Em Busca de Boas Praticas de UX Writing - v2021

 

 

 

 

ÊOCDKL [narl lstm narm [narl n mutnr Xrl`íkdn pnr Clodsl Xdbmr Xrûbnfn9 Cl clfrmu lj clfrmu  Xrûbnfn9  clfrmu  clpnds  Clz mons clpnds  bdvrn   Knjn blr lstl bdvrn Clcdkmtûrdm Clcdkmtûrdm   Dotrncuæën9  Mcjdrívlb Dotrncuæën9  Mcjdrívlb juocn onvn (cl onvn)  onvn)   Xmrm dr mbäj cn mssuotn9 cdfdtmb   Cd`lrloæms lotrl knjuodkmæën l jmrgltdof on jldn cdfdtmb  Kmpêtubn =9  =9 [narl usuírdn, usn l utdbdcmcl  utdbdcmcl   Xmrm dr mbäj cn mssuotn9 Jlu cdrldtn cl lsknbem  lsknbem  Kmpêtubn 19  19 N clsm`dn cms dotlr`mkls  dotlr`mkls   Xmrm dr mbäj cn mssuotn9 djlrsën   Slkonbnfdm cn lotrltlodjlotn9 m mrtl cm djlrsën Kmpêtubn ;9  ;9 M  M jdssën cm usmadbdcmcl  usmadbdcmcl   Xmrm dr mbäj cn mssuotn9 edstûrdm   [tnrytlbbdof9 slu prncutn knotm ujm edstûrdm cdfdtmb   Kmpêtubn 39  39  M M rlvnbuæën cn knotlùcn cdfdtmb  Xmrm dr mbäj cn mssuotn9 Knotlùcn pmrm tncns tncns   Kmpêtubn    Xmrm dr mbäj cn mssuotn9 Knotlùcn bnofn, knotlùcn kurtn9 kmcm uj lj slu bufmr  bufmr   knotlùcn  Kmpêtubn 59  59 [narl n ―S— cl knotlùcn   Xmrm dr mbäj cn mssuotn9 Xmrm (m) sum do`nrjmæën do`nrjmæën  

 

 

Kmpêtubn 49  49 N knotlùcn om dotlr`mkl jûvlb jûvlb   nrdlotmæën   Kmpêtubn =89  =89  M M pmbmvrm knjn nrdlotmæën [ljáotdkm   Kmpêtubn ==9  ==9 Ns prdokêpdns cn \U Vrdtdof9 [ljáotdkm  Xmrm dr mbäj cn mssuotn9 Knjn jlrfubemr om sljáotdkm cns pùabdkns pùabdkns   Kmpêtubn =19  =19 Ns prdokêpdns cn \U Vrdtdof9 Jdkrnrrlcmæën  Jdkrnrrlcmæën  Kmpêtubn =;9 Ns prdokêpdns cn \U Vrdtdof9 Mrqudtlturm cm Do`nrjmæën   Do`nrjmæën  Xmrm dr mbäj cn mssuotn9 vnz    M lvnbuæën cn knotlùcn l n mssdstlotl cl vnz  Knokbusën9 Ns kmjdoens cn \U Vrdtdof  Knokbusën9  Vrdtdof  Knj m jën om jmssm9  jmssm9  Flotl qul `mz n \U Vrdtdof mknotlklr  mknotlklr   Lpêbnfn9 M Lpêbnfn9   M pmbmvrm knjn clsplcdcm  clsplcdcm  @dj Knosdclrmæüls `domds Ql`lréokdms 

 

 

[NAQL L[SM NAQM

 Lj auskm cl anms prítdkms cl \U Vrdtdof Vrdtdof   `nd knosdclrmcm plbm amokm cl mvmbdmæën cn Jlstrmcn lj Krdmæën l Xrncuæën lj Knotlùcns Cdfdtmds cm \@QI knjn ujm narm ‒cl lxklbéokdm rlblvmotl pmrm ns lstucns on kmjpn cm Knjuodkmæën Cdfdtmb‚ (iuben cl 18=4).

 

 

[NAQL N M\SNQ

Aruon Qncrdfuls ä knosubtnr l prn`lssnr, lsplkdmbdstm lj Do`nrjmæën pmrm m Jêcdm Cdfdtmb. Mbäj clstl 'Lj auskm cl anms prítdkms cl \U Vrdtdof' (18=4) l cm  vlrsën puabdkmcm om Lspmoem, '\U Vrdtdof9 Xrdokdpdns y Lstrmtlfdms' (1818), tmjaäj ä mutnr cl 'Vlawrdtdof9 Xlosmocn n tlxtn pmrm m jêcdm cdfdtmb' (1888) prdjldrms narms lj bêofum pnrtufulsm l lspmoenbm snarl Vlawrdtdof l \U  Vrdtdof -, cl 'Vlawrdtdof9 Qlcmæën & do`nrjmæën pmrm m wla' (1880) l ―Vlawrdtdof9 Qlcmæën pmrm m jêcdm cdfdtmb— (18=3). Xrncuzdu pmrm n Fnvlron @lclrmb armsdbldrn n pmcrën omkdnomb cl rlcmæën nobdol, 'Xmcrüls Armsdb l-Fnv9 Kmrtdbem cl Qlcmæën Vla', cnkujlotn qul knjpbltnu ujm cäkmcm lj 1818. Lj jmds cl vdotl mons ií prlstnu knosubtnrdm l jdodstrnu trldomjlotns lj  Vlawrdtdof, \U Vrdtdof l Mrqudtlturm cm Do`nrjmæën pmrm jmds cl 58 ljprlsms cn Armsdb l cn lxtlrdnr. aruon-rncrdfulsHunb.knj.ar aruon-rncrdfulsHunb.knj.ar   aruonrncrdfuls (Dostmfrmj)  plr`dbaruonrncrdfuls (BdoglcDo) (BdoglcDo)  

 

 

XQL@ÍKDN 

 

 

Ons jlus judtns mons cl \U, pnr cdvlrsms vlzls tdvl n clsprmzlr cl jl clpmrmr knj judtms sdtumæüls lj qul m plssnm usuírdm knoflbm pnr mbfuos (ès  vlzls judtns) slfuocns tlotmocn clkd`rmr ujm jlosmflj om tlbm nu mdocm, sl plrfuotmocn n qul pncl mknotlklr qumocn lbm kbdkmr ouj antën nu bdog. Ns lxljpbns vën clscl uj 'prljdr m tlkbm x' mtä uj antën knj uj tlrjn knjuj, pnräj kuin sdfod`dkmcn oën rl`bltl n qul mknotlkl omqulbm ltmpm cn prnklssn. Srmambemr knj sn`twmrl bnkmbdzmcn tmjaäj jl clu m npnrtuodcmcl cl plrklalr qul m trmcuæën cl ujm dotlr`mkl trmz knosdfn cdvlrsms qulstüls slqulr djmfdomcms pnr qulj ms krdnu, nu mtä jlsjn plbns trmcutnrls, lj sum jmdnrdm, knjpltlotls l clcdkmcns. Xnr qul lotën vljns tmotns prnabljms, knj tmotm `rlquéokdm> Qlspnoclocn cl ujm `nrjm judtn sdjpbdstm, pnrqul odofuäj nbenu pmrm dssn. Lbmanrmocn uj pnukn, lqudpls cl clslovnbvdjlotn cl sn`twmrl oën knstujmj dokbudr mbfuäj rlspnosívlb plbns tlxtns cm tlbm. Ms lqudpls jmds m`nrtuomcms téj mbfuäj pmrm kudcmr cm cnkujlotmæën l, knj snrtl, lssm plssnm cí ujm miucm, do`nrjmbjlotl. Jlsjn olssls kmsns, mdocm `mbtm mbfujm kndsm... Lssm kndsm sl kemjm knotlxtn, l oën sl natäj do`nrjmæën snarl n knotlxtn slj plsqudsm. Jms m plsqudsm tmjaäj oën tlj judtn lspmæn olssl juocn cl prncutns cdfdtmds, judtns m knosdclrmj mbfn pmrm n qumb oën pnssulj rlkursns, nutrns m knosdclrmj uj buxn clsolklssírdn. On lotmotn, m Lknonjdm cm Lxplrdéokdm kelfnu pmrm `dkmr l lstí mns pnukns jucmocn lssl kloírdn ‛ `lbdzjlotl! M Lknonjdm cm Lxplrdéokdm omcm jmds ä qul prdvdblfdmr m mvmbdmæën suailtdvm cmqulbls qul utdbdzmj onssns prncutns nu slrvdæns, ujm vlz qul sën lbls qul pnclj ‛  l drën - prnjnvlr nu clstrudr m djmflj cl onssm jmrkm. M knoskdlotdzmæën clssm rlmbdcmcl sl mpndnu om Xlsqudsm cl Lxplrdéokdm l trnuxl è tnom m djpnrtáokdm cm Lstrmtäfdm cl \U, n qul prnjnvlu n knotlxtn m uj cns pdbmrls cm lxplrdéokdm. \U Vrdtdof surfdu knjn ujm `lrrmjlotm (cns clusls>) pmrm cmr vnz mn knotlxtn, nu lj nutrms pmbmvrms, plrjdtdr qul ns prncutns knovlrslj knj ms plssnms, p lssnms, cl `nrjm qul m knjuodkmæën l`ltdvmjlotl mknotlæm.

 

 

Eí mbfuos mons vd uj SLC Smbg, cm kdlotdstm knfodtdvm Blrm Anrncdtsgy, on qumb lbm `mbm cl sums plsqudsms snarl knjn m bêofum m`ltm m jmoldrm qul plosmjns.  Ms slfudotls knosdclrmæüls `nrmj amslmcms nu dospdrmcms olssl tmbg tmbg.. Lxdstlj klrkm cl 6888 dcdnjms on juocn, cd`lrlotls lotrl sd cms jmds cdvlrsms `nrjms, knj snos, vnkmaubírdn l, prdokdpmbjlotl, lstruturms cd`lrlotls. [l m bdofumflj qul usmjns jnclbm n qul plosmjns, ä uj clamtl motdfn l slj rlspnstm cl`dodtdvm, jms doclploclotl cm rlbmæën kmusm-l`ldtn, m bdofumflj qul usmjns rl`bltl m jmoldrm knjn plosmjns. Lssm `nrtl rlbmæën knj ms pmbmvrms lstí prlslotl om `nrjm knjn ons nrdlotmjns lspmkdmbjlotl l tmjaäj t mjaäj om `nrjm knjn knosdclrmjns n tljpn, om `nrjm knjn knotmjns ‛ nu oën (sdj, lxdstlj pnvns qul oën tlj pmbmvrms pmrm oùjlrns, l pnr dssn oën knotmj), om `nrjm knjn ons rl`lrdjns ès knrls. Djmfdol sl sû tdvässljns cums cu ms pmbmvrms pmrm ons rl`lrdr m ujm knr, kbmrn l lskurn. Knjn vnké clskrlvlrdm m knr cn antën cl ‒Lovdmr‚> L n cl ‒Kmoklbmr‚> L ns féolrns frmjmtdkmds, qul judtns dcdnjms téj, l nutrns oën> Xnr lxljpbn, n snb ä `ljdodon lj mbljën l jmskubdon lj lspmoenb. Ns dcdnjms tmjaäj cd`lrlj om `nrjm knjn lotloclj ns lvlotns ‛ l sums knoslquéokdms.  Ms plssnms qul `mbmj vírdns dcdnjms prlstmj mtloæën lj kndsms cd`lrlotls.  M jmoldrm knjn ms plssnms dotlrprltmj n qul vllj ä cd`lrlotl. Xnr lxljpbn, `mbmotls cl dofbés prnvmvlbjlotl bljarmrën cn qul nu qulj kmusnu n mkdclotl, loqumotn `mbmotls cl lspmoenb bljarmrën cm dotloæën, dstn ä, sl `nd nu oën uj mkdclotl. Xlosl on tlstljuoen nkubmr cl uj krdjl, cums plssnms qul vdrmj n jlsjn lvlotn bljarmrën cl kndsms cd`lrlotls. Nu slim, m bdofumflj fudm onssn rmkdnkêodn snarl ns lvlotns. L knoslqulotljlotl fudm ms mæüls qul slrën rlsubtmcn clssl rmkdnkêodn.  Mn krdmr prncutns cdfdtmds, tljns pnr nailtdvn lofmimr lofmimr ns usuírdns lj mæüls mæüls qul bels plrjdtmj mtdofdr slus prûprdns nailtdvns, slimj lbls plssnmds nu cl trmamben. Xmrm qul dssn slim pnssêvlb, ä prlkdsn knoelklrjns n knotlxtn l m bdofumflj clssls usuírdns, l dotlfrí-bns lj onssn prncutn, cl `nrjm qul `mæm slotdcn pmrm qulj `nr utdbdzí-bn. Mbäj, cdssn, ä prlkdsn tlstmr onssms lsknbems knj plssnms qul l`ltdvmjlotl rlprlslotlj lssls usuírdns-mbvn, pmrm qul sl pnssm  vlrd`dkmr sl knjprllocljns mclqumcmjlotl n knotlxtn l sl onssms lsknbems rlmbjlotl `mzlj slotdcn.

 

 

Lotlocn n \U Vrdtdof knjn uj jdstn cl Clsdfo l Mrtl, Clsdfo pnr slr uj prnklssn plosmcn, ljamsmcn l knj n prnpûsdtn cl rlsnbvlr uj prnabljm, Mrtl pnr lokmpsubmr slotdjlotns l ljnæüls lj plqulons plcmæns cl do`nrjmæën, qul drën prnjnvlr knjpnrtmjlotns l mtdtucls. Fnstmrdm qul tncns t ncns ns \U Qlslmrkelrs ‛  n`dkdmds nu dotlrdons ‛  dokbuêsslj tlstls cl \U Vrdtdof lj slus tlstls cl usmadbdcmcl, lxpbdkdtmjlotl. Oën tljns knjn jlosurmr mdocm, jms jlu bmcn ‒vdclotl-amslmcm-lj‒vdclotl -amslmcm-lj-naslrvmæën‚ naslrvmæën‚ jl cdz qul n djpmktn slrí djlosmjlotl pnsdtdvn, dokbusdvl lknonjdkmjlotl.  M bdofumflj pncl jnbcmr prn`uocmjlotl m jmoldrm knjn plosmjns, pncl tlr l`ldtns prn`uocns om `nrjm knjn mfdjns, pncl m`ltmr onssm plrklpæën motls jlsjn qul pnssmjns plosmr m rlspldtn, l dssn sdfod`dkm qul pncl m`ltmr ms clkdsüls qul tnjmjns, jlsjn (nu prdokdpmbjlotl) ms jmds sdjpbls, aísdkms l dotudtdvms. M bdofumflj pncl tlr l`ldtns judtn mjpbns l ä pnr dssn qul n \U  Vrdtdof tlj t lj uj pmplb tën krêtdkn l rlblvmotl ons prncutns pr ncutns qul knostruêjns ‛ ä mtrmväs clbl qul pnclrljns plrjdtdr qul ms plssnms usuírdms tloemj m jlbenr lxplrdéokdm qul puclrlj tlr knj onssn prncutn nu slrvdæn. Xrlpmrl-sl pmrm clsknardr n juocn cn \U Vrdtdof, lstl bdvrn tl jnstrmrí uj kmjdoen, cl `nrjm `budcm l mprmzêvlb (mcnrn lstm pmbmvrm!). Xrlpmrl-sl pmrm ouokm jmds nbemr pmrm antüls l pnp-ups pnp-u ps cm jlsjm `nrjm!      Anm bldturm!  Clodsl Xdbmr, Xe.C. \U Qlslmrke & [trmtlfy Knmutnrm cn bdvrn ‒\U Qlslmrke knj sntmqul armsdbldrn‚  

 

 

XQÛBNFN9 CL CLFQM\ LJ CLFQM\

 

 

N Fbnan9  Fbnan9  N sloenr mknjpmoem n `loójlon cn Swdttlr> Mkrlcdtm qul m knokdsën cl sl lxprlssmr lj =38 kmrmktlrls tlj mbfuj vmbnr> Ií plosnu lj mardr ujm knotm on sdtl>   Insä [mrmjmfn9  [mrmjmfn9  Olj Olj slqulr ä pmrm jdj ujm u jm tlotmæën cl olû`dtn. Ns tmds =38 kmrmktlrls rl`bltlj mbfn qul ií knoelkêmjns9 m tlocéokdm pmrm n jnonssêbman knjn `nrjm cl knjuodkmæën. Cl clfrmu lj clfrmu, vmjns clsklocn mtä n fruoedcn.  fruoedcn.  Srlken cm lotrlvdstm knoklcdcm plbn lskrdtnr Insä [mrmjmfn mn inrombdstm  Mocrä Jdrmocm pmrm n abnf ―Xrnsm— cn sdtl ―N Fbnan— lj Fbnan—  lj 10 cl iuben cl 1884, cdspnoêvlb om êotlfrm lj ettps9//abnfs.nfbnan.fbnan.knj/prnsm/pnst/insl-smrmjmfn-`mbmsnarl-twdttlr-bubm-slu-onvn-bdvrn-185=8=.etjb

 

 

CLY MON[ CLXND[

 

 

 Mpmrlotljlotl, slrdm sdjpbls. Lu prlkdsmvm dr cl kmsm, on amdrrn cn @bmjlofn, Qdn cl Imoldrn, mtä n mlrnpnrtn [motns Cujnot, on Klotrn, nocl ljamrkmrdm rujn m Xnrtn Mblfrl pmrm jdodstrmr uj wnrgsenp l ujm pmblstrm snarl \U Vrdtdof lj ujm frmocl kno`lréokdm snarl Lxplrdéokdm cn \suírdn. Kemjld uj \alr, lotrld on lblvmcnr l, slj plrclr tljpn, mtrmvlssld rípdcn m pnrtmrdm. [lfuocn n mpbdkmtdvn, n trmiltn mtä n mlrnpnrtn blvmrdm mploms =< jdoutns. Jlbenr, djpnssêvlb. [mê, mard m pnrtm cn kmrrn qul jl mfumrcmvm, mildtld rmpdcmjlotl m jnkedbm jn kedbm l m jmbm cl jën on amokn l jl slotld. N jntnrdstm vdrnu-sl pmrm trís l jl lokmrnu, lj páodkn, frdtmocn9 - ]ulj ä vnké> N qul vnké lstí `mzlocn on jlu kmrrn> N qul qulr knjdfn> ‛ ms plrfuotms lrmj `ldtms qumsl mn jlsjn j lsjn tljpn, l lbl pmrlkdm alj mssustmcn l drrdtmcn. Flbld. L plrklad, lotën, n qul lstmvm mknotlklocn. Lu oën tdoem kelkmcn m pbmkm cn mutnjûvlb. Mqulbl kmrrn oën mploms oën lrm n jlu \alr, knjn olj \alr lrm. Lu emvdm lotrmcn lj uj kmrrn pmrtdkubmr. Xlcd jdb clskubpms, mard m pnrtm l smê mrrmstmocn knjn pncdm m jmbm l m jnkedbm. N jntnrdstm pmrlkdm mtnrcnmcn, slj lotloclr omcm. ************************************** Xnukn tljpn clpnds, om smbm cl ljamrqul cn mlrnpnrtn, lu jl plrfuotmvm n pnrqué cl bnfn lu, tën kudcmcnsn, tlr lsqulkdcn cl kelkmr m pbmkm cn kmrrn. N jntdvn lrm sdjpbls, ljanrm oën iustd`dkmssl (tntmbjlotl) n jlu lrrn. N kmrrn lstmvm alj lj `rlotl mn präcdn, lu dotuê qul lrm n jlu \alr, olj plstmolild l lotrld. Djmfdold, lotën, n qul pnclrdm tlr jl lvdtmcn pmssmr tmjmoem vlrfnoem. Bljarld cl knjn lu `mzdm tncms ms vlzls. Kmsn n kmrrn ií lstdvlssl lsplrmocn pnr jdj, lu rlkumvm l kelkmvm m pbmkm trmsldrm. [û mê lu ljamrkmvm.

 

 

 M pbmkm lrm ujm do`nrjmæën alj plqulom ‛  jms lsslokdmb ‛  l `dquld djmfdomocn sl oën emvlrdm nutrm jmoldrm mbäj cmqulbm, alj clskno`nrtívlb, cl uj pmssmfldrn prlkdsmr rlkumr pmrm sl klrtd`dkmr cl qul lstmvm lotrmocn on kmrrn klrtn. Xnr qul oën pnclrdm lxdstdr, pnr lxljpbn, uj mclsdvn knbmcn lj kmcm uj ons vdcrns cms pnrtms trmsldrms cns \alr knj m pbmkm cn kmrrn> On jlu kmsn, amstmrdm, motls cl lotrmr, kelkmr sl mqulbl lrm n vlêkubn klrtn, slj qul lu prlkdsmssl `mzlr omcm mbäj cl nbemr pmrm `rlotl. ************************************** Knotld lssm edstûrdm curmotl jdoem pmblstrm lj Xnrtn Mblfrl. Bnfn mpûs m pbmtldm sl rlkuplrmr cl ujm krdsl cl rdsn knbltdvm, suflrd qumb pnclrdm slr m snbuæën ‛ qul oën jl pmrlkdm slr ujm bnukurm ‛, l `lkeld n rmkdnkêodn knj ujm plrfuotm9 - [ld qul ä ujm do`nrjmæën plqulom, mploms sltl kmrmktlrls, jms uj mclsdvn pnclrdm tlr `mkdbdtmcn m jdoem vdcm. [l lstmjns mqud pmrm plosmr m Lxplrdéokdm cn \suírdn, n Clsdfo oën lxdstl pmrm jlbenrí-bm> Xnr qul oën, lotën> Sncns knoknrcmrmj. Lj sdbéokdn.

 

 

KNJN BLQ L[SL BDPQN

 

 

 Mkrlcdtn qul m bldturm clvl slr, motls cl tucn, uj prmzlr. Xnr dssn, prnkurld cmr m kmcm knotlùcn clstl bdvrn ujm `uoæën alj cl`dodcm, mssdj knjn ausquld cldxmr kbmrm m jmoldrm j moldrm knj qul lbl `nd lstruturmcn. lstrut urmcn.  M dcldm ä qul m narm tloem m prn`uocdcmcl l m nailtdvdcmcl nailtdvdcmcl cl uj trmamben mkmcéjdkn, jms mn jlsjn tljpn slim sdjpbls l `íkdb cl blr.  M dotrncuæën, ‒Mcjdrívlb juocn onvn (cl onvn)‚, onvn)‚, tlj m `uoæën oën mploms cl slr uj rlsujn, jms ujm vdsën flrmb snarl n tljm cn bdvrn pmrm `mkdbdtmr n lotlocdjlotn cn qul slrí vdstn mcdmotl. Kmcm kmpêtubn prltlocl clstrdokemr ns kmjdoens qul ons trnuxlrmj mn \U  Vrdtdof. Mpûs kmcm uj clbls, lu lxlrkdtn m kmpmkdcmcl cl trmos`nrjmr kmcm tlxtn lj uj knotlùcn mdocm jmds kbmrn, knokdsn l ùtdb. Nu slim, mpbdkn n qul n prûprdn \U Vrdtdof ons losdom. Smjaäj mpûs mbfuos cns kmpêtubns, vnké loknotrmrí tlxtns mcdkdnomds, qul `uokdnomj knjn n ‒[mdam jmds‚ cl uj sdtl. M prnpnstm ä lstdjubmr lst djubmr qul n bldtnr ví mbäj cn qul mkmanu cl blr. L, knjn lstl bdvrn prnkurm mtloclr tmotn n jldn mkmcéjdkn knjn n prn`dssdnomb cl jlrkmcn, m adabdnfrm`dm qul slrvdu knjn `notl pmrm m lskrdtm ä mprlslotmcm mn `domb cl kmcm kmpêtubn.  Mbäj cl tlr m `uoæën cl ljamsmr n qul mkmanu cl slr bdcn, ä tmjaäj jmds ujm `nrjm cl lstdjubmr qul vnké oën pmrl pnr mqud ‛ qul lstl bdvrn slim mploms m prdjldrm lotrl vírdms cl sums vdsdtms è írlm `mskdomotl cm lskrdtm pmrm dotlr`mkls cdfdtmds. Anm bldturm 9-)

 Aruon Qncrdfuls

 

 

 Xmrm jlu mvó Inën, qul ouokm knoelkd ‛ l clcdknu anm pmrtl cm vdcm è lcukmæën  Xmrm I.Q.Q.Snbgdlo, kuim trmiltûrdm mkmcéjdkm knjn prn`lssnr cl bdofuêstdkm lj Nx`nrc jl dospdrm eí trdotm mons  Xmrm Mom l Arlon, jdoem `mjêbdm

 

 

DOSQNC\ÆËN9  MCJDQÍPLB J\OCN ONPN ONPN (CL ONPN)

 

 

]umocn, oms prdjldrms sljmoms cl =446, n lofloeldrn onrtl-mjlrdkmon Imgna Odlbslo clkdcdu mpbdkmr tlstls pmrm knjprlloclr jlbenr n knjpnrtmjlotn cm lskrdtm oms pífdoms cm rlkäj-krdmcm Vnrbc Vdcl Vla, m dsrmlblosl Gdoolrlt  Td`rme mdocm lrm ujm mcnblsklotl lj Slb Mvdv. Enil, cums cäkmcms clpnds, Td`rme, lsplkdmbdstm lj jdkrnrrlcmæën l mutnrm m utnrm cn bdvrn Jdkrnknpy bdvrn Jdkrnknpy,, cl 18=5, smal qul tlj judtn m mfrmclklr m Odlbslo. Clscl n doêkdn, m kmrrldrm cn onrtl-mjlrdkmon ä clcdkmcm è krdmæën cl jltncnbnfdms cl mpbdkmæën cl tlstls. [lu nailtdvn ä lotloclr m rlbmæën cns slrls eujmons knj ms jíqudoms, cms jmds sdjpbls ès jmds knjpblxms. Lj Xrniltmocn Lj  Xrniltmocn Vlasdtls, Vlasdtls, uj cl slus bdvrns jmds `mjnsns, Odlbslo bljarm qul uj cl slus nailtns cl lstucn dodkdmds, mdocm om äpnkm cm `mkubcmcl, ons mons 08, lrm ujm km`ltldrm lbätrdkm. [l enil mdocm tljns cd`dkubcmcl lj bdcmr knj mbfuos jnclbns cl km`ltldrm, djmfdol knj uj jnclbn cl JLON[ KNOPLQ[M, JMD[ MÆËN

 

 

Cdfdtl n tlrjn ‒\U ‒\U Vrdtdof‚ Vrdtdof‚ on Fnnfbl l drí clpmrmr-sl clpmrmr-sl knj cums `mkls cl ujm jlsjm jnlcm9 mn jlsjn tljpn lj qul ä mpnotmcn knjn uj knoiuotn cl täkodkms ií mjpbmjlotl mpbdkmcms, slu kmjpn cl mæën mdocm lstí lj prnklssn cl cl`dodæën, knjn cdtn pnr Td`rme. Judtn cn qul sl tlj lskrdtn ‛ l losdomcn ‛ on juocn dotldrn snarl \U  Vrdtdof rlbmkdnom n tlrjn è krdmæën cl knotlùcn pmrm mpbdkmtdvns (mpps mpps). ). Xnpubmrdzmcns m pmrtdr cm krdmæën cn dXenol eí ujm cäkmcm, eí qulj cdfm on jlrkmcn qul ns mpps mpps   slrdmj kmpmzls dokbusdvl cl suastdtudr ns sdtls. Pnbtmcns pmrm lxlkutmr mæüls cn cdm m cdm tën cdvlrsms knjn `mzlr trmos`lréokdms amokírdms, pmfmr knotms, plcdr prmtns lj rlstmurmotls nu knjprmr dofrlssns pmrm lspltíkubns, ns mpps mpps   sën knjn uj rlsujn prítdkn cns sdtls, cldxmocn ms do`nrjmæüls tlnrdkmjlotl supär`bums cl bmcn l `nkmocn lj `uokdnombdcmcls. Lj sujm, n `nkn mqud ä jlons knovlrsm l jmds mæën.  Mn mardr uj mpp mpp lj  lj uj sjmrtpenol sjmrtpenol,, ä knjuj n usuírdn clpmrmr-sl knj dostruæüls cl usn vdm tlxtn, mssdj knjn sën ms pmbmvrms qul drën fudí-bn cdvlrsms  vlzls lj sum omvlfmæën. Olstl prnklssn, n \U Vrdtdof ä `uocmjlotmb. CN[ MXX[ MN[ KEMSANS[ Nutrn prncutn cdfdtmb knostmotljlotl mssnkdmcn m \U Vrdtdof ä n kemtant .  Mjadlotl motlrdnrjlotl mploms clcdkmcn m knovlrsms lotrl mtloclotls cl jmrkms l slus usuírdns, n kemt pmssnu m slr uj kmjpn cl mtumæën pmrm m dotlbdféokdm mrtd`dkdmb. [dstljms sn`dstdkmcns (ants (ants,, nu rnaós) `mzlj m vlz cns mtloclotls eujmons. Ä prlkdsn qul emim m knostmotl dokbusën dokbu sën cl cdíbnfns pmrm qul n sdstljm knosdfm mprloclr m bdofumflj cms ljprlsms l `mzlr m knjuodkmæën `budr. Olstl prnklssn, m prncuæën cl cdíbnfns pnr rlcmtnrls ä `uocmjlotmb. Ns kemtants kemtants   sën uj anj lxljpbn cl qul n \U Vrdtdof vmd mbäj cm jdkrnrrlcmæën. @dkm kbmrn olssl knotlxtn qul m lsknbem cms pmbmvrms klrtms ä uj rlkursn lsslokdmb, jms m knjpnsdæën cms `rmsls ä mdocm jmds djpnrtmotl.  Mpps,, kemtants  Mpps kemtants.. Lj qul nutrns kmjpns n \U Vrdtdof pnclrdm mtumr> Cm jlsjm `nrjm qul ä judtn klcn pmrm rlstrdofdr m mtumæën cn \U  Vrdtdof, tmjaäj ä prlknkl m`drjmr qul sums täkodkms sën l`dkmzls lj tncns ns

 

 

kmsns. Xnr dssn, ä djpnrtmotl nuvdr qulj trmambem om írlm l mpnotmr mploms mæüls qul ií pnclj slr knosdclrmcms anms prítdkms. ]\MOCN N @NKN Ä M NQDLOSMÆËN

N qul sl qulr knj lssl jmoumb, lotën, ä nuvdr prn`dssdnomds l ljprlsms qul mkrlcdtmj l utdbdzmj n \U Vrdtdof ‛ knjn Qmkemlb Jubbdos, cl Jlbanurol,  Mustríbdm. Jubbdos dodkdnu sum kmrrldrm knjn rlcmtnrm täkodkm, prncuzdocn jmoumds cl dostruæüls pmrm sn`twmrls l, m pmrtdr cmê, pmssnu m loxlrfmr n tlxtn knjn uj prlkdnsn rlkursn cl nrdlotmæën pmrm usuírdns9 ‒Lu trmambemvm cdstmotl cm lqudpl cl clsdfolrs‚, knotm, lj lotrlvdstm mn pnckmst EKC, lj 18=6. ‒Mn bnofn cn tljpn plrklaljns qul trmambemr iuotns miucmrdm m krdmr ujm inromcm cl omvlfmæën judtn jmds knosdstlotl pmrm ns kbdlotls, l olstl prnklssn pr nklssn m rlcmæën lrm `uocmjlotmb‚.  `uocmjlotmb‚.  Ljanrm knosdclrl m mpbdkmæën cl täkodkms cl \U Vrdtdof `uocmjlotmds pmrm ns prncutns cdfdtmds prncuzdcns enil lj cdm, lbm tlj knoskdéokdm cl qul mdocm ä prlkdsn knovloklr judtns kbdlotls l mféokdms cl sum utdbdcmcl l djpnrtáokdm9 ‒Jmds qul dssn‚, knotm. ‒Ä prlkdsn lskbmrlklr ms cd`lrloæms lotrl m lskrdtm pmrm sdtls l m lskrdtm vnbtmcm pmrm prncutns‚. prncutns‚.   L qumds slrdmj lssms cd`lrloæms> ‒Ä sdjpbls‚, lxpbdkm. ‒Loqumotn m rlcmæën pmrm sdtls `nkm lj plrsumsën l lj vlocm, m rlcmæën pmrm prncutns, knjn ä n kmsn cns mpbdkmtdvns, `nkm lj nrdlotmr n usn cn prncutn l m omvlfmr clotrn clbls‚. Lbm lxpbdkm qul ns pnotns cl nrdlotmæën lstmrdmj lj cdvlrsns jnjlotns mn bnofn cn usn cl uj prncutn cdfdtmb. [lfuocn Jubbdos, sën iustmjlotl lstls pnotns qul jnstrmj m qul n \U  Vrdtdof vldn ‛ knjn qumocn, pnr lxljpbn, m pmbmvrm klrtm ä doslrdcm lj uj antën lj qul n usuírdn clvl kbdkmr pmrm m omvlfmæën `budr, nu lotën qumocn uj tlrjn doslrdcn lj nutrn antën docdkm qul mqulbl ä n kmjdoen knrrltn pmrm uj kbdlotl kelkmr slus cmcns l `lkemr ujm knjprm. Xmrm Qmkemlb Jubbdos, ns pnotns cl nrdlotmæën pnclj slr loknotrmcns lj  vírdns tdpns cl prncutns cdfdtmds. Kmjpns cl `nrjubírdns qul prlkdsmjns prllokelr lj uj sdtl l qul ií véj knj nrdlotmæüls motls jlsjn cl lbls slrlj

 

 

prllokedcns ‛ knjn ä n kmsn têpdkn cl ‒cdfdtl mqud slu ll -jmdb‚ clotrn cn prûprdn kmjpn ‛, sën uj anj lxljpbn.  M slblæën cm lxprlssën klrtm, knj ms pmbmvrms-kemvl knrrltms, pmrm lbmanrmr ujm `rmsl qul knjpnrí uj sdjpbls bdog cl mklssn m nutrm pífdom tmjaäj ä uj lxljpbn cl mpbdkmæën cn \U Vrdtdof. Oën ä cd`êkdb plrklalr, pnrtmotn, qul ljanrm m rlcmæën pmrm omvlfmæën slim  vdstm knjn ujm snbuæën pmrm n knotlùcn jûvlb, judtn cl sums täkodkms sl jdsturmj ès rlknjlocmæüls cn Vlawrdtdof slfudcms eí cums cäkmcms. Jubbdos, mbdís, fnstm cl rlbljarmr täkodkms kbíssdkms cl Vlawrdtdof qumocn lxpbdkm m mpbdkmæën cm lskrdtm vnbtmcm pmrm prncutns. M auskm knostmotl cl nailtdvdcmcl, qul lj anm pmrtl cms vlzls rlsubtm lj jlosmflos kurtms, ä ujm clbms. ‒Pmbl judtn jmds vnké cdzlr mploms ―Clskubpl— lj vlz cl ―Clskubpl plbm doknovlodéokdm—, sl dssn `nr `mkdbdtmr l mfdbdzmr m omvlfmæën  omvlfmæën  cn usuírdn‚, lxpbdkm.  lxpbdkm. 

[NAQL M JD[[ËN CN \U VQDSLQ Lxpbdkmr qul Vlawrdtdof l \U Vrdtdof pnclj knovdvlr, jms qul m rlcmæën pmrm prncutns ä mbfn rlmbjlotl onvn, ä m jdssën m qul Momstmsddm Jmruselvsgm, cm \kráodm, prnpós-sl m kujprdr. Xmrm dssn, knjlænu m lskrlvlr tlxtns pmrm n sdtl cl prncuæën knbltdvm uxclsdfo.kk, lxpbdkmocn m qulj `nssl prlkdsn n qul cl onvn l motdfn eí om rlcmæën pmrm prncutns. Lj slu tlxtn cl lstrldm, ‒Enw tn audbc m alttlr prncukt wdte \U Vrdtdof‚, Vrdtdof‚, bdstnu on dtlj ‒[n wemt \U wrdtlrs rlmbby   cn‚, cl `nrjm kbmrm l cdcítdkm, cl qul `nrjm uj \U wrdtlr ‛ n prn`dssdnomb qul bdcm knj \U Vrdtdof ‛ trmambem. \jm `nrjm cl lxpbdkmr, mdocm cl `nrjm docdrltm, m `uoæën cm rlcmæën pmrm prncutns cdfdtmds. [lfuocn Jmruselvsgm, n trmamben cl uj \U wrdtlr dokbud9 . Srmambemr lj knoiuotn knj clsdfolrs l prnfrmjmcnrls clscl n lstífdn dodkdmb cl clslovnbvdjlotn cl uj prncutn cdfdtmb7 . Lstucmr m qul jlrkmcn mqulbl prncutn sl clstdom pmrm lotloclr lj prn`uocdcmcl m bdofumflj cn pùabdkn7 . Srmæmr edpûtlsls l rlmbdzmr tlstls knj ms pmbmvrms pmbmvr ms l lxprlssüls lsknbedcms pmrm knjprnvmr sum l`dkíkdm motls cl pór mbfn on mr7

 

 

. Srmambemr lj knoiuotn knj m lqudpl cl jmrgltdof l ns rlcmtnrls cms nutrms jêcdms pmrm slfudr rdfnrnsmjlotl n fudm cl lstdbn cm ljprlsm, kmsn lxdstm7 . [malr lskrlvlr alj. N ùbtdjn dtlj kemjm m mtloæën. Ljanrm slim lsplrmcn cl uj rlcmtnr qul lbl lotlocm cn n`êkdn, on \U Vrdtdof, knjn n `nkn ä om pmbmvrm l oën om knjpnsdæën cl `rmsls, cldxm-sl cl bmcn m suailtdvdcmcl l m ljnæën lj alol`êkdn cm nailtdvdcmcl l cm bûfdkm. Dssn, ä kbmrn, pncl clsmfrmcmr ns qul mclotrmj n jlrkmcn pnrqul fnstmj cl lskrlvlr cl `nrjm inrombêstdkm l mssnkdmj m anm lskrdtm pmrm prncutns cdfdtmds m lstdbn, nrtnfrm`dm l frmjítdkm. Ljanrm, ä kbmrn, lstl trdn slim blvmcn lj knosdclrmæën on cdm m cdm cl trmamben cl uj \U wrdtlr, Jmruselvsgm lxpbdkm qul ‒usmr pmbmvrms pnjpnsms pmrm `mzlr ms plssnms usmrlj uj prncutn ä onrjmb, jms knoslfudr jmoté-bms usmocn lstl tdpn cl pmbmvrm ä m qulstën‚. Xmrm lbm, ä pnr dssn qul n lstucn cm jdkrnrrlcmæën ä tën djpnrtmotl. ‒Kbmrn qul m ljnæën tmjaäj t mjaäj plsm on jnjlotn cm lsknbem cm pmbmvrm nu lxprlssën knrrltm pmrm uj pùabdkn‚, naslrvm. ‒Jms n trmamben prdokdpmb cn \U wrdtlr ä djplcdr qul n usuírdn sl plrfuotl ―n qul lu tloen qul `mzlr mfnrm>—‚.  mfnrm>—‚.  LJ A\[KM CM XMBMPQM LUMSM Lotloclr n qul sl pmssm om jlotl cns usuírdns ä ujm cms qulstüls qul jmds dostdfmj [mjulb [tloalrf, cl \jlì, onrtl cm [uäkdm, qul trmambem knj rlcmæën pmrm prncutns cdfdtmds l clcdkm n tljpn bdvrl è plsqudsm cl \U Vrdtdof. ‒]umb slrdm m pmbmvrm lxmtm pmrm sl doslrdr lj ujm pífdom, mqulbm qul rlmbjlotl drí muxdbdmr om omvlfmæën cn vdsdtmotl> Jmds9 slrí qul lbl tlrdm pmkdéokdm pmrm blr uj pmrífrm`n mtä n `dj> Odofuäj mdocm smal, vmjns mcjdtdr‚, lskrlvl [tloalrf lj uj cl slus prdjldrns tlxtns pmrm n sdtl knbmanrmtdvn Jlcduj, pmrm nocl lskrlvl m kmcm onvm clsknalrtm `ldtm m pmrtdr cns tlstls qul mpbdkm. [mjulb [tloalrf `nd auskmr om olurnbnfdm l om adnbnfdm rlspnstms pmrm lstms qulstüls, l jlrfubenu m `uocn ons lstucns cn kärlarn clslovnbvdcns pnr Qnalrt [mpnbsgy, mutnr cl  Jljûrdms cl uj prdjmtm‚, prdjmtm‚,   cl 188=. [tloalrf sl  amslnu prdokdpmbjlotl ons lstucns cl [mpnbsgy puabdkmcns on bdvrn Knjpnrtl-

 

 

sl9 M adnbnfdm eujmom on onssn jlbenr l pdnr, pdnr , bmoæmcn lj dofbés lj 18=6 knj n têtubn Alemvl9 têtubn Alemvl9 Sel Adnbnfy n` Eujmos mt Nur Alst moc Vnrst . [tloalrf cldxm kbmrn qul pdoænu lotrl ‒ms tnolbmcms cl do`nrjmæüls `mskdomotls‚ qul eí lj ‒ Alemvl ‒ Alemvl‚‚, mqulbms qul sl rlbmkdnomj cdrltmjlotl è bdofumflj, mn usn cms pmbmvrms l slu lotlocdjlotn. Mssdj, kelfnu m knokbusüls  amstmotl kurdnsms, om vlrcmcl knoilkturms, qul vmblj slr nuvdcms ‛  m`domb, eí judtn m clsknardr on kmjpn cn \U Vrdtdof. ‒Eí pmbmvrms qul clvlj slr lsknbedcms lj `uoæën cn klrlalbn, nutrms lj `uoæën cn kûrtlx `rnotmb‚, lxpbdkm [tloalrf. ‒Oën ‒Oën ä tën knjpblxn qumotn pmrlkl9 qumocn pmssmjns pnr ujm lxplrdéokdm plbm prdjldrm vlz ‛ mprloclr m cdrdfdr uj mutnjûvlb, pnr lxljpbn ‛, ä n kûrtlx `rnotmb qul ä mkdnomcn pmrm bdcmr knj m sdtumæën‚‚, lbl clskrlvl lj slu tlxtn. sdtumæën Dssn nknrrl iustmjlotl pnrqul ä m írlm cn kärlarn qul bdcm knj `mtns cns jmds cdvlrsns ‛ m`domb, bdcmjns knj vírdms plquloms l frmocls fr mocls sdtumæüls onvms m kmcm cdm ‛, n kûrtlx `rnotmb `rnotmb ä rlpbltn cl oluróodns ‒flolrmbdstms‚. Lj sujm, ä m írlm cn kärlarn qul jmds trmambem, iustmjlotl pnr lstmr om bdoem cl `rlotl. Ä, cdfmjns mssdj, m qul jmds sl kmosm. ]umb m rlbmæën clstl ‒kmosmæn‚ knj m lsknbem cl pmbmvrms> Djmfdol-sl mardocn uj mpp mpp   plbm prdjldrm vlz9 sl m knjuodkmæën oën mknotlklr cl djlcdmtn, sl oën `nr krdmcm ujm ljpmtdm knj n usuírdn rmpdcmjlotl, r mpdcmjlotl, eí n rdskn cl lbl oën slr knotlxtumbdzmcn l `lkemr n mpbdkmtdvn.  M pnotl knj n usuírdn, olstls kmsns, ä `ldtm motls cl tucn knj m lsknbem cl pmbmvrms klrtms, lstlimj lbms lj ujm `rmsl kurtm cl malrturm nu ons dtlos cn jlou.

\jm vlz qul n usuírdn pmssm m tlr cnjêodn cm sdtumæën ‛ mssdj knjn oën

ons plrcljns jmds lj uj senppdof klotlr mpûs mbfujms vdsdtms ‛, lotrm lj klom n klrlalbn, m írlm cn kärlarn qul mfl qumocn n tlrrlon lj qul lstmjns ií ä knoelkdcn. N klrlalbn ä m írlm cn kärlarn qul rlklal snbdkdtmæüls qumocn pmssmjns plbms ltmpms dodkdmds, aísdkms pmrm qumbqulr nrdlotmæën, l m knjuodkmæën oën prlkdsm jmds slr tën floärdkm. Xmbmvrms cl mjpbn mbkmokl, pnrtmotn, oën sën tën lsslokdmds olstl kloírdn. Jms, Jms, knjn sljprl emvlrí onvns ‒vdsdtmotls‚, n knotmtn dodkdmb prlkdsm sljprl slr kbmrn l cdrltn, mssdj knjn m lsknbem cl ujm pmbmvrm nu lxprlssën.

 

 

 M XQNJL[[M CN XQMYLQ Nutrm mpnstm alj kurdnsm cl [mjulb [tloalrf lj rlbmæën mn \U Vrdtdof lstí amslmcm ons lstucns cl Qnalrt [mpnbsgy bdfmcns mn usn cl lstêjubns. lstêj ubns. ‒Mausl cm cnpmjdom, pnr jmds qul slu l`ldtn oën curl pmrm sljprl‚, cdz [mpnbsgy   [mpnbsgy   ‛  l knoknrcmrdm [tloalrf. Olurntrmosjdssnr cn kärlarn mssnkdmcn mn prmzlr, m cnpmjdom ä bdalrmcm tncm vlz qul tljns m slosmæën cl qul vmjns slr rlknjplosmcns pnr uj ls`nræn, slim `êsdkn nu jlotmb. [l lstucmjns enrms m `dn pmrm `mzlr ujm prnvm, ä m cnpmjdom qul ons modjm, knjn sl onssn onssn kärlarn cdsslssl ‒dssn, vmbl n ls`nræn, vnké vmd tdrmr ujm  anm ontm‚. [l lstmjns kmosmcns curmotl ujm mubm cl fdoístdkm, fdoístdkm, ä m cnpmjdom qul ons lstdjubm, bljarmocn qul mploms mssdj vmjns mtdofdr onssm jltm. N jlsjn mknotlkl knj m knjuodkmæën9 lsknbelr m `rmsl, m lxprlssën nu m pmbmvrm klrtm ä n pnotn cl pmrtdcm pmrm m cnpmjdom lotrmr lj mæën ‛ lxmtmjlotl n qul `mz m puabdkdcmcl eí cäkmcms. ‒[mpnbsgy `mz qulstën cl lxpbdkmr qul onssn jmdnr prmzlr lstí om lxplktmtdvm cm rlknjplosm, oën olklssmrdmjlotl lj lj rlklalr m rlknjplosm‚, bljarm [tloalrf. Cl ujm jmoldrm sdjpbûrdm, m dcldm ä qul m cnpmjdom ons prnjltl prmzlr, jms oën sl rlspnosmadbdzm pnr lotrlfí-bn. Xnr jmds qul n prûprdn [mjulb [tloalrf mssujm qul lstms sën mploms knoilkturms l qul mbfujms qulstüls sën amstmotl cdskutêvlds ‛ knjn pmbmvrms qul prnjltlj, jms oën olklssmrdmjlotl lotrlfmj ‛, n jmds prlkdnsn on prnklssn ä  iustmjlotl m dodkdmtdvm knrminsm cl tlotmr lotloclr m jlotl cn usuírdn, slim utdbdzmocn knoelkdjlotns qul mdocm prlkdsmj slr tlstmcns ‛ jms ií bmoæmj buz snarl n `uturn prûxdjn cm bldturm lj tlbm ‛ nu nutrns ií knjprnvmcns. JNCLBN JLOSMB, CN KNBLSDPN MN DOCDPDC\MB Ä djpnssêvlb oën ontmr knjn n knokldtn cl jnclbn jlotmb, krdmcn eí jmds cl kdoqulotm mons plbn psdkûbnfn lsknkés Gloolte Krmdg, mdocm ä `uocmjlotmb pmrm tlotmr lotloclr knjn `uokdnom n onssn rmkdnkêodn, lj lsplkdmb lj

 

 

jnjlotns qul lxplrdjlotmjns uj mjadlotl onvn, slim lbl uj bufmr nu uj prncutn. Docdsplosívlb pmrm qumbqulr trmamben rlbmkdnomcn m clsdfo, eí mons n lstucn cm lbmanrmæën cl tlxtns pmrm m jêcdm cdfdtmb tmjaäj utdbdzm n knokldtn cl jnclbn jlotmb, qul sl cdvdcl lj cnds9 n knbltdvn l n docdvdcumb. N jnclbn jlotmb knbltdvn lstí bdfmcn mn dostdotn cl snarlvdvéokdm l è nalcdéokdm ès rlfrms cn cdm m cdm7 n jnclbn jlotmb docdvdcumb ä m jmoldrm knjn kmcm uj u j cl oûs utdbdzm (nu oën) kmcm rlkursn cn jnclbn jlotmb knbltdvn. [l n rlkursn ons ä ùtdb docdvdcumbjlotl, oûs n jmotljns l n usmjns7 kmsn knotrírdn, nu n jnbcmjns ès onssms olklssdcmcls, nu n clskmrtmjns.  Pmbl rlssmbtmr, jmds ujm vlz, m `nrjm knjn ns lstucns cl Gloolte Krmdg Krmdg l lj lsplkdmb ns cl Imgna Odlbslo l Krmw`nrc Gdbdmo, knj slus jätncns amslmcns lj mpbdkmæën cl plsqudsms, mdocm do`bulokdmj knostmotljlotl on trmamben cns plrsnomflos mqud mprlslotmcns, prn`dssdnomds cl \U Vrdtdof lspmbemcns plbn juocn ‛ judtns on Armsdb ‛ qul sl clcdkmj knj pmdxën m cmr knotdoudcmcl è dodkdmtdvm cl slus prlclklssnrls. \J KDKBN CL J\CMOÆM[ Lu jlsjn knjlkld m lstucmr n knjpnrtmjlotn cm do`nrjmæën om jêcdm cdfdtmb lj jlmcns cns mons onvlotm, vdocn cm írlm cl knjuodkmæën ljprlsmrdmb, l `ud uj cns qul `dknu `mskdomcn knj ms pnssdadbdcmcls cn usn cm pmbmvrm on jldn no-bdol. Bnfn mpûs, ií trmambemocn knj rlcmæën cdfdtmb, plrklad qul, knjn mknotlkl mknot lkl mfnrm, m do`nrjmæën oën pmrm qudltm9 m knovlrféokdm cl jêcdms knokrltdzmcm om  vdrmcm pmrm lstl säkubn ä knjaustêvlb knostmotl cl jucmoæm. \j lxljpbn9 on lspmæn cl tljpn lotrl ns jlus trés bdvrns snarl  Vlawrdtdof, judtn jucnu. L Lj j 1888, 1888, tucn lrm onvn l pnssêvlb7 lj 1880, ms rlcls snkdmds cmvmj slus prdjldrns pmssns7 lj 18=3, n Jmrgltdof cl Knotlùcn ií cdtmvm rlfrms.  Mn bnofn clstl tljpn, tmjaäj pucl plrklalr knjn emvdmj jucmcn ns prn`dssdnomds. Inrombdstms emadtumcns mn jldn djprlssn clsknardrmj qul lrm pnssêvlb jlskbmr ms täkodkms cl tlxtn utdbdzmcms eí cäkmcms on pmplb è `mkdbdcmcl

 

 

cm puabdkmæën djlcdmtm l cms pnssdadbdcmcls qumsl do`dodtms cn edplrbdog cn jldn cdfdtmb. Xuabdkdtírdns ontmrmj m kemokl qul tlrdmj cl knovlrsmr cdrltmjlotl knj slus pùabdkns l docdkmr prncutns l slrvdæns knj kn j ujm bdofumflj prûprdm, bdfmcm mn knjpnrtmjlotn plssnmb cn pùabdkn on jldn no-bdol. DO@NQJMÆËN L KNOELKDJLOSN Eí mbfuos mons ns prn`dssdnomds armsdbldrns knjlæmrmj m sl mcmptmr ès onvdcmcls cm rlcmæën pmrm prncutns cdfdtmds. @nd olstl kloírdn cl jucmoæm qul knoelkd Arlon Nbdvldrm, inrombdstm qul sl clcdkmvm mn trmamben cl \U Vrdtdof lj ujm stmrtup stmrtup on  on Qdn cl Imoldrn.  Mn mknjpmoemr mknjpmoemr n trmamben cl Nbdvldrm, pucl kno`drjmr jmds ujm vlz knjn n kmjpn cl mtumæën cn \U Vrdtdof pncl slr lxtlosn lxt losn l, mssdj knjn ons lxljpbns manrcmcns mn bnofn clstl kmpêtubn, ujm `lrrmjlotm pnclrnsm cl Knjuodkmæën Cdfdtmb. Lj uj cns knotmtns dodkdmds qul tdvl knj Nbdvldrm, lbl `lz qulstën cl jl mprlslotmr mns prdjldrns rlsubtmcns cm mpbdkmæën cm rlcmæën pmrm prncutns cdfdtmds è amsl cl knoelkdjlotn cm ljprlsm pmrm nocl trmambemvm.  M amsl amsl cl knoelkdjlotn lrm uj sn`dstdkmcn amokn amokn cl cmcns, uj rlpnsdtûrdn cl knosubtm cl do`nrjmæüls krdmcn plbm stmrtup stmrtup   pmrm qul slus mtloclotls puclsslj rmpdcmjlotl mkemr rlspnstms lj lsplkdmb pmrm ms cùvdcms cl slus kbdlotls. ‒Knjlæmjns uj trmamben cl rlvdsën cm onssm amsl cl knoelkdjlotn, tmotn lj tlrjns cl qumbdcmcl cn tlxtn qumotn lj tlrjns cl nrfmodzmæën l lstruturm‚, knotm Nbdvldrm, qul knstujm cdvdcdr n qul clsknarl knj slus knblfms cl jlrkmcn slim lj tlxtns nu loknotrns. Nbdvldrm knotm mdocm, lj uj cl slus mrtdfns pmrm n Jlcduj, qul n nailtdvn lrm kbmrn9 utdbdzmr n pnclr cl nailtdvdcmcl cms pmbmvrms pmrm `mkdbdtmr oën sû n mklssn l m knosubtm mn knotlùcn cm djlosm amsl cl knoelkdjlotn cm ljprlsm, jms tmjaäj trmos`nrjmr m jmoldrm knjn m prûprdm do`nrjmæën lrm mprlslotmcm. ‒Snjmjns n knokldtn cl blmrodof nailktdvl ljprlstmcn nailktdvl ljprlstmcn cms tlnrdms cl lblmrodof pmrm tnromr n knotlùcn cm onssm amsl cl knoelkdjlotn jmds mtnjdzmcn‚,

 

 

lbl lxpbdkm. Nu slim, n ls`nræn lstmvm lj krdmr oën jmds ‒pmrlcüls cl tlxtn‚, knjn jl lxpbdknu Nbdvldrm, Nbdvldrm, jms ‒ítnjns cl knoelkdjlotn‚.  knoelkdjlotn‚.  Ns nailtdvns cm jdssën lrmj amstmotl kbmrns9 . Kmcm uodcmcl cl knotlùcn clvlrdm sl tnromr jmds prlkdsm9 lj vlz cl omvlfmr pnr clz pmrífrm`ns cl do`nrjmæën qul n usuírdn ií knoelkdm mtä kelfmr mn qul lstmvm rlmbjlotl auskmocn, lbl clvlrdm loknotrmr ujm rlspnstm cdrltm pmrm m lxmtm plrfuotm qul lstmvm `mzlocn7 . Kmcm do`nrjmæën snarl m pbmtm`nrjm sl tnromrdm jmds doclploclotl l plrlol, ujm vlz qul, pnr cdzlr rlspldtn m uj tljm lsplkê`dkn, lbm oën knotlrdm uj blqul cl mssuotns pmssêvlds cl mtumbdzmæën knotêoum, l mssdj sn`rlrdm jlons jucmoæms mn bnofn cn tljpn7 . N knoelkdjlotn snarl m ljprlsm pmssmrdm m slr rlutdbdzívlb l mpbdkívlb m cd`lrlotls knotlxtns, ií qul kmcm nailtdvn cl mprlocdzmflj `uokdnomrdm knjn ujm plæm cl Blfn qul pnclrdm sl lokmdxmr lj jùbtdpbns prncutns l jêcdms. Clscl lotën Nbdvldrm tlj cmcn lsplkdmb mtloæën mn ùbtdjn dtlj. M`domb, knjn lbl jlsjn `mz qulstën cl lskbmrlklr, ‒mtnjdzmr n knotlùcn ä mploms uj bmcn b mcn cm jnlcm‚. Lbl lxpbdkm qul oën amstm ‒plfmr ujm tlsnurm‚, knrtmr ns tlxtns qul lxdstlj om amsl cl knoelkdjlotn l mssujdr qul `nd rlmbdzmcn uj trmamben cl blmrodof nailktdvls. nailktdvls. Olstl prnklssn, mbäj cms täkodkms cl \U Vrdtdof bdstmcms ‛ l qul lstën slocn utdbdzmcms clscl n doêkdn cn trmamben ‛ Nbdvldrm `mz qulstën cl bljarmr cns pnotns qul knosdclrm djpnrtmotls pmrm jlbenrmr n knotlùcn prnprdmjlotl cdtn, tmds knjn lsknbelr knj kudcmcn ns vlrans, slr alj lsplkê`dkn on qul ä cdtn l clskrlvlr ns alol`êkdns cl kmcm tlxtn puabdkmcn om amsl. ‒Sncn n prnklssn cl jlbenrdm cl ujm amsl cl knoelkdjlotn, clscl rlplosmr sum `nrjm cl mklssn è `nrjm knj qul ns knotlùcns sën mprlslotmcns, lxdfl kudcmcn l, lj lsplkdmb, mtloæën m cltmbels‚, lxpbdkm Nbdvldrm Nbdvldrm.. ‒Ä prlkdsn knostruê-bns cl jncn qul rlspnocmj cl jmoldrm ífdb l knjpbltm ès olklssdcmcls rlmds cns onssns usuírdns‚, knokbud.  knokbud.   È XQNK\QM CL MKLQSN[ Ä om rlpltdæën knotêoum cl ujm mæën l om knjprnvmæën cl sum l`dkíkdm qul tncm anm prítdkm sl lstmalblkl ‛ l, olstl pnotn, n \U Vrdtdof pmrlkl lstmr on rujn ru jn klrtn.

 

 

Knj n usuírdn on klotrn cm qulstën, ms täkodkms cl rlcmæën pmrm prncutns cdfdtmds mjmcurlklj m kmcm jnjlotn, slim on Armsdb nu on rlstn cn juocn. Lstl jmoumb prltlocl lxpbnrmr judtms clbms, prnvívlds anms prítdkms, qul lstën slocn knostruêcms amslmcms lj tlotmtdvms, lj lrrns l, lj lsplkdmb, on qul auskn clskrlvlr oms pífdoms slfudotls9 lj mklrtns.

Adabdnfrm`dm rlknjlocmcm ✛ 

AQM[DB. Jdodstärdn cn Xbmolimjlotn, Nræmjlotn l Flstën, [lkrltmrdm cl Bnfêstdkm l Slkonbnfdm cm Do`nrjmæën. Xmcrüls Vla lj Fnvlron Lbltróodkn9 Kmrtdbem cl Qlcmæën Vla. Vla. Armsêbdm, 18=8. Cdspnoêvlb lj9 ettps9//www.fnvlroncdfdtmb.fnv.ar/trmos`nrjmkmn/knjprms/nrdlotmknls

/dclotdcmcl-cdfdtmb-cn-fnvlron/lpwf-pmcrnls-wla-lj-fnvlronlbltrnodkn/kmrtdbem-cl-rlcmkmn-wla. Mklssn lj9 18 iuo. 18=4  18=4   ✛  FMQLS, Ilssl Imjls. Sel Lbljlots n` \slr Lxplrdlokl9 \slrKlotlrlc Clsdfo `nr tel Vla moc Alynoc. 1. Alynoc.  1. lc. Alrglbly9 Olw Qdclrs, 18==. ✛ 

JMQ\[ELP[GM, Momstmsdm. Enw tn audbc m alttlr prncukt wdte \U wrdtdof. Gvdi, wrdtdof. Gvdi, 18=5. Cdspnoêvlb lj9  lj9 ettps9//uxclsdfo.kk/enw-tn audbc-m-alttlr-prncukt-wdte-ux-wrdtdof410c65184kl5>fd:l1m38k46;am0   410c65184kl5>fd:l1m38k46;am0

✛ 

NBDPLDQM, Arlon. Blmrodof nailkts lj knostruæën. Qdn knostruæën. Qdn cl Imoldrn, 18=6. Cdspnoêvlb lj9  lj9 ettps9//jlcduj.knj/Harlon.amrrltn/blmrodofnailkts-lj-knostru%K;%M6%K;%M;n-40 Xmrm ns clsmvdsmcns, oën. \jm vlz knjprllocdcns ns knokldtns cl Knjuodkmæën l Jmrgltdof on knotlxtn cn jldn cdfdtmb, ä pnssêvlb, lotën, `mzlr ujm krêtdkm mn kmjdoen dovlrsn9 cl `nrjm mbfujm ä pnssêvlb trmambemr do`nrjmæën om írlm slj qul sl lotlocmj ms plkubdmrdcmcls cm jêcdm. [lr knokldtumb, mploms, oën amstm. Ä prlkdsn trmambemr tlnrdm l prítdkm. ]ulj knjprllocl ns jlmocrns cn jldn no-bdol smal n vmbnr cm do`nrjmæën purm l sdjpbls, l knbnkm lj mæën sum cupbm `uoæën. M prdjldrm lstí om rmdz cn edplrtlxtn9 m kmpmkdcmcl qumsl do`dodtm cl slrvdr knjn `notl cl knoelkdjlotn pmrm n rlklptnr, mprn`uocmocn ms do`nrjmæüls l tdrmocn cùvdcms mn bnofn cn kmjdoen.  M slfuocm lstí on `mtn cl qul m wl a ä `nrjmcnrm, kmpmz cl ―prlpmrmr— ns usuírdns pmrm n knosujn. ]umotn jmds do`nrjmcn, jmds kmpmkdtmcn pmrm m knjprm. Knj n smalr, krdm-sl m pnotl pmrm n knosujn. Mn mombdsmr uj prnklssn cl knjprm, kelfm-sl judtms vlzls è knokbusën cl qul ujm do`nrjmæën slj prnpûsdtn cl lstêjubn mn knosujn `nd n prdokdpmb jntdvmcnr. ************************************** Cnjdomr `lrrmjlotms, mprloclr om prítdkm l mkujubmr knoelkdjlotns sljprl `nd, clscl n pnotn zlrn cn jlrkmcn cdfdtmb, n kmjdoen pmrm mbkmoæmr n suklssn. [malr n qumotn clstls trés dtlos utdbdzmjns on onssn cdm m cdm ä n qul fmrmotl qul oën smdrljns cns trdbens, enil l sljprl9 . Cnjdomr `lrrmjlotms  Pnké oën prlkdsm slr pûs-frmcumcn pmrm jlxlr on Fnnfbl Mombytdks. Mombytdks. Bdcmr knj `lrrmjlotms oën ä cd`lrlokdmb on jlrkmcn ‛  ä uj dtlj nardfmtûrdn, jms  imjmds uj cd`lrlokdmb. cd`lrlokdmb. [lu prdjn cl =0 mons mons ä kmpmz cl cmr uj am amoen oen lj vnké on usn cn Mombytdks, pnds ä alj prnvívlb qul lbl tloem jmds tljpn pmrm lotloclr cns jlmocrns cn `lrrmjlotmb. Nu slim, vnké oën o ën ä jmds qul odofuäj pnrqul smal bdcmr knj mpbdkmtdvns, jms pnrqul smal trmos`nrjmr cmcns knbltmcns lj do`nrjmæüls, l do`nrjmæüls lj knoelkdjlotns ùtlds mn trmamben. Dssn sdj ä uj cd`lrlokdmb l tmotn.

 

 

. Mprloclr om prítdkm [lfudr n ―`llbdof— ä trmambemr è aldrm cn prlkdpêkdn. p rlkdpêkdn. N mpndn olstm enrm prlkdsm slr m mutnkrêtdkm, qul sljprl ons puxm cl vnbtm pmrm n rldon cm suailtdvdcmcl, cldxmocn pmrm trís ms mrjmcdbems cn suailtdvn (―lstnu klrtn pnrqul tloen lstrmcm, l pnotn `domb—). On tlrrlon cn nailtdvn, ms plrfuotms prlkdsmj prl kdsmj cl rlspnstms pmbpívlds7 smalr rlspnoclr pmrm vnké, sum lqudpl, slu kel`l l slu kbdlotl ns pnrqués cms mæüls tnjmcms ä n kmjdoen knrrltn ‛ l m pnssdadbdcmcl cl ujm kmrrldrm prnjdssnrm. . Mkujubmr knoelkdjlotns On jlrkmcn cdfdtmb, qumotn jmds rlstrdtdvn uj JAM nu kursn cl pûsfrmcumæën, jlonr m kemokl cl ns knoelkdjlotns mcqudrdcns vmblrlj, cl `mtn, pmrm mbmvmokmr m kmrrldrm. Lstl kloírdn oën ä mploms kmrmktlrêstdkn cm Knjuodkmæën Cdfdtmb9 qumbqulr jlrkmcn n`lrlkl n`lrlkl lstms ―plfmcdoems—. M oën slr qul  vnké tloem nptmcn pnr clcdkmr sum vdcm prn`dssdnomb è ―rladjankm ―r ladjankm cm pmrm`usltm—,  imjmds `mæm uj ―JAM Lxlkutdvn lj Qladjankm cm Xmrm`usltm—. N l`ldtn knbmtlrmb ä vnké kelfmr è knokbusën cl qul prlkdsm `mzlr nutrn kursn, jmds marmoflotl. @dqul mtlotn mns jncdsjns, pnrtmotn. 7-)

 

 

KMXÊS\BN = [NAQL \[\ÍQDN, \[N L \SDBDCMCL

 

 

Lj auskm cl anms prítdkms lj \U Vrdtdof, bnfn surfl uj djpmssl9 m`domb, n qul clslim uj usuírdn> N qul jntdvm uj bldtnr> N qul `mz knj qul mbfuäj knosujm ‛ nu oën ‛ ujm do`nrjmæën> Djlrsns on turadbeën cn jldn cdfdtmb, sû slrljns kmpmzls cl knjprlloclr m onvm rlmbdcmcl cl knosujn cl knotlùcn sl krdmrjns jlkmodsjns qul ons nardfulj m nbemr pmrm trís om lskmcmrdm cm Knjuodkmæën [nkdmb l qul ons `nrklj m naslrvmr n prnklssn knj cdstmokdmjlotn. Knjn cdz n onjl, n \U Vrdtdof ‛ m lskrdtm vnbtmcm pmrm m lxplrdéokdm cn usuírdn ‛ pmrtl cm prljdssm cl qul bdcmjns mqud knj m prnpnstm cl krdmr ujm lskrdtm qul prnpnrkdnol uj oêvlb cl lxklbéokdm om lxplrdéokdm cl masnræën cl do`nrjmæën ouokm motls n`lrlkdcm mn usuírdn, doclploclotljlotl cm pbmtm`nrjm. [lrdm ujm tmrl`m elrkùblm, sl oën plrklalrjns qul m lskrdtm lstí doslrdcm lj uj uodvlrsn alj jmds mjpbn, m flstën cl knotlùcn, l qul mploms nbemocn mn rlcnr ä qul knoslfudrljns knjprllocé-bn. Smb knjn ujm jmtrdnsgm jmtrdnsgm   ‛ m knbnrdcm anolqudoem russm cl jmcldrm qul knotäj vírdms clotrn cl sd ‛ n knokldtn cl knotlùcn oën lxdstdrdm slj ms nutrms jmtrdnsgms qul n mardfmj9 ns knokldtns cl usuírdn, usn l utdbdcmcl. M`domb, mn jmtrdnsgms qul usuírdn kmal n usn qul, pnr sum vlz, prlssupül utdbdcmcl ‛ m jlsjm utdbdcmcl qul mknbel n knokldtn cl knotlùcn. Xmrm knjprlloclrjns n bnofn kmjdoen qul ons trnuxl mn \U Vrdtdof ä prlkdsn lstucmr jmds mtlotmjlotl lstls knokldtns. Knjlkljns plbn `dj, plbm jlonr cms jmtrdnsgms jmtrdnsgms,, m utdbdcmcl. [NAQL [LQ ÙSDB  M dcldm cl utdbdcmcl ä knjprllocdcm qumocn ons clsbnkmjns cm vdsën cmqudbn qul ons djplbl mn usn l plrklaljns n pnrqué n  pnrqué cn  cn onssn djpubsn. N `nkn, lotën, lstí lj oûs jlsjns, l oën omqudbn qul qu l ons mtrmd è mæën. [ën trés ns mtrdautns mssnkdmcns mn knokldtn cl utdbdcmcl9  utdbdcmcl9   . Olklssdcmcl Xrlkdsmjns l clplocljns. Ns vlrans bdfmcns mn knokldtn cl olklssdcmcl cldxmj kbmrn qul lstl ä uj mtrdautn bdfmcn ès slosmæüls aísdkms cn slr eujmon eu jmon ‛  judtms clbms mssnkdmcms è snarlvdvéokdm.

 

 

[l naslrvmrjns n knokldtn cm olklssdcmcl sna m plrsplktdvm cn knotlùcn, rlstm-ons ujm plrfuotm9 lxdstdrdmj knotlùcns qul pnclrêmjns knosdclrmr lsslokdmds è snarlvdvéokdm> [lfudocn lstm jlsjm bdoem cl rmkdnkêodn, pncljns dr mbäj9 slrdm pnssêvlb krdmr knotlùcns krdmr  knotlùcns qul mtloclsslj m qulstüls cdrltmjlotl bdfmcms è snarlvdvéokdm> . Xrmzlr Alj cdstmotl cn slosn cl urféokdm cm c m olklssdcmcl, m utdbdcmcl amslmcm on prmzlr auskm slosmæüls qul prllokemj onssms lxplktmtdvms, slimj `êsdkms nu ljnkdnomds. Jmds ujm vlz, mn knotrírdn cn qul ons blvm mn knosujn pnr knotm cl ujm olklssdcmcl, m utdbdcmcl krdmcm pnr prmzlr oën ä amslmcm on ‒lu prlkdsn‚, jms on ‒lu qulrn‚.  qulrn‚.  On juocn jnclron oûs smaljns cn qul prlkdsmjns pmrm vdvlr l snarlvdvlr, jms oën ä cl enil qul ms täkodkms cl plrsumsën cm puabdkdcmcl prnkurmj mklotumr ns msplktns qul tnromj prncutns l slrvdæns slcutnrls ‛  l prmzlrnsns, sl n nailtdvn ä mbkmoæmcn. Olssl slotdcn, mtä qul pnotn uj knotlùcn pncl slr lbmanrmcn pmrm, pnr sd sû, dr mbäj cm olklssdcmcl l, mtrmväs cn usn cm pmbmvrm, tnromr-sl slcutnr l prmzlrnsn> . Kurdnsdcmcl Knjn lj ujm vdtrdol, m kurdnsdcmcl lxpbdkdtm l lxpül ns mtrdautns cm utdbdcmcl. Bí lstën n prmzlr l m olklssdcmcl, jms n qul ons kemjm m mtloæën oën ä n clslin cl slr prllokedcn nu m urféokdm cm snarlvdvéokdm, jms n cdrldtn docdvdcumb cl naslrvmr l jmotlr m edponsl cn knosujn cdstmotl ‛  mn jlons curmotl mbfuj tljpn. ]ulrljns, olstl kmsn, lstucmr n qul lstí slocn mprlslotmcn, jms sna uj pnotn cl vdstm krêtdkn, lj qul mvmbdmjns sl vmbl nu oën m plom ons cldxmrjns lovnbvlr plbm slcuæën cn prmzlr, nu mtä slrjns mprdsdnomcns plbm urféokdm cl ujm olklssdcmcl qul sl mprlslotm l oën lrm plrkladcm. N qul lstdjubm m kurdnsdcmcl pnr uj knotlùcn> Clvljns plrjdtdr lssm  vdsën krêtdkm, uj ‒vdcrn‚ knbnkmcn lotrl n usuírdn l n qul pncl ‛ ‛ nu  nu oën ‛ blví-bn mn usn, nu slrdm m kurdnsdcmcl uj dostdotn djpnssêvlb cl slr knotrnbmcn l tmbvlz docdsplosívlb knjn djpubsn pmrm n usn>

 

 

XMQÁJLSQN[ CL \[N Om rlbmæën lotrl ns knokldtns cl usuírdn, usn l utdbdcmcl, ä m utdbdcmcl m jmtrdnsgm   qul prnkurm rlspnoclr m qulstüls lsslokdmds knjn ‒n qul jmtrdnsgm knosujdjns>‚ l ‒pnr qul knosujdjns>‚.  Mdocm mssdj, prmzlr, olklssdcmcl l kurdnsdcmcl `uokdnomj mploms knjn uj knoiuotn cl jntdvmcnrls7 sën knjn fmtdbens cltnomcns m pmrtdr cm mæën prdokdpmb9 m dotloæën cn usn.  M dotloæën cn usn ‛ m mæën motlrdnr mns msplktns qul klrkmj m utdbdcmcl ‛   auskm mtloclr m qulstüls bdfmcms è `nrjm cn qul slrí utdbdzmcn u tdbdzmcn (qumocn l knjn) l oën qulstdnomjlotns jmds ljnkdnomds (n qué l pnr qué). Nu slim, ujm vlz qul n usuírdn sl vé è `rlotl cl uj cns jntdvmcnrls cm utdbdcmcl l sl vmbl cl uj clbls, mn usn oën kmalj qulstüls suailtdvms, pnds lstl ä n jnjlotn cl `mzlr qulstdnomjlotns prítdkns l nailtdvns, knjuos mn cdm m cdm cl knosujn. Smds qulstdnomjlotns lstën bdfmcns m9 . @nrjm cl usn Xnr vlzls uj prncutn nu slrvdæn ä utdbdzmcn plbn usuírdn pmrm mssnkdmr m utdbdcmcl cn qul sl ausknu m nutrn prncutn nu slrvdæn qul lbl ií tlj. \j anj lxljpbn cdssn ä uj bdvrn lbltróodkn (l-anng) l sum rlbmæën knj ns sn`twmrls bldtnrls cl l-anngs. Xmrm qul uj bdvrn lbltróodkn pnssm slr mklssmcn l bdcn, ä prlkdsn qul n usuírdn ií tloem lj mbfuj cdspnsdtdvn uj sn`twmrl kmpmz cl blr n l-anng dostmbmcn ‛ on klbubmr, pnr lxljpbn. Nu slim, m utdbdcmcl cl uj lstí mssnkdmcm mn usn qul lbl ií `mz cn nutrn. Cm jlsjm `nrjm, dssn nknrrl on uodvlrsn cm do`nrjmæën cm dotlrolt.  Mn rlmbdzmr ujm auskm pnr uj lbltrncnjästdkn lj uj sdtl, pnr lxljpbn, n usuírdn pncl mssnkdmr n prncutn qul vdu lj ujm pífdom cltlrjdomcm mn qul loknotrnu snarl uj prncutn sljlbemotl on jlsjn sdtl. M pmrtdr cm knjpmrmæën cl prlæns l msplktns täkodkns, lbl pnclrí lsknbelr qumb lbltrncnjästdkn knjprmr. Olstl kmsn, ms do`nrjmæüls sû tlrën usn sl `nr pnssêvlb `mzlr ujm knjpmrmæën lotrl kmcm ujm clbms. Xnr vlzls, knotucn, n usn oën lstí mssnkdmcn è utdbdcmcl cl nutrn prncutn nu slrvdæn. N bdvrn djprlssn ä uj clstls kmsns9 m utdbdcmcl cn knotlùcn ií lstí mssnkdmcm è cm pbmtm`nrjm qul pnssdadbdtm n slu knosujn. Nu slim, oën ä olklssírdn oloeuj knjpbljlotn pmrm qul n knotlùcn slim utdbdzmcn.

 

 

. Jnjlotn cn usn ]umocn uj prncutn nu slrvdæn slrí utdbdzmcn ‛ djlcdmtmjlotl nu lj uj jnjlotn pnstlrdnr ‛  tmjaäj ä cltlrjdomotl pmrm slu usn. N tljpn cl plrjmoéokdm cm utdbdcmcl cl uj prncutn nu slrvdæn slrí n lbljlotn lsslokdmb pmrm qul n usn cl `mtn mknotlæm. Lj uj kmsn lj qul m dotloæën cl usn oën slim n knosujn djlcdmtn, l lj qul n tljpn cl plrjmoéokdm cm utdbdcmcl cn prncutn prncut n nu slrvdæn slim judtn kurtn, m utdbdcmcl pncl sl tnromr oubm pmrm n usuírdn. On uodvlrsn cn knotlùcn, uj anj lxljpbn slrdm uj `mtn inrombêstdkn kuin clslornbmr cns mknotlkdjlotns ií mkrlsklotnu onvns cmcns è ontêkdm. Ä knjn ujm ontm doknjpbltm snarl uj mssmbtn, knjpbljlotmcm on cdm slfudotl pnr p nr nutrm qul dokbud qulj n prmtdknu l qul, mssdj, tloclrí m lsvmzdmr m dotloæën cl usn cm motlrdnr.

N[ [LOSDCN[ CN \[\ÍQDN N usuírdn ä m jmdnr cms jmtrdnsgms jmtrdnsgms,, mqulbm qul knotäj, lj sd, n usn l m utdbdcmcl, l utdbdzm ns slotdcns knjn `lrrmjlotms cl mvmbdmæën cn juocn qul n klrkm. [ën lstls slotdcns qul drën clslokmclmr n usn l, knjn knoslquéokdm, mkdnomr ns jlkmodsjns cl mvmbdmæën cm utdbdcmcl cl uj prncutn nu slrvdæn. On knotlùcn cdfdtmb, m jmdnr pmrtl cl onssns slotdcns tmjaäj sën dostrujlotns cl lsknbem. Plimjns knjn dssn `uokdnom9 . Pdsën l mucdæën [ën ns slotdcns aísdkns cl knotmtn knj ns knotlùcns knot lùcns no-bdol, l slj lbls ms do`nrjmæüls knotdcms lj tlxtns l vêclns oën pnclrdmj slr mklssmcms. Ons ùbtdjns mons, knj m lvnbuæën cn prnklssn cl knosujn cl knotlùcn tlxtumb ‛  l n surfdjlotn cn \U Vrdtdof `mz pmrtl clstm trmos`nrjmæën ‛, n lskmolmr knj ns nbens oms tlbms pmssnu m slr jmds rípdcn l `urtdvn7 m vdsën pmssnu oën mploms m lxlrklr sum rmzën cl slr ‛ naslrvmr l slblkdnomr ‛, jms tnronu n usuírdn jmds lxdflotl om lsknbem cn qul slrí knosujdcn. ]umotn mn vêcln, mn uodr cnds cl onssns slotdcns, m vdsën l m mucdæën, lbl sl tnrom n `nrjmtn cl do`nrjmæën knj jmds kmpmkdcmcl cl mjpbdmr onssm

 

 

plrklpæën pmrm n knosujn cl knotlùcn l, mssdj, ons klrkmr knj jmds l`dkíkdm cn qul uj slotdcn, dsnbmcmjlotl.  M mucdæën, mdocm qul dslotm cns mplbns plrsumsdvns cm djmflj, tlj rlkuplrmcn ‛ mtrmväs cns pnckmsts ‛ slu mplbn cl usn l utdbdcmcl mn rltnjmr uj cns rlkursns aísdkns cm anm do`nrjmæën9 m kmpmkdcmcl cl knotmr edstûrdms l lstdjubmr m djmfdomæën. . Smtn Ljanrm m rlmbdcmcl vdrtumb djlrsdvm tloem cmcn onvn djpubsn mn tmtn knjn uj pnssêvlb jlkmodsjn cl mvmbdmæën cm utdbdcmcl cl uj prncutn nu slrvdæn, slu kustn mbtn mdocm oën knoslful doslrd-bn lj dotlr`mkls cl amdxn kustn knjn ms cl sjmrtpenols sjmrtpenols nu  nu cl knjputmcnrls plssnmds. N tmtn, olstl knotlxtn, mdocm sl bdjdtm m mjadlotls kmrns l sn`dstdkmcns lj qul sën olklssírdns nutrns plrd`ärdkns ‛ mbäj cms buvms lsplkdmds ‛, knjn ûkubns cl mbtm tlkonbnfdm l lqudpmjlotns qul cën supnrtl mn `uokdnomjlotn cl tncns ns dtlos qul knjpülj m lxplrdéokdm. Xmrlkl slr ujm qulstën cl tljpn, knotucn, qul lssm amrrldrm slim vlokdcm. . Nb`mtn l pmbmcmr  Mssdj knjn mknotlkl knj n tmtn, n pmbmcmr mdocm pnssud bdjdtmæüls täkodkms qul prlkdsmj slr suplrmcms pmrm qul lbl pnssm mfdr knjn jlkmodsjn cl mvmbdmæën cm utdbdcmcl cl uj prncutn nu slrvdæn. Xnräj, knj n amrmtlmjlotn cms djprlssnrms ;C, oën ä cd`êkdb djmfdomr m lxplrdéokdm cn pmbmcmr mpbdkmcm m uj knotlùcn tnromr-sl usumb lj onssns bmrls l oën ujm lxklæën, knjn mdocm ä ‛  mdocm qul, olstl knotlxtn, n vdrtumb prlkdsl tnrol-sl rlmb pmrm slr knosujdcn, m`domb, lstmjns `mbmocn cl mbdjlotns, knjn ä n kmsn cl jmssms l krljls. Cm jlsjm `nrjm, mpûs mons cl prntûtdpns clslovnbvdcns, lj arlvl ms  amrrldrms qul djplclj n usn cn nb`mtn knjn slotdcn lj dotlr`mkls no-bdol plssnmds slrën suplrmcms. [lrí pnssêvlb blví-bn lj knotm on prnklssn cl slblæën cl knotlùcn cns usuírdns. Xlr`ujls, pnr lxljpbn, pnclrën slr lxplrdjlotmcns motls cl slrlj knjprmcns.

Adabdnfrm`dm rlknjlocmcm

 

  ✛ 

LQSEMB, Mom. M Mom. M knjuodkmæën jubtdsslosnrdmb9 knjprlloclocn jncns cl slotdr. Qdn cl Imoldrn9 L-pmplrs, 18=5.

✛ 

ILPNO[, Vdbbdmj [tmobly. M [tmobly. M tlnrdm cm lknonjdm pnbêtdkm. pnbêtdkm. [ën Xmubn9  Mardb Kubturmb, =456.

✛ 

GMBAMKE, Idj. Jmplmjlotn cl lxplrdéokdms9 uj fudm pmrm

krdmr vmbnr pnr jldn cl inromcms, abulprdots l cdmfrmjms. cdmfrmjms. Qdn  Qdn cl Imoldrn9 Mbtm Anngs, 18=6. ✛  ONQJMO, Cnombc M. Clsdfo ljnkdnomb9 pnr qul mcnrmjns (nu cltlstmjns) ns nailtns cn cdm-m-cdm. Qdn cl Imoldrn9 Qnkkn, 1885. ✛   VDSSFLO[SLDO, Bucwdf. Dovlstdfmæüls `dbnsû`dkms. [ën Xmubn9 Onvm Kubturmb, =44=. N qul cdzlj ns mutnrls

✛ 

‒N anj clsdfo tmjaäj ä uj mtn cl knjuodkmæën lotrl n clsdfolr l n usuírdn, lxkltn plbn `mtn cl qul tncm m knjuodkmæën clvl nknrrlr plbm mpmréokdm cn prûprdn cdspnsdtdvn. N cdspnsdtdvn clvl sl lxpbdkmr‚  

 Cnombc Onrjmo ✛  ‒\jm cms `nrjms cl plrklalr m djpnrtáokdm cns slotdcns l cl knjn jncubmj onssns slotdcns om knjprllosën cn juocn slrdm plosmr n knrpn slj lbls. Knjn sl knjuodkm ujm plssnm klfm, surcm nu jucm> N qul n tmtn, n nb`mtn l n pmbmcmr pnclj knjuodkmr>‚ knjuodkmr> ‚   Mom Lrtemb 

 

 

 On `nrjmtn cl \U Vrdtdof [NAQL \[\ÍQDN, \[N L \SDBDCMCL . \tdbdcmcl ä qumocn plrklaljns n pnrqué cn onssn djpubsn. N `nkn lstí lj oûs jlsjns, l oën omqudbn qul ons mtrmd è mæën. . \sn auskm mtloclr qulstüls bdfmcms è `nrjm cmqudbn qul slrí utdbdzmcn (qumocn l knjn) l oën m qulstdnomjlotns jmds ljnkdnomds (n qué l pnr qué). . N usuírdn utdbdzm ns slotdcns knjn `lrrmjlotms cl mvmbdmæën cn juocn qul n klrkm. [ën lstls slotdcns qul drën clslokmclmr n usn l, knjn knoslquéokdm, mkdnomr ns jlkmodsjns cl mvmbdmæën cm utdbdcmcl cl uj prncutn nu slrvdæn.

 

 

 Xmrm dr mbäj cn mssuotn JL\ CDQLDSN CL L[KNBEM Lu knjprn jùsdkm om wla. L bdvrns. L rlvdstms. Sloen mssdomturm mss domturm cl inromds no-bdol. Ès vlzls, tloen qul jl albdskmr9 olj mkrlcdtn qul tucn dssn lstí mknotlklocn, qul n tmb ―mcjdrívlb juocn onvn— kelfnu l lstí om pmbjm cms jëns,  alj om jdoem `rlotl. Bdalrcmcl ä mssdj9 trmz ujm slosmæën cl vlotn on rnstn, cl qul vnké pncl tucn. L pncl. Jms bdalrcmcl kmsm knj lsknbem. Clscl qul omskd, nuæn qul lxplrdjlotmr ä uj cdrldtn, qul `mz pmrtl cn ―lstmr vdvn—. Ä n lxlrkêkdn knostmotl cl cmr ujm nbemcdoem mbd, ujm pltdskmcm bí, ujm kelkmcm mknbí. Bdalrcmcl ä pnclr `dkmr lj cùvdcm, lxplrdjlotmr l lsknbelr.  Mbfuos cdsknrcmj. Lstl dokójncn lxdstl eí tljpns. \jm ljprlsm clslovnbvl uj knotlùcn cdfdtmb l, knjn pmrtl cl ujm lstrmtäfdm qumsl klotloírdm cl jmrgltdof, n`lrlkl uj plrêncn cl trdmb   lj qul n (`uturn) knjprmcnr pncl clkdcdr sl rlmbjlotl qulr mcqudrdr n prncutn/slrvdæn. Nu lotën lj nutrm mæën  amstmotl knjuj, ä pnssêvlb pns sêvlb nuvdr uj trlken cl ujm jùsdkm jù sdkm nu blr uj trlken cl uj bdvrn. Fnstnu> Smbvlz vnké knjprl. Ns jmds nusmcns n`lrlklj pmrtl cn knotlùcn frmtudtn, tnrklocn pmrm qul sdrvm knjn dskm  dskm   pmrm vnké pmfmr n pmkntl  `ubb . L ä clstms supnstms ―mæüls lstrmtäfdkms— qul vlj m frdtmrdm.  frdtmrdm.  N qul pnclrdm slr pmrtl cn infn ‛ lu pnssn `dkmr sû on pltdskn l ouokm plcdr n prmtn prdokdpmb ‛ tlrjdom lj rlvnbtm l moíbdsl snkdnbûfdkm rmstldrm. Xlbn cdskursn cns clsknotlotls, qulj `mz pmrtl ―clstm flrmæën qul lstí mê— `dkm sû jnrcdskmocn n quldin om rmtnldrm l ouokm n mankmoem. Jms, m`domb, oën slrdm rlspnosmadbdcmcl sum `mzlr knj qul lbl clssl n prûxdjn pmssn> ]ulj vdvlu m rlmbdcmcl prä-dotlrolt smal qul rlvnbtmotl jlsjn lrm m slosmæën cl lstmrjns slocn `ldtns bdtlrmbjlotl cl ntírdns qumocn ns knotlùcns oën pncdmj slr lxplrdjlotmcns nu knjprmcns lj ―pmrtls—. Amstm tlr jmds cl 1< mons pmrm smalr qul lrm uj smkn, ons mons =468, 58, 48, slr nardfmcn m knjprmr uj BX, uj G6 nu uj KC ―dotldrns— pnr jmds qul vnké sû lstdvlssl dotlrlssmcn lj trés, qumtrn jùsdkms cms clz. On doêkdn cns mons 58, pnr lxljpbn, plcdr pmrm cmr ujm ―nuvdcdoem— lj uj íbauj cl ujm ―bnim cl cdskns— `uokdnomvm lxmtmjlotl knjn uj prlsdcdírdn rlklalocn vdsdtms9 n tljpn lrm kurtn l m vdfdbáokdm, `lrrloem. Oms bdvrmrdms ns

 

 

 vloclcnrls ―plrslfudmj— mcnblsklotls qul qulrdmj ‛  nbem qul kmrm cl pmu! ‛  `nbelmr pnr judtn tljpn ns ... bdvrns! Smabl bdvrns! Smabl anngs djpnrtmcns anngs djpnrtmcns l ljambmcns lj pbístdkn> ]ul vnké cldxmssl cl slr `nbfmcn l tdvlssl cdoeldrn pmrm blvmr pmrm kmsm.  Mardr, ouokm. Dclj pmrm ms rlvdstms lstrmofldrms. N ―jlu tljpn— oën lrm jlbenr, oën, lj lsplkdmb sna lstl pnotn cl vdstm. M docùstrdm kubturmb oën mploms clkdcdm n qul kelfmrdm mtä vnké, v nké, jms tmjaäj knjn  vnké pnclrdm knosujdr9 knjpbltn, `lkemcn, slj knuvlrt . Jms n qul enil pncl slr  vdstn knjn n kùjubn cn ―kmpdtmbdsjn slbvmflj—, olj uomodjdcmcl lrm. Lotrl mjdfns, sl n mssuotn lotrmssl om rncm, vnké lskutmvm ujm rdsmcdoem dróodkm mknjpmoemcm cn knjlotírdn ―qulrdm n qué> Knjprmr m jùsdkm qul qudslssl> [lotmr lj uj sn`í clotrn cl ujm bdvrmrdm l pmssmr pmssmr m tmrcl blocn>—  blocn>—   ]ulrdm sdj ‛ tmotn qulrdm, qul tdvl. L oën pnr ls`nræn plssnmb, jms plbn cl uj amocn cl ljprlloclcnrls qul surfdrmj om vdrmcm pmrm lstl säkubn l plrklalrmj, lj lsplkdmb om dotlrolt, qul lrm prlkdsn pnr ujm pí cl kmb olssm  vdsën vlbem, jnrdauocm, l qul lstmvm prlstls m mrrmstmr m docùstrdm kubturmb pmrm n `uocn cn pnæn. Ljprlloclcnrdsjn knj slosn cl snarlvdvéokdm9 ujm `ûrjubm do`mbêvlb qul jucm tucn, sljprl. Xnr dssn, qumocn nuæn qul m flrmæën qul lstí mê ä ―suplr`dkdmb— pnrqul oën bé uj tlxtn mtä n `dj, mssdstl mploms mbfuos slfuocns cl uj vêcln cl ujm jùsdkm onvm on TnuSual nu `dkm om mssdomturm frmtudtm cl uj Cllzlr m vdcm dotldrm, oën mken qul ä pnrqul lbm ä jlons dotlbdflotl, pën-curm, pën- curm, ―lsplrtm— nu suplr`dkdmb. Ä pnrqul lbm lxlrkl m bdalrcmcl qul n jlrkmcn `nd nardfmcn m cmr pmrm snarlvdvlr. L dssn doknjncm judtn n rlcmtnr qul pmssnu enrms lskrlvlocn uj tlxtn, m prncutnrm qul fmstnu rdns cl cdoeldrn prncuzdocn prncu zdocn uj vêcln, n sdtl cl jùsdkm jù sdkm qul enil prlkdsm mkldtmr qul anm pmrtl cn pùabdkn imjmds pmfmrí pmrm nuvdr m jmdnrdm cl sums kmoæüls prl`lrdcms. Sucn ä ujm qulstën cl snarlvdvéokdm, sû qul m anbm mfnrm pmssnu cm jën cns ―frmocls— pmrm n knbn cns qul prncuzlj prncuzlj ns knotlùcns. [l ujm jmtärdm lstí kemtm, lu oën bldn, vnu pmrm nutrm. @mæm-sl dotlrlssmotl qul mssdj vën bé-bn, lskutí-bn, nuvdr sum jùsdkm, mardr m kmrtldrm. [lim jmds knjpltlotl. [djpbls [djpbls mssdj. Lu cdssl ―jmds— pnrqul enil m rlmbdcmcl plcl qul vnké ―ví  ―ví  mbäj— (mqulbl kbdkeé qul mcnrmjns `mbmr, sljprl pmrm p mrm ns nutrns), l mdocm mssdj tlocn knoskdéokdm cl qul n pùabdkn knosnjl cl nutrm

 

 

`nrjm9 jmds bdvrl. Lbl cí ujm nbemcdoem mbd, ujm u jm pltdskmcm bí, ujm kelkmcm mknbí, lxmtmjlotl knjn lu lskrlvd on doêkdn cn tlxtn. Xmrl l plosl9 sl n dokójncn ä tën frmocl, slrí qul oën `nd vnké vnké qul  qul `dknu pmrm trís>

 

 

KMXÊS\BN 1 N CL[M@DN CM[ DOSLQ@MKL[

 

 

Xnr jmds qul n lstucn l m mpbdkmæën cn \U Vrdtdof lstlimj lj slus prdjldrns jnjlotns, ä uj clsm`dn m prnpnstm cl krdmr uj oêvlb cl lxklbéokdm doäcdtn om lxplrdéokdm cl masnræën cm do`nrjmæën. M`domb, tlxtns olklssdtmj cl dotlr`mkls pmrm slrlj bdcns l, clscl n surfdjlotn cm lskrdtm, auskm-sl m jlbenr `nrjm cl prnpnrkdnomr kno`nrtn mn bldtnr on prnklssn cl knosujn cm do`nrjmæën. L lssl tlj sdcn uj prnklssn clbdkmcn. Lj sujm, m butm plbm dotlr`mkl jmds mjdfívlb oën vlj cl enil ‛  m lrm cdfdtmb lj qul vdvljns ‛, olj `nd vlokdcm knj n qul pnclrdm pmrlklr n jmds l`dkmz cl tncns ns jmtlrdmds9 n pmplb. Mn rl`bltdr m buz, n pmplb lstí bnofl cl cd`dkubtmr m bldturm, jms tmjaäj oën m `mkdbdtm. Lj tlsl, n kloírdn dclmb slrdm n cl ujm dotlr`mkl qul `nssl mbäj cn pmplb l lstdjubmssl m bldturm. Xnr dssn, clscl qul n jldn cdfdtmb surfdu, tlstls téj sdcn rlmbdzmcns è prnkurm cl onvms dotlr`mkls qul knosdfmj rlpltdr m tmrl`m kujprdcm plbn jldn djprlssn l, sl pnssêvlb, dr mbäj. N qul sl lsplrmvm knjn lvnbuæën omturmb tnronu-sl uj rltrnklssn9 m kmrmktlrêstdkm prdokdpmb cn pmplb knjn dotlr`mkl ‛ oën cd`dkubtmr m bldturm ‛ `nd cdbuêcm om tlbm dbujdomcm cn knjputmcnr plssnmb. Xmrm dr mcdmotl l knjprlloclr m cd`dkubcmcl mdocm jmdnr om masnræën cl tlxtns lj sjmrtpenols sjmrtpenols,, knj sums tlbms knosdclrmvlbjlotl jlonrls cn qul ms cns knjputmcnrls plssnmds, ä prlkdsn, motls, lotloclr n qul ä dotlr`mkl l m rlbmæën cn usuírdn knj sums cums jncmbdcmcls ‛ m `êsdkm l m vdrtumb ‛, l knjn sl knjpnrtm n knotlùcn tlxtumb olstl kloírdn. . N qul ä dotlr`mkl Ns knokldtns cl usuírdn, usn nu utdbdcmcl oën lxdstdrdmj sl oën enuvlssl ujm jmoldrm cl dotlrmfdrjns knj slrls, nailtns l sdtumæüls. [lim ujm kmcldrm, ujm plssnm nu uj mpbdkmtdvn, ä m dotlr`mkl qul ons plrjdtl n knotmtn knj n qul ons klrkm, l ä m pmrtdr clbm qul sl dodkdm tncn prnklssn cl dotlrmæën. Knotucn, tncm dotlr`mkl prlkdsm slr lotlocdcm pmrm qul m dotlrmæën mknotlæm. Ä lsslokdmb qul mbfuos pmrájltrns slimj knjuodkmcns l knjprllocdcns, lxpbêkdtm nu djpbdkdtmjlotl, knjn m `nrjm cl knotmtn l ns slus bdjdtls. . M dotlr`mkl `êsdkm

 

 

N slotdcn cn tmtn trmos`nrjm m rlbmæën cn usuírdn knj ms dotlr`mkls. On jldn `êsdkn, knotlùcn l `nrjm cl mklssn sën uj sû lbljlotn, docdssnkdívlds.  Mn plrjdtdr n knotmtn knj cltmbels knjn tlxturm l tljplrmturm, t ljplrmturm, n tnqul pnssdadbdtm ujm rlbmæën cl dotdjdcmcl knj n lbljlotn `êsdkn l krdm ujm lxtlosën cl slosmæüls suailtdvms ‛  knjn kno`nrtn, `rdn, kmbnr ‛, tnromocn pmbpívlds knokldtns pnr vlzls suailtdvns knjn utdbdcmcl. On knotmtn knj m dotlr`mkl `êsdkm, oën eí cdstáokdm. M dotlr`lréokdm on lbljlotn `êsdkn, sl plrjdtdcm nu clslimcm, tnrom-sl pnssêvlb, l dssn `rmfdbdzm m knosdstéokdm cl slu lstmcn nrdfdomb. . M dotlr`mkl vdrtumb Lotrl usuírdn l knotlùcn, mfnrm, krdm-sl cdstáokdm. Xnr jmds qul m vdrtumbdcmcl tloem m dotloæën cl sdjubmr n `êsdkn, n tnqul cl buvms lsplkdmds cl rlmbdcmcl vdrtumb, vdrtu mb, pnr lxljpbn, mploms sdjubm m slosmæën cn tmtn. Olstl knotlxtn, pmrájltrns qul prlkdsmj slr lotlocdcns plbn usuírdn mn dotlrmfdr knj ujm dotlr`mkl l slu knotlùcn, knjn m `nrjm cl knotmtn l ns slus bdjdtls, tmjaäj knrrlj n rdskn cl oën slrlj rlspldtmcns ‛ cm jlsjm `nrjm qul mknotlkl knj ms dotlr`mkls `êsdkms. Knotucn, knjn on vdrtumb n knotlùcn ä cdssnkdmcn cl sum dotlr`mkl, tnrom-sl alj jmds knjpblxn nknrrlr ujm dotlr`lréokdm. Xnrtmotn, m pnssdadbdcmcl cl n knotlùcn jmotlr-sl prlslrvmcn ä jmdnr. . Dotlr`mkl l knotlùcn tlxtumb Xmrm qul ujm do`nrjmæën knoslrvl sum krlcdadbdcmcl, lbm prlkdsm jmotlrsl dotmktm clscl n jnjlotn cl sum prncuæën mtä n dostmotl cl slu knosujn plbn usuírdn. Clstm `nrjm, oën djpnrtm pnr qumb dotlr`mkl n knotlùcn tlxtumb slrí mklssmcn ‛ slim mtrmväs cl ujm dotlr`mkl `êsdkm (uj inromb djprlssn) nu vdrtumb (ujm rlvdstm no-bdol) ‛ jms, sdj, qumds lstêjubns slrën mpbdkmcns è dotlr`mkl pmrm qul sum bldturm slim `mkdbdtmcm.  M`domb, m knosdstéokdm cm do`nrjmæën oën pnssud, cd`lrlotljlotl cm dotlr`mkl `êsdkm, clplocéokdm cm dotlr`mkl lj qul lbm slrí knosujdcm7 m rlbmæën qul lxdstl mqud lstí lj nutrm nu trm ls`lrm, m cm prncuæën cl knotlùcn.

 

 

Nu slim, n qul djpnrtm sën ms knoslquéokdms trmzdcms pnr qumb cns supnrtls m do`nrjmæën tlxtumb slrí masnrvdcm7 pmrtl-sl cn prdokêpdn cl qul m knosdstéokdm cm do`nrjmæën lstí fmrmotdcm.  Mssdj, n rlblvmotl ä sl m bldturm slrí `ldtm on pmplb nu om tlbm7 sl `nr om tlbm, sl ä frmocl nu plqulom. ]umb jnjlotn lj qul m do`nrjmæën slrí masnrvdcm tmjaäj djpnrtm, slrí prlkdsn blvmr lj knosdclrmæën lj qul kloírdn n usuírdn blrí uj tlxtn ‛ lj kmsm, on trmospnrtl pùabdkn, on lskrdtûrdn nu on pmrqul, pnr lxljpbn.  M C\QM JD[[ËN CN CL[DFO [l oën ä n tdpn cl ujm dotlr`mkl n qul prlkdsm slr blvmcn lj knosdclrmæën pmrm fmrmotdr m bldturm kno`nrtívlb l `budcm cl uj tlxtn, jms ms vmrdívlds qul knjpülj n knotlxtn lj qul lbl slrí knosujdcn, rlkmd snarl m `nrjm knj qul kmcm dotlr`mkl ä clsloemcm n clvlr cl slr n `mkdbdtmcnr cm bldturm. N knokldtn bdtlrmb cl clsdfo ‛ clsloen ‛ ä `uocmjlotmb olstl prnklssn. [lim on jldn djprlssn nu cdfdtmb, ä n pnsdkdnomjlotn cn tlxtn oms dotlr`mkls qul krdmrí n qul sl auskm9 m trmoqudbdcmcl om masnræën cm do`nrjmæën. On djprlssn, m `lrrmjlotm ä m cdmfrmjmæën7 on jldn cdfdtmb, slu knrrlspnoclotl, n clsdfo cl dotlr`mkl. On jldn cdfdtmb, knotucn, m dcldm cl cdmfrmjmæën ‛ n clsdfo cl dotlr`mkl ‛  tlj uj plsn jmdnr, pnds mqud `mbmjns cl ujm dotlr`mkl qul pncl (l clvl) slr mbtlrmcm cl mknrcn knj ms kmrmktlrêstdkms l olklssdcmcls cm jêcdm no-bdol. Knotlùcns jucmj cl bufmr om tlbm cl mknrcn knj plr`ds cl kmcm pùabdkn7 m edlrmrqudm cl tlxtns ä mbtlrmcm pmrm mtloclr mns rlbmtûrdns cl jätrdkms cl mklssn ès pífdoms cns sdtls7 clstmquls sën rltdrmcns l nutrns dokbuêcns knj rmpdclz pmrm rlspnoclr ès cljmocms kmcm vlz jmds lxdflotls cns usuírdns. Ns kemjmcns tljpbmtls tljpbmtls,, knoiuotns cl pmcrüls cl tlbm krdmcns pmrm mtloclr ms jucmoæms cl cdmfrmjmæën, prnkurmj mknjpmoemr n cdomjdsjn cn prnklssn cl flstën cl knotlùcn cdfdtmb.  Pmbl bljarmr qul, olstl kloírdn, knjn ií cdtn, tmjaäj sën blvmcms lj knosdclrmæën qulstüls knjn tmjmoen cm tlbm, sl uj tljpbmtl tljpbmtl   mtlocl ès cdjlosüls cl kmcm ujm clbms, nu mdocm sl n usuírdn lstí lj jnvdjlotn (knj uj sjmrtpenol lj sjmrtpenol  lj jëns) nu pmrmcn (utdbdzmocn uj knjputmcnr plssnmb).

 

 

Judtms vlzls, knotucn, ms jlcdæüls mutnjítdkms ‛ ms kemjmcms jätrdkms ‛ sën dokmpmzls cl mvmbdmr sl ms mbtlrmæüls on clsdfo cl dotlr`mkl amstmj pmrm mtloclr n knjpnrtmjlotn cns usuírdns, l tlstls prlkdsmj slr rlmbdzmcns pmrm mpurmr mbfujms plrklpæüls. Lotrm lj klom, lotën, n knokldtn cl usmadbdcmcl mpbdkmcn m dotlr`mkls cdfdtmds l ms jltncnbnfdms qul ons pnssdadbdtmj mvmbdí-bms. Adabdnfrm`dm rlknjlocmcm ✛ 

INEO[NO, [tlvl. Kubturm cm dotlr`mkl9 knjn n knjputmcnr trmos`nrjm onssm jmoldrm cl krdmr l knjuodkmr. Qdn cl Imoldrn9 Inrfl Ymemr, 188=.  188=. 

N qul cdz n mutnr ✛ 

‒]umocn vnké oën prlkdsm plcdr plrjdssën, m donvmæën prnsplrm‚  prnsplrm‚    [tlvlo Ineosno

 

 

 On `nrjmtn cl \U Vrdtdof N CL[M@DN CM[ DOSLQ@MKL[ . N qul ä dotlr`mkl

 Xlrjdtl n knotmtn knj n qul ons klrkm l ä m pmrtdr clbm qul sl dodkdm tncn  prnklssn cl dotlrmæën. Sncm dotlr`mkl prlkdsm slr lotlocdcm pmrm qul m dotlrmæën mknotlæm. Ä lsslokdmb qul mbfuos pmrájltrns slimj knjuodkmcns l knjprllocdcns, lxpbêkdtm nu djpbdkdtmjlotl, knjn m `nrjm cl knotmtn l ns slus bdjdtls. . M dotlr`mkl `êsdkm

Knotlùcn l `nrjm cl mklssn sën uj sû lbljlotn. Mn plrjdtdr n knotmtn knj cltmbels knjn tlxturm l tljplrmturm, n tnqul pnssdadbdtm ujm rlbmæën cl dotdjdcmcl knj n lbljlotn `êsdkn l krdm ujm lxtlosën cl slosmæüls suailtdvms, tnromocn pmbpívlds knokldtns pnr vlzls suailtdvns knjn utdbdcmcl. . M dotlr`mkl vdrtumb

 Lotrl usuírdn l knotlùcn, mfnrm krdm-sl cdstáokdm. Xnr jmds qul m vdrtumbdcmcl tloem m dotloæën cl sdjubmr n `êsdkn, lbm mploms sdjubm slosmæüls.  Olstl knotlxtn, pmrájltrns qul prlkdsmj slr lotlocdcns plbn usuírdn mn dotlrmfdr knj ujm dotlr`mkl l slu knotlùcn, knjn m `nrjm cl knotmtn l ns slus bdjdtls, knrrlj n rdskn cl oën slrlj rlspldtmcns . Dotlr`mkl l knotlùcn tlxtumb

N rlblvmotl ä sl m bldturm slrí `ldtm on pmplb nu om tlbm7 sl `nr om tlbm, sl ä frmocl nu plqulom. Smjaäj djpnrtm lj qumb jnjlotn m do`nrjmæën slrí masnrvdcm, slrí prlkdsn blvmr lj knosdclrmæën lj qul kloírdn n usuírdn blrí uj tlxtn ‛  lj kmsm, on trmospnrtl pùabdkn, on lskrdtûrdn nu on pmrqul, pnr lxljpbn. . Clsdfo cl dotlr`mkl

 On jldn cdfdtmb, knotucn, m dcldm cl cdmfrmjmæën ‛ n clsdfo cl dotlr`mkl ‛ tlj uj plsn mdocm jmdnr, pnds mqud `mbmjns cl ujm dotlr`mkl qul pncl (l

clvl) slr mbtlrmcm cl mknrcn knj ms kmrmktlrêstdkms kmrmktlrê stdkms l olklssdcmcls cm jêcdm nobdol.

 

 

 Xmrm dr mbäj cn mssuotn SLKONBNFDM CN LOSQLSLODJLOSN9 M MQSL CM DJLQ[ËN Xlcrm cl tnqul cn jlrkmcn cl tlkonbnfdm olstl säkubn, n kmsmjlotn lotrl rlmb l vdrtumb prlkdsnu cmr judtms vnbtms, lotrl mklrtns l lrrns, mtä loknotrmr uj pnotn cl lqudbêardn. Ií oën sl lxdfl jmds qul lotrltlodjlotn slim sdoóodjn cl =88% cdfdtmb pmrm slr lokmrmcn knjn ―jnclron—, pnr lxljpbn ‛ nu ‛ nu qul, pmrm slr lotrltdcn, uj pùabdkn prlkdsl lstmr tntmbjlotl lovnbtn om rlmbdcmcl cn knokrltn l cn pmbpívlb. Enil, om slfuocm cäkmcm cn säkubn UUD, n prlslotl l n `uturn cn lotrltlodjlotn ií sl loknotrmj om plr`ldtm emrjnodm lotrl ns bdjdtls cn rlmb l ms pnssdadbdcmcls cn vdrtumb. Ns mvmoæns om írlm vdrën kmcm vlz jmds cm knjprllosën cn qul rlmbjlotl sl trmos`nrjnu n knokldtn cl lotrltlodjlotn, l tmjaäj cm `nrjm knj qul m tlkonbnfdm pncl slr utdbdzmcm lj slus cdvlrsns oêvlds pmrm tnromr m vdvéokdm cn pùabdkn kmcm vlz jmds prmzlrnsm. Cmê m urféokdm, pnrtmotn, cl knjprlloclr n qul cl `mtn ä tlkonbnfdm l n qul ä lotrltlr. Slkonbnfdm ä n `lrrmjlotmb, qumbqulr nailtn nu mæën qul ―`mæm pnr oûs—. Nu slim, mssdj knjn mknotlkl knj uj jmrtlbn nu uj jnusl, ä m kmpmkdcmcl cl suplrmr onssms kmpmkdcmcls `êsdkms qul kmrmktlrdzm n tlkonbûfdkn. Oën tlrêmjns `nræm pmrm `dxmr ns prlfns l jnotmr uj mrjírdn oën `nssl n mpndn l m lofloensdcmcl cl uj jmrtlbn7 oën tlrêmjns knjn mklssmr n uodvlrsn djpmbpívlb cn cdfdtmb om tlbm oën `nssl m knolxën cl uj jnusl. M tlkonbnfdm suplrm. su plrm. Pmd mbäj cn qul mkrlcdtmjns slr pnssêvlb. Lotrltlodjlotn ä n qul ons clsknbm cms nardfmæüls, n jnjlotn lj qul cldxmjns cl bmcn ms olklssdcmcls cm snarlvdvéokdm pmrm marmæmrjns jnjlotns cl purn prmzlr. Lotrltlr ä knoflbmr m nailtdvdcmcl cn rmkdnomb l trmzlr è tnom m suailtdvdcmcl cms ljnæüls. Jlsjn qul slim krdmr tlosën nu jlcn, n nailtdvn cn lotrltlr ä trmzlr smtds`mæën. N lotrltlodjlotn ä uj rlspdrn, m víbvubm cl lskmpl cm rlmbdcmcl. Krdmr tlkonbnfdm pmrm n lotrltlodjlotn `nd pnssêvlb clscl sljprl. Ns  ardoqulcns jmds mrkmdkns, cmtmcns cm Motdfudcmcl, prnvmj qul om äpnkm m tlkonbnfdm ií knoslfudm prncuzdr nailtns kuim `uoæën lrm sdjpblsjlotl lotrltlr.  Ms anolkms cl pmon l ns pdüls cl jmcldrm cl onssns adsmvós prnvmj qul

 

 

tlkonbnfdms aísdkms (knsturm l jmrklomrdm) sën kmpmzls cl prncuzdr uj lotrltlodjlotn lovnbvlotl, kmpmz cl pnvnmr knj `nræm n djmfdoírdn cms `mjêbdms. On juocn jnclron `nd n lstrlssl qul clu mn lotrltlr n slu jlrlkdcn  vmbnr. Cns pmrquls cl cdvlrsüls ‛  qul bnfn sl trmos`nrjmrdmj lj mvmoæmcns pmrquls tljítdkns ‛ mns infudoens cl tlblvdsën ‛ qul `dzlrmj surfdr l slcdjlotmr n jlrkmcn cl fmjls ‛  m tlkonbnfdm cn lotrltlodjlotn ä enil lsslokdmb pmrm pùabdkns l jmrkms. [lj lbm, n kmpdtmbdsjn plrclrdm ujm cl sums plroms jmds rlotívlds l prnjdssnrms. Juocdmbjlotl, m Sel Vmbt Cdsoly Knjpmoy ä n lxljpbn cl tlkonbnfdm cn lotrltlodjlotn lj lstmcn cm mrtl9 cnom cl c l DXs (prnprdlcmcls dotlblktumds) knjn ms edstûrdms l ns plrsnomflos cm Xdxmr, cm Jmrvlb l cm Bukms`dbj ‛ mbäj, ä kbmrn, cl slus vmbdnsns DXs cl nrdflj, krdmcns mn bnofn cl cäkmcms cl clsloens modjmcns ‛, n knofbnjlrmcn clcdkm anm pmrtl cl slu bukrn è donvmæën, sljprl knj `nkn lj onvms tlkonbnfdms knj qul pnssmj trmcuzdr jlbenr sums edstûrdms. Ns pmrquls tljítdkns cm Cdsoly, lspmbemcns plbns L\M, Lurnpm l Ísdm, cljnostrmj n qul eí cl jmds mvmoæmcn on knokldtn cl lotrltlr, jlskbmocn rlmb l vdrtumb, pmbpívlb l cdfdtmb, lj qul mjams ms `rnotldrms sl kno`uoclj dotlokdnombjlotl knj n nailtdvn `domb cl clsprloclr n vdsdtmotl cm rlmbdcmcl ‛ m kemjmcm ―susplosën cm krloæm—.  krloæm—.   Krdmcm eí jmds cl jldn säkubn, m Vmbt Cdsoly Djmfdollrdof ä m cdvdsën cm Sel Vmbt Cdsoly Knjpmoy tntmbjlotl vnbtmcm pmrm m krdmæën (―djmfdomtdno—) l n clslovnbvdjlotn (―lofdollrdof—) cms mtrmæüls cl slus pmrquls. Bí oën lxdstl jmds cdstdoæën lotrl cdvlrsën `êsdkm nu vdrtumb7 eí judtn m lxplrdéokdm cl ujm jnotmoem-russm pncl slr jlskbmcm knj m rlmbdcmcl vdrtumb cl ûkubns lsplkdmds, pnr lxljpbn. Xrnvm clstm ―`usën— lstí, clscl 18=0, lj uj cns clstmquls cm [emofemd Cdsolybmoc, n jmds rlklotl pmrqul knostruêcn plbm Cdsoly om Kedom (eí nutrn lj Enof Gnof)9 m mtrmæën ―Xdrmtls n` tel Kmrdaalmo ‛  ‛  Amttbl `nr tel [uoglo Srlmsurl—.  Srlmsurl—.  Jdsturmocn uj pmssldn lj uj rdn, lotrl omvdns cl pdrmtms l fmblüls dofblsls lj tmjmoen rlmb, m mvloturm dokbud jnoujlotmds tlbms cl mbtêssdjm rlsnbuæën on tltn l mn bnofn cn trmiltn, slj qul sl plrklam n qul ä kloírdn, mbäj cl mocrndcls cl ùbtdjm flrmæën, knj `mkls krdmcms mtrmväs cl prnilæüls, l jnvdjlotns lxtrljmjlotl rlmbdstms.

 

 

Xmrm Sel Vmbt Cdsoly Knjpmoy, n knokldtn cl dotlrmæën, knjn m cl uj fmjl ‛ rlkursn utdbdzmcn eí plbn jlons ujm cäkmcm oms mtrmæüls cns pmrquls ‛, ä prmtdkmjlotl pmssmcn. Ä om djlrsën, `êsdkm nu vdrtumb, qul m tlkonbnfdm cn lotrltlodjlotn mpnstm sums `dkems. Oën `mbtmj vêclns, jùsdkms, buzls l dostrujlotns cl dotlrmæën olstls mjadlotls, jms m tlkonbnfdm cn lotrltlodjlotn, tmb l qumb mknotlkl knj m Sel  Vmbt Cdsoly Knjpmoy, ä uj jldn pmrm sl mtdofdr uj `dj9 `dxmr jmrkms nu plrsnombdcmcls on cdm m cdm cns pùabdkns. L, cd`lrlotljlotl cm puabdkdcmcl trmcdkdnomb, knj m pmrtdkdpmæën mtdvm cl kmcm uj cns vdsdtmotls.  Mn knotrírdn cn qul sl pnssm djmfdomr, m tlkonbnfdm cn lotrltlodjlotn mdocm lstí lj sum slfuocm do`áokdm. Xnr jmds qul säkubns tloemj sl pmssmcn on ls`nræn cl krdmr dostmotls cl prmzlr l cdvlrsën on cdm m cdm cn slr eujmon, mdocm eí judtn pnr vdr. Mbfuos rlkursns sl mouokdmj knjn tlocéokdm, lj lsplkdmb ms kemjmcms ―tlkonbnfdms dovdsêvlds—, lj qul mtä sl kelfm m cuvdcmr qul mbfujm tlkonbnfdm mvmoæmcm tloem sdcn utdbdzmcm. Lstmjns mploms knjlæmocn.

 

 

KMXÊS\BN ;  M JD[[ËN CM \[MADBDCMCL

 

 

Xnr jmds qul n knotlùcn slim lbmanrmcn knj m clvdcm mtloæën l n clsdfo slim mcmptmcn knj kudcmcn m cd`lrlotls dotlr`mkls, kmcm usuírdn tlrí ujm lxplrdéokdm cd`lrlotl cl usn.  M jdssën om mpbdkmæën cl tlstls cl usmadbdcmcl ä knjprlloclr n qul tnrom ujm dotlr`mkl ‛ l, pnr knoslquéokdm, slu knotlùcn ‛ `íkdb cl usmr l, m pmrtdr cdssn, dovlstdfmr qumds dotlr`lréokdms lxdstdrdmj om rlbmæën knj n usuírdn qul pnclrdmj knjprnjltlr m sum utdbdcmcl.  Mn mpbdkmr tlstls cl usn lstmjns dovlstdfmocn oën mploms ms onssms dotlrmæüls `êsdkms knj ms dotlr`mkls, jms ‛ lj lsplkdmb on \U Vrdtdof ‛, knjn m cd`dkubcmcl om utdbdzmæën cl ujm dotlr`mkl cdfdtmb pncl do`bulokdmr on knosujn cl uj knotlùcn tlxtumb. Olstm tmrl`m, n pnotn cl pmrtdcm ä lotloclr knjn kmcm pùabdkn dotlrmfl knj knotlùcns mprlslotmcns lj tlbms ‛  n qul dokbud, tmjaäj, knjprlloclr knjn dotlrmflj docdvdcumbjlotl ns usuírdns cl kmcm pùabdkn. Xmrm sl kelfmr m tmb knjprllosën, n nailtn cl lstucn ä n jnclbn jlotmb cns usuírdns, nu slim, n knoiuotn cl pmcrüls qul knostruêjns lj onssms jlotls pmrm qul pnssmjns knjprlloclr l ons rlbmkdnomr knj n juocn qul ons klrkm. KNJN XMCQÜL[ L KNOPLOÆÜL[ Lxdstlj cnds tdpns cl jnclbn jlotmb, n knbltdvn l n docdvdcumb. N jnclbn jlotmb knbltdvn cdz rlspldtn è jmoldrm knjn oûs, slrls eujmons, bdcmjns knj n slosn cl snarlvdvéokdm. Lstl dostdotn surfl qumocn plrklaljns qul oën `mzljns jmds pmrtl, `dsdkmjlotl, cl onssms jëls. Knj m knoskdéokdm cl qul snjns mfnrm docdvêcuns l, pnr dssn, prlkdsmjns fmrmotdr m snarlvdvéokdm lj ujm onvm l mssustmcnrm rlmbdcmcl, r lmbdcmcl, pmssmjns m auskmr pmcrüls cl knjpnrtmjlotn qul ons prntlimj cl rdskns l mjlmæms. Lstls pmcrüls sën knjn knovloæüls qul surflj l lvnbulj mn bnofn cm trmiltûrdm cn slr eujmon7 judtns clbls `nrmj mamocnomcns è jlcdcm qul ms kdvdbdzmæüls `nrmj lvnbudocn, jms nutrns surfdrmj ‛ l mdocm surflj ‛ iustmjlotl pmrm qul m onssm snarlvdvéokdm knotdoul slocn prlslrvmcm.

 

 

Ns pmcrüls qul masnrvljns mn bnofn cm vdcm sën, lj sum jmdnrdm, bdfmcns è knbltdvdcmcl. Knotucn, ms knovloæüls lstmalblkdcms lj onssn jnclbn jlotmb  vën mbäj cm snarlvdvéokdm purm l sdjpbls, jms tmjaäj cdzlj rlspldtn m rlfrms  aísdkms cl knovdvéokdm snkdmb. N jnclbn jlotmb knbltdvn ä knjn ujm tldm cl pmcrüls cl knjpnrtmjlotn qul, mbäj cl lstmr bdfmcm è rmæm eujmom knjn uj tncn, tmjaäj blvm lj knosdclrmæën nutrns msplktns `uocmjlotmds, knjn n bnkmb lj qul vdvljns, n oùkbln `mjdbdmr lj qul `njns krdmcns, m lcukmæën lsknbmr qul tdvljns l ns kêrkubns snkdmds cns qumds `mzljns pmrtl, pnr lxljpbn. \jm vlz qul ms knovloæüls qul fmrmotlj onssm snarlvdvéokdm sën knjprllocdcms l ms rlfrms cl knovdvéokdm snkdmb masnrvdcms, tnrom-sl pnssêvlb, lotën, n clslovnbvdjlotn cl nutrn tdpn cl jnclbn jlotmb9 n docdvdcumb. Ä knjn sl kmcm uj cl oûs naslrvmssl ns pmcrüls knbltdvns tmb qumb mrrujíssljns ujm vlbem kmdxm cl `lrrmjlotms9 mbfujms clbms mdocm sën ùtlds, nutrms oën ons slrvlj jmds, eí ms qul pnclj slr fumrcmcms pmrm n `uturn `ut urn l mdocm ms qul pnclrdmj tlr uj usn cd`lrlotl. Kmcm uj cl oûs tlj ujm mvmbdmæën cd`lrlotl cns pmcrüls knbltdvns. Judtms clstms knovloæüls, pnräj, sën docdsplosívlds, lj lsplkdmb mqulbms bdfmcms è snarlvdvéokdm, loqumotn eí nutrms ‛ bdfmcms, pnr lxljpbn, è knovdvéokdm ‛ qul pmssmj plbn krdvn docdvdcumb motls cl slrlj mcntmcms, nu mdocm sën mcmptmcms l oën olklssmrdmjlotl clskmrtmcms.  Mssdj, surfl n jnclbn jlotmb docdvdcumb9 snjns knjn ―`dbtrns— qul slblkdnomj, clotrn cn pnssêvlb, n qul ons ä ùtdb. N XN[[ÊPLB L N DCLMB  Mn lbmanrmr prncutns cdfdtmds knjn sdtls nu mpbdkmtdvns, n dclmb slrdm knoslfudr lotloclr knjn `uokdnom kmcm uj cns jnclbns jlotmds docdvdcumds cl onssns pùabdkns ‛ n qul ä djprmtdkívlb. Ljanrm ujm cms jmdnrls vmotmflos cm jêcdm no-bdol `rlotl è trmcdkdnomb slim m kmpmkdcmcl cl jlcdr mutnjmtdkmjlotl cdvlrsns msplktns rlbmtdvns mn usn, knj m mpbdkmæën cl tlstls cl usmadbdcmcl prltlocl-sl knjprlloclr, lj lsplkdmb, qulstüls qul vën mbäj cm nailtdvdcmcl cns oùjlrns plrklotumds.

 

 

Xrnkurm-sl, olstl kmsn, pnr rlspnstms m plrfuotms bdfmcms mn ljnkdnomb cn usuírdn.  Mssdj, on clslovnbvdjlotn cl prncutns pmrm dotlr`mkls cdfdtmds, ä n jnclbn jlotmb knbltdvn qul ä blvmcn lj knosdclrmæën, mdocm qul slim pnssêvlb, olstl prnklssn, prnkurmr lotloclr uj oùjlrn bdjdtmcn cl jnclbns jlotmds docdvdcumds. Xmrtl-sl, lotën, cn lstucn cm jmoldrm knj qul uj pùabdkn cltlrjdomcn ‛  l knjn uj tncn ‛ dotlrmfl n jldn no-bdol l, on kmsn cn \U Vrdtdof, knjn lbl knosnjl knotlùcn cl `nrjm knbltdvm. Nu slim, m auskm mqud ä pnr pmcrüls usmcns plbns pùabdkns, l oën m jmoldrm cl kmcm uj plosmr.  MXBDKMOCN SL[SL[ Knjn m usmadbdcmcl auskm rlspnoclr qulstüls qul vën judtn mbäj cl cmcns oujärdkns l mutnjítdkns, n nailtdvn prdokdpmb om mpbdkmæën cns tlstls rlkmd lj rlknbelr djprlssüls cn usuírdn snarl sums slosmæüls mn utdbdzmr prncutns cdfdtmds.  Ms `lrrmjlotms utdbdzmcms clploclj cm prn`uocdcmcl knj qul sl clslim dovlstdfmr n jnclbn jlotmb cns usuírdns. Lotrl ns rlkursns pnssêvlds lstën9 lotrlvdstms rlmbdzmcms motls cns tlstls pmrm trmæmr eíadtns cn pmrtdkdpmotl7 m `dbjmflj7 m naslrvmæën lj smbm lsplbemcm7 n mknjpmoemjlotn cn usuírdn loqumotn lbl lxlkutm ms mæüls cljmocmcms7 l n usn cl sn`twmrls mssnkdmcns mns arnwslrs   (omvlfmcnrls cl dotlrolt) qul rlfdstrmj m omvlfmæën mn bnofn cms arnwslrs ltmpms l/nu pífdoms cn prncutn. Curmotl m mpbdkmæën cl uj tlstl cl usmadbdcmcl, eí mbfuos msplktns qul slrvlj knjn onrtlmcnrls, pnds sën rl`blxns cm lxplrdéokdm cn pmrtdkdpmotl9 . @mjdbdmrdcmcl Oën ä cl enil n jldn cdfdtmb auskm jnclbns, dokbusdvl lj nutrms jêcdms l pbmtm`nrjms, pmrm krdmr `mjdbdmrdcmcl pmrm slu usuírdn. \j cns lxljpbns ä m prdjldrm pífdom cl uj inromb djprlssn knjn sum lstruturm cl jmokeltls, utdbdzmcm knjn jnclbn plbns prdjldrns sdtls surfdcns om wla l qul snarlvdvl mtä enil, slim lj sdtls inrombêstdkns nu oën.  Mn krdmr ujm lxplrdéokdm sljlbemotl è nutrm ií vdvdcm plbn usuírdn, n clsloen cl ujm dotlr`mkl `mkdbdtm m masnræën cl slu knotlùcn.

 

 

. Kno`nrtn Judtn cn knokldtn cl `mkdbdcmcl cl usn lstí mssnkdmcn è dcldm cl slotdr-sl lj kmsm, cm lxplrdéokdm lj uj prncutn cdfdtmb slr kno`nrtívlb, kn o`nrtívlb, tmb knjn uj bnkmb lj qul ons slotdjns alj rlkladcns l oën ons kmusm dokójncn, jms sdj m  vnotmcl cl plrjmolklr l knoelké-bn mdocm jmds.  Mn `mkdbdtmr n usn cl uj prncutn cdfdtmb mtrmväs cl sum dotlr`mkl, lstdjubmjns m knotdoudcmcl cm omvlfmæën, n rlusn l, judtms vlzls, m rlknjlocmæën m nutrn usuírdn. . @budclz Knjn ujm sdombdzmæën cl tráosdtn qul, qumocn knjprllocdcm, tnrom-sl qumsl dovdsêvlb knj n usn knostmotl, mssdj clvl slr n `buxn cl omvlfmæën mn bnofn cl uj prncutn cdfdtmb. [lj krdmr ruêcns nu ―oûs oûs——, n nailtdvn cl uj anj clsdfo cl dotlr`mkl ä prdvdblfdmr slu knotlùcn l, mssdj, oën dotlr`lrdr lj slu knosujn, fmrmotdocn qul n prnklssn cl bldturm l krdmæën cl knoelkdjlotn slim `budcn.  Mn utdbdzmrjns dotlr`mkls cdfdtmds lj qul m sdjpbdkdcmcl ä `mkdbjlotl plrkladcm, n lstêjubn è plrjmoéokdm ä jmdnr, l slu knotlùcn knot lùcn tnrom-sl mdocm jmds rlblvmotl. . Qmpdclz [dstljms cl do`nrjmæën knjn uj pnrtmb clvlj slr alj lstruturmcns l doclxmcns pmrm qul slus knotlùcns pnssmj slr cdstrdauêcns l puabdkmcns cm `nrjm jmds dotudtdvm pnssêvlb, fmrmotdocn qul ms do`nrjmæüls slimj `mkdbjlotl loknotrmcms pnr jldn cm omvlfmæën cns usuírdns, alj knjn plbns jlkmodsjns cl auskm, slimj lbls lxtlrons ‛ knjn n Fnnfbl ‛ nu dotlrons.  M rmpdclz cl mklssn è ddo`nrjmæën o`nrjmæën ä `uocmjlotmb lj tljpns knjn n qul  vdvljns, lj qul n usuírdn cnjdom ms `lrrmjlotms aísdkms cl mklssn è do`nrjmæën l emadtunu-sl m usmr prncutns cdfdtmds qul plrjldmj n slu cdm m cdm. . Knotlxtumbdzmæën Xmrm n usuírdn, smalr nocl sl lstí curmotl m utdbdzmæën cl uj prncutn cdfdtmb ä `uocmjlotmb pmrm qul lbl oën sl plrkm l quldrm dotlrrnjplr m omvlfmæën. Krdmr lbljlotns qul fmrmotmj m krdmæën cl knotlxtn kn otlxtn curmotl m lxplrdéokdm cl usn ä ujm cms anms prítdkms on clsloen cl qumbqulr dotlr`mkl cdfdtmb.  Mn knotlxtumbdzmr uj usuírdn, uj anj clsdfo clsdfo cl dotlr`mkl cljnostrm qul m lxplrdéokdm cl usn lstí lj prdjldrn bufmr curmotl n clslovnbvdjlotn cl uj prncutn.

 

 

Adabdnfrm`dm rlknjlocmcm ✛ 

GQ\F, [tlvl. Oën jl `mæm plosmr9 ujm manrcmflj cn anj-slosn è omvlfmadbdcmcl cm Vla. [ën Vla.  [ën Xmubn9 Mbtm Anngs, 18=3. Ineo. Ms blds cm sdjpbdkdcmcl9 vdcm, olfûkdns, tlkonbnfdm, ✛  JMLCM, Ineo. Ms clsdfo. [ën Xmubn9 Onvn Knokldtn, 18=8. clsdfo. [ën N qul cdzlj ns mutnrls ✛ 

‒Cdzlr qul ns knjputmcnrls l m Dotlrolt qul usívmjns jucmrmj amstmotl ä cdzlr n jêodjn. Alj on jêodjn. M tlkonbnfdm `lz usn cl lstlrndcls‚  lstlrndcls‚    [tlvl Gruf

✛ 

‒M sdjpbdkdcmcl knosdstl lj suatrmdr n ûavdn ûav dn l mkrlsklotmr n sdfod`dkmtdvn‚  sdfod`dkmtdvn‚    Ineo Jmlcm 

 

 

 On `nrjmtn cl \U Vrdtdof  Vrdtdof   M JD[[ËN CM \[MADBDCMCL . M jdssën om mpbdkmæën cl tlstls cl usmadbdcmcl ä knjprlloclr n qul tnrom ujm dotlr`mkl ‛ l, pnr knoslquéokdm, slu knotlùcn ‛ `íkdb cl usmr. . N nailtn cl lstucn ä n jnclbn jlotmb cns usuírdns, nu slim, n knoiuotn cl pmcrüls qul knostruêjns lj onssms jlotls pmrm qul pnssmjns knjprlloclr l ons rlbmkdnomr knj n juocn qul ons klrkm. Lxdstlj cnds tdpns cl jnclbn jlotmb, n knbltdvn l n docdvdcumb.   N jnclbn jlotmb knbltdvn cdz rlspldtn è jmoldrm knjn oûs,

n

slrls eujmons, bdcmjns knj n slosn cl snarlvdvéokdm. Ä knjn ujm tldm cl pmcrüls cl knjpnrtmjlotn qul tmjaäj blvm lj knosdclrmæën msplktns knjn n bnkmb lj qul vdvljns, n oùkbln `mjdbdmr lj qul `njns krdmcns, m lcukmæën lsknbmr qul tdvljns l ns kêrkubns snkdmds cns qumds  `mzljns pmrtl, pnr lxljpbn. n  N jnclbn jlotmb docdvdcumb ä knjn uj knoiuotn cl ―`dbtrns—   qul slblkdnom, clotrn cn qul eí on jnclbn jlotmb knbltdvn, n qul ons ä ùtdb. . Curmotl m mpbdkmæën cl uj tlstl cl usmadbdcmcl, eí mbfuos msplktns qul slrvlj knjn onrtlmcnrls, pnds sën rl`blxns cm lxplrdéokdm cn pmrtdkdpmotl9 n   @mjdbdmrdcmcl  Mn krdmr ujm lxplrdéokdm sljlbemotl m nutrm ií vdvdcm plbn usuírdn, n clsloen cl ujm dotlr`mkl `mkdbdtm m masnræën cl slu knotlùcn. n  Kno`nrtn  Lstí mssnkdmcn è dcldm cl slotdr-sl lj kmsm, cm lxplrdéokdm lj uj prncutn cdfdtmb slr kno`nrtívlb l oën ons kmusmr dokójncn, dokójnc n, jms sdj m vnotmcl cl plrjmolklr l knoelké-bn mdocm jmds.    @budclz

n

Knjn ujm sdombdzmæën cl tráosdtn qul, qumocn knjprllocdcm, tnrom-sl qumsl dovdsêvlb knj n usn knostmotl, mssdj clvl slr n  `buxn cl omvlfmæën mn bnofn cl uj prncutn cdfdtmb. n

   Qmpdclz

 

 

 M rmpdclz cl mklssn è do`nrjmæën cm `nrjm jmds dotudtdvm  pnssêvlb ä `uocmjlotmb `uocmjlotmb lj tljpns knjn n qul vdvljns, lj qul n usuírdn cnjdom ms `lrrmjlotms aísdkms cl mklssn è do`nrjmæën l emadtunu-sl m usmr prncutns cdfdtmds qul  plrjldmj n slu cdm m cdm.   Knotlxtumbdzmæën

n

 Xmrm n usuírdn, smalr nocl sl lstí curmotl m utdbdzmæën cl uj  prncutn cdfdtmb ä `uocmjlotmb pmrm qul lbl oën sl plrkm l quldrm dotlrrnjplr m omvlfmæën.

 

 

 Xmrm dr mbäj cn mssuotn [SNQTSLBBDOF9 [L\ XQNC\SN KNOSM \JM ED[SÛQDM Ljanrm eí cäkmcms n mtn cl knotmr edstûrdms rlocm adbeüls l adbeüls cl cûbmrls lj kdoljm, tv l fmjls, mdocm lxdstl amstmotl prlknokldtn qumocn sl tlotm mssnkdmr stnrytlbbdof m knotlùcn. M prncutn nu m slrvdæn, lotën, olj sl `mbm. [tnrytlbbdof, knjn cdz n onjl, ä n ls`nræn cdsplocdcn pmrm sl knotmr alj ujm edstûrdm, tnroí-bm slcutnrm l dotlrlssmotl. Om jmdnrdm cms vlzls, ä tdrn o—ífum. N jntdvn> Oloeujm jltncnbnfdm ä utdbdzmcm. utdbdzmcm. M`domb, ujm edstûrdm sl knotm knj m mbjm, oën ä> Oën. \jm edstûrdm sl knotm knj uj rntldrn lj jlotl7 qulj m lskutm ä qul clvl slotdr knj n knrmæën. Ä lxmtmjlotl knjn qumocn qulrljns knovloklr uj kbdlotl qul lstí omjnrmocn uj prncutn, slim uj knotlùcn vlocívlb nu oën9 do`nrjmæën blvm m knovlokdjlotn, l knovlokdjlotn blvm m knovlrsën. Eí ujm trmiltûrdm m slfudr, l ä lsslokdmb tlr ujm aùssnbm lj jëns. Nu slim, ujm jltncnbnfdm. Xmrm qulj clslim trmambemr mdocm jlbenr m vlocm cl slu knotlùcn ‛ slim prncutn nu slrvdæn ‛  utdbdzmocn täkodkms cl stnrytlbbdof, slfulj mbfuos lskbmrlkdjlotns l dtlos aísdkns cm jltncnbnfdm qul knstujn rlknjlocmr9 =. Lskbmrlkdjlotns . N qul ä stnrytlbbdof> Ä mprlslotmr ujm do`nrjmæën bdcmocn knj ns msplktns suailtdvns qul m lovnbvlj l trmambemr m plrsumsën m pmrtdr cn ljnkdnomb, bnofl cm bûfdkm cm nailtdvdcmcl. . Xnr qul stnrytlbbdof jlrlkl mtloæën>  M do`nrjmæën prlkdsm kmpturmr m mtloæën cns usuírdns cl jêcdm cdfdtmb l trmambemr ns msplktns suailtdvns cm jlosmflj ä uj djlosn cd`lrlokdmb. . Cl qul `nrjm n stnytlbbdof clvl mtumr>  Mn knotmr ujm edstûrdm, n lstucn cl ujm do`nrjmæën (slim dostdtukdnomb, slrvdæn nu prncutn) rlkmd snarl knjn knotí-bm. 1. Jltncnbnfdm . @lrrmjlotmb

 

 

Knjn `nrjm cl Vlawrdtdof, n stnrytlbbdof clvl `nkmr on lstdbn. Ä m `nrjm knj qul vnké mprlslotmrí slu knotlùcn, slim prncutn nu slrvdæn, qul `mrí m cd`lrloæm. \tdbdzl ms rlfrms nardfmtûrdms cl [LN l usmadbdcmcl, jms ví mbäj9 mprlslotl slu knotlùcn cl ujm jmoldrm j moldrm qul oloeuj nutrn mtä lotën sl cdspós. Knoelæm m edstûrdm cl slu prncutn, dovlstdful n prnklssn cl krdmæën cn slrvdæn qul lstí slocn n`lrlkdcn. Eí judtns msplktns qul sën clsprlzmcns on jnjlotn cm cl`dodæën cl uj knotlùcn qul vën judtns mbäj cl kmrmktlrêstdkms  aísdkms knjn jnclbn, tdpn, msplktns täkodkns, marmoféokdm ltk. Ä mn manrcmr lstls msplktns mpmrlotljlotl plrd`ärdkns qul pncl lstmr n jntdvn plbn qumb uj kbdlotl `lkemrí knjn vnké l oën knj nutrn sdtl. . Xrnklcdjlotn Clvl-sl Clvlsl ―mardr ujm do`nrjmæën— pmrm knotmr ujm edstûrdm. ]umb jnjlotn cm vdcm cl slu prncutn nu slrvdæn knotm m jlbenr edstûrdm> Sncm edstûrdm supül prûbnfn, nrdflj, nr dflj, mprlslotmæën, kbêjmx, rntdom l `dj. Knjn prûbnfn cm sum edstûrdm, vnké clvl manrcmr ms jntdvmæüls qul blvmrmj è krdmæën cn prncutn l/nu è cdspnodadbdzmæën cn slrvdæn. Jnstrl n pnrqué cl ns knosujdcnrls clslimrlj tmotn qul `nssl n`lrlkdcn n qul lbl lstí prlstls m knjprmr. Knjn nrdflj, klrqul tncn n prnklssn cl krdmæën l `mardkmæën, dovlstdful n qul eí cl jmds jnclron l kurdnsn. N nailtdvn ä jnstrmr n ls`nræn cdsplocdcn clscl n jnjlotn lj qul n prncutn nu slrvdæn `nd plosmcn mtä m enr enrmm lj qul lbl kelfm ès jëns cn knosujdcnr. Knjn mprlslotmæën, mpnstl lj prlæn l qumbdcmcl ‛ l pmrtm pmrm m butm. Olstm ltmpm, judtn oën clplocl cl vnké, jms om jmoldrm knj qul n knotlùcn ä mprlslotmcn - slim lj ujm pífdom lsplkdmb nu knjuj cl prncutn nu slrvdæn cl uj sdtl - n `uocmjlotmb pncl lstmr om jën cn clsdfo l cn usn cm tlkonbnfdm (modjmæën, vêcln ltk.). Ä jmtmr nu jnrrlr. Knjn kbêjmx, bldm-sl ns alol`êkdns. N qul slu kbdlotl vmd fmoemr on cdm m cdm mn mcqudrdr n prncutn nu slrvdæn> N kbêjmx ä pnotn klotrmb lotrl ns jnjlotns cl vdcm cn knotlùcn. @mæm-n djmfdomr knjn slrí qumocn lbl n mcqudrdr. Knotl, jnstrl, clskrlvm. [lim cdcítdkn l lskbmrlklcnr. Knjn rntdom, n qul vmbl ä n clpnds. @mbl cm fmrmotdm, cn mtlocdjlotn pûs vlocm, cm `mkdbdcmcl cl jmoutloæën. Jnstrl knjn l nocl lbl pncl rlsnbvlr prnabljms, slimj kmomds `êsdkns nu vdrtumds. Xmssl trmoqudbdcmcl l slfurmoæm.

 

 

Knjn `dj, jnstrl qul mqulbl `nd mploms... n doêkdn! ]ul lxdstlj nutrns prncutns nu slrvdæns cm jlsjm jmrkm j mrkm l mqulbl `nd mploms n prdjldrn kmpêtubn cm ―edstûrdm— qul lbm ä kmpmz cl knotmr. . Mssnkdmæën ]umb msplktn pncl slr clstmkmcn lj kmcm jnjlotn cm vdcm cl slu prncutn nu slrvdæn> N qul jmds ljnkdnom, n qul jmds qul jnvl, n qul jmds trmos`nrjm lj kmcm ujm clstms ltmpms> Slotl mssnkdmr kmcm ujm clbms ‛  prûbnfn, nrdflj, mprlslotmæën, kbêjmx, rntdom l `dj ‛ m uj cns msplktns cm do`nrjmæën ‛ n qué, nocl, knjn, qumocn, pnrqué, qulj. Smbvlz n jmdnr djpmktn on ―prûbnfn— lstlim on ―pnrqué— cl uj prncutn tlr surfdcn. Nu, on jnjlotn cm ―nrdflj—, n msplktn m manrcmr knj jmds `nræm slim n ―knjn—. N ―qulj—, n prûprdn kbdlotl, pncl slr n pnotn prdokdpmb cn ―kbêjmx— ‛  ‛   nu oën, qulj smal oën ä m prûprdm jmrkm> Sucn ä pnssêvlb. . Xlrjmoéokdm Knotmr ujm anm edstûrdm ä tnromr ujm do`nrjmæën pmrtl plrjmolotl cm jljûrdm cl qulj m nuvl. Xnr dssn, tlotl t lotl `mzé-bm sdjpblsjlotl dolsqulkêvlb.

 

 

KMXÊS\BN 3  M QLPNB\ÆËN CN KNOSLÙCN KNOSLÙCN CDFDSMB

 

 

 Mklssêvlb cl qumbqulr bufmr, m qumbqulr jnjlotn l pnr cdvlrsms pbmtm`nrjms. N knotlùcn cdfdtmb jucnu m `nrjm knjn knosujdjns do`nrjmæën, frmæms m uj rlkursn doäcdtn9 m dotlrmtdvdcmcl. [lim mn utdbdzmr `ntnfrm`dm, íucdn, vêcln nu tlxtn, m dotlr`mkl cdfdtmb ons cí m kemokl, pnr jldn cns rlkursns täkodkns cl slus supnrtls ‛  cn knjputmcnr plssnmb mn sjmrtpenol, cm tlblvdsën cdfdtmb mn knosnbl cn fmjl ‛, cl ons rlbmkdnomrjns knj n knotlùcn cms tlbms l oën snjlotl naslrví-bns. N usuírdn on jldn no-bdol tnronu-sl mtdvn7 `nd suplrmcm m sum pmssdvdcmcl cdmotl cm tlblvdsën, cn rícdn l cn djprlssn. Mn jlsjn tljpn, jmotlvl-sl n jmds prlkdnsn cl kmcm ujm clstms jêcdms trmcdkdnomds9 n slu knotlùcn. Xnrtmotn, n jldn no-bdol, knj slu mjadlotl cl knovlrféokdm cl jêcdms nocl do`nrjmæüls vdsumds, mucdtdvms l tlxtumds jdsturmj-sl, l nocl n usuírdn jmotäj dotlrmæüls knostmotls knj kmcm ujm clbms, krdm ujm onvm qulstën9 m`domb, on knotlxtn jnclron, n qul clvl slr knosdclrmcn rlmbjlotl knotlùcn> N prdokdpmb `dbtrn ä n cm utdbdcmcl. [lim uj pmrífrm`n cl uj sdtl, uj plqulon mrqudvn cl íucdn nu uj vêcln lxtlosn on TnuSual, n qul pncl slr mprnvldtmcn plbn usuírdn knjn cmcn, do`nrjmæën nu knoelkdjlotn pncl slr vdstn knjn knotlùcn, oën djpnrtm slu tlnr, `nrjmtn nu curmæën. Ljanrm ií tloemjns manrcmcn ns mtrdautns mssnkdmcns mn knokldtn cl utdbdcmcl ‛ olklssdcmcl, prmzlr nu kurdnsdcmcl ‛ eí uj msplktn djpnrtmotl qul prlkdsm slr blvmcn lj knosdclrmæën om moíbdsl snarl m utdbdcmcl cl uj knotlùcn9 qulj n knosnjl.  M qulstën mqud mqud oën cdz rlspldtn m dcmcl, dcmcl, bnkmbdzmæën flnfrí`dkm nu knocdæën `domokldrm, jms ès cd`lrloæms lotrl ns jnclbns jlotmds docdvdcumds, nu slim, n qul tnrom uj knotlùcn ùtdb pmrm uj usuírdn l oën pmrm nutrn. Xnr dssn, lstucmr jnclbns jlotmds, slimj docdvdcumds nu knbltdvns, ä lsslokdmb pmrm knjprlloclr qul knotlùcns clvlj slr prncuzdcns, mqulbls qul mtlocmj mns pmrájltrns cl utdbdcmcl cl kmcm uj cns usuírdns. Knotucn, sl ujm cms tmrl`ms jmds cd`êklds ä knjprlloclr n jnclbn jlotmb docdvdcumb, knjn mfdr> Knjn knjprlloclr ms cdvlrsms vmrdmæüls qul pnssmj lxdstdr lotrl kmcm jljarn cl uj cltlrjdomcn pùabdkn>

 

 

\jm cms snbuæüls ä prncuzdr n jmdnr oùjlrn pnssêvlb pns sêvlb cl do`nrjmæüls qul pnssmj vdr m slr ùtlds pmrm ns usuírdns qul, m pmrtdr clbms, pnclrën prncuzdr n knoelkdjlotn qul lbls `nrmj auskmr. [NAQL N \ODPLQ[N CM DO@NQJMÆËN Cmcn, do`nrjmæën l knoelkdjlotn ‛  mssdj knjn dotlbdféokdm ‛  sën knokldtns `uocmjlotmds on prnklssn cl krdmæën cl knotlùcns kuim jltm ä marmoflr ms pnssdadbdcmcls jmds mjpbms cl utdbdcmcl, lj lsplkdmb on uodvlrsn cn knotlùcn tlxtumb. Pmbl, pnrtmotn, rlvlr lstls knokldtns knj ujm cms amsls cn lstucn cn \U Vrdtdof9 . Cmcn Jlonr plcmæn cm do`nrjmæën, uj cmcn rmrmjlotl ä knjprllocdcn knjpr llocdcn ‛ l tlj utdbdcmcl ‛ slj m krdmæën cl uj knotlxtn. ]umocn cdzljns, pnr lxljpbn, ‒1; bnims‚, l sl dssn mknotlkl cl `nrjm mvubsm l frmtudtm, `mbtm m lstl cmcn lsplkê`dkn nutrms mssnkdmæüls qul sdrvmj knjn knjpbljlotn pmrm m sum knjprllosën.  M`domb, ms 1; bnims cdzlj rlspldtn m qulj nu m n qué> Nocl lbms sl bnkmbdzmj> Xnr qul lstl cmcn lstí slocn rlssmbtmcn> . Do`nrjmæën Ä m iuoæën cl cmcns qul krdm uj knotlxtn l pnssdadbdtm qul m utdbdcmcl cl kmcm uj clbls slim knjprllocdcm.  Mn snjmrjns onvns cmcns m ‒1; bnims‚, onssn jnclbn jlotmb pmssm m knjprlloclr n prnpûsdtn cl sum mssnkdmæën. \jm kemjmcm cl prdjldrm pífdom cl uj sdtl, knjn ‒M ljprlsm U tlj 1; bnims lj Armsêbdm‚, Armsêbdm‚, sû `mz slotdcn pnr mssnkdmr cmcns qul, iuotns, téj prnpûsdtn l krdmj n qul ä prlkdsn pmrm m knjprllosën cm dcldm plbn usuírdn9 uj knotlxtn. Xnr dssn, ä djpnrtmotl plrklalr qul m krdmæën cl ujm do`nrjmæën oën sl `mz mploms uodocn cmcns mblmtûrdns. Kmcm uj clbls prlkdsm tlr ujm `uoæën om knjpnsdæën cn knoiuotn qul slrí flrmcn ‛ nu slim, m do`nrjmæën.  Mn uodr cmcns slj uj prnpûsdtn nu ujm prnpnstm cl krdmr slotdcn, oën lstmjns krdmocn do`nrjmæën, l sdj mqudbn qul sl lvdtm on uodvlrsn cm do`nrjmæën, slim cdfdtmb nu oën9 uj ruêcn.

 

 

\jm `rmsl doknjprllosêvlb knjn ‒Armsêbdm tlj m ljprlsm U lj 1; bnims‚ oën mploms oën `mz slotdcn, knjn trmvm m knjuodkmæën lotrl ljdssnr l rlklptnr l, lsplkd`dkmjlotl on jldn cdfdtmb, moubm m pnssdadbdcmcl cl uj usuírdn qulrlr dotlrmfdr knj n knotlùcn, kbdkmocn om kemjmcm pmrm mklssmr n tlxtn prdokdpmb cm ontêkdm. . Knoelkdjlotn  M prdokdpmb `uoæën cn prncutnr cl knotlùcn oën ä m cl fflrmr lrmr do`nrjmæüls knj ns cmcns qul lbl pnssud, jms sdj ‒sljlmr‚ kmcm pífdom nu ltmpm cl omvlfmæën cl uj prncutn cdfdtmb l utdbdzmr lstms do`nrjmæüls knjn uj jldn pmrm qul ns usuírdns knosdfmj prncuzdr, kmcm uj m slu jncn, n knoelkdjlotn qul prnkurmj.  Mssdj, kmcm pífdom pífdom l ltmpm cl omvlfmæën clvl sl rlbmkdnomr knj ms nutrms7 n knoelkdjlotn ä knostruêcn iustmjlotl m pmrtdr cn kruzmjlotn cl do`nrjmæüls. Xnssdadbdtmr sum mssnkdmæën ä lsslokdmb, l n usn cl edplrbdogs ä m `lrrmjlotm jmds sdjpbls l lofloensm olstl prnklssn.  Pmbl bljarmr qul m flrmæën cl knoelkdjlotn clplocl cn nbemr l cm dotloæën cl kmcm usuírdn, l oën mploms cl qumds do`nrjmæüls lbl mklssm. Nu slim, pnssn vdsdtmr cltlrjdomcms pífdoms cl uj pnrtmb l lbms slrlj lxmtmjlotl ms jlsjms mklssmcms pnr nutrn usuírdn, jms kmcm uj cl oûs prncuzdrí uj knoelkdjlotn cd`lrlotl. On kmjpn cn knoelkdjlotn, do`nrjmæüls sën knjn plæms qul slrvlj pmrm jnotmr qularm-kmalæms cd`lrlotls. Ns rlkursns sën ns jlsjns, jms ns nailtdvns pnclj slr cdvlrsns. . Dotlbdféokdm Loqumotn bdcmjns knj cmcns, do`nrjmæüls l knoelkdjlotn, lstmjns on tlrrlon cm prncuæën cl knotlùcn. \jm vlz qul smêjns clstl plrêjltrn l nbemjns cl `nrm, mclotrmjns ms írlms cl Dotlbdféokdm Dot lbdféokdm l cl Lxplrdéokdm cn \suírdn.  Mjans ns knokldtns lstën klotrmcns lj lstucns cl knjpnrtmjlotn, l utdbdzmj cmcns qumbdtmtdvns l qumotdtmtdvns knjn prdokdpmds rlkursns. Knotucn, loqumotn \U clcdkm-sl è tmrl`m cl n`lrlklr mn usuírdn m jlbenr lxplrdéokdm pnssêvlb lj prncutns cdfdtmds, n `nkn cm Dotlbdféokdm ä utdbdzmr lstls jlsjns tdpns cl cmcns pmrm nailtdvns qul lxtrmpnbmj dotlr`mkls.

 

 

Nu slim, m `uoæën cl \U ä rltrnmbdjlotmr dotlr`mkls7 m cm Dotlbdféokdm ä mamstlklr amsls cl knoelkdjlotn qul tmjaäj bdcmj knj ns usuírdns lj cdjlosüls mbäj cm vdrtumb ‛ knjn ms cn Jmrgltdof, pnr lxljpbn. Lj mjans ns kmsns, ä cl lxtrljm rlblváokdm qul n trmamben cl flstën cl knotlùcn lj dotlr`mkls cdfdtmds ‛ l oën mploms n cl prncuæën cl knotlùcn ‛ slim l`dkmz, pnds ns cmcns cl usn cns prncutns clvlj slr flrmcns knj knotlxtn lstruturmcn, pnssdadbdtmocn qul naslrvmæüls, moíbdsls l lstucns slimj rlmbdzmcns knj trmoqudbdcmcl. KNOSLÙCN L LUXLKSMSDPM Om flstën cl knotlùcn, eí msplktns nailtdvns l suailtdvns su ailtdvns qul prlkdsmj slr knosdclrmcns pmrm fmrmotdr anos rlsubtmcns. Ns msplktns suailtdvns cdzlj rlspldtn mn knotlùcn prnprdmjlotl cdtn. Om jêcdm cdfdtmb, ns pùabdkns blvmj lj knotm mbfuos pmrájltrns pmrm kbmssd`dkmr ms do`nrjmæüls qul loknotrmj knjn knotlùcn cl qumbdcmcl. Lbls `uokdnomj knjn docdkmcnrls cl do`nrjmæüls alj kudcmcms. N prdjldrn cns pmrájltrns cdz rlspldtn è `nrjmtmæën cns knotlùcns ‛ lj lsplkdmb ns tlxtumds ‛  oms dotlr`mkls. [lim mtrmväs cl onssns knjputmcnrls plssnmds nu sjmrtpenols, sjmrtpenols,   clslimjns mklssmr do`nrjmæüls qul tloemj sdcn mcmptmcms pmrm ms cums cdjlosüls cl tmjmoen.  Mdocm qul n rlkursn cn clsdfo rlspnosdvn ‛ täkodkm lj qul ns knotlùcns cl ujm tlbm jmdnr sl miustmj mutnjmtdkmjlotl è jlonr ‛  lstlim bnofl cm plr`ldæën, lssm mdocm ä m `nrjm jmds sdjpbls l rípdcm cl mtloclr ès olklssdcmcls cl kmcm dotlr`mkl. N slfuocn pmrájltrn ä m mtumbdzmæën cn knotlùcn, vdstn knjn lsslokdmb oën mploms plbns usuírdns, jms pnr auskmcnrls knjn n Fnnfbl, qul cën plsn lsplkdmb ons rlsubtmcns cl auskm m pífdoms qul jmotéj sums do`nrjmæüls knostmotljlotl lj cdm. ]umotn m msplktns suailtdvns qul prlkdsmj slr knosdclrmcns pmrm fmrmotdr ujm anm flstën cl knotlùcn, m kbmrlzm cms do`nrjmæüls l n mtlocdjlotn ès lxplktmtdvms cn usuírdn sën `uocmjlotmds. Lxdféokdm motdfm cns pùabdkns mdocm om jêcdm djprlssm ‛ motls jlsjn cn surfdjlotn cm wla ‛ m kbmrlzm cms do`nrjmæüls ä enil uj onrtlmcnr `uocmjlotmb

 

 

pmrm fmrmotdr oën mploms anms jätrdkms cl mklssn, jms m `dclbdcmcl cn vdsdtmotl cl uj sdtl. N nutrn pmrájltrn suailtdvn ä n mtlocdjlotn ès lxplktmtdvms cn usuírdn. [um amsl ä m knosdstéokdm lotrl n qul ä prnjltdcn l n qul ä loknotrmcn. \jm rlbmæën qul vmbl pmrm tncn tdpn cl bdog cl mklssn qul blvl n usuírdn mtä m do`nrjmæën qul bel `nd prnjltdcm. Lstls qumtrn pmrájltrns, bdfmcns cdrltmjlotl mn uodvlrsn cm flstën cl knotlùcn ‛ `nrjmtmæën om tlbm, mtumbdzmæën, kbmrlzm l mtlocdjlotn ès lxplktmtdvms ‛  sën m amsl cn qul sl pmssnu m kemjmr clscl n doêkdn cm lrm cdfdtmb cl  Vlawrdtdof, m rlcmæën pmrm sdtls, pnrtmds l jêcdms snkdmds.

Adabdnfrm`dm rlknjlocmcm ✛ 

 MF\DBMQ, Mucdbdn Fnozmblz7 XDOSN, Mcdbsno Mcdbsno Budz7 [LJLBLQ,

 Mblxmocrl Qdams7 [NMQL[, Mom Xmubm Mbvls. Pdsumbdzmæën Mbvls. Pdsumbdzmæën cl cmcns, do`nrjmæën l knoelkdjlotn. @bnrdmoûpnbds9 knoelkdjlotn.  @bnrdmoûpnbds9 LC\@[K, 18=6. ✛  ONOMGM, Dguidrn7 SMGL\KED, Edrntmgm. Flstën cn knoelkdjlotn.  knoelkdjlotn.  Xnrtn Mblfrl9 Anngjmo, 1885. N qul cdzlj ns mutnrls ✛ 

‒ M rlprlslotmæën cm do`nrjmæën clvl slr lstruturmcm l nrfmodzmcm pmrm tlr mbfuj slotdcn, amslmcm pnr sdomds, sdfons l sêjanbns. Clotrn cl uj knotlxtn usumb, n slu vlêkubn jmds mprnprdmcn ä pnr jldn cm bdofumflj‚ bdofumflj‚   Mucdbdn Fnozmblz Mfudbmr, Mcdbsno Budz Xdotn, Mblxmocrl Qdams [ljlblr l  Mom Xmubm [nmrls ✛  ‒Flstën cn Knoelkdjlotn ä n prnklssn cl krdmr knotdoumjlotl onvns knoelkdjlotns cdssljdomocn-ns mjpbmjlotl mtrmväs cm nrfmodzmæën l doknrpnrmocn-ns vlbnzjlotl lj onvns prncutns/slrvdæns, tlkonbnfdms l sdstljms‚   sdstljms‚  Edrntmgm Smgluked

 

 

 On `nrjmtn cl \U Vrdtdof  Vrdtdof   M QLPNB\ÆËN CN KNOSLÙCN CDFDSMB CDFDSMB . M dotlr`mkl cdfdtmb ons cí m kemokl, pnr jldn cns rlkursns täkodkns cl slus supnrtls ‛ cn knjputmcnr plssnmb mn sjmrtpenol, cm tlblvdsën cdfdtmb mn knosnbl cn fmjl ‛ cl ons rlbmkdnomrjns knj n knotlùcn cms tlbms l oën snjlotl naslrví-bns. . Krdm, lotën, ujm onvm qulstën9 m`domb, on knotlxtn jnclron, n qul clvl slr knosdclrmcn knotlùcn> . N prdokdpmb `dbtrn ä n cm utdbdcmcl. . [lim uj pmrífrm`n cl uj sdtl, uj plqulon mrqudvn cl íucdn nu uj vêcln lxtlosn on TnuSual, n qul pncl slr mprnvldtmcn plbn usuírdn knjn cmcn, do`nrjmæën nu knoelkdjlotn pncl slr vdstn knjn knotlùcn, oën djpnrtm slu tlnr, `nrjmtn nu curmæën. . Nutrn uj msplktn djpnrtmotl om moíbdsl snarl m utdbdcmcl9 qulj n knosnjl. M qulstën mqud, oën cdz rlspldtn m dcmcl, bnkmbdzmæën flnfrí`dkm nu knocdæën `domokldrm, jms ès cd`lrloæms lotrl ns jnclbns jlotmds docdvdcumds, nu slim, n qul tnrom uj knotlùcn ùtdb pmrm uj usuírdn l oën pmrm nutrn. . Cmcn, do`nrjmæën l knoelkdjlotn ‛ mssdj knjn dotlbdféokdm ‛ tmjaäj sën knokldtns `uocmjlotmds on prnklssn cl krdmæën cl knotlùcns qul clslilj marmoflr ms pnssdadbdcmcls jmds mjpbms cl utdbdcmcl. n   Cmcn  Jlonr plcmæn cm do`nrjmæën. \j cmcn rmrmjlotl ä knjprllocdcn ‛  l tlj utdbdcmcl ‛  slj m krdmæën cl uj knotlxtn. n   Do`nrjmæën  Ä m iuoæën cl cmcns qul krdm uj knotlxt knotlxtnn l pnssdadbdtm qqul ul m utdbdcmcl cl kmcm uj clbls slim knjprllocdcm.   Knoelkdjlotn

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 Ä knostruêcn m pmrtdr cn kruzmjlotn cl do`nrjmæüls.  Xnssdadbdtmr sum mssnkdmæën ä lsslokdmb, l n usn cl edplrbdogs ä m `lrrmjlotm jmds sdjpbls l lofloensm olstl prnklssn. Pmbl bljarmr qul m flrmæën cl knoelkdjlotn clplocl cn nbemr l cm dotloæën cl kmcm usuírdn, l oën mploms cl qumds do`nrjmæüls lbl mklssm.

 

 

   Dotlbdféokdm

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 Lstí klotrmcm lj lstucns cl knjpnrtmjlotn l utdbdzm cmcns qumbdtmtdvns l qumotdtmtdvns knjn prdokdpmds rlkursns om tmrl`m cl n`lrlklr mn usuírdn m jlbenr lxplrdéokdm pnssêvlb lj prncutns cdfdtmds. . Om jêcdm cdfdtmb, ns pùabdkns blvmj lj knotm mbfuos pmrájltrns nailtdvns l nutrns suailtdvns pmrm kbmssd`dkmr ms do`nrjmæüls qul loknotrmj knjn knotlùcn cl qumbdcmcl. . Ns pmrájltrns nailtdvns om mvmbdmæën cm qumbdcmcl l uj knotlùcn plbn usuírdn sën9    M `nrjmtmæën cns knotlùcns ‛ lj lsplkdmb ns tlxtumds ‛ oms

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dotlr`mkls. [lim mtrmväs cl onssns knjputmcnrls plssnmds nu sjmrtpenols, clslimjns mklssmr do`nrjmæüls qul tloemj sdcn mcmptmcms pmrm ms cums cdjlosüls cl tmjmoen. n   M mtumbdzmæën cn knotlùcn, vdstn knjn lsslokdmb oën mploms  plbns usuírdns, jms pnr auskmcnrls knjn n Fnnfbl, qul cën  plsn lsplkdmb ons rlsubtmcns cl auskm m pífdoms qul jmotéj sums do`nrjmæüls knostmotljlotl lj cdm. . Ns pmrájltrns suailtdvns sën9 n   M kbmrlzm cms do`nrjmæüls ‛ lxdféokdm motdfm cns pùabdkns mdocm om jêcdm djprlssm ‛  ä enil uj onrtlmcnr  `uocmjlotmb pmrm fmrmotdr oën mploms anms jätrdkms cl mklssn, jms m `dclbdcmcl cn vdsdtmotl cl uj sdtl. n  N mtlocdjlotn ès lxplktmtdvms cn usuírdn, nu slim, m knosdstéokdm lotrl n qul ä prnjltdcn l n qul ä loknotrmcn, ujm rlbmæën qul vmbl pmrm tncn tdpn cl bdog cl mklssn qul blvl n usuírdn mtä m do`nrjmæën qul bel `nd prnjltdcm.

 

 

 Xmrm dr mbäj cn mssuotn KNOSLÙCN XMQM SNCN[ Sncm anm mæën cl Knjuodkmæën Cdfdtmb amsldm-sl lj cnds pdbmrls9 do`nrjmæën l rlbmkdnomjlotn. Knjn lstls cnds knokldtns sljprl sl lotrlbmæmj, judtms vlzls `dkm cd`êkdb smalr knjn trmambemr knotlùcns pmrm pùabdkns knj nailtdvns qul jucmj m kmcm jnjlotn l jlcdr m lxmtm dotloæën cl rlbmkdnomjlotn qul sl prltlocl knj m do`nrjmæën puabdkmcm. Xnr dssn, motls cl qumbqulr kndsm, ä prlkdsn knoelklr ns tdpns cl do`nrjmæën qul kdrkubmj on jldn cdfdtmb ‛ m slfudr, ns prdokdpmds9  

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Do`nrjmæën dostdtukdnomb

N qul sl lskrlvl snarl ujm jmrkm ä dostdtukdnomb. Nu slim, oën djpnrtm sl ä lj uj sdtl nu lj ujm rlcl snkdmb, m clskrdæën cm ujm ljprlsm, n qul lbm `mz, n qul prncuz l sum rlbmæën knj slus pùabdkns, tucn ä dostdtukdnomb. Lstl tdpn cl do`nrjmæën ä n jmds motdfn cm wla, l rljltl mn jnjlotn lj qul m ―dotlrolt— smdu cns rlkóocdtns mkmcéjdkns lj jlmcns cns mons 48.  M do`nrjmæën dostdtukdnomb ä amsl cn knotlùcn wla, l prlkdsm slr n jmds prlkdsn, kelkmcn l cltmbemcn cl tncns. Lbm ä n kmrtën cl vdsdtms, m prdjldrm djprlssën qul `dkm cm jmrkm l m dotlr`mkl clkdsdvm pmrm n pùabdkn pù abdkn clkdcdr sl vmd nu oën sl rlbmkdnomr knj lbm l, pnr knoslquéokdm, knj slus prncutns l slrvdæns.  M prncuæën cl knotlùcn cl uj sdtl nu rlcl pncl l clvl slr knjpmrtdbemcm lotrl prn`dssdnomds cl cdvlrsns plr`ds, jms, om lbmanrmæën cl knotlùcn dostdtukdnomb, omcm jmds l`dkmz qul uj inrombdstm nu rlcmtnr puabdkdtírdn ‛ mbfuäj kuim `uoæën prdjnrcdmb on cdm m cdm ä m cl lskrlvlr.  

Do`nrjmæën snarl prncutns l slrvdæns Clscnarmjlotn omturmb cm do`nrjmæën dostdtukdnomb, m do`nrjmæën snarl n

prncutns l slrvdæns trmz nailtdvdcmcl mn uodvlrsn cl knotlùcn cl ujm jmrkm. Loqumotn n knotlùcn dostdtukdnomb prnkurm lovnbvlr l djpmktmr, n knotlùcn snarl prncutns l slrvdæns cljnostrm, nailtdvmjlotl, n qul ujm jmrkm ä kmpmz cl prncuzdr l n`lrlklr m slus pùabdkns. Lj oloeuj nutrn tdpn cl knotlùcn ä prlkdsn tlr tmotn knoelkdjlotn cl kmusm qumotn om do`nrjmæën snarl prncutns l slrvdæns9 qumotn jmds cmcns snarl uj prncutn l jmds sl knoelkl snarl uj slrvdæn, jmdnr ä m pnssdadbdcmcl cl n

 

 

usuírdn qulrlr dokbudr m jmrkm lj sum vdcm motls jlsjn cl lxplrdjlotmr n qul lbm tlj m n`lrlklr ‛ mploms plbms clskrdæüls mpurmcms cn qul ä mprlslotmcn.  M do`nrjmæën snarl snar l prncutns l slrvdæns prlkdsm ljmomr plrsums plrsumsën. ën. Olssl slotdcn, ä `uocmjlotmb lotloclr n jntdvn plbn qumb uj `uturn kbdlotl pnclrí sl dotlrlssmr plbm jmrkm l slus clrdvmcns. L omcm omc m jlbenr cn qul n jldn cdfdtmb pmrm kruzmr ujm clskrdæën tlxtumb knj uj vêcln cl cljnostrmæën alj prncuzdcn nu ujm fmblrdm cl `ntns marmoflotl.  

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Do`nrjmæën knjn lotrltlodjlotn

Srmambemr m do`nrjmæën knjn lotrltlodjlotn ä knjn cmr vnz m uj prniltn domodjmcn9 n prncutn `domb ií lstí bí, l pncl slr uj fmjl nu uj knotlùcn lj stnrytlbbdof, jms ä m pmbmvrm qul drí kbmrlmr n kmjdoen cms plcrms qul n usuírdn prlkdsm knoelklr pmrm bdcmr knj m lxplrdéokdm qul tlrí mcdmotl. Jmds cn qul jlrms dostruæüls qul clvl nalclklr, n tlxtn om do`nrjmæën knjn lotrltlodjlotn `uokdnom knjn uj rntldrn, nocl m pmbmvrm slrvl knjn lskbmrlkdjlotn, lstêjubn l nrdlotmæën. Mssdj, smalr knostrudr knotlùcns qul pnssumj bûfdkm, lokmclmjlotn l kbmrlzm ä `uocmjlotmb pmrm qulj trmambem knj `nrjmtns cl lotrltlodjlotn. Oën amstm knotmr ujm edstûrdm, ä prlkdsn smalr knjn knotí-bm l knoelklr alj m qulj lbm sl clstdom. Om do`nrjmæën knjn lotrltlodjlotn, n tlxtn ä knjpmoeldrn cl vdmflj cl qulj lstí lxplrdjlotmocn m edstûrdm l, clstm `nrjm, n rlbmkdnomjlotn surfl on lxmtn jnjlotn lj qul n usuírdn mclotrm n mjadlotl cl djlrsën. Mbäj cdssn, n tlxtn `uokdnom knjn slotdcns pmrm qulj mknjpmoem m edstûrdm9 ms pmbmvrms qul n fudmj sën slus nbens, nuvdcns l m tncm m dotlrmæën qul tlrí knj ns lbljlotns mn rlcnr.  

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Do`nrjmæën pmrm trmamben

\j cns prdokdpmds sustlotíkubns cl uj pnrtmb knrpnrmtdvn, m do`nrjmæën pmrm trmamben ä n knrmæën cn knotlùcn cl ujm dotrmolt. Loqumotn n jmtlrdmb ontdkdnsn ä n ―knotlùcn―knotlùcn-áoknrm— cl uj pnrtmb dotlron, m do`nrjmæën vnbtmcm pmrm `mkdbdtmr m rntdom cl trmamben cn ljprlfmcn clvl slr vmbnrdzmcm l knbnkmcm on tnpn cm bdstm cns knotlùcns m prdnrdzmr. Judtns mdocm vllj do`nrjmæën pmrm trmamben knjn sdoóodjn cl `nrjm cl mklssn m `lrrmjlotms, nu ms `lrrmjlotms lj sd, jms ujm do`nrjmæën tlxtumb, purm l sdjpbls, tmjaäj pnssud uj knl`dkdlotl cl `uokdnombdcmcl ‛  knjprnvmcn

 

 

usumbjlotl lj tlstls cl usn cl dotrmolts ‛  tën sdfod`dkmtdvn qumotn n cl uj mpbdkmtdvn. Xrnvmr qul ms do`nrjmæüls knotdcms om dotrmolt sën lsslokdmds pmrm m rntdom cl trmamben ä n prlæn m slr pmfn pmrm jnstrmr mns `uokdnoírdns cm ljprlsm cl qul n pnrtmb knrpnrmtdvn ä rlmbjlotl ùtdb ‛  sdjpbls mssdj. Nu ujm dotrmolt tlj utdbdcmcl, nu lbm jnrrl. Xlosmr lj krdmr mjadlotls cl rlbmkdnomjlotn lj ujm dotrmolt ‛ knjn rlcls snkdmds dotlroms ‛ slj prnvmr qul ií ä eíadtn om ljprlsm prncuzdr knotlùcns ùtlds pmrm sum ―pnrtm cl lotrmcm— ‛ n ‛  n pnrtmb knrpnrmtdvn ‛ slrí  alj jmds cd`êkdb. [l m ljprlsm oën `mz, n qul fmrmotl qul n ljprlfmcn ljprlfmcn n `mrí> Do`nrjmæën l rlbmkdnomjlotn n  ]umocn n tlxtn ä ujm do`nrjmæën lj jnvdjlotn, knjn n kmsn cl uj pnst lj ujm rlcl snkdmb, qul ä krdmcn pmrm slr knjlotmcn l qul supül rlspnstm, lbl ä mn jlsjn tljpn vlêkubn l jlosmflj. Xnr dssn, lstl ä uj tdpn cl do`nrjmæën qul jlrlkl slr bmpdcmcn knj tncn n kudcmcn, jms, mn jlsjn tljpn, ä uj knotlùcn prncuzdcn lj qumotdcmcl l `rlquéokdm knjn oloeuj nutrn. Mtloæën, pnrtmotn. Olstl prnklssn, iuotn knj lstmr malrtn m qulstdnomjlotns l smalr lokmjdoeí-bns, slj dotlrrnjplr m kmcldm cl knotmtn ‛  rlspnstms prlkdsmj slr cmcms sljprl ‛, lstí n `mtn cl qul, cd`lrlotljlotl cn qul mknotlkl lj nutrns kmomds, m räpbdkm cm jmrkm prlkdsm slr n jmds arlvl pnssêvlb. Oms rlcls, n usuírdn oën lsplrm. Clstm `nrjm, n qul jmds sl plcl cm do`nrjmæën knjn rlbmkdnomjlotn ä mfdbdcmcl l `blxdadbdcmcl. Ns knotlùcns oms rlcls sën vdstns knjn do`nrjmæën l`éjlrm, l n sën ‛ jms mploms pmrm ns qul oën ns knosujdrmj. Xmrm qulj ns mssdjdbnu l knj lbls sl rlbmkdnonu, sën lbls qul rlprlslotmj m jmrkm l slrvdrën knjn jldn cl rlbmkdnomjlotn knj n usuírdn. ************************************** Ä kmcm vlz jmds cd`êkdb slpmrmr do`nrjmæën cl rlbmkdnomjlotn lj uj mjadlotl nocl m knovlrféokdm ä m rlfrm flrmb. f lrmb. Mdocm mssdj, qulj lstucm l prncuz knotlùcn clvl smalr slpmrmr uj cn nutrn, l knbnkmr ns cnds lj plrsplktdvm pmrm lotlocé-bns kmcm vlz jmds, l jlbenr. Dssn ä n qul, mtumbjlotl, cdstdoful uj prn`dssdnomb jlcdmon cl uj ûtdjn flstnr cl knotlùcn ‛ `dkm m cdkm!

 

 

KMXÊS\BN <  M BLDS\QM L M SLBM

 

 

 Mssdj qul ms täkodkms cl Vlawrdtdof knjlæmrmj m slr tlstmcms l ns knokldtns prdjnrcdmds cl flstën cl knotlùcn `nrmj mssnkdmcns mns cl usmadbdcmcl, plrklalu-sl qul n `nkn prdokdpmb cl lstucn cm rlcmæën pmrm m jêcdm cdfdtmb slrdm n cl lotrlfmr mn usuírdn m jlbenr lxplrdéokdm cl bldturm lj tlbm. N pnotn cl pmrtdcm `nd prnkurmr lotloclr n qul pnclrdm `mkdbdtmr m  vdsumbdzmæën l m bldturm cl uj tlxtn on jldn no-bdol ‛ m`domb, sën msplktns knj kmrmktlrêstdkms alj cdstdotms cms qul lxdstlj on jldn djprlssn. Ljanrm oën emim ljdssën cl buz, m bujdonsdcmcl rl`bltdcm plbn pmplb tmjaäj dotlr`lrl om bldturm. Nu slim, ä uj lofmon dotudr qul n jldn djprlssn ä n cnon cm jlbenr dotlr`mkl pnssêvlb pmrm n bldtnr. Knotucn, m ljdssën cl buz cms tlbms tlj uj djpmktn qul oën lxdstl om bujdonsdcmcl rl`bltdcm plbn pmplb. Mn blrjns uj tlxtn on jldn no-bdol, ä knjn sl lstdvässljns nbemocn pmrm ujm bájpmcm. bájp mcm. M dotlr`lréokdm ä jmdnr. Xnr dssn, ujm cms prdjldrms knokbusüls snarl knjn prncuzdr tlxtns pmrm tlbms `nd m cl qul slrdm olklssírdn suplrmr n `mtn cl qul, pmrm ns nbens, n kmosmæn cm bldturm ä jmds dotlosn cn qul n qul mknotlkl on pmplb, l, knjn knoslquéokdm, n knosujn cl knotlùcn ‛ lj lsplkdmb n tlxtumb ‛ ä jmds kustnsn.  Pmbl sljprl bljarmr qul, om jêcdm cdfdtmb lstmjns bdcmocn knjn dotlr`mkls lsslokdmbjlotl frí`dkms, nu slim, ns lbljlotns vdsumds téj uj mplbn jmdnr cn qul ns lbljlotns tlxtumds.  M knr l n jnvdjlotn cns lbljlotns frí`dkns lj ujm tlbm, `mvnrlkdcns plbm buz qul pnr lbm ä ljdtdcm, kemjmj jmds mtloæën cn qul n lbljlotn tlxtumb l sum kmrmktlrêstdkm aísdkm cl slr alj jlons mtrmlotl iustmjlotl pnr oën knotlr djmflos. [locn, lotën, jmds kustnsn pmrm n usuírdn blr uj tlxtn lj ujm tlbm, tmotn plbm omturlzm cm dotlr`mkl lj sd qumotn pnr oën slr djmflj lj uj mjadlotl lj qul n nbemr prdvdblfdm n qul ä frí`dkn, n Vlawrdtdof `nd auskmr ons rlkursns cl clsdfo ms snbuæüls pmrm mtrmdr m mtloæën cn bldtnr. Olstm auskm cl mtrmæën pmrm n nbemr, `nd prlkdsn, motls, clpmrmr-sl knj n `mtn cl qul n lbljlotn tlxtumb sû ä ontmcn mpûs n usuírdn plrklalr ns lbljlotns  vdsumds prlslotls lj ujm tlbm, cns jmds ûavdns knjn m `ntnfrm`dm, m dbustrmæën l

 

 

ns êknols, mns jlons ûavdns, knjn m bnfnjmrkm cl ujm ljprlsm nu cl uj prncutn, l mtä jlsjn n jlou cl uj sdtl, jdstn cl lbljlotn frí`dkn l tlxtumb.  Mbäj cdssn, uj tlxtn slr ontmcn lj ujm tlbm oën ä klrtlzm cl qul lbl slrí bdcn. Mssdj, n Vlawrdtdof pmrtl cn prdokêpdn cl qul uj tlxtn ä ujm jmokem  vdsumb lj ujm tlbm, l qul clvl slr trmtmcn knjn tmb. Clstm `nrjm, ä pnssêvlb mssnkdmr rlkursns cl mtrmæën mtr mæën vdsumb pmrm ujm jmssm cl tlxtn, l clstm `nrjm mtrmdr n nbemr cn usuírdn.  M DOCLUMÆËN XMQM N NBEMQ N lstucn cn jnclbn jlotmb cns usuírdns ä, clscl n prdokêpdn, ujm cms prdokdpmds `lrrmjlotms oën mploms cm usmadbdcmcl knjn uj tncn, jms cn lstucn cm usmadbdcmcl lj tlxtns. Knjn, motls jlsjn cn surfdjlotn cm jêcdm cdfdtmb, ujm cms anms prítdkms pmrm `mkdbdtmr m masnræën cl knotlùcn tlxtumb om jêcdm djprlssm ií lrm m cl frd`mr pmbmvrms knjn `nrjm cl doclxmæën pmrm n nbemr, lstl `nd n rlkursn qul n  Vlawrdtdof ausknu knjn `nrjm cl m pmbmvrm sl snarlssmdr l tnromr-sl jmds rlblvmotl oms tlbms lj jldn mns tmotns nutrns lbljlotns vdsumds.  Mn suflrdr, clscl n doêkdn, qul lj kmcm pmrífrm`n n prncutnr cl knotlùcn tlxtumb frd`mssl m pmbmvrm nu lxprlssën-kemvl cmqulbl trlken, n Vlawrdtdof cldxmvm kbmrn qul kmjdoemr cl armæns cmcns knj m usmadbdcmcl slrdm lsslokdmb pmrm n clslovnbvdjlotn ‛ l n mjmcurlkdjlotn ‛ cn knjpnrtmjlotn cn tlxtn on jldn no-bdol. N [\QFDJLOSN CN[ A\[KMCNQL[ N rmdmr cn säkubn UUD vdu m pnpubmrdzmæën cn Fnnfbl, pnclrnsn auskmcnr  amslmcn lj doclxmæën cl knotlùcn, qul clscl slu surfdjlotn cldxnu kbmrn qul m usmadbdcmcl cns tlxtns slrdm vdstm knjn uj cns pmrájltrns cl qumbdcmcl pmrm n  anj pnsdkdnomjlotn cms pífdoms ons rlsubtmcns cl auskm. Jmds cn qul slr mjdfívlb pmrm ns nbens ‛ l, pnrtmotn, pmrm n jnclbn jlotmb ‛ ns tlxtns prlkdsmrdmj slfudr è rdskm m dcldm cl doclxmæën. Nu slim, n trmamben cns prncutnrls cl knotlùcn clvlrdm nardfmtnrdmjlotl pmssmr plbm kbmssd`dkmæën cl kmcm uj clbls lj slu jnjlotn cl puabdkmæën.

 

 

 M rlknjlocmæën, vdstm knjn docdsplosívlb knj n pmssmr cns mons frmæms mn krlskdjlotn cm wla, slrdm marmæmcm lj lsplkdmb plbn knjärkdn lbltróodkn, pnds lstl ä uj sltnr qul knotm qul slus prncutns l slrvdæns slrën `mkdbjlotl ‛  l rmpdcmjlotl ‛ loknotrmcns plbn Fnnfbl. Lotrl ns rlkursns cl doclxmæën bdstmcns plbn Fnnfbl, lstmvm iustmjlotl n cl frd`mr pmbmvrms l lxprlssüls-kemvl lj kmcm uj cns pmrífrm`ns cl uj tlxtn.  M usmadbdcmcl cl tlxtns, mtä lotën vdstm knjn ujm qulstën knmciuvmotl, mssnkdmcm m qulstüls ljnkdnomds knjn m jlbenrdm cm lxplrdéokdm cn usuírdn, tnromvm-sl, lotën, lsslokdmb mn uodvlrsn cm rlcmæën pmrm n jldn cdfdtmb. Om rlmbdcmcl, n Fnnfbl, knj sum prnpnstm donvmcnrm cl lsplbemr on trmamben cl doclxmæën n qul ns usuírdns knosdclrmvmj knjn knotlùcn cl qumbdcmcl, knbnkmvm m usmadbdcmcl ‛  l oën mploms m cn tlxtn ‛  on klotrn cms mtloæüls.

Adabdnfrm`dm rlknjlocmcm ✛ 

wla. Kmomcí9 [lb`-knuoslb Xrlss, GDBDMO, Krmw`nrc. Vrdtdof Krmw`nrc. Vrdtdof `nr tel wla. Kmomcí9 188= ✛  QNCQDF\L[, Aruon. Vlawrdtdof9 Aruon. Vlawrdtdof9 rlcmæën pmrm m jêcdm cdfdtmb.  cdfdtmb.  [ën Xmubn9 Mtbms, 18=3. N qul cdzlj ns mutnrls ✛ 

‒Lskrlvlr pmrm uj wlasdtl uj wlasdtl oën ä mploms ujm qulstën cl knbnkmr uj tlxtn oujm pífdom l lsplrmr qul n bldtnr m mprlkdl. Lstm ä ujm jêcdm dotlrmtdvm, nqul qulsdjpblsjlotl sdfod`dkm qul blocn n bldtnrn tlj qul tlxtn‚ tlxtn‚    rlspnoclr cl mbfujm `nrjm, jlsjn Krmw`nrc Gdbdmo

 

 

 On `nrjmtn cl \U Vrdtdof   M BLDS\QM L M SLBM . \jm cms prdjldrms knokbusüls knokbus üls snarl knjn prncuzdr tlxtns pmrm tlbms `nd m cl qul slrdm olklssírdn suplrmr n `mtn cl qul, pmrm ns nbens, n kmosmæn cm bldturm ä jmds dotlosn cn qul n qul mknotlkl on pmplb, l qul, knjn knoslquéokdm, n knosujn cl knotlùcn ‛ lj lsplkdmb n tlxtumb ‛ ä jmds kustnsn. . Pmbl tmjaäj bljarmr qul, om jêcdm cdfdtmb, lstmjns bdcmocn knj dotlr`mkls lsslokdmbjlotl frí`dkms, nu slim, ns lbljlotns vdsumds téj uj djpmktn jmdnr cn qul ns lbljlotns tlxtumds. . M knr l n jnvdjlotn cns lbljlotns frí`dkns lj ujm tlbm, `mvnrlkdcns  plbm buz qul pnr lbm ä ljdtdcm, kemjmj jmds mtloæën cn qul n lbljlotn tlxtumb l sum kmrmktlrêstdkm aísdkm cl slr alj jlons mtrmlotl iustmjlotl pnr oën knotlr djmflos. . Xnr dssn, n Vlawrdtdof `nd auskmr ons rlkursns cl clsdfo ms snbuæüls  pmrm mtrmdr m mtloæën cn bldtnr, pmrtdocn cn prdokêpdn cl qul uj tlxtn ä ujm jmokem vdsumb lj ujm tlbm, l qul clvl slr trmtmcn knjn tmb. . Frd`mr ms pmbmvrms nu lxprlssüls-kemvl knjn `nrjm cl doclxmæën pmrm n nbemr `nd n rlkursn qul n Vlawrdtdof ausknu knjn `nrjm cl m pmbmvrm sl snarlssmdr l tnromr-sl jmds rlblvmotl oms tlbms lj jldn mns tmotns nutrns lbljlotns vdsumds. . M usmadbdcmcl cl tlxtns, mtä lotën vdstm knjn ujm qulstën knmciuvmotl, mssnkdmcm m qulstüls ljnkdnomds knjn m jlbenrdm cm lxplrdéokdm cn usuírdn, tnromvm-sl, lotën, lsslokdmb mn uodvlrsn cm rlcmæën pmrm n jldn cdfdtmb.

 

 

 Xmrm dr mbäj cn mssuotn XMBMPQM KLQSM, DOCLUMÆËN KNQQLSM [l eí ujm tlocéokdm pmrms ms prûxdjms cäkmcms on jldn cdfdtmb ‛ l oën mploms pmrm ns prûxdjns mons ‛ ä m butm pnr vdsdadbdcmcl. Jmds uj clsm`dn m slr lo`rlotmcn cn qul prnprdmjlotl ujm tlocéokdm, tnromr vdsêvlds ns knotlùcns cms jmrkms ä enil, pmrm prn`dssdnomds l mféokdms, ujm naslssën. Knjprllosêvlb. Lstrmtäfdm lsslokdmb cm prdjldrm jltmcl clstm cäkmcm, m knjprm cl pmbmvrms-kemvl ons auskmcnrls ií oën amstm. Oën è tnm, prncutnrls cl knotlùcn sën knostmotljlotl knarmcns om mpbdkmæën cl täkodkms pmrm doclxmæën cl do`nrjmæüls. Cm jlsjm `nrjm, mæüls cl [LN tmjaäj oën mtloclj jmds mn qul ms ljprlsms lsplrmj cl sums knotrmtmcms. Nu slim, täkodkms cl l`dkdéokdm knjprnvmcms lstën slocn utdbdzmcms è lxmustën l, mdocm mssdj, pmssmj bnofl cl slrlj su`dkdlotls. Lj tmb kloírdn, eí qul dr mbäj, l ä knjuj qul lj sdtumæüls knjn lssm m snbuæën oën lstlim lj nbemr pmrm n qul eí cl onvn, jms sdj lj vnbtmr-sl pmrm n doêkdn, nu slim, m jmtärdm-prdjm qul pnssdadbdtnu n trmamben cl vdsdadbdcmcl cms do`nrjmæüls9 m sljáotdkm.  M lsknbem cm pmbmvrm nu m lxprlssën knrrltm lstí ‛  knjn clvl slr ‛  on klrol cms täkodkms pmrm m doclxmæën cl do`nrjmæüls l tmjaäj oms mæüls cl [LN. Jms m smêcm pmrlkl lstmr lj dr jmds `uocn on lstucn l om naslrvmæën naslrvmæ ën cn uodvlrsn sljáotdkn cl pùabdkns l knotlùcns. Knoelklr msplktns pnukn knoelkdcns, knjn nrdflj l rlbmæüls lotrl ms pmbmvrms, mpnotm pmrm onvms l doäcdtms snbuæüls. Ä rlkno`nrtmotl clsknardr qul m smêcm pmrm ujm plqulom krdsl om Knjuodkmæën Cdfdtmb pnssm lstmr, jmds ujm vlz, oms jëns cl uj cns pdbmrls cm Knjuodkmæën trmcdkdnomb. ]ulj prncuz knotlùcn pmrm n jldn no-bdol smal qul oën lskrlvljns pmrm slrjns bdcns, jms sdj pmrm slrjns vdstns l loknotrmcns. M pmbmvrm sljprl lstlvl on klotrn clstm tmrl`m. Mssdj, n onvn kmjdoen m slr trdbemcn ä mploms n mprn`uocmjlotn cl uj trmamben qul sljprl `nd rlmbdzmcn. \jm knoslquéokdm omturmb, pnrtmotn.  Mn lstucmr lstu cmr n uodvlrsn cl ujm cltlrjdomcm clt lrjdomcm pmbmvrm, ä prlkdsn knoelklr m bûfdkm cl sum lstruturm, mssdj knjn smalr cl qul `nrjm lbm sl rlbmkdnom knj n

 

 

qul eí mn rlcnr. Olstm tmrl`m cl djlrsën, lxdstlj kmtlfnrdms qul ons miucmj m loknotrmr ms snbuæüls qul tmotn prlkdsmjns7 sën cl`dodæüls qul véj cm  Mrqudtlturm cm Do`nrjmæën ‛ motls jlsjn cn surfdjlotn cn cdfdtmb ‛ l qul, mtä enil, sën utdbdzmcms plbm Adabdntlknonjdm.  M lbms9 . Slrjns floärdkns  floärdkns  N qul sën  sën  @uokdnomj knjn uj fumrcm-keuvm9 lbls sdombdzmj knotlùcns cdvlrsns, jms qul pnssulj dotlrslæüls alj bûfdkms lotrl sd. Eí vírdns oêvlds cl tlrjns floärdkns. ―Modjmds—, pnr lxljpbn, slrdm uj oêvlb jmds mbtn, alj mjpbn, n ―prdjldrn oêvlb—, mqulbl kmpmz cl mamrkmr n jmdnr oùjlrn cl knotlùcns pnssêvlb. pnssêvl b. ―Modjmds cl lstdjmæën— nu ―Modjmds slbvmflos— slrdmj, pnr sum vlz, lxljpbns cl ―slfuocn oêvlb—.  oêvlb—.  Knjn utdbdzí-bns  utdbdzí-bns  Xnr vlzls, ns pùabdkns sën vírdns l, pnrtmotn, n uodvlrsn sljáotdkn oën ä mploms uj, jms sdj m iuoæën cl trés nu qumtrn, nu lotën uj tlrjn mssnkdmcn mn knotlùcn/prncutn/slrvdæn qul knj qul sl clslim trmambemr m doclxmæën imjmds slrí n auskmcn, ií qul n uodvlrsn sljáotdkn cn(s) pùabdkn(s) ä bdjdtmcn. Nu slim, lsplrmr qul n knotlùcn slim mkemcn mtrmväs cl ujm sdombdzmæën lsplkê`dkm slrí, olstl kmsn, plrcm cl tljpn (l, judtms vlzls, cdoeldrn). N qul lvdtmr  lvdtmr  Slrjns floärdkns prlkdsmj, knjn lstí lj sum prnpnstm nrdfdomb, mamrkmr uj uodvlrsn lxtlosn cl knotlùcn. Xnr dssn, clvl-sl lvdtmr ujm lsplkd`dkdcmcl (frmoubmrdcmcl) lxklssdvm. M`domb, qumotn jmds lsplkê`dkn ä uj tlrjn floärdkn, jmds lbl sl cdstmokdm cm sum rmzën cl slr ‛ m marmoféokdm ‛ l jlons lbl slrí kmpmz cl mamrkmr do`nrjmæüls cd`lrlotls. . Slrjns lsplkê`dkns  lsplkê`dkns  N qul sën  sën  Ä n npnstn cn floärdkn. Mqud oën eí prlnkupmæën cn prncutnr cl knotlùcn, lj slu prnklssn cl trmamben cl doclxmæën cl do`nrjmæüls, lj krdmr tlrjns mjpbns, ií qul lxdstl ujm pnssdadbdcmcl lonrjl cl n usuírdn knoelklr n tlrjn lsplkê`dkn. Olstl kmsn, oën lxdstl m olklssdcmcl, pnr lxljpbn, cl sl auskmr uj tlrjn floärdkn l cl mjpbn knoelkdjlotn kn oelkdjlotn pmrm ―mbdjlotns slj fbùtlo—, pnds n pùabdkn-mbvn knjprllocl djlcdmtmjlotl n qul ä lstm do`nrjmæën.

 

 

Knjn utdbdzí-bns  utdbdzí-bns   M onjlmæën knj tlrjns tlrj ns lsplkê`dkns ä n kloírdn plr`ldtn pmrm n prncutnr cl knotlùcn. Lstucmocn knj kudcmcn knj qul frmu cl frmoubmrdcmcl uj knoiuotn cl do`nrjmæüls pncl slr trmambemcn, m pnssdadbdcmcl cl sl mtdofdr lj keldn n usuírdn ä frmocl, m`domb n nailtdvn cn tlrjn lsplkê`dkn ä ljarloemr-sl plbns lspmæns lotrl slus pmrlotls ―jmdnrls— (ns tlrjns floärdkns) l kelfmr knj prlkdsën l rmpdclz mns pùabdkns. N qul lvdtmr  lvdtmr  Ä prlkdsn tlr klrtlzm cl qul slu pùabdkn rlmbjlotl knoelkl n tlrjn lsknbedcn. Clstm `nrjm, uj trmamben pmrm doclxmæën knj rûtubns lsplkê`dkns sû clvl slr ujm npæën sl motls `nr `ldtm ujm plsqudsm cltmbemcm snarl n uodvlrsn sljáotdkn cn usuírdn. . Slrjns rlbmkdnomcns  rlbmkdnomcns  N qul sën  sën  Lstm ä, om vlrcmcl, ujm kmtlfnrdm cl mpndn. Slrjns rlbmkdnomcns sën utdbdzmcns qumocn n tlrjn floärdkn ä mjpbn lj lxklssn ‛ l pnr dssn `bíkdcn ‛ l n tlrjn lsplkê`dkn imjmds slrdm auskmcn l/nu knjprllocdcn plbns pùabdkns. Oën pnr dssn ns tlrjns rlbmkdnomcns téj jlons djpnrtáokdm7 ä `uocmjlotmb knjprlloclr qul n trmamben cl mpndn è doclxmæën mtrmväs cm sljáotdkm sljprl sl utdbdznu ‛  bljarl-sl cm Adabdntlknonjdm ‛  cl `lrrmjlotms cl mpndn pmrm sdombdzmr knotlùcns7 ä knjuj mpndmr-sl lj rlkursns knjpbljlotmrls. Knjn utdbdzí-bns  utdbdzí-bns  N `nkn, mqud, ä klrkmr m do`nrjmæën pnr tncns ns bmcns. [l vnké clslim sdombdzmr ujm knalrturm pmrm anbn kuin tlrjn ä mbfn doäcdtn pmrm n pùabdkn-mbvn (kemjljns cl ―cukdfrdo—), clvlj-sl bdstmr tncns ns tlrjns pnssêvlds rlbmkdnomcns mn prncutn, clscl ns jmds ûavdns (―knalrturm—, ―anbn—, ―cnkl—) mns slkuocírdns (―`lstm—, ―modvlrsírdn—) l utdbdzmr lstm bdstm on trmamben cl mpndn è doclxmæën. L, ä kbmrn, oën cldxmr cl utdbdzmr n tlrjn lxmtn, m`domb, knjn tljpn, lbl pmssmrí m slr dclotd`dkmcn ‛ l auskmcn ‛ plbn usuírdn. N qul lvdtmr  lvdtmr  Slrjns qul sl cdstmokdmj cljmds cn uodvlrsn cn tlrjn nrdfdomb. Lxpbnrl slu uodvlrsn mtä n bdjdtl, jms tnjl t njl kudcmcn pmrm oën dr mbäj. . [doóodjns  [doóodjns  N qul sën  sën 

 

 

Knoiuotn cl tlrjns qul dclotd`dkmj uj jlsjêssdjn knotlùcn, tncns cl mjpbn knoelkdjlotn. Ljanrm pnukn sl pmrl pmrm plosmr snarl n pnrqué cl ns sdoóodjns lxdstdrlj ‛ m`domb, sl uj cns tlrjns ií ä knjprllocdcn pnr tncns, pnr qul lxdstdr jmds cl uj pmrm dclotd`dkí-bn> ‛, sum utdbdcmcl ä, om prítdkm, uj rlkursn docdsplosívlb, ií qul uj jlsjn knotlùcn slrí slr í auskmcn mtrmväs cl vírdns tlrjns l oën mploms uj. Lj tljpn9 t ljpn9 prnkurmr sdoóodjns ä ujm tmrl`m nardfmtûrdm nardfmtûr dm on trmamben cl mpndn è doclxmæën. Knjn utdbdzí-bns  utdbdzí-bns   Pmjns utdbdzmr uj lxljpbn alj sdjpbls9 djmfdol uj pùabdkn qul knoelkl n ―jlbenr mjdfn cn enjlj— mploms knjn ―kën—7 lbl imjmds nuvdu `mbmr lj ―kmkenrrn—. Cl omcm mcdmotmrdm, pnrtmotn, trmambemr m doclxmæën mploms utdbdzmocn uj cltlrjdomcn tlrjn lsknbedcn qul, slim qumb `nr n jntdvn, slrdm n dclmb, olstl kmsn (―kmkenrrn—). Mqud, utdbdzl mjans ―kën— l ―kmkenrrn—. Eí kmsns knjuos rlbmkdnomcns m tdpns onvns cl prncutns lj qul m jmrkmr fnstmrdm qul n pùabdkn sl `mjdbdmrdzmssl knj ns onvns tlrjns, jms ä prlkdsn utdbdzmr (tmjaäj) uj sdoóodjn pmrm qul n knotlùcn slim loknotrmcn. N qul lvdtmr  lvdtmr  ]umocn sl lsknbel sdoóodjns, ä prlkdsn tlr klrtlzm masnbutm cl qul uj tlrjn ä knjprllocdcn cm jlsjm `nrjm pnr tncns ns pùabdkns. N rlfdnombdsjn ä uj cns frmocls plrdfns9 `mbl ―vdrl è  è  cdrldtm l pmrl on sdomb— lj [ën Xmubn, ujm kdcmcl lj qul n tlrjn ―sdomb— ä knjprllocdcn cl nutrm `nrjm l n tlrjn utdbdzmcn ä ―`mrnb— (―sdomb— ä usmcn on Qdn cl Imoldrn). Lvdtl supnsdæüls, lotën9 plsqudsl.  plsqudsl.   ****************** N prlslotl, l oën n `uturn prûxdjn, ií plcl cns prncutnrls cl knotlùcn n fnstn pnr ardokmr knj pmbmvrms l n prmzlr lj lstucí-bms. [l vnké mdocm oën sl lovnbvlu n amstmotl knj (jmds) lssm onvm `mkltm cn uodvlrsn cm do`nrjmæën cdfdtmb, mdocm lstí lj tljpn ‛ jëns è narm!

 

 

KMXÊS\BN 0 N LBN XLQCDCN CM DOSLQ@MKL JÛPLB

 

 

On doêkdn cl 18=0, mn blr plbm prdjldrm vlz snarl \U Vrdtdof Vr dtdof l auskmr sums cd`lrloæms pmrm Vlawrdtdof, `dknu kbmrn pmrm jdj qul m dotlr`mkl jûvlb oën emvdm mploms cmcn uj pmssn mcdmotl om edstûrdm cm tlkonbnfdm cm knjuodkmæën, jms trmos`nrjmcn m rlbmæën cn usuírdn knj n knotlùcn cdfdtmb. ]ulstüls knjn flstën cl knotlùcn l usmadbdcmcl knotdoumvmj rlblvmotls, jms m `nrjm cl mklssn è do`nrjmæën emvdm tnjmcn uj onvn rujn, knjn sl `nssl prlkdsn rltnromr mn pnotn dodkdmb cn lstucn cn knosujn cl knotlùcn lj tlbms l krdmr ujm ad`urkmæën.  M`domb, n surfdjlotn cns klbubmrls l, bnfn mpûs, mpûs, cns sjmrtpenols sjmrtpenols,, knj sum kmpmkdcmcl cl mklssmr m wla knj m jlsjm clslovnbturm qul onssns knjputmcnrls plssnmds, plcdmj uj rlplosmr cn qul emvdm sdcn cdtn l tlstmcn snarl m do`nrjmæën pmrm n jldn cdfdtmb. Emvdm msplktns alj kbmrns qul iustd`dkmvmj lssm olklssdcmcl, l pmrm qulj tlotmvm knjprlloclr ms kmrmktlrêstdkms cn \U Vrdtdof clscl slu doêkdn, lrm prlkdsn cdsslkí-bns. Omqulbl jnjlotn `dkmvm oêtdcn qul n sjmrtpenol sjmrtpenol bnfn  bnfn slrdm vdstn knjn n ―lbn plrcdcn— lotrl ms prdjldrms prdjldrms cäkmcms cn knjpnrtmjlotn cn knotlùcn no-bdol l n onvn jnjlotn qul surfdm. Srés msplktns pnssuêmj rlblváokdm on lstucn clstm onvm `nrjm cl mklssmr l knosujdr do`nrjmæën cdfdtmb9 . Cdjlosüls cns mpmrlbens  Mdocm qul n surfdjlotn cns tmablts tloem prnvnkmcn uj rlplosmr om jmoldrm cl mprlslotmr knotlùcns pmrm tlbms jlonrls cn qul ms cns knjputmcnrls plssnmds, slrdm ons sjmrtpenols sjmrtpenols qul  qul n knotlùcn no-bdol loknotrmrdm dotlr`mkls qul cl `mtn cljmocmrdmj mcmptmæüls. Ljanrm ns tmablts tdvlsslj om jnadbdcmcl n pnotn cl bdfmæën knj ns sjmrtpenols,, ns usuírdns mdocm omvlfmvmj om wla cm jlsjm `nrjm qul `mzdmj sjmrtpenols lj slus clsgtnps l ontlanngs. Judtns n utdbdzmvmj ‛ l mdocm n utdbdzmj ‛ knjn `mzlj knj uj bdvrn9 slotmj-sl l mklssmj slu knotlùcn.  M rlvnbuæën cn sjmrtpenol sjmrtpenol,, pnrtmotn, oën lstí mploms on `mtn cl lbl slr pnrtítdb, jms cn usuírdn mknstujmr-sl m mklssí-bn lj jnvdjlotn. [um utdbdcmcl

 

 

jmdnr iustd`dkm-sl plbn usn mn kmjdoemr plbms rums, clotrn cns lskrdtûrdns, lj kmsm ‛ m`domb, cd`lrlotljlotl cn tmablt, n sjmrtpenol sjmrtpenol kmal  kmal om pmbjm cl onssms jëns. . Lstêjubns mucdnvdsumds  Mdocm qul oën lstlimjns mbeldns m lstêjubns mucdtdvns l vdsumds qumocn utdbdzmjns onssns knjputmcnrls plssnmds pmrm mklssmr m dotlrolt lj mjadlotls `lkemcns ‛ slim cm smbm cl trmamben nu cl kmsm ‛, ä lj mjadlotls pùadkns qul lssls lstêjubns ons klrkmj cl `nrjm jmds dokdsdvm l dotrusdvm. [limj ruêcns knjuos knjn ns cl jntnrls cl mutnjûvlds, snos cl bnims, knovlrsms lotrl plssnms qul kruzmj n onssn kmjdoen, mplbns vdsumds cl vdtrdols, sdomds bujdonsns nu qumbqulr tdpn cl lbljlotn frí`dkn qul ons kemjl mtloæën, `mtn ä qul amstm smdrjns om rum pmrm mklssmrjns uj juocn cl do`nrjmæüls qul drën knjpltdr knj n qul vljns om tlbm cl uj sjmrtpenol sjmrtpenol.. Ljanrm `íkdb cl kmrrlfmr l vdm cl mklssn m uj uodvlrsn cl knotlùcns cdfdtmds, `nd m `nrjm cl mprlslotmr l knjuodkmr ms do`nrjmæüls mtrmväs cm plqulom tlbm cn sjmrtpenol sjmrtpenol qul  qul vdrdm m sl tnromr n jmdnr clsm`dn. . @nrjmtn cn knotlùcn Knjn mtrmdr m mtloæën cn usuírdn knj ms do`nrjmæüls cl uj sjmrtpenol sjmrtpenol   sl ns snos l ms djmflos cms rums sën n qul ons kemjm m mtloæën> Xrlkdsmrdm, lotën, m do`nrjmæën rltrmambemr sum `nrjm cl mprlslotmæën lj tlbms plquloms l pnrtítlds pmrm m tlr rlblváokdm olklssírdm kmpmz cl c l knjpltdr knj tmotns lstêjubns mucdnvdsumds> ]ulstüls knjn lstms, qul m rlcmæën pmrm dotlr`mkls cdfdtmds pmssnu m sl plrfuotmr, slrvdrmj knjn onrtlmcnrls pmrm ns pmssns dodkdmds qul n \U Vrdtdof clu mn bnofn cns ùbtdjns mons. Jmds cn qul plrfuotms qul lsplrmj snbuæüls djlcdmtms, lbms slrvlj knjn docdkmcnrls pmrm ns kmjdoens qul téj sl jnstrmcn prnpêkdns è mpbdkmæën cms täkodkms cl \U Vrdtdof lj prncutns cdfdtmds. [ën knjn buzls bmoæmcms on kmjdoen è `rlotl pmrm qul qu l pnssmjns lotloclr knj jmds kbmrlzm prnabljms qul clvlj slr snbukdnomcns7 pmrtl cl uj onvn jnjlotn cm rlmbdcmcl cn knosujn cm do`nrjmæën.

 

 

Adabdnfrm`dm rlknjlocmcm ✛ 

ODLB[LO, Imgna7 ADC\, Mjy. \smadbdcmcl jûvlb. Qdn jûvlb. Qdn cl Imoldrn9 Lbslvdlr, 18=3.

N qul cdz n mutnr ✛ 

‒Pnké fnstmrdm cl vdvlr oujm kmsm kuin ku in qumrtn cl cnrjdr `nd pdotmcn oujm enrrêvlb knjadomæën cl jmrrnj l rnxn> Xrnvmvlbjlotl Xrnv mvlbjlotl oën, jms  vnké pncl fmstmr judtn jmds tljpn nbemocn pmrm lbljlotns cl dotlr`mkl cn slu sn`twmrl `mvnrdtn cn qul nbemocn pmrm slu qumrtn cl cnrjdr‚    Imgna Odlbslo

 

 

 On `nrjmtn cl \U Vrdtdof  Vrdtdof  N LBN XLQCDCN CM DOSLQ@MKL JÛPLB . N surfdjlotn cns klbubmrls l, bnfn mpûs, cns sjmrtpenols, knj sum kmpmkdcmcl cl mklssmr m wla knj m jlsjm clslovnbturm qul onssns knjputmcnrls plssnmds, plcdu uj rlplosmr cn qul emvdm sdcn cdtn l tlstmcn snarl m do`nrjmæën pmrm n jldn cdfdtmb. . Omqulbl jnjlotn `dkmvm kbmrn qul n sjmrtpenol bnfn slrdm vdstn knjn n ―lbn plrcdcn— lotrl ms prdjldrms cäkmcms cn knjpnrtmjlotn cn knotlùcn no bdol l n onvn jnjlotn qul surfdm. . Srés msplktns pnssuêmj rlblváokdm on lstucn clstm onvm `nrjm cl mklssmr l knosujdr do`nrjmæën cdfdtmb9    Cdjlosüls cns mpmrlbens

n

 M rlvnbuæën cn sjmrtpenol, pnrtmotn, oën lstí mploms on  `mtn cl lbl slr pnrtítdb, jms cn usuírdn mknstujmr-sl m mklssí-bn lj jnvdjlotn. [um utdbdcmcl jmdnr iustd`dkm-sl  plbn usn mn kmjdoemr plbms rums, clotrn cns lskrdtûrdns, lj kmsm ‛  m`domb, cd`lrlotljlotl cn tmablt, pnr lxljpbn, n sjmrtpenol kmal om pmbjm cl onssms jëns. n   Lstêjubns mucdnvdsumds  [limj ruêcns knjuos knjn ns cl jntnrls cl mutnjûvlds, snos cl bnims, knovlrsms lotrl plssnms qul kruzmj n onssn kmjdoen, mplbns vdsumds cl vdtrdols, sdomds bujdonsns nu qumbqulr tdpn cl lbljlotn frí`dkn qul ons kemjl mtloæën,  `mtn ä qul amstm smdrjns om rum pmrm mklssmrjns uj juocn cl do`nrjmæüls qul drën knjpltdr knj n qul vljns om tlbm cl uj sjmrtpenol.    @nrjmtn cn knotlùcn

n

 Xrlkdsmrdm, lotën, m do`nrjmæën rltrmambemr sum `nrjm cl mprlslotmæën lj tlbms plquloms l pnrtítlds pmrm tlr m rlblváokdm olklssírdm kmpmz cl knjpltdr knj tmotns lstêjubns mucdnvdsumds> Lstm qulstën ä uj onrtlmcnr pmrm ns kmjdoens qul téj sl jnstrmcn prnpêkdns è mpbdkmæën cms täkodkms cl \U Vrdtdof lj prncutns cdfdtmds mtumbjlotl.

 

 

KMXÊS\BN 6 XQN@\OCN N\ [\XLQ@DKDMB>

 

 

Cm jlsjm `nrjm qul mknotlkl lj nutrms dotlr`mkls, ns knokldtns qul  vdjns cl usn l utdbdcmcl tmjaäj téj do`buéokdm om jmoldrm knj qul ns usuírdns knosnjlj knotlùcns on jldn jûvlb. Jms ä n usn qul `mzljns clstls knotlùcns, lj lsplkdmb, qul tlj uj djpmktn jmdnr olstl knotlxtn. ]umocn krdmcms pmrm n jldn jûvlb ‛  prnklssn qul mdocm lstí lj slus prdjldrns cdms ‛ ms do`nrjmæüls qul auskmjns vdm sjmrtpenol sjmrtpenol sën  sën iustmjlotl mqulbms krdmcms pmrm mtloclr ès kmrmktlrêstdkms jmds aísdkms cn jldn, nu slim, sën knotlùcns qul prlkdsmjns mklssmr pnrqul lstmjns lj jnvdjlotn7 oën qulrljns pmrmr. Lj sujm, n jnjlotn cn usn ä n prdokdpmb pmrájltrn. N `nkn ä n djlcdmtdstm7 m lotrlfm cl do`nrjmæüls l m snbuæën cl prnabljms oën pnclj slr cldxmcms pmrm clpnds. Lds uj pnotn rlblvmotl9 oën qul ns knotlùcns jûvlds oën lxdstmj nu oën pnssmj slr mklssmcns mtrmväs cl onssns knjputmcnrls knjp utmcnrls plssnmds, jms ms sdtumæüls qul ns cljmocmj tnromj sum `mkdbdcmcl cl mklssn n frmocl cd`lrlokdmb ‛ m`domb, ns sjmrtpenols sjmrtpenols lstën  lstën bdtlrmbjlotl oms pmbjms cl onssms onss ms jëns. \j anj lxljpbn clstl kloírdn `nd m krdmæën cns mpbdkmtdvns, jmrkn cm trmos`nrjmæën prnvnkmcm plbn usn cn jldn jûvlb, knj sum `nrjm cl mklssn `mkdbdtmcm ès do`nrjmæüls l mn jncn knjn lbms sën mprlslotmcms. Olstl kloírdn, pmrájltrns knjn `nrjmtmæën cn knotlùcn l kbmrlzm, lsslokdmds pmrm m anm flstën cn knotlùcn cl qumdsqulr dotlr`mkls, téj ujm rlblváokdm mdocm jmdnr.  M`domb, mdocm jmds djpnrtmotl cn qul n jnjlotn cn usn, ä m `nrjm knj qul knosujdjns n knotlùcn qul jmds djpmktm m prncuæën cn knotlùcn jûvlb.  M `mkdbdcmcl qul m jnadbdcmcl cn sjmrtpenol sjmrtpenol ons  ons trmz mn mklssmr è wla cl qumbqulr bufmr ä n qul kmrmktlrdzm n usn clstl jldn, jms knbnkm onssm olklssdcmcl cl do`nrjmæüls lj nutrn pmtmjmr. Djmfdol-sl om rum9 klbubmr lj puoen, prnkurmocn pnr ujm do`nrjmæën mn jlsjn tljpn sdjpbls l prítdkm ‛  qumocn drí knjlæmr ujm kmjpmoem cl  vmkdomæën, pnr lxljpbn.

 

 

Lstmjns lj jnvdjlotn, klrkmcns pnr cdvlrsns lstêjubns mucdnvdsumds qul oën mploms ons plclj, jms ons lxdflj mtloæën mn jlsjn tljpn lj qul vmjns mklssmr uj knotlùcn vdm sjmrtpenol sjmrtpenol.. Olssm sdtumæën, ns cmcns jmds rlblv motls motls prlkdsmj lstmr om ―suplr`êkdl— cm do`nrjmæën7 mqulbls qul rlspnoclj ès trmcdkdnomds qulstüls inrombêstdkms  aísdkms9 n qué, qulj, knjn, qumocn, nocl l pnr qué. Knotucn, slrën ns pmrájltrns cl flstën cl knotlùcn cl `nrjmtmæën l kbmrlzm ns jmds lxdfdcns plbn usuírdn, n qul oën mknotlkl lj nutrms dotlr`mkls. N dclmb, pmrm n usuírdn cn jldn jûvlb, oën ä clpmrmr-sl knj n ―tlxtn knrrdcn——, knj slus pmrífrm`ns cl dotrncuæën, clslovnbvdjlotn l knokbusën. Xnds, knrrdcn  vmbl bljarmr jmds ujm vlz, olstl jnjlotn n usuírdn lstí lj jnvdjlotn, klrkmcn pnr `nrtls lstêjubns mucdnvdsumds, kbmjmocn pnr cdsplrsën. N qul sl lsplrm, olstl dostmotl, ä uj knotlùcn `nrjmtmcn cl ujm jmoldrm sdjpbls l cdrltm, qul prdvdblfdl m lsséokdm cm do`nrjmæën9 dtlos suastdtudocn pmrífrm`ns7 pnukms pmbmvrms rlsujdocn bnofms slotloæms7 m nailtdvdcmcl bdclrmocn m lbmanrmæën cm do`nrjmæën. Ä n cmcn, jlonr plcmæn l lsséokdm cm do`nrjmæën, tnjmocn m `rlotl om knjuodkmæën knj n usuírdn. @nssl nutrm sdtumæën, slotmcns lj kmsm nu on lskrdtûrdn, lj mjadlotls knj lstêjubns mucdnvdsumds knotrnbmcns, pnclrêmjns ons cmr mn buxn cl mklssmr, pnr mkmsn nu vnotmcl, knotlùcns bnofns l cltmbemcns ‛  jms, on kloírdn cm jnadbdcmcl, ä m `nrjmtmæën prdvdblfdmocn n cmcn l m kbmrlzm lxdfdcm cm do`nrjmæën qulj cí ms kmrtms.

Adabdnfrm`dm rlknjlocmcm ✛ 

KENJ[GT, Onmj. Onvns enrdznotls on lstucn cm bdofumflj l cm jlotl. [ën jlotl. [ën Xmubn9 \olsp, 188 . ]umocn krdmcms pmrm n jldn jûvlb, ms do`nrjmæüls qul auskmjns vdm sjmrtpenol sën mqulbms krdmcms pmrm mtloclr ès kmrmktlrêstdkms jmds aísdkms cn jldn, nu slim, knotlùcns qul prlkdsmjns mklssmr pnrqul lstmjns lj jnvdjlotn. . Lj sujm, n jnjlotn cn usn ä n prdokdpmb pmrájltrn. N `nkn ä n djlcdmtdstm7 m lotrlfm cl do`nrjmæüls l m snbuæën cl prnabljms oën pnclj slr cldxmcms pmrm clpnds. . Jmds djpnrtmotl cn qul n jnjlotn cn usn, ä m `nrjm knj qul knosujdjns n knotlùcn qul jmds djpmktm m prncuæën cn knotlùcn jûvlb. . Djmfdol-sl om rum9 klbubmr lj puoen, prnkurmocn pnr ujm do`nrjmæën mn jlsjn tljpn sdjpbls l prítdkm. Lstmjns lj jnvdjlotn, klrkmcns pnr cdvlrsns lstêjubns mucdnvdsumds qul oën mploms ons plclj, jms ons lxdflj mtloæën mn jlsjn tljpn lj qul vmjns mklssmr uj u j knotlùcn vdm sjmrtpenol. . Olssm sdtumæën, ns cmcns jmds rlblvmotls prlkdsmj lstmr om ―suplr`êkdl— cm do`nrjmæën7 mqulbls qul rlspnoclj ès moklstrmds qulstüls inrombêstdkms aísdkms9 n qué, qulj, knjn, qumocn, nocl l pnr qué. qu é. . Knotucn, slrën ns pmrájltrns cl flstën cl knotlùcn cl `nrjmtmæën l kbmrlzm ns jmds lxdfdcns plbn usuírdn, n qul oën mknotlkl lj nutrms dotlr`mkls. . N qul sl lsplrm, olstl dostmotl, ä uj knotlùcn `nrjmtmcn cl ujm jmoldrm sdjpbls l cdrltm, qul prdvdblfdl m lsséokdm cm do`nrjmæën9 dtlos suastdtudocn pmrífrm`ns, pnukms pmbmvrms rlsujdocn bnofms slotloæms, m nailtdvdcmcl bdclrmocn m lbmanrmæën cm do`nrjmæën.

 

 

 Xmrm dr mbäj cn mssuotn KNOSLÙCN BNOFN, KNOSLÙCN K\QSN9 KMCM \J LJ [L\ B\FMQ Ana Dflr, KLN cm Cdsoly, `nd n lxlkutdvn cm írlm cl lotrltlodjlotn knj m  vdsën jmds mpurmcm mpurmcm cms ùbtdjms cäkmcms. Omcm bel lskmpmvm9 lskmpmvm9 n jnjlotn lxmtn cl knjprmr ujm ljprlsm, ujm kemokl m slr mprnvldtmcm.  Mn bnofn cl qudozl mons, mons, Dflr rlmbdznu jnvdjlotns motls djplosívld djplosívldss pmrm m (lotën) djutívlb enusl n` tel jnusl  jnusl ‛ knjprnu m Xdxmr, m Jmrvlb, m Bukms`dbj l, `dombjlotl, m 1=te Klotury @nx. [lj `mzlr mbmrcl, m Cdsoly tnronu-sl prnprdltírdm cl jmrkms knjn Sny [tnry, Mvloflrs l [tmr Vmrs. @nssl eí vdotl mons, lstmrêmjns `mbmocn mploms cl `dbjls. Cl bí pmrm kí, jmds qul jmrkms, ms mvloturms cl Auzz Bdfetylmr, Kmpdtën Mjärdkm l Bugl [gywmbglr prnvmrmj slr edstûrdms knj uj pntlokdmb lonrjl pmrm lxtrmpnbmr sum `notl prdokdpmb cl bukrn ‛ n kdoljm ‛ l oën mploms dovmcdr, jms `bnrlsklr, lj nutrms jêcdms. N knokldtn cl ―uodvlrsn lxpmocdcn— dbustrm alj lstl kloírdn9 eí edstûrdms knotmcms qul sën tën `nrtls, tën knosdstlotls, qul sën kmpmzls cl slr clscnarmcms lj nutrns mjadlotls, cl bdvrns l fmjls m särdls cl tlvé l kmomds cl vêcln. Xmrm mjmrrmr ms pnotms l lvdtmr doknofruéokdms lj edstûrdms lspmbemcms pnr cdvlrsms jêcdms, m Cdsoly krdnu stnry frnups qul frnups qul jmpldmj kmcm cltmbel l fmrmotlj m knlréokdm cms edstûrdms qul mdocm vdrën, tucn knj n kudcmcn cl oën tnbelr m krdmtdvdcmcl cl qulj drí krdí-bms. Ns stnry frnups  frnups cm Cdsoly clrmj nrdflj mn ―káonol— cl kmcm uodvlrsn, lspäkdl cl írvnrl flolmbûfdkm qul slrvl cl aùssnbm m kmcm onvn pmssn cmcn om krdmæën cl onvms edstûrdms.  M slfurmoæm flrmcm pnr stnry frnups l frnups l káonols `uokdnonu knjn keuvm lj tlrrlon `ärtdb9 om Cdsoly, m kmcm sljmom surflj onvms dcldms pmrm kmcm uj cl slus uodvlrsns, edstûrdms l plrsnomflos. N qul kmal lj qumb jêcdm l cl qul `nrjm ms edstûrdms clvlj slr knotmcms ä uj pmssn djpnrtmotl, l lssm `nd m prdnrdcmcl cn KLN cm Cdsoly mn bnofn cl jmds cl ujm cäkmcm. Lj lotrlvdstm è Pmodty @mdr, @mdr, Ana Dflr knjlotnu snarl m knjprm cm Jmglr, prncutnrm cl vêclns pmrm n TnuSual, ujm mqudsdæën qul pnukns lotloclrmj om

 

 

äpnkm. ―Xrlkdsmjns knjprlloclr m cd`lrloæm lotrl knotlùcn bnofn l knotlùcn kurtn, l smalr qul eí bufmr pmrm kmcm uj clbls—, cdssl.   Bdstmr ms kmrmktlrêstdkms cl kmcm tdpn cl knotlùcn l smalr qumb `nrjmtn sl mcmptm jlbenr m kmcm jldn ä uj anj doêkdn9 . KNOSLÙCN BNOFN (BNOF @NQJ KNOSLOS)  KNOSLOS)   [lim tlxtn, djmflj, íucdn nu vêcln, eí trés vmrdívlds qul clvlj slr blvmcms lj knosdclrmæën om enrm cl vldkubmr uj knotlùcn9 pùabdkn, tljpn l dotloæën. Sljpn cn knotlùcn bnofn  bnofn  ―Lstnu cdspnstn m rlklalr pblomjlotl m jlosmflj qul vnké lstí trmosjdtdocn— ‛ on ‛ on kloírdn cn bnof `nrj knotlot , ä lstl n sdomb qul slu pùabdkn lstí ljdtdocn. Lbl lotrlfnu n tljpn lj sums jëns l, jmds cn qul ujm qulstën cl qumotdcmcl cl knotlùcn m slr prncuzdcn, n rlkmcn qul n pùabdkn tlj m cmr ä9 ―lstnu cdspnstn m knoelklr jmds snarl sum jmrkm, slu slrvdæn, slu prncutn—.  Mprnvldtl!  M pmbmvrm-kemvl mqud ä cdspnodadbdcmcl cdspnodadbdcmcl.. Xùabdkn cn knotlùcn bnofn  bnofn  Lsqulæm ms slfjlotmæüls pnr flrmæüls (U,T, Jdbbloodmbs ltk.)9 mqud, n qul dotlrlssm ä n dotlrlssl pnr vnké ‛ qul ä frmocl. N djplosívlb lj nutrms sdtumæüls, nu slim, krdmr frmoubmrdcmcl pmrm n knotlùcn, ä rlfrm on bnof `nrj knotlot . Judtms do`nrjmæüls slrën alj-vdocms. Krdl cltmbemjlotn, pnrtmotn.  M pmbmvrm-kemvl mqud ä prn`uocdcmcl prn`uocdcmcl.. Dotloæën cn knotlùcn bnofn  bnofn   Mn cdspnr cl tljpn l mprnvldtmr m npnrtuodcmcl cl knoelklr jmds snarl  vnké l sum ljprlsm, n knosujdcnr cl knotlùcn knotlù cn bnofn lstí prnotn pmrm dodkdmr n qul jmds sl lsplrm clbl9 n prnklssn cl rlbmkdnomjlotn. L, olstl kmsn, mæüls cl dotlrmtdvdcmcl clvlj lstmr sljprl prnotms pmrm slrlj cl`bmfrmcms. [l slu pùabdkn lstí prlstls m slr slcuzdcn, oën plrkm tljpn.  M pmbmvrm-kemvl mqud ä rlklptdvdcmcl rlklptdvdcmcl..  Lxljpbns cl knotlùcn bnofn9 @dbjls bnofm-jltrmflj (vêclns), jmtärdms lsplkdmds snarl tljms lsplkê`dkns (tlxtns). . KNOSLÙCN K\QSN ([ENQS @NQJ KNOSLOS)  KNOSLOS)   Oën kmdm om mrjmcdbem cm dotlr`mkl9 oën ä pnrqul n cdspnsdtdvn ä jûvlb qul n knotlùcn prlkdsm slr kurtn. Mqud, jmds ujm vlz, vmblj ms vmrdívlds tljpn, pùabdkn l dotloæën.

 

 

Sljpn cn knotlùcn kurtn  kurtn  N `nrjmtn lj sd ií ä knoslquéokdm cn tdpn cm jlosmflj9 slj olklssdcmcl cl cltmbemjlotn, kmbkmcm lj nailtdvdcmcl l manrcmocn mploms ns msplktns  aísdkns cm do`nrjmæën, n senrt `nrj knotlot  oën  oën plcl knoklotrmæën lxklssdvm cl qulj n knosnjl. Ä ujm knjuodkmæën rípdcm l sdjpbls.  M pmbmvrm-kemvl mqud ä nailtdvdcmcl nailtdvdcmcl.. Xùabdkn cn knotlùcn kurtn  kurtn  \j cns jdtns cn senrt `nrj knotlot  cdz  cdz rlspldtn è sum qumbdcmcl9 cl `nrjm mbfujm uj knotlùcn kurtn ä ujm u jm kmtlfnrdm ―jlonr— nu ―rlsujdcm— cl do`nrjmæën. Ä, sdj, `mst sdj, `mst `nnc , jms cm jlbenr qumbdcmcl, knj dofrlcdlotls slblkdnomcns, ujm lspäkdl cl ―JkKnotlùcn  ―JkKnotlùcn fnurjlt —.—. Mdocm rlstm uj pnukn cl prlknokldtn knj n knotlùcn kurtn, jms m `lrnkdcmcl knj qul n pùabdkn n knosnjl tlj mklblrmcn sum mkldtmæën plbms ljprlsms qul mdocm sl mplfmj è knjuodkmæën jmds ―trmcdkdnomb—   ‛ ùbtdjn amstdën cm rlsdstéokdm mn onvn.  M pmbmvrm-kemvl mqud ä qumbdcmcl qumbdcmcl.. Dotloæën cn knotlùcn kurtn  kurtn   M dotloæën ä lonrjl, doknjlosurívlb. N fnstn pnr knotlùcn kurt kurtnn ä knoslquéokdm cl `mbtm cl tljpn lj onssn cdm m cdm> Amstmotl. N pùabdkn tmjaäj jucnu> Srljlocmjlotl. Jms m qulstën klotrmb oën ä tljpn nu pùabdkn, jms m dotlr`mkl cns mpmrlbens cl mklssn è do`nrjmæën qul, knj m jnadbdcmcl, krdmrmj uj jlrkmcn knosujdcnr pmrm n knotlùcn kurtn qul motls lrm dolxdstlotl. Lstmjns lj ujm lspäkdl cl `msl cl ―clsbujarl— knj lstm pnssdadbdcmcl, `mskdomcns knj n mklssn m plqulons knotlùcns mn mbkmokl (bdtlrmb) cms jëns.  M pmbmvrm-kemvl mqud ä vnotmcl ä vnotmcl..  Lxljpbns9 Lpdsûcdns cl särdl, kmpêtubns cl onvlbms, kmomds on TnuSual (vêclns), bdstms lstdbn Auzz@llc (tlxtns), pnckmsts (íucdn).  (íucdn).   **************************************  Mdocm slrí prlkdsn lstucmr pnr judtn tljpn n knjpnrtmjlotn l n djpmktn cn tmjmoen cn knotlùcn oms jêcdms cdfdtmds l lj sums dotlr`mkls cl mklssn. Ä uj trmamben cl bmanrmtûrdn, cl ―nbemr mn jdkrnskûpdn—, ií qul kmcm ujm cl sums plkubdmrdcmcls ä qul djpnrtm mn prncutnr cm do`nrjmæën. Nutrn pnotn m slr naslrvmcn knj kudcmcn ä knjn tmds kmrmktlrêstdkms m`ltmrën n knosujn cm cm do`nrjmæën lj jäcdn prmzn9 qumocn m ―pmdxën— plbn knotlùcn kurtn sl lstmadbdzmr, lbl l n knotlùcn bnofn trmvmrën ujm smucívlb butm

 

 

plbm mtloæën cn usuírdn, kmcm vlz jmds klrtn cm `nrjm knj qul clslim mklssmr n qul lstí prnkurmocn nu knosujdocn. @mtn ä qul, cmqud lj cdmotl prlkdsmrljns lstmr mtlotns, naslrvmocn ―tljpns—, pùabdkns l dotloæüls ‛ sljprl ‛ sljprl mblrtm, pnrtmotn. 7-)

 

 

KMXÊS\BN 5 [NAQL N ―S— CL KNOSLÙCN  KNOSLÙCN 

 

 

[dtumæüls cd`lrlotls, olklssdcmcls cdvlrsms. Lj jnvdjlotn, sjmrtpenol sjmrtpenol   lj jëns, prnkurmjns pnr do`nrjmæüls nailtdvms qul prdvdblfdlj kmcm cmcn l ons lotrlful n qul eí urféokdm lj mklssmr. [lotmcns lj kmsm l on lskrdtûrdn, lstmjns cdspnstns m dr mbäj, lxpbnrmocn l mssnkdmocn do`nrjmæüls jmds cltmbemcms lj auskm cl knoelkdjlotn.  Pljns surfdr, lotën, uj onvn kloírdn cm flstën cl knotlùcn, lj qul n usuírdn tlj mklssn m cums dotlr`mkls - mssdj knjn sums vmotmflos - è cdspnsdæën9 m prmtdkdcmcl cn mklssn è do`nrjmæën jûvlb l n tljpn jmdnr qul clcdkmjns lj onssns knjputmcnrls plssnmds è krdmæën cl knoelkdjlotn. Lj tljpn9 vmbl rlssmbtmr jmds ujm vlz qul lstmjns cdmotl cl uj mvmoæn on uodvlrsn cm flstën cl knotlùcn cdfdtmb. Cm jlsjm `nrjm qul pncljns prncuzdr knoelkdjlotn lj dotlr`mkls jûvlds, tmjaäj pncljns prnkurmr do`nrjmæüls nailtdvms oms dotlr`mkls jmdnrls cl onssns clsgtnps l ontlanngs. Onvmjlotl, n `dbtrn mqud ä n usn l m utdbdcmcl qul n usuírdn clslim mpbdkmr mn knotlùcn. Olstl lstucn, blvljns lj knotm ms cums dotlr`mkls cl mklssn m knotlùcns tlxtumds qul tljns enil è cdspnsdæën9 m cns sjmrtpenol sjmrtpenolss l m cns knjputmcnrls plssnmds. Xmrm lstucmr m rlbmæën lotrl lssms dotlr`mkls, djmfdoljns ujm bltrm ―t—  jmdùskubm ‛  uj ―S— ‛, ‛, l qul slu tnpn, enrdznotmb, rlprlslotl m dotlr`mkl jûvlb, loqumotn n rlstmotl, vlrtdkmb, sdjanbdzl onssn mklssn ès dotlr`mkls jmdnrls cl clsgtnps l ontlanngs.  M emstl vlrtdkmb sdjanbdzm ms kmjmcms cl sdtls l pnrtmds m qul tljns mklssn  vdm knjputmcnrls plssnmds, lj mjadlotls rlslrvmcns, lj ssdtumæüls dtumæüls kno`nrtívlds l/nu lstítdkms, knjn lj kmsm nu on lskrdtûrdn. Xrn`uocns lj sums kmjmcms l krdmcns knj lstl dotudtn, ns sdtls l pnrtmds sën prnpêkdns pmrm m knostruæën cl knoelkdjlotn9 pífdom m pífdom, cl mknrcn knj m olklssdcmcl cn usuírdn, lbl omvlfm rlknbelocn do`nrjmæüls, judtms vlzls docn mbäj cms kmjmcms dodkdmds, lj auskm cn qul, lj knoiuotn, bel prnpnrkdnol n knoelkdjlotn qul clslim lbmanrmr.

 

 

 M emstl enrdznotmb cn ―S— sdjanbdzm m dotlr`mkl jûvlb, jnrmcm cns mpbdkmtdvns qul mklssmjns vdm sjmrtpenol sjmrtpenol.. Ä n kloírdn cm jubtdpbdkdcmcl cl mplbns dotlosns, vdsumds l mucdtdvns qul ons klrkm, lstdjubmocn m cdsplrsën. Dotlokdnombjlotl suplr`dkdmds, ns mpbdkmtdvns ‛  knjn pnukms tlbms cl knotlùcn ‛ sën dclmds pmrm n`lrlklr do`nrjmæën cdrltm l nailtdvm, qul lotrlful cmcns ùtlds l, clstm `nrjm, lskbmrlæm rmpdcmjlotl ujm cùvdcm nu rlsnbvm ujm qulstën ‛ slim ujm knosubtm m uj sdstljm nu m knjprm cl uj prncutn. Mqud, oën eí olklssdcmcl cl prn`uocdcmcl, plbn knotrírdn9 n qul sl clslim lstí om suplr`êkdl. N mvmoæn pmrm m Knjuodkmæën [nkdmb on qul tmofl m lstl ―S— cl knotlùcn oën lstí lj rlm`drjmr qul lxdstlj cnds sdstljms cl flstën cm do`nrjmæën cdvlrsns, jms qul ns usuírdns clslimj lssm knlxdstéokdm. Xnr vlzls, qulrljns mploms ujm do`nrjmæën sdjpbls, qul ons mtlocm pnotumbjlotl, slj olklssdcmcl cl cltmbemjlotn nu mssnkdmæën m nutrms do`nrjmæüls. Lj nutrms nkmsdüls prnkurmjns krdmr knoelkdjlotn, rlknbelr uj lxtlosn knoiuotn do`nrjmæüls mn bnofn cl cdvlrsms pífdoms l tlbms pmrm tlklr ujm tmplæmrdm cl cmcns qul mtlocm ès olklssdcmcls jmds prn`uocms. Jmds ujm vlz, clpmrmjn-ons knj ns knokldtns cl usn l utdbdcmcl.  M `nrjm cl usn l n jnjlotn cn usn sën cltlrjdomotls om lsknbem cl uj cns cnds kmjdoens lj auskm cl knotlùcn. ]umocn qulrljns knostrudr knoelkdjlotns l, pnr dssn, prlkdsmjns mssnkdmr do`nrjmæüls, nptmjns pnr dotlr`mkls jmds prn`uocms lj mjadlotls knj jlons mplbns qul ons cdstrmdmj7 qumocn prnkurmjns mploms uj knoiuotn cl cmcns qul ons mtlocmj pnotumbjlotl, nptmjns plbms dotlr`mkls jmds suplr`dkdmds qul supnrtlj mplbns dotlosns l knostmotls knjn ns qul loknotrmjns on knovêvdn snkdmb. Oën eí, olstl kloírdn, oloeuj pmrájltrn cl qumbdcmcl lj qulstën.  Mjans ns tdpns cl knotlùcn mtloclj ès olklssdcmcls cn usuírdn. Cm jlsjm `nrjm, ä m olklssdcmcl, uj cns mtrdautns cm utdbdcmcl, qul drí onrtlmr m utdbdzmæën cms dotlr`mkls. [l n knotlùcn qul auskmjns ä mprlslotmcn cl ujm `nrjm qul mtlocm m onssm olklssdcmcl, slim lbm qumb `nr, lstl ä n qul drljns prdnrdzmr. Jmds ujm vlz, clotrn cn knokldtn cl utdbdcmcl, lotloclr qumds sën ms olklssdcmcls cn usuírdn ä n slfrlcn pmrm krdmr anos knotlùcns.

 

 

Adabdnfrm`dm rlknjlocmcm ✛ 

 VNB@, Jmrymool. N kärlarn on juocn cdfdtmb9 ns clsm`dns cm bldturm om onssm lrm. [ën lrm.  [ën Xmubn9 Knotlxtn, 18=4.

N qul cdz n mutnr ✛ 

"Mdocm qul ns rlsubtmcns mtumds docdqulj qul m bldturm lj pmplb clvm slr prl`lrdcm è bldturm no-bdol, oën ä rlmbdstm rlknjlocmr qul sl lvdtlj ns cdspnsdtdvns cdfdtmds‚ cdfdtmds‚    Jmrymool Vnb`

 

 

 On `nrjmtn cl \U Vrdtdof  Vrdtdof  [NAQL N ―S— CL KNOSLÙCN  KNOSLÙCN  . Enil n usuírdn tlj cums dotlr`mkls ‛ mssdj knjn sums vmotmflos ‛  è cdspnsdæën9 m prmtdkdcmcl cn mklssn è do`nrjmæën jûvlb l n tljpn jmdnr qul clcdkmjns lj onssns knjputmcnrls plssnmds è krdmæën cl knoelkdjlotn. . Onvmjlotl, n `dbtrn mqud ä n usn l m utdbdcmcl qul n usuírdn u suírdn clslim mpbdkmr mn knotlùcn. . Xmrm lstucmr m rlbmæën lotrl lssms dotlr`mkls, djmfdoljns ujm bltrm ―t— jmdùskubm ‛  uj ―S—   ‛, l qul slu tnpn, enrdznotmb, rlprlslotl m dotlr`mkl jûvlb, loqumotn n rlstmotl, vlrtdkmb, sdjanbdzl onssn mklssn ès dotlr`mkls jmdnrls cl clsgtnps l ontlanngs. . M emstl vlrtdkmb sdjanbdzm ms kmjmcms cl sdtls l pnrtmds m qul tljns mklssn vdm knjputmcnrls plssnmds, lj mjadlotls rlslrvmcns, lj sdtumæüls kno`nrtívlds l/nu lstítdkms, knjn lj kmsm nu on lskrdtûrdn. Xrn`uocns lj sums kmjmcms l krdmcns knj lstl dotudtn, ns sdtls l pnrtmds sën prnpêkdns pmrm m knostruæën cl knoelkdjlotn9 pífdom m pífdom, cl mknrcn knj m olklssdcmcl cn usuírdn, lbl omvlfm rlknbelocn do`nrjmæüls, judtms vlzls docn mbäj cms kmjmcms dodkdmds, lj auskm cn qul, lj knoiuotn, bel prnpnrkdnol n knoelkdjlotn qul clslim lbmanrmr. .  M emstl enrdznotmb cn ―S— sdjanbdzm m dotlr`mkl jûvlb, jnrmcm cns mpbdkmtdvns qul mklssmjns vdm sjmrtpenol. Ä n kloírdn cm jubtdpbdkdcmcl cl mplbns dotlosns, vdsumds l mucdtdvns qul ons klrkm, lstdjubmocn m cdsplrsën.  [uplr`dkdmds, ns mpbdkmtdvns ‛ knjn pnukms tlbms cl knotlùcn ‛ sën dclmds pmrm n`lrlklr do`nrjmæën cdrltm l nailtdvm qul lotrlful cmcns ùtlds l, clstm `nrjm, lskbmrlæm rmpdcmjlotl ujm cùvdcm nu rlsnbvm ujm qulstën ‛ slim ujm knosubtm m uj sdstljm nu m knjprm cl uj prncutn. Mqud, oën eí olklssdcmcl cl  prn`uocdcmcl, plbn knotrírdn9 n qul sl clslim lstí om suplr`êkdl. . N mvmoæn pmrm m Knjuodkmæën [nkdmb on qul tmofl m lstl ―S— cl knotlùcn

oën lstí lj rlm`drjmr qul lxdstlj cnds sdstljms cl flstën cm do`nrjmæën cdvlrsns, jms qul ns usuírdns clslimj lssm knlxdstéokdm. Xnr vlzls, qulrljns mploms ujm do`nrjmæën sdjpbls7 lj nutrms nkmsdüls, prnkurmjns krdmr knoelkdjlotn.

 

 

 Xmrm dr mbäj cn mssuotn XMQM (M) [\M DO@NQJMÆËN Cl omcm mcdmotm dosdstdrjns om olkls olklssdcmcl sdcmcl cl uj lotlocdjlotn cl`dodtdvn snarl m djpnrtáokdm cn knotlùcn lj sdtls, pnrtmds l rlcls sl oën pmrmjns olj uj jdoutn slqulr pmrm lotloclr n qul cl `mtn ä m do`nrjmæën ‛  bnfn lbm, m mbjm cn knotlùcn. Xncl pmrlklr ûavdn qul n qul jnvl n knotlùcn ä m do`nrjmæën qul sl clslim trmosjdtdr, jms pmssmjns rípdcn cljmds pnr msplktns rlspnosívlds plbn suklssn (nu plbn `rmkmssn) cn trmamben qul lxlkutmjns. Xrlkdsmjns rl`bltdr. [ljprl. Eí mbfuos pnotns qul oën pnclj pmssmr clsplrkladcns9 . M do`nrjmæën oën ä mbfn ltärln Knotlùcn oën clvl slr vdstn knjn uj `buxn ―clsknotrnbmcn— cl do`nrjmæën pmrm qulj mardjns m ―pnrtldrm— l `dkmjns tnrklocn pmrm qul sl lspmbel kno`nrjl n pbmolimcn. Do`nrjmæën alj knostruêcm pncl l clvl slr rmstrlmcm, jlosurmcm, jmotdcm l knoslrvmcm. Nu slim, uj knotlùcn ä mbfn lxtrljmjlotl pmbpívlb l oën ―dovdsêvlb—7 cdfdtmb ä mploms slu jldn l `nrjmtn. Eí tljpns n jlrkmcn krdnu `lrrmjlotms kmpmzls cl mvmbdí-bn. . M do`nrjmæën ä ujm jmssdoem cl jnclbmr N qul vnké quds trmosjdtdr knj ujm do`nrjmæën pncl ‛ l prnvmvlbjlotl drí ‛ sn`rlr ujm ―jutmæën— mssdj qul vdrmr m lsqudom. Mknotlkl clscl n doêkdn cm  wla, jms vdrnu rrlfrm lfrm knj m msklosën cms rlcls snkdmds9 n usuírdn mssujl qul n knotlùcn ä clbl l bel cí nutrn `nrjmtn. @uocl n knotlùcn knj nutrms do`nrjmæüls, doslrl-n lj tlxtns, djmflos, pnsts l vêclns l, mssdj, n qul mpmrlotmvm slr dotnkívlb mssujl `nrjmtns l `mkls cd`lrlotls. M vlrcmcldrm ―kudcmcnrdm cl knotlùcn— (ujm pmrlotl jmds rlmbdstm cm tmb ―kurmcnrdm—), mfl m pmrtdr clstl pnotn9 qumocn n qul lrm =88% slu pmssm m slr cl tncns. Xnr lssl jntdvn, clvl-sl mknjpmoemr sum trmiltûrdm on jldn no-bdol. . M do`nrjmæën ä uj alj Knotlùcn oën pncl slr prncuzdcn lj lskmbm docustrdmb. M krdmæën cl ujm do`nrjmæën ä uj trmamben clbdkmcn7 slu knotlùcn clvl slr vdstn knjn uj prncutn lbmanrmcn lj plqulom lskmbm, `ldtn pmrm uj pùabdkn cl`dodcn (pnr jmds mjpbn qul lbl slim). Lstl ls`nræn lj knbnkmr lj ―sbnw ― sbnw jntdno— jntdno— m prncuæën cl uj

 

 

knotlùcn rl`nræm m onssm olklssdcmcl cl mtloæën, mklotum m urféokdm lj cmrjns  vmbnr mn qul, on `domb cms knotms, ä rlspnosívlb plbm djmflj cms jmrkms on jldn cdfdtmb. ****************** Lotlocdcns lstls msplktns qul, pnr vlzls, smaljns qul lxdstlj, jms oën cmjns m clvdcm djpnrtáokdm, ä enrm cl clkdcdr knj qul tdpn cl do`nrjmæën vmjns bdcmr l qumb `uoæën vmjns mpbdkmr m kmcm ujm clbms. Ns tdpns cl do`nrjmæën jmds utdbdzmcns lj Jmrgltdof cl Knotlùcn sën tmjaäj ns jmds usumds lotrl ns knosujdcns plbns pùabdkns on jldn no-bdol9 ontêkdm l dostdtukdnomb. m ontêkdm  l m do`nrjmæën dostdtukdnomb.  M ontêkdm ontêkdm tlj rlbmæën prn`uocm knj m nrdflj cn jldn cd cdfdtmb. fdtmb. Ms prdjldrms dodkdmtdvms cl do`nrjmæën om dotlrolt, mssdj qul m wla nusnu smdr cns rlkóocdtns mkmcéjdkns, `nrmj iustmjlotl mqulbms qul prltlocdmj cdvdcdr knj ns dotlromutms n jmtlrdmb ontdkdnsn prncuzdcn plbns frmocls vlêkubns, slim cl `nrjm n`dkdmb nu mjmcnrm.  Mn trmambemr knj jmtlrdmb ontdkdnsn ä djpnrtmotl tlr onæën kbmrm cn tdpn cl do`nrjmæën knj qul lstmjns bdcmocn l naslrvmr sums plkubdmrdcmcls. . M ontêkdm jnvdjlotm m wla Oën è tnm n inrombdsjn djprlssn pmssm pnr ujm krdsl tlrrêvlb. M `uoæën ontdkdnsm `nd ―trmfmcm— plbn jldn cdfdtmb cl ujm `nrjm djprlvdsêvlb ‛ mpnstmvm-sl ‛ mpnstmvm-sl lj uj lqudbêardn ―pmkê`dkn— mtä mbfuos mons mtrís ‛ l ‛  l ns jmds cdvlrsns mjadlotls, cns abnfs ès rlcls snkdmds, mprnprdmrmj-sl cm jdssën cm djprlosm, vírdms vlzls knj suklssn. M ―krlcdadbdcmcl smkrnssmotm— cns jldns djprlssns knjlæm m lsvmdrlsvmdr sl è jlcdcm lj qul n jldn cdfdtmb mjmcurlkl, l n qul motls lrm vdstn knjn rlfrm, nu slim, clskno`dmr cm ontêkdm qul surfl cns rlkóocdtns naskurns cm dotlrolt, knjlæm m slr lokmrmcn knj jlons clskno`dmoæm. . M ontêkdm ä nailtdvm mn lxtrljn Xncl pmrlklr lstrmoen mpnotmr m nailtdvdcmcl cl ujm ontêkdm ‛ sum rmzën cl slr ‛  knjn uj prnabljm nu cl`ldtn, jms on trmamben cl Jmrgltdof cl Knotlùcn n jmtlrdmb ontdkdnsn ä vdstn knjn elrjätdkn l prmtdkmjlotl dokmpmz cl slr usmcn knjn uj rlkursn pmrm trmamben cl jmrkm. M ontêkdm sl amstm. Ä rlkursn cl cdvubfmæën. \jm \jm `lrrmjlotm ―pnotn m pnotn— qul sl lsfntm. Knjn do`nrjmæën, m ontêkdm lxdstl knj n prnpûsdtn cl mtloclr lstrdtmjlotl ms olklssdcmcls cn bldtnr ‛ qumbqulr dotloæën qul lbm tloem cl slr trmambemcm knjn uj rlkursn cl mpndn è

 

 

djmflj l/nu jmrkm jnrrl om prmdm. M ontêkdm ä knjn uj kmrrn qul vlj cl `íardkm slj oloeuj npkdnomb9 lbl mocm, jms oën surprllocl lj masnbutmjlotl jmds omcm. . M ontêkdm plrcl n vmbnr rmpdcmjlotl N jmtlrdmb ontdkdnsn ä n tdpn cl do`nrjmæën qul oën pncl slr rltrmambemcn.  M ontêkdm rltrmtm n jnjlotn9 ä vldkubmcm, clpnds jdxmcm m nutrms do`nrjmæüls, jms sum ―mbjm— oën ä ltlrom. N `mtn inrombêstdkn knoclom n knotlùcn è jnrtl. jnrtl. M  vmbdcmcl cm ontêkdm ls`mklbm m do`nrjmæën. Xnr dssn, knjn alj, n enrdznotl cl  vmbnr cn knotlùcn ontdkdnsn pmrm ujm jmrkm oën vmd judtn mmbäj bäj cn djlcdmtn9 lbl kujprl sum `uoæën djlcdmtm cl ljdssën cm do`nrjmæën, jms plrcl n plsn lj uj pdskmr cl nbens. N uodvlrsn cn knotlùcn oën vdvl slj m ontêkdm, jms ií `nd prnvmcn qul oën pncljns knotmr lj snarlvdvlr snarlvdvlr mploms  mploms knj m ontêkdm. ************************************* Cm jlsjm `nrjm, n knotlùcn dostdtukdnomb tlj vmotmflos l mbfuos rdskns9 . N knotlùcn dostdtukdnomb ä ljnkdnomb ‛ sl trmtmcn clstm `nrjm  Ms rlcls r lcls sl lsambcmj knj n knotlùcn bdfmcn b dfmcn m jmrkms. @mzlj knj lbl m `lstm qul mons m `dn oën knoslfudjns knj sdtls l pnrtmds. Ons rlkóocdtns cm ―do`nrjmæën lstruturmcm—, mqulbm lj qul m do`nrjmæën ä ―knosubtmcm— vdm jlous nu `lrrmjlotms cl auskm, m do`nrjmæën knj n jmdnr pntlokdmb cl plrsumsën plrs umsën sl vdu sdtdmcm l bnfn lxtrmpnbnu pmrm mkemr sum jnrmcm cl`dodtdvm ons pnsts cms rlcls. Oën eí ljnæën qul snarlvdvm m mjadlotls cl c l knosubtm, l n knotlùcn dostdtukdnomb knoqudstnu n juocn ‛ l ns usuírdns ‛ qumocn marmænu cl vlz m suailtdvdcmcl cl @mklanng, Swdttlr l Dostmfrmj. ―@dkmr alj om `dtm— ä, motls cl tucn, ljnkdnomr  ljnkdnomr ‛  l ä cdssn qul tncm jmrkm prlkdsm. . N knotlùcn dostdtukdnomb ä vdfdmcn Enil vnké knarm cl ujm jmrkm oms rlcls, oën ons sdtls. M sum dotlrmtdvdcmcl knj prncutns mknotlkl lj uj jldn lj qul m knovlrsm ä m plcrm cl tnqul, oën m ―knosubtm—. Mssdj, snjns ltlromjlotl vdfdmcns oms jêcdms snkdmds. [njns ―ljamdxmcnrls cms jmrkms—, jms oën plrklaljns qul, om vlrcmcl, lxlrkljns m `uoæën cl ―jmotlolcnrls— cm dotlfrdcmcl cn alj jmds prlkdnsn qul eí olstls mjadlotls9 m do`nrjmæën qul oûs jlsjns puabdkmjns. N vmbnr qul ujm ontêkdm lsfntm lj uj pdskmr cl nbens `dkm knjn tlsnurn l jmbcdæën lj onssns pnsts lj rlcls, knjn uj bljarltl cl plrjmoéokdm l prnjlssm. Ä judtn rdskn l judtm npnrtuodcmcl, mn jlsjn tljpn.

 

 

************************************* Do`nrjmæën tlj rnstn l tljplrmjlotn. Ií clu pmrm plrklalr, oën ä> Xrnotn pmrm lokmrmr> 7-)

 

 

KMXÊS\BN 4 N KNOSLÙCN OM DOSLQ@MKL JÛPLB

 

 

Knjn ujms cms prdokdpmds knoslquéokdms ‛ l qumbdcmcls ‛ cn rlkursn cm jnadbdcmcl, n knotlùcn knosujdcn vdm sjmrtpenols mpnotm pmrm uj kmjdoen npnstn mn cms dotlr`mkls jmdnrls, auskmocn mtloclr mn qul pmrlkl slr uj kmjdoen slj vnbtm9 onssm `lrnkdcmcl cl knosujn cm do`nrjmæën. Oën ä cl enil qul prnkurmjns do`nrjmæüls lxtrljmjlotl nailtdvms. È jlcdcm qul ms flrmæüls krlsklj l vdvlokdmj m lvnbuæën l n mjmcurlkdjlotn cn jldn cdfdtmb, ms lxdféokdms omturmbjlotl mujlotmj.  M`domb, sl uj knotlùcn loknotrmcn lj uj sdtl qumbqulr ä nailtdvn l cl qumbdcmcl, pnr qul tncns oën pnclj slr mssdj lj tncms ms pbmtm`nrjms> Nu slim, ljanrm lstm lxdféokdm tloem sl mklotumcn clscl m ùbtdjm cäkmcm knj n clslovnbvdjlotn cm tlkonbnfdm jûvlb l, knoslqulotljlotl, cm mcmptmæën cms do`nrjmæüls mn jldn, m cljmocm pnr knotlùcns jmds nailtdvns doclplocl cl dotlr`mkls.  Mn lstucmr n knjpnrtmjlotn cm do`nrjmæën on jldn jûvlb, j ûvlb, oën lstmjns mploms rltrmtmocn ujm rlmbdcmcl lsplkê`dkm, pnrtmotn9 lstl ä n onrtl m slr slfudcn pnr qulj prncuz knotlùcn cdfdtmb, doclploclotljlotl cm pbmtm`nrjm. Cm jlsjm `nrjm qul m lbmanrmæën cl knotlùcn pmrm dotlr`mkls jmdnrls knjn clsgtnps l ontlanngs téj kmrmktlrêstdkms prûprdms, knj m pnssdadbdcmcl cl cdstrdaudæën cl do`nrjmæüls pnr kmjmcms jmds prn`uocms ‛ m emstl vlrtdkmb cn ―S— cl knotlùcn ‛, m prncuæën cl knotlùcn pmrm dotlr`mkls jûvlds tlj lsplbemcn m `lrnkdcmcl knj qul auskmjns, cdm mpûs cdm, cmcns kmcm vlz jmds cdrltns ‛ knjn om emstl enrdznotmb cn ―S— cl knotlùcn. knotlùcn .  Mssdj, vmbl `rdsmr qul, mn mombdsmr cl qul `nrjm ns cdvlrsns `nrjmtns cl do`nrjmæën téj sl jnstrmcn olstms dotlr`mkls, oën mploms lstmjns lstucmocn lst ucmocn ns prdjldrns jnjlotns cn \U Vrdtdof, jms tmjaäj vdsbujarmocn kmjdoens qul n knotlùcn cdfdtmb ‛ knjn uj tncn ‛ pnclrí trdbemr. Knjlkljns, lotën, mombdsmocn ns lbljlotns tlxtumds9 . Sêtubns Doclxmcnrls emadtumds cl qumbqulr tlxtn om wla, tmotn pmrm ns jlkmodsjns cl auskm knjn pmrm onssns jnclbns jlotmds, ns têtubns téj ujm jdssën mdocm jmdnr oms dotlr`mkls jlonrls9 lstdjubmr m knotdoudcmcl cm bldturm.

 

 

Knjn m masnræën cm do`nrjmæën lj tlbms plquloms ä jmds kustnsm, kmcm plcmæn cl do`nrjmæën ‛  n keuog keuog,, mprlslotmcn pnr Krmw`nrc Gdbdmo eí jmds cl cums cäkmcms ‛  prlkdsm cl uj rl`nræn pmrm qul n bldtnr slim mvdsmcn cl qul n knotlùcn qul lbl lstí è prnkurm loknotrm-sl om pífdom nocl lbl lstí, l oën slim  vêtdjm cm cdsplrsën têpdkm cn jldn l ví ljanrm. Nu slim, m doslræën cl lotrltêtubns lotrl pmrífrm`ns ä `uocmjlotmb pmrm qul qu l m knostruæën cm do`nrjmæën oën sl plrkm l pmrm qul ns cmcns mprlslotmcns om tlbm `mæmj slotdcn l tloemj utdbdcmcl, ií qul prlkdsmj slr mssnkdmcns pmrm knjpnr uj knoiuotn knlsn ‛ n knotlùcn. . Slxtns N knokldtn cl keuog keuog cl  cl Krmw`nrc Gdbdmo, tën djpnrtmotl clscl n doêkdn cn lstucn cn knjpnrtmjlotn cl tlxtns lj tlbms, ä mdocm jmds rlblvmotl lj ujm dotlr`mkl lj qul m do`nrjmæën sl mprnxdjm sljprl cn jlonr plcmæn qul m knjpül, nu slim, n cmcn. [l n qul n usuírdn jmds prnkurm on jldn jûvlb ä m do`nrjmæën lxtrljmjlotl nailtdvm, knj cmcns qul slimj lsslokdmds sna n pnotn cl vdstm cm utdbdcmcl ‛ judtms vlzls djlcdmtm l urflotl ‛, kmcm plcmæn cl do`nrjmæën clvl slr mprlslotmcn cl `nrjm qumsl doclploclotl, docn mdocm mbäj cm trmcdkdnomb cl`dodæën cl pmrífrm`n. Olstm dotlr`mkl, n usn cl dtlos ä uj cns kmjdoens qul pnclj snbukdnomr m cdsplrsën. M kmcm knoiuotn cl cmcns rlblvmotls, uj dtlj oën mploms rlssmbtm  vdsumbjlotl sum djpnrtáokdm, jms `mkdbdtm n slu knosujn iustmjlotl clvdcn mn `nrjmtn mprlslotmcn. Xmrm m prmtdkdcmcl qul sl prnkurm mn mklssmr knotlùcn vdm jldn jûvlb, n usn cl bdstm cl dtlos, l oën cl pmrífrm`ns ‛ qul judtms vlzls oën vën cdrltn mns cmcns qul n usuírdn auskm ‛  ä m snbuæën. Dssn oën mploms pmrm fmrmotdr sum plrjmoéokdm om tlbm, jms tmjaäj pmrm miucmr m knostrudr m krlcdadbdcmcl cl qul ms do`nrjmæüls qul n vdsdtmotl prnkurm slrën sljprl n jmds rlblvmotl. . @ntnfrm`dm l dbustrmæën Ljanrm m prnpnstm cn \U Vrdtdof oën slim lstucmr n knosujn cm `ntnfrm`dm nu cm dbustrmæën lj dotlr`mkls jûvlds, jûvl ds, n Vlawrdtdof ií sdombdzm eí mons qul ä djprnvívlb qul uj lbljlotn tlxtumb slim plrkladcn knjn pmrtl lsslokdmb cn knotlùcn lj ujm tlbm, sl oën lxdstl m prlnkupmæën, pr lnkupmæën, oën snjlotl cl lqudbêardn

 

 

on clsdfo cl dotlr`mkl, jms cl cdstrdaudæën cl cmcns lotrl djmflos l tlxtns pmrm qul m do`nrjmæën cdfdtmb `uokdnol knjn uj tncn.  M`domb, lstmjns lj ujm dotlr`mkl prdjnrcdmbjlotl vdsumb, lj qul ns lbljlotns tlxtumds sën plrkladcns snjlotl mpûs ns usuírdns ontmrlj ns lbljlotns frí`dkns. On jldn jûvlb, knotucn, n sjmrtpenol sjmrtpenol,, knj sum plqulolz cl tlbm, oën lstdjubm n knosujn ‛ l, pnrtmotn, m doslræën ‛ cl cmcns knjpblxns lj djmflos. Ä uj kloírdn alj cd`lrlotl cmqulbls cms tlbms jmdnrls, lj qul n Vlawrdtdof ons mpnotm, ií eí mbfuj tljpn, qul m `lrnkdcmcl cn usuírdn on knosujn cl do`nrjmæën lxdfl qul kmcm djmflj mprlslotmcm dokbum cmcns. On sjmrtpenol sjmrtpenol,, pnräj, djmflj ä pmon cl `uocn, mdocm qul slim uj dtlj `uocmjlotmb on qularm-kmalæm pmrm m knjpnsdæën cm do`nrjmæën. [l n usuírdn clslim cmcns cdrltns l nailtdvns on jldn jûvlb, l lbl lstí lj jnvdjlotn loqumotn knosnjl do`nrjmæën mtrmväs cl ujm dotlr`mkl plqulom, m pnssdadbdcmcl cl qul uj cmcn ‛ cl `mtn rlblvmotl ‛ doslrdcn lj ujm djmflj, tmb knjn ujm `ntnfrm`dm, slim plrkladcn, tnrom-sl ujm tmrl`m rljntm. . Íucdn l vêcln [l tdpns cl do`nrjmæën knjn tlxtn l djmflj lxdflj snjlotl uj cl onssns slotdcns ‛ m vdsën ‛ pmrm slrlj plrkladcns l knosujdcns l, mdocm mssdj, cljmocmj uj trmtmjlotn jmds rdfnrnsn pmrm dotlr`mkls jûvlds, n kmsn k msn cn íucdn l cn vêcln, qul lxdflj n usn cl uj slotdcn mcdkdnomb ‛ m mucdæën ‛, cljmocm ujm mcmptmæën mdocm jmdnr mn jldn. Ljanrm on rldon cm do`nrjmæën m utdbdzmæën cl jmds cl uj slotdcn plbn usuírdn pmrm knosujdr uj knotlùcn slim knosdclrmcn knjn uj lstêjubn m jmds pmrm qul lbl slim mtrmêcn ‛ l lovnbvdcn ‛ plbn qul vdu, on jldn jûvlb m rlmbdcmcl ä alj cd`lrlotl. \j vêcln lj uj sjmrtpenol sjmrtpenol ä  ä pnr vlzls mssdstdcn lj sdtumæüls ‛ om rum, on trmospnrtl pùabdkn ‛ lj qul n usuírdn, mn knotrírdn cn qul m bûfdkm m`drjmrdm, oën usm `nols cl nuvdcn. Clploclocn cn vêcln, sl lbl sl slotl jmds kno`nrtívlb mploms vlocn n knotlùcn, lbl oën utdbdzm n slotdcn cm mucdæën l mploms bé ms blflocms.  M`domb, knjn ií vdjns, n usuírdn, klrkmcn pnr lstêjubns mucdnvdsumds loqumotn utdbdzm n jldn jûvlb lj lspmæns pùabdkns, prlkdsm lstmr sljprl mblrtm

 

 

mn mjadlotl qul n klrkm ‛ dostdotn rlm`drjmcn pnr onssn jnclbn jlotmb knbltdvn ‛ l oën ä sljprl qul clslim lstmr è jlrké cl ujm do`nrjmæën. Olstm lqumæën lj qul ns knokldtns cl usn l utdbdcmcl jmds ujm vlz véj è tnom, oën mploms n usn cl onssns slotdcns ä cd`lrlotl on jldn jûvlb, jms tmjaäj n tljpn qul uj usuírdn clslimr clcdkmr m uj knotlùcn lj vêcln. Ljanrm lsplríssljns qul, olstm dotlr`mkl, uj usuírdn oën clslimssl mssdstdr vêclns bnofns, lstl ä uj knjpnrtmjlotn qul tmjaäj surfl on jldn jûvlb. Ä knjuj qul usuírdns, on trmospnrtl pùabdkn, slim lj pä nu slotmcns, mssdstmj knotlùcns bnofns knjn `dbjls cl bnofm-jltrmflj oms vlrsüls jûvlds cl pbmtm`nrjms knjn n TnuSual, pnr lxljpbn. Knjn on kmsn cl uj tlxtn, lj qul ns knotlùcns kurtns sën kmcm vlz jmds cljmocmcns vdm pbmtm`nrjm jûvlb, tmjaäj lj knotlùcns mucdnvdsumds n cltlrjdomotl slrí cljmocm pnstm plbn usuírdn. Omcm djplcl qul n jnjlotn cn usuírdn ‛  slu nailtdvn cl usn ‛  nu m utdbdcmcl cl ujm do`nrjmæën n `mæm clsploclr jmds tljpn mssdstdocn uj vêcln, doclploclotljlotl cl sum curmæën, slim ujm särdl, uj `dbjl dostdtukdnomb cl ujm jmrkm nu ujm plæm puabdkdtírdm ‛  n ambdzmcnr ä n clslin cn usuírdn. On kmsn cn knotlùcn lj íucdn, m rlmbdcmcl oën ä m jlsjm on qul tmofl mns slotdcns, ií qul, jmds ujm vlz, mploms uj u j slotdcn ä usmcn9 m mmucdæën. ucdæën. Knjn mknotlkl knj m bldturm cl tlxtns lj mjadlotls pùabdkns, lj qul ä pnssêvlb `dkmr mblrtm mn qul ons klrkm pnds mploms m vdsën ä n slotdcn utdbdzmcn, mn nuvdr mrqudvns lj íucdn prlslrvmjns m plrklpæën cn mjadlotl qul ons klrkm mn jlsjn tljpn qul knosujdjns do`nrjmæën.  Pmbl cdzlr qul, olstm moíbdsl, lstmjns docn judtn mbäj cn knosujn cm jùsdkm lj dotlr`mkls jûvlds l `nkmocn lj pnckmsts l mucdnbdvrns, knotlùcns qul lxdflj jmds mtloæën, ií qul n nailtdvn, olstls kmsns, ä trmosjdtdr do`nrjmæüls l oën prdvdblfdmr plrklpæüls ljnkdnomds, ujm cms kmrmktlrêstdkms jmds rlblvmotls cn knotlùcn jusdkmb. Amstm knjpmrmr ms plkubdmrdcmcls cn tlxtn on jldn jûvlb knj ms cns nutrns `nrjmtns cm do`nrjmæën pmrm plrklalr qul ns lbljlotns tlxtumds sën mqulbls qul téj jlons cd`lrloæms lj rlbmæën mn slu knjpnrtmjlotn lj dotlr`mkls jmdnrls knjn m cl clsgtnps l ontlanngs.

 

 

Ljanrm, pnr uj bmcn, dssn cljnostrl m `nræm cns lbljlotns vdsumds lj mjadlotls lsslokdmbjlotl frí`dkns, pnr nutrn rlssmbtm m plrjmoéokdm cn tlxtn, mdocm qul mtrmväs cn usn cl sum su m lsséokdm ‛ m pmbmvrm.  Mn prl`lrdr om dotlr`mkl jûvlb ujm sdjpbls bdstm knj dtlos nailtdvns mn doväs cl uj tlxtn, n usuírdn cldxm kbmrn qul prdvdblfdm n cmcn, jlonr plcmæn cm do`nrjmæën. [locn mssdj, ä djpnrtmotl bljarmr, jmds ujm vlz, cm djpnrtáokdm cm pmbmvrm knjn cmcn l sum rlbmæën knj m `uoæën cm doclxmæën cn knotlùcn. Knjn kbmssd`dkmcnr cms do`nrjmæüls lspmbemcms om wla, m pmbmvrm ä n klrol cm doclxmæën cl uj knotlùcn, sdombdzmocn pmrm sdtls knjn n Fnnfbl, qul drí bdstí-bn oms pífdoms cns rlsubtmcns cl auskm, nocl lbl lstí. Qlssmbtmr m pmbmvrm ä tmjaäj uj cns pmrájltrns utdbdzmcns plbns  auskmcnrls clscl ns prdjldrns tlstls mpbdkmcns plbn Vlawrdtdof, qumocn frd`mr pmbmvrms-kemvl `nd knjprnvmcn knjn uj rlkursn pmrm `mkdbdtmr m doclxmæën cn knotlùcn tlxtumb pmrm n nbemr l, pnrtmotn, pmrm n jnclbn jlotmb. @dkm kbmrn, pnrtmotn, qul n `uturn cn tlxtn, slim lj qumb dotlr`mkl lbl lstdvlr doslrdcn, mpnotm pmrm m vmbnrdzmæën krlsklotl cm pmbmvrm knjn cmcn l rlkursn cl doclxmæën.

Adabdnfrm`dm rlknjlocmcm ✛ 

FQDBN, Mocrä. Lxplrdéokdm cn usuírdn lj dotlr`mkls cdfdtmds.  cdfdtmds.   Omtmb9 [LCD[-\@QO, 18=4. Cdspnoêvlb lj

ettps9//rlpnsdtnrdn.u`ro.ar/ispud/emocbl/=1;3