca Nunca les l es fue bien en la escuela. esc uela. Cuando Cuando yo pregunto pregunto cómo cómo era er a su vida en e n aquel aquel ent e ntonces onces me cuentan cuentan un unaa larga historia de humillaciones escolares, los padres que se separaron, había falta de apoyo y amparo, y así sucesivamente. Yo les explico que donde hay ese nivel de “ruido interno” no hay espacio para aprender. El problema no fue que les faltó inteligencia. Lo que faltó fue la posibilidad de poder oír la lección externa porque el ruido interno era tan alto. Cuando curamos el ruido interno, abrimos espacio para un aprendizaje real. Las estatuas de sal estaban ocupando el espacio del álgebra. 9. El trauma abre la puerta a la maldad. ¿Qué significa esto? En términos más sencillos, la violencia genera violencia. No es simplemente que las personas sean malas o malvadas. Examine sus historias de vida. Acostumbran tener historias 8. Nuestra capacidad para el aprendizaje está bloqueada/ afectada.
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por la que buscamos buscamos esa integración integración emocional emocional de la Pandilla Intern Interna: a: para que podamos odamos hacer mejores elecciones elecci ones en la vida; que podamos podamos responder de forma forma más adecuada a los desafíos que la vida y las personas nos traen; que podamos disfrutar de las alegrías y los triunfos alcanzados; amar mejor y aprender a dejarnos amar. El trauma nos roba esas posibilidades. Cuando curamos a nuestra Pandilla, rescatamos aquello que hay de esencial e importante para el ser humano: la convivencia saludable en la relación de amor y respeto mutuos – adentro y afuera de nosotros.
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Teoría de los roles Mi hija de 13 años tiene t iene Síndrome Síndrome de Down. Down. Como toda adolescente, adolescente , intenta i ntenta burlar las reglas y, aun sabiendo lo que puede o no puede hacer, insiste y desafía lo acordado. acordado. Cuando Cuando cuestioné cuesti oné una de esas “contravenciones”, respondió: “Pero, mamá, no fui yo la que hizo eso. Fue mi pensamiento. En verdad, ¡fue mi cerebro!” A lo que nuevamente cuestioné: cuesti oné: “¡Pero tu cerebro es parte tuya!” Y ella me contestó: “Entonces tendremos que conversar con este cerebro
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que la persona pers ona desempeña. desempeña. Según Moreno, el yo nace de los roles y no al contrario. Esto significa que vamos por la vida integrando esos roles que van surgiendo para poder alcanzar una sensación cada vez mayor de un yo integrado. Por esto tenemos esa experiencia de Pandilla Pandil la Interna: Interna: son nuestros nuestros roles rol es que habl hablan an y actúan dentro dentro de nosotros y que debemos procurar integrar cada vez más, siguiendo una “política de buena convivencia” convivencia” interna. interna. Para vivir vi vir feliz, nuest nuestros ros roles r oles necesitan llevarse lleva rse bien b ien entre entre sí. Moreno decía que desarrollamos roles a través del desempeño de los mismos. Inicialmente comenzamos con los roles psicosomáticos; i. e., roles de las funciones fisiológicas indispensables relacionados con el medio, tales como comer, dormir, defecar, orinar, etc. Después, poco a poco se comienzan a desarrollar los roles sociales que corresponden a las funciones que desarrolla cada individuo y por medio de las cuales
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Cada persona tiene múltiples roles que puede cumplir. Cuando los grupos o las personas cambian, cambian, los roles también también lo hacen. Esta es un unaa de las cosas maravillos aravi llosas as de trabajar con los roles de las personas: no tenemos que vivir confinados a los roles que aprendemos y tampoco a la forma de desempeñarlos (ni cantidad ni calidad de rol). Todo esto es posible cambiarlo en función de una búsqueda de calidad de vida mejor:
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Hoy ya no es tan duro estar enferma… es una realidad que puedo asumir. asumir. No sé cómo pasó, simplemente s implemente pasó, y el mundo de antes me parece ahora lejano. le jano. Ya Ya no sé lo que quiero de mi vida. Estoy en una especie de inmanencia, en la que sólo cuenta lo que hay ahora y de lo que pueda salir de este ahora. Otro aspecto interesante de los roles es que son distintos a la personalidad
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personas coment comentan an que ellas están “sabotean “sabo teando” do” sus vidas. vi das. Se quejan porque saben lo lo que tienen que hacer o dejar de hacer, pero no logran cambiar el comportamiento. Según la teoría de los roles, podemos entender que esto se debe al hecho que hay una parte cong congelada elada (disociada) (diso ciada) que no logra subir al camión camión de la vida y acompañar a la Pandilla del Yo.
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Habla la Pandilla Interna Sigue una pequeña porción de un encuentro terapéutico. Vea cómo Anabella
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M: Mostré el cuarto a Mariana Adolescente, a donde ella va a vivir conmigo. Usted sabe, ¡a las adolescent adol escentes es les le s gusta gusta tener tener su propio espacio! es pacio! Le conté conté todo a ella, ell a, en quiénes nos volvimos. Ella se sintió bien contenta. Me dijo que entendió que su madre también había tenido una vida muy difícil, que sus padres eran complicados, que ella sufrió mucho, y que no lograba ser mejor madre. En verdad, ver dad, la l a madr madree de ella, ell a, mi mi abuela, abuela , murió murió cuando mi mi madre madre tenía tan solo sol o 10 años… hubo momentos en que mi propia madre quiso matarme… mi madre sufrió mucho cuando tuvo que dejar a sus hijos atrás en China para poder escapar del comunismo, sabiendo que sus hijos iban a sufrir con el nuevo régimen, hasta que logró traerles a Brasil… Brasil … pero ahora yo entien entiendo do lo qu q ue ella ell a pasó. Fue muy muy fuerte, fuerte, ella hizo hizo lo mejor que pudo y la Adolescente ya no le tiene más rabia. T: Muy bien… ¿quién más vive allí adentro que necesita saber de su éxito actual? M: Hmm Hmm... la Madre Divorciada. Divorci ada. Ella El la tiene tiene 36 años, tiene tiene mucha mucha preocupación financiera porque hay tres hijos pequeños y no sabe si va a lograr pagar las cuentas… cómo es que va a educar a los hijos. T: Entonces, vamos a avisarle que usted ya venció, que los hijos ya están crecidos, todos estudiaron y están muy bien en la vida… M: OK. (Mariana cierra los ojos mientras la terapeuta hace movimientos bilaterales ilateral es táctiles.) Ah, yo yo le mostré mostré las fotos de mis mis hijos grandes. Cada uno uno tiene tiene una una profesión, ya están casados y comienz comienzan an a tener hijos. Mis hijos le dijeron dije ron que ella ell a ya no necesita preocuparse más por ellos, que cuando ella quiera jubilarse, todos van a cuidar de ella, el la, y ¡que ¡que quierenc uidar de ella! T: Entonces ¿ella puede relajarse y pensar en el futuro? M: Si... pero tengo mucho miedo del futuro… de no tener para qué vivir, de deprimirme, de quedarme sola, de tener mucha soledad, de no tener buena salud… T: Entonces, vamos a mirar hacia el futuro con lo que usted logró hoy. ¿Qué es lo que usted tiene ahora que puede ayudarle a enfrentar el futuro? M: ¡Ya ¡Ya no vivo más en China! China! ¡Eso es un alivio ali vio enorm e norme! e! No estoy más más en peligro. No vivo vi vo más con mi mi padre que vivía viví a echándom echándomee de la casa. Un día yo decidí no volver más a la casa y una gran amiga me ayudó a estudiar y tener profesión. Pagó mis estudios, ¡¿se imagina?! Y hasta hoy somos amigas... yo tengo muchos buenos amigos... ¡esto es muy bueno! Yo tengo mi propia casa, ¡de donde nadie me puede expulsar! Teng engoo mi mi propio pro pio dinero… di nero… no soy rica, ri ca, pero per o tengo tengo para vivir viv ir y sé que no no me me va a faltar nada.
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M: Ah, ¡hay mucha gente buena en mi casa! Está An-Yon, mi Adolescente, la Madre Divorciada que puede descansar de sus tareas ahora, mis abuelos, mi tía… ¡hay mucha gente viviendo en mi casa! ¡No estoy sola…! ¡No estoy desamparada! T: Entonces, ahora que usted tiene tanta gente viviendo con usted y un futuro amparado, ¿cuáles son las palabras positivas que le gustaría vincular a esa experiencia? M: Yo soy fuerte. T: En una escala de uno a siete donde siete es completamente verdadero y uno es completamente falso, ¿cuán verdaderas siente usted que son esas palabras, “Yo soy fuerte”, cuando usted piensa en esa experiencia? M: Siete. (La terapeuta hace unos movimientos bilaterales para instalar la creencia positiva.) T: Vamos a comprobar otros conceptos. ¿Qué tal –“yo tengo gente que me ama y me me am a mpara”? par a”? M: Siete. (La terapeuta hace unos movimientos bilaterales para instalar la creencia positiva.) T: ¿Yo soy valiente? M: Siete. (La terapeuta hace unos movimientos bilaterales para instalar la creencia positiva.) T: ¿Tengo mi propio hogar? M: Siete. (La terapeuta hace unos movimientos bilaterales para instalar la creencia positiva.) T: Tengo mi dinero. M: Siete. (La terapeuta hace unos movimientos bilaterales para instalar la creencia positiva.) T: Tengo ayuda. M: Siete. (La terapeuta hace unos movimientos bilaterales para instalar la creencia positiva.) T: Tengo mi espacio. M: ¡Ocho! Y se ríe… (La terapeuta hace unos movimientos bilaterales para instalar la creencia positiva.) T: Tengo un buen futuro. M: Hmm Hmm, 5,5... 5,5 ... Teng Tengoo miedo de quedarme q uedarme desam desa mparada. par ada. T: Entonces piense en esto y siga mis movimientos. (La terapeuta hace más movimientos ovimientos bilaterale bi lateraless de reprocesam reproce samient iento.) o.)
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T: Entonces Entonces piense en esto. (La terapeut terape utaa hace hace unos unos pocos movi movim mientos bilaterales ilateral es para inst i nstalar alar la l a creencia positiva.) posi tiva.) T: Entonces, vamos a finalizar la sesión por aquí. Usted hizo un lindo trabajo, tiene much muchoo de qué enorgull enorgullecer ecerse. se. Usted venció muchos muchos desafíos desa fíos y much muchas as tragedias tragedi as en la vida, pero usted ya ya no vive más más aquellas situ s ituaciones aciones de sufrimien sufrimiento. to. Aqu Aquello ello acabó acab ó para siempre. s iempre. Ah Ahora ora usted tiene un hog hogar, ar, su hog hogar, ar, su dinero, dinero , much muchos os buenos amigos, hijos excelentes que la amparan, y tiene toda esa Pandilla Interna que vive con usted en su casa. cas a. Realmente, Realmente, ¡no ¡no está sola! sola ! ¡Usted ¡Usted es una una persona pers ona a quien le saliero sali eronn bien las cosas de d e su vida! En esa sesión podemos ver el uso del EMDR aplicado a la terapia de roles en la funció funciónn repara rep arativa. tiva. Aquí Mari Mariana ana pudo pudo crear crea r un nu nuevo evo mun mundo do interno positivo, posi tivo, soltar sol tar las tragedias del pasado, y aprender a disfrutar de lo mucho que ella tiene y que conquistó. conqu istó. Qu Quién ién sabe si much muchas as veces la l a psicoterapia psicoterapi a tiende a enfat enfatizar izar y trabajar lo lo que salió mal. A veces vece s es impor important tantee trabajar trabaj ar y enfatizar enfatizar lo que estuvo estuvo bien para que las personas per sonas puedan tener una una mayor esperanz esper anzaa para la vida. vida . Habiendo Habie ndo vencido tantos tantos obstáculos, era importante que Mariana consiguiera comunicar todo esto a sus roles internos internos -que todavía no habían recibido las buen buenas as noticias de todo lo que ella ell a alcanz al canzóó en la vida. El EMDR EMDR ayuda ayuda a descongelar descongelar los l os roles, roles , pero ayuda ayuda también también a desarrollar desarroll ar unaa nueva un nueva percepci pe rcepción ón interna interna –y positiva– de d e cómo puede puede ser s er la l a vida vi da bien bi en tratada. tratada. Unos días después, Mariana me escribió un e-mail y me contó: Dos noches después de nuestra sesión soñé que estaba en un hospital intentando intent ando cuidar de un niño. Después me vi en la casa de una amiga de mi infancia con quien quien todavía estoy en contacto. Ella tiene la misma edad que que yo, vive sola y es soltera. solte ra. Cierta ocasión en mi adolescencia, en el último últi mo año secundario, mi padre padre me echó de la casa, en una de las explosiones que le comenté a usted. Esa amiga amiga estaba presente… Entonces, volviendo volvie ndo al sueño, yo estaba muy ansiosa porque porque estaba tan ocupada que no podía terminar de cocinar una comida para unos niños pobres que me estaban esperando en un bus bus que iba a llevarlos llevarl os de paseo. Pero llegó una señora me ayudó a terminar de cocinar y me pude juntar a los niños para comer. Le cuento este sueño para que usted vea cuán integradora fue nuestra sesión. Veo en mi sueño que yo pude alimentar a todos esos niños necesitados necesit ados (los roles internos que reparamos durante la sesión) a pesar de que me atrasé porque
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Conclusiones Esperamos haber conseguido explicar quién es nuestra Pandilla Interna y cómo podemos odemos aprender a convivir mejor con los roles que hay adentro adentro de nosotros. nosotros. Hay muchas personas que al entender esto mejor, tendrán la oportunidad de buscar la ayuda que necesitan. De hecho, la psicoterapia no es para locos; es para las personas que tienen Pandilla Interna con roles indóciles, asustados, rebeldes y traumatizados, y que quieren negociar negociar su proceso proces o de reparaci r eparación ón y cura. Es nuestro nuestro deseo que este libro libr o traiga una gran dosis de esperanza: que no tenemos por qué vivir presos a las experiencias de nuestro nu estro pasado, pas ado, sino si no que podemos entender entender qué qué pasó, y sanar. Podemos encar encarar ar un nuevo futuro con nuevas oportunidades de elección. Contamos algunos pedacitos de las historias de quienes ya anduvieron por este proceso de sanar los rollos internos para ilustrar como como se puede viabilizar viabil izar esta propuesta psicoterapéutica. psicoterapéutica. Qu Quizá izá en el futu futuro ro nos animemos a lanzar otro libro con historias más completas. Esperamos que les haya gustado la peregrinación por los corredores de la Pandilla Interna y la Pandilla Externa (¡la de los otros!) y que puedan creer en el poder de las nuevas terapias de reprocesamiento para sanar su propia Pandilla Interna, así como en los terapeutas expertos cuyo amor y empatía ayudan a derretir las estatuas de sal del terror pasado.
Como regalo por haber terminado este libro, ofrecemos un e-curso gratuito de tres lecciones le cciones sobre sobr e como identificar identificar su Pandill Pandillaa Intern Interna. a. Clicar aquí. Si pudiese dejar sus comentarios donde Amazon sobre este libro, otras personas podrán beneficiars beneficiarsee de su opinión. opinión.
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Sobre este libro... Este libro nace de treinta años de práctica profesional escuchando y viendo a las personas en el trabajo psicoterapéutico. p sicoterapéutico. Mi prim pri mera formación fue fue en el psicodram psic odramaa y terapia de grupo, donde me enamoré perdidamente del escenario terapéutico y de la terapia de roles. roles . Recuerdo muy muy bien el prim pr imer er día dí a que pisé un escenario, y pensé: "Nací para hacer esto". De hecho, estudié todo lo l o que pude en Brasil Brasi l y Estados Unidos. Fui acreditada acredi tada como como Entren Entrenadora adora (EE.UU.) (EE.UU.) y Supervi Supervisora sora (Brasil) (Bras il) de Psicodram Psicodr ama, a, y fundé la primera asociación de psicodrama de Ecuador. Quince años después de conocer el psicodrama, en Estados Unidos descubrí el EMDR como cliente y lo que puedo decir es que cambió mi vida - tanto en lo personal como en lo profesional. Más tarde hice el entrenamiento completo (terminé el entrenam entrenamient ientoo básico bási co con Dra. Francin Fr ancinee Shapiro, la l a brill br illant antee psicóloga psi cóloga que descubrió el el EMDR) y me convertí en entrenador entrenadoraa de entrenadores del d el EMDR Institu Institute te y EMDR Iberoamérica. Me siento muy privilegiada de ser parte del movimiento formativo de EMDR. Durante mi tiempo de peregrinación también conocí a Carlos Raimundo, MD, psiquiatra y psicodram psicodr amatista atista argentin argentino-australiano o-australiano que ha desarrollad desarr olladoo el trabajo de Play of Life , que consiste en un micro-escenario que nos permite estudiar y tratar los roles que desempeñamos en la vida, e identificar de una forma más concreta nuestros roles internos internos y sus interacciones. Soy muy agradecida a cada miembro de la Pandilla Externa quienes han influenciado el desarrollo de mi trabajo y el surgimiento de este libro. Mi vida y mi trabajo son mejores por ellos.
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Acerca de la autora… Esly Regina Carvalho , Ph.D, doctora en psicología clínica, Trainer o Trainers de EMDR por el EMDR Institute de los Estados Unidos y EMDR Iberoamérica; presidente de la EMDR Entrenamiento y Consultoría Ltda., la organización que ofrece el entrenamiento básico en Brasil; presidente da EMDR IberoAmérica (EMDR IBA, trienios 2007-2010 y 2010-2013); aprobada como Trainer, ducator, Practitioner (TEP) por el American Board of Examiners in Psychodrama, Sociometry and Group Psychotherapy (con distinción); Fellow de la American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP); miembro honorario y fundadora de la Asociación de Psicodrama y Sociometría de Ecuador (APSE); autora de muchos libros; es fluente en tres idiomas. Esly ofrece talleres de formación en esa nueva perspectiva erspec tiva terapéutica terapéutica y puede puede ser cont c ontactada actada por e-mail.
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Formación e Información Información EMDR Los cursos de formación en EMDR ofrecidos por los países miembros de EMDR Iberoamérica ( EMDR IBA) son reconocidos también por el EMDR Institute de los Estados Unidos. Unidos. Más Más informaciones informaciones se encuentran encuentran en las páginas web de ww.emdriberoamerica.org
Links: ww.emdriberoamerica.com ww.emdrbrasil.com.br (en portu por tugu gués) és) ww.emdr.com (en inglés) ww.playoflife.com (en inglés)
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Bibliografía y referencias: - Amen, D. G. (2000). Transforme su cerebro: Edi tora Mercuryo. cerebro: transforme tr ansforme su vida vi da. Editora - Badenoch Badenoch,, B. (2008). Being a Brain-Wise Brain-Wise Therapist: A Practical Guide to orton, New York. York. Interpersonal Interpe rsonal Neurobiology. Neurobiology. Norton, - Garrido, Martín, E. ( 1978) A Psicologia do Encontro Encontro. Sao Paulo: Livraria Duas Du as Cidades. Cidade s. - Grand, D. J. (2010). Definindo e Redefinindo EMDR. EMDR Treinamento y Consultori Consultoria. a. En portug po rtugués. ués. - Grand, D.J (2013). Curación emocional a velocidad máxima: El poder de EMDR. EMDR Treinamento e Consultoria Ltda. - Grand, D. (2002) Treating survivors of the world trade center disaster with natural flow EMDR resourcing, resourcing, EMDRIA Conference Lecture. - Haddock, D. B. (2001). The Dissociative Identity Disorder Sourcebook. New York: Contemporary Books/ McGraw Hill Companies. - Levine, P. (1999). O Despertar do Tigre . São Paulo: Summus Editorial. En portugu ortugués. és. - Moreno, J. L. (1987). Psicodrama. Buenos Aires: Editorial Paidós. - Moreno, J. L (1995). Las Bases de la Psicoterapia. Psicoter apia. Buenos Aires: Lunar-
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Sanando a la Pandilla que Vive Adentro : Cómo el EMDR puede sanar nuestros roles roles internos ID: 3764676 ISBN-13: 978-1475171051 © 2012, 2013 Esly Regina Carvalho, Ph.D Segunda edición Todo odoss los derechos dere chos reservados re servados P rohibid rohibidaa la reproducción re producción de de este e ste conteni conte nido do por por cualq cua lqui uier er medio me dio.. Éxodo 20:15 20:15 . “No hurtarás”. Portada: Cássio Eduardo Moraes Barbosa y Rodrigo Scheel Traducción al castellano: Glenda Villamarin e Isabel Fernandez Crawford Revisión: Elizabeth Cantú de Marquez Foto de la autora: Selma Pikcius Ilustración: Esly Regina Carvalho Un agradecimi ag radecimiento ento especial esp ecial a Dr. Dr. André Maurício M aurício Monteir Mo nteiro, o, quien me animó animó a utilizar utilizar mis propios propios dibujos. dibu jos.
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[6] Munich and Astrachan, 1983, p. 20 – Group dynamics, en H.I, Kaplan & B.J. Sadock (Eds), Comprehensive Group Psychotherapy (2 nd edition, pp, 15-23) Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins in Gladding, S.T., 1999 p. 59. Group Work: A Counseling Specialty, 3 rd Ed., NJ:Prentice-Hall J:Prentice-Hall..
[7] Harris, S. A. & MacQuiddy, S. (1991). Childhood roles in group therapy: The lost child and the mascot.
Journa Jou rnal l or Specialists in Group Work, Work, 16, 223-229; y Wegscheider, S. (1981). Another Anothe r Chance: Chan ce: Hope & Health for fo r the lcoholic Family. Family . Palo Pa lo Alto, Alto, CA: Science and a nd Behavior Behavior Books.
[8] Glory of Zion International, www.gloryofzion.org , Chuck Pierce, 22 de julio, 2010, traducción de la autora; con permi ermiso del autor autor.
[9]B rasilia, 16 abril, 2010, comunicación personal [10]C omunicación personal, 20 de marzo, 2011, en Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil. (2001). The Dissociative Identity Identity Disorder Sourcebook . New York York:: Contem Contempo poraryBoo raryBooks/ ks/ [11]Haddock, D. B. (2001).The McGraw Hill Companies. [12] Traducción de la autora.
[13]Desarrollado por Carlos Raimundo, MD. Trata-se de un kit con tres mini-escenarios, muñecos y objetos que sirven para descubrir de scubrir,, entender y modi modificar ficar aspectos a spectos de los víncul vínculos os de las personas. pers onas.
[14] En Brasil, la hormiga representa un insecto al cual le gusta mucho el dulce, especialmente el azúcar. Personas a quien les gusta el dulce se dice que son como “hormigas”.
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