els

CONTENTS REVISION OF THE ENGLISH VERB TENSES (Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, Past Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous)

1. STEPHANIE'S SEARCH FOR A CHANCE IN HER LIFE 2. THE BOBOLINK

J .

.

8

3. AVALANCHE

10

4. CINNAMON OIL KILLS MOSQUITOES BETTER THEN DEET

12

5. URBAN LEGENDS

15

6. THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESS

18

7. SATIRE

22

8. CHECK WHAT YOU KNOW

26

9. LEARN THESE

29

TEST YOURSELF 1

51

TEST YOURSELF 2

41

TEST YOUR PREPOSITIONS TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

51 56

Değerli ELS Dostları, Dergi'mizin ilk sayısıyla birlikte sizlere, "ENGLISH GRAMMAR INSIDE and OUT" adını verdiğimiz gramer kitabımızı gönderiyoruz. Bu yıl, farklı ve daha zengin bir ELS ile sınava hazırlanacaksınız. Özellikle daha önceki yıllarda ELS'yi kullanan öğretmen dostlarımız bu farklılığın ve zenginliğin ayrımına daha net varabileceklerdir. Geçen yıl ELS ile sınava hazırlanan arkadaşlarımızdan, mektup, telefon ve e-mail ile bize ulaşan başarı haberlerini aldıkça büyük kıvanç duyuyor, bu başarıları sizlerle de yaşamak için büyük bir hevesle bu yıla hazırlanıyoruz. Biz, Temmuz - 2005'te sizlerden de başarı haberleri alacağımıza inanıyoruz. Sevgili Öğrenciler, "ENGLISH GRAMMAR INSIDE and OUT" ile dergi, birlikte çalışmak üzere düzenlenmiştir. Kitapta yer alan konu anlatımları ile o konudaki eksik bilginizi tamamlayacak, egzersizler ve testler ile bilginizi pekiştireceksiniz. Aynı konuda, dergide yapacağınız çalışmalar ise o konuyu tamamen içselleştirmenizi sağlarken, "vocabulary", "comprehension" ve "prepositions and phrasal verbs" alanlarında dağarcığınızı genişleterek İngilizce diline olan hakimiyetinizi artıracaktır. Kitabın 1. ünitesi (The English Verb Tenses) kapsamlı bir konu olduğu için, derginin 1. ve 2. sayıları bu üniteye ayrılmıştır. Kitabın 46. sayfasına kadar incelenmiş olan "tense"ler 1. sayının kapsamına girmektedir. Kitapla dergi arasındaki paralelliği sağlamak için, tanıtım sayımızda yer alan "Çalışma Takvimi"nden yararlanabilirsiniz. Dergide karşılaşacağınız "Check What You know" bölümünde, YDS-İngilizce Sınavı'ndaki soru tiplerinden biri olan paragrafta bırakılan boşlukları doldurma çalışması yapacağız. Bu bölümde, henüz dergide konu olarak işlenmemiş ya da üzerinde özel olarak durulmamış gramer yapılarıyla ya da sözcüklerle karşılaşacaksınız. Bu nedenle, yanlış yaparsanız, ya da yanlışınız çok olursa, moralinizi bozmayınız. Çünkü, "ENGLISH GRAMMAR INSIDE and OUT'un ilerleyen ünitelerinde bu yapıların hepsini ayrıntılı olarak göreceksiniz. Bu soru tipini ilk sayıdan itibaren vermedeki amacımız, ileride karşılaşacağınız yapılara göz aşinalığı sağlamak, böylece bunların yer aldığı sayıları çalışırken öğrenmeyi hızlandırmaktır. "Zorlu" görünen bir öğrenim yılının başında, sizlere "kolaylıklar" diliyoruz. Ve yazımızı, büyük bilim adamı Einstein'ın, bu sayımızın ileriki bir sayfasında, ingilizce olarak karşılaşacağınız sözü ile noktalıyoruz. "Güçlüklerin içinde fırsatlar yatar." Sağlık, esenlik ve mutluluk dileğimizle...

ELS Yayın Kurulu

The English Verb Tenses (1) REVISION OF THE ENGLISH VERB TENSES

1. STEPHANIE'S SEARCH FOR A CHANGE IN HER LIFE Read the passage below, and then try to guess the meanings of the italicized words without using a dictionary. Stephanie Baker is a writer who works from home, which is supposed to be free of the tension that is present in most workplaces. However, she often has difficulty focusing on her work because the room which she uses as an office has lots of stuff in it and so it looks very untidy most of the time. This makes Stephanie feel bad and quite exhausted. Moreover, for the last few months, she has had trouble submitting her manuscripts to her publisher punctually. Recently, she has heard about something called Feng Shui, and now, at the breakfast table on Sunday morning, she is reading, in the newspaper, an article about this subject, and some interviews with people who have reorganized their homes and offices according to the principles of Feng Shui. They all say that they have witnessed great betterments in their lives since they made some alterations in their surroundings. She is impressed with these comments, and feels that this is perhaps what she needs. 1. tension A) press C) stress E) volume

B) balance D) density

7. manuscripts

2. present

A) current C) passing E) gifted

B) moment D) existing

3. focusing

A) balancing B) clarifying C) producing D) composing E) concentrating 4. stuff

A) staff C) tasks E) things 5. exhausted A) tired C) dropped E) fallen

6. submitting M removing B) sending C) campaigning D) admitting E) interpreting

B) space D) preparations

B) completed D) expired

A) any work done manually B) material to write on C) literary work not yet published D) work requiring manual skills E) ancient inscriptions 8. punctually M on time B) faultlessly C) at length D) regularly E) having a puncture 9. witnessed A)caught C) considered E) observed 10. betterments A)enhancers C) obstructions E)increases

intended D) estimated

classifications improvements

Complete the dialogue below with the correct form of the verbs given in parentheses. (Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, Past Continuous, Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous.) (After breakfast, Stephanie phones a Feng Shui consultant, Anne, whose phone number she obtained from the newspaper.) Stephanie: Nowadays, I (1. hear) a lot about Feng Shui. Can you please tell me a little about it? Anne: Well, first of all, I (2.wonder) why you (3.become) interested in Feng Shui. Stephanie: I (4.work) at home, and my office is very messy and cramped. While I (5.read) the newspaper this morning, I (6.come) across an article about Feng Shui. Perhaps it can help me fix the problem. Anne: That's absolutely right! You see, Feng Shui (7.begin) in China thousands of years ago, so people (8.use) it for a long, long time... Stephanie: Okay, but what is it? Anne: - Well, it's the Chinese art of placement, of creating harmonious surroundings... Stephanie: What (9.mean) that ? Anne: The Chinese (10.believe) that the way you (11.arrange) , things in your home or office (12.contribute) greatly to making you more comfortable, peaceful, organized, and even energetic. Stephanie: Ah, I see. So, how should I arrange things? What's the best way? Anne: Well, first, tell me about your office now. How (13.arrange) you it in the first place? For example, where (14.be) your desk in relation to the door? Stephanie: I (15.place) it in front of the window, across from the door, because I (16.like) looking outside when I (17.work) Anne: So it (I8.face) the window. Stephanie: Yes, that's right. Anne: Oh, dear... You (19.violate) one of the most important principles of Feng Shui: "Never sit with your back to the door!"

Complete the dialogue below with the correct form of the verb given in parentheses. (Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, Past Continuous, Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous.) (After talking a bit more on the phone, Stephanie decides to have Anne come over the next afternoon to help her rearrange her home-office. Now they are in Stephanie's office talking about the changes.) Anne:

Stephanie, what (l.think) you when you (2.arrange) this place? Stephanie: Well, I (3.guess) I (4.think, not) at all - I just (5.put) things here and there without worrying about it much. Anne: Stephanie, (6.hear) you ever of chi? Stephanie: No, I (7.not, hear) anything like that. What is it? Anne: According to the Chinese, it's a vital life energy that (8.flow) throughout the entire universe. And in your office right now, the chi definitely (9.not, flow) ! Stephanie: So, how can we make it start flowing? Anne: First of all, we (10.have to) turn your desk so that it (11.face) the door. If you (12.turn) the desk away from the door, you (13.feel) very nervous and jumpy. Next, we (14.have to) tidy the room. An untidy room (15.stop) chi 'from flowing.

4

ELS YDS Stephanie: That (16.sound)

logical - if you (17.believe) in chi, anyway. Anne: Now, this tall bookcase right behind your desk - why (18.put) you it there? Stephanie: I (19.tell) you already-I (20.not, know) exactly why I (21.put) anything anywhere! Anne: Well, when you (22.work) at the desk, how (23.feel) you ? Stephanie: I always (24.feel) as if something (25.hang) over me... And recently, I (26.suffer) from constant headaches. Anne: Bingo! We're going to move the bookcase to the corner. And finally, (27.have) you anything red? Something small perhaps? Stephanie: How about this little red paperweight here? Anne: Perfect! Let's put it on the left corner of your desk. Stephanie: Why? Anne: Because the left corner of your desk is the wealth corner, and if you (28.have) something red there, it (29.bring) good luck. Stephanie: So, after we (30.do) all this, the chi is going to flow just like magic? Anne: Yes! And trust me, you are going to feel a lot better and work a lot more efficiently...

Complete the letter below with the correct form of the verb given in parentheses. (Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, Past Continuous, Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous.) (One month later, Stephanie writes a letter to thank Anne for what she has done to help.)

Dear Anne, I (1.write)

to thank you for everything. My office (2.look) wonderful now! And I (3.feel) the difference indeed. Actually, I (4. begin) to feel the difference just a few days after we (5.complete) the alterations, and I (6.feel) great ever since - who knows, maybe this chi thing is real, after all. Moving that bookcase away from the desk and into the corner (7. be) a brilliant idea! It's nice to see the door while I (8.work) at my desk. It somehow (9.give) me a feeling of security, so I am much less nervous these days, thanks to you. Also, I (lO.work) much more efficiently, and I (ll.have) a lot more energy -1 (12.manage) to hand in all of my manuscripts on time so far this month! Also - and I (13.hope) you (14.not,get) angry about this -1 (15S.make) one small adjustment of my own: the other day, I (I6.move) the desk just a bit farther away from the window - don't worry, it (17.still, face) the door. I (I8.think) that this way, the chi (19.now,flow) better around the desk. Anyway, I (20.want) to invite you round to the house sometime. (We can see what you (21.think) of the desk's new position!) So please call me sometime soon, okay? I (22.look forward to) your visit. Yours, Stephanie

E

Read the following passage and choose the correct answer according to the passage.

What is Feng Shui? Feng Shui, which literally translates from Chinese as "wind and water", is a fourthousand-year old system of analyzing and altering the flow of energy in any environment to produce desired change. The principle behind Feng Shui is that every physical object in our surroundings has an influence on our lives. By altering how energy, or "chi", flows around and through these surroundings, we can promote happiness, prosperity and good health, and feel more energetic, positive and passionate about life. Because in its basic definition Feng Shui is the "Art of Placement", Feng Shui practitioners believe that by arranging your furnishings and decor in a way that aligns with nature, you invite positive energy (chi) to aid you in drawing harmony and good health into your life. According to Feng Shui practitioners, the easiest way to begin, without hiring a trained Feng Shui consultant or totally transforming your home or work place, is to include some strategically placed Feng Shui enhancers in your environment. There are numerous objects which have long been recognized as having the ability to enhance the flow of chi and stimulate positive changes within the mind. If you add a few of these simple objects by following some basic Feng Shui placement guidelines, your space will look more attractive and you will reap the many benefits of a more favourable life. 1. The passage tells us that, according to Feng Shui advocates A) Feng Shui is best applied in its birthplace, China B) it is possible to redirect the energy found in our surroundings C) the flow of energy began four thousand years ago D) Feng Shui controls all aspects of our lives E) Feng Shui is a fine art 2. We understand from the passage that, before you place Feng Shui enhancers in your own surroundings, you A) B) C) D) E)

need to get some knowledge about the basic Feng Shui placement guidelines must hire a Feng Shui consultant must first make positive changes within your life have to be certain that you believe in chi should buy natural furnishings and decor

3. We can infer from the passage that A) Feng Shui has supporters almost everywhere in the world B) Feng Shui is not a cheap way of furnishing your house C) not all objects have the same ability to affect the flow of energy D) Feng Shui enhancers are not affordable for most people E) having something red in your environment is a must in the Feng Shui style of furnishing 4. According to the passage, Feng Shui is a system of placement which A) B) C) D) E)

is most effective for writers, who need to be creative all the time helps you furnish your house rather cheaply, requires you to change your way of life radically only trained consultants know how to use effectively emphasizes the harmony between furnishings and nature

F l Complete the blanks with the correct preposition. Use the prepositions given in the box below.

about of throughout from

from of away from

in front of into as

without across from behind

1. It is unthinkable to visit southern California spending a day at Disneyland, the most amazing amusement park in the world. 2. Have you ever heard The Mirage Spa and Resort? I'm going there next month. 3. After the extremely busy year at work, I really need a relaxing vacation that is free stress. 4. You cannot stop me getting what I want; I will do whatever is necessary to have my way. 5. Even though he is dead, Elvis Presley is still known the world. 6. If you can remain a positive person, you will generally draw good things your life. 7. If you keep this plant the window, it'll get direct sunlight, which is not good for it; let's put it somewhere the window. 8. English is recognized one of the most important languages in the world. 9. Did you hear what happened to Sarah? Someone tried to steal her cellphone when she was walking home late last night. 10. I have read all of Tolstoy's books that have been translated Russian into Turkish. 11. When we are playing poker, sit me so that you can't see my cards. 12. The game show contestant chose the prize curtain number three; unfortunately, it was a goat instead of the car.

OUT of CLUTTER, FİNd sİMplicity. FROM discoRd, fİNd hARMONy. IN rhe Middle of difficulty, Lies oppoRTUNİry. AlbERT EİNSTEİN

Complete the blanks with the correct preposition. Use the prepositions given in the box below.

about of throughout from

from of away from

in front of into as

without across from behind

1. It is unthinkable to visit southern California spending a day at Disneyland, the most amazing amusement park in the world. 2. Have you ever heard The Mirage Spa and Resort? I'm going there next month. 3. After the extremely busy year at work, I really need a relaxing vacation that is free stress. 4. You cannot stop me getting what I want; I will do whatever is necessary to have my way. 5. Even though he is dead, Elvis Presley is still known the world. 6. If you can remain a positive person, you will generally draw good things your life. 7. If you keep this plant the window, it'll get direct sunlight, which is not good for it; let's put it somewhere the window. 8. English is recognized one of the most important languages in the world. 9. Did you hear what happened to Sarah? Someone tried to steal her cellphone when she was walking home late last night. 10. I have read all of Tolstoy's books that have been translated Russian into Turkish. 11. When we are playing poker, sit me so that you can't see my cards. 12. The game show contestant chose the prize curtain number three; unfortunately, it was a goat instead of the car.

OUT of cluTTER, fİNd siftiplicİTy. FROM discoRd, fİNd hARMONy. IN the Middle of diFFiculty, Lies oppoRTunity. ALBERT EİNSTEİN

ELS-YDS

2. THE BOBOLINK In the. central and western parts of the North American continent there lives the bobolink, a songbird. Northerners love the bobolink for its beautiful song. They protect it because it eats insects and weed seeds. Southerners, however, consider the bird an enemy of the local rice crop. The male birds even look different in the South. The spring plumage of the male is black on the belly, the face, and the top of the head; brownish-yellow on the back of the head; and black and white on the back. In winter, the male bird resembles the female in that it has stripes. The bobolink does not live in North America all year round, though. Every August or September, the birds begin to fly in great flocks to South America, where they spend the winter. They don't take a direct route, however. Instead, they fly first to Florida - in the southeastern United States - and then across the Atlantic Ocean to Brazil. When they do this, in fact they are retracing - backwards - the westward path which their ancestors took across the continent. Originally, the bobolink spent its summers along the Atlantic coast, but in the 19th century, as the Americans slowly moved westward, cultivating grain fields and clearing forest lands, the bobolink went with them. The bobolink got its strange name from the Americans. When they tried to imitate the male's song, they produced instead the fanciful name "Bob O'Lincoln", which they later shortened to "bobolink". Bobolinks build nests of grass and dried weed stems in a small hollow in an open field. The female lays from four to seven eggs, which are grayish-coloured with patches of brown or purple. The birds take great care to hide the nest: they never fly directly towards or away from it, and the male never sings near it. But by July, the male stops singing, and the tips of his spring feathers wear thin, exposing his winter dress. And then, at the very end of summer - off to South America! Read the passage above, and then try to guess the meanings of the italicized words without using a dictionary. 1. resembles A) envies B) reflects D) looks like C) gets over E) compliments

6.

2.

B) hurry D) volumes

7. hollow A) emptiness C) goal E) hole

B) plain D) well

B) remembering D) retreating

8. patches A) spots C) shadows E) tones

B) lines D) nuances

flocks A) groups C) excitement E) expertise

3. retracing A) following again C) taking over E) extending 4.

originally A) in a unique style B) in the first place C) at the time D) imaginatively E) habitually

5. cultivating A) training C) domesticating E) farming

8

B) educating D) producing

fanciful A) funny C) imaginary E) spiteful

B) terrific D) catchy

9. wear thin A) grow further B) fade suddenly C) drop collectively D) diminish gradually E) become denser 10. exposing A) hiding B) revealing D) straightening C) damaging E) shortening

ELS-YDS Choose the correct answer according to the passage above. 1. The appreciation Northerners have for the bobolink partly comes from A) its beautiful appearance B) its temperament C) its being weak D) its small size E) its usefulness 2. The contrast stated in the passage is that A) the bobolink is liked in the north of America, but it isn't in the south B) the bobolink spends the summer in Florida, which is very hot C) the male bobolink cares for the chicks rather than the female D) the male bobolink builds and protects the nest, not the female E) the bobolink follows a different route in its migration than that of its ancestors 3. From the information given in the passage, we understand that the bobolink A) has a very thin layer of plumage in spring B) is on the list of birds becoming extinct C) is most abundant in Florida D) is a migratory bird E) hides its nest in thick trees 4. It is stated in the passage that the bobolink A) has an interesting method of scaring away its enemies B) is careful about keeping the location of its nest secret C) is easily found by its enemies because its nest is in an open field D) does not sing near the nest until the eggs hatch E) is not very resistant to winter conditions

My father is a TV repairman, and when he comes home, he wants to think about something else. My mother often says that everyone's television works right except our own. Since one of the arms of the antenna on top of the house was broken off by a windstorm, it has never supplied as strong a signal as it should. Not long ago, a new family moved in next door, and soon the man appeared on his roof to install his own antenna. Knowing that my father is a TV technician, he drilled the lead-in hole in the same location, secured the base, and turned the apparatus facing the same direction as Dad's. Then, examining my father's roof for a moment longer, he reached up and, with a yank, broke an arm off his brand-new antenna. (from Reader's Digest")

. AVALANCHE Complete the following passage choosing the correct answer given below. On March 21, 2002, Steven Borg, a Swiss ski enthusiast, (1) near his hometown, when something unexpected (2) : "There was a terrible avalanche. Suddenly I (3) through the air with my hands above my head and a sea of white all around me... Then, I (4) myself one foot deep under the snow. The snow (5) like cement and I (6) to free myself when I (7) some people trying to rescue me." This is how he explained the disaster to his rescuers afterwards. Borg was lucky that he (8) the disaster, but not everybody is so lucky. Every year, avalanches - or snowslides - (9) about 200 people worldwide, and deaths are not the only part of the problem. Avalanches also (10) billions of dollars of damage annually to buildings, roads and livestock, and (11) many mountain communities. In Switzerland, for example, an estimated 65% of the population (12) in areas at risk for avalanches. About two decades ago, most countries (13) establishing networks of centers to monitor and forecast snowslides, an action which (14) to limit the number of victims since. It so works that the centers (15) people when a high risk of avalanche (16) and (17) skiers to avoid dangerous areas, and in the meantime, authorities (18) taking the necessary steps to protect people and infrastructure. So far, such passive defenses against avalanches (19) evacuating villages, bridges, roads and ski resorts. And over the past years, scientists (20) the possibilities of active prevention of avalanches.

1.

C) found D) find E) am finding

A) has been skiing B) skied C) has skied D) skies E) was skiing

5.

A) has happened B) happens C) is happening D) was happening E) happened

6.

A) was flying B) am flying C) have flown D) flew E) have been flying

7.

A) Was feeling B) has felt C) felt D) is feeling E) feels

2.

A) am fighting B) was fighting C) have fought D) fight E) have been fighting

3.

4. A) have found B) was finding 10

A) heard B) can hear C) have heard D) hear E) was hearing

C) helped D) is helping E) helps

8.

A) has survived B) is surviving C) survives D) survived E) was surviving

15.

A) B) C) D) E)

kill have killed killed were killing have been killing

16.

A)caused B) have caused C) have been causing D)cause E) were causing

17.

A) warn B) have warned C) are warning D) were warning E) warned

9.

A) has existed B) existed C) is existing D) exists E) was existing

10.

A) are advising B) advised C) advise D) have advised E) were advising

11. A) have threatened B) were threatening C) threatened D) have been threatening E) threaten

18.

A) have started B) started C) were starting D) are starting E) start

12.

A) lives B) was living C) has lived D) lived E) has been living

19.

A) B) C) D) E)

13.

A) are beginning B)began C) were beginning D) begin E) have begun 14.

A) was helping B) has helped

are including include included have included were including

20.

A) have been exploring B) are exploring C) explore D) were exploring E) explored

11

ELS-YDS

4. CINNAMON OIL KILLS MOSQUITOES BETTER THEN DEET According to a new study, cinnamon oil shows promise as a nice-smelling, environmentally friendly pesticide, with the ability to kill mosquito larvae more effectively than DEET. Though they have not yet tested cinnamon oil against adult mosquitoes, the researchers also expect that it could be a good mosquito repellant, which could help keep these trouble-causing creatures away from where they are not wanted. The findings were reported in the July edition of the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, a periodical of the American Chemical Society, the world's largest scientific society. Besides being a summer nuisance, and more importantly, mosquitoes pose some major public health problems, carrying such lethal agents as malaria, yellow fever and West Nile virus. While conventional pesticide application is often effective in controlling mosquito larvae before they hatch, repeated use of these agents over the years has raised serious environmental and health concerns. These problems have highlighted the need for new strategies for mosquito larval control, says natural products chemist Peter Shang-Tzen Chang, a professor in the School of Forestry and Resource Conservation at National Taiwan University and leading author of the study. Scientists are increasingly turning to more harmless natural chemicals to ward off mosquitoes and other pests. Chang and his co-workers tested eleven compounds in cinnamon leaf oil for their ability to kill the emerging larvae of the yellow fever mosquito, and four of them exhibited the strongest activity against them in 24 hours of testing. Other common essential oils, such as catnip, have shown similar promise in fighting off mosquitoes, but this is the first time researchers have demonstrated cinnamon's potential as a safe and effective pesticide. According to Chang, a solution using the compound could be sprayed just like a pesticide, but without the potential for adverse health effects, plus the added bonus of a pleasant smell. Though the team only tested the oil against the yellow fever mosquito, cinnamon oil should prove similarly lethal to the larvae of other mosquito species, the researchers say. In further studies they plan to test cinnamon oil against other types of mosquitoes as well. The Council of Agriculture of the Executive Yuan, a government agency in Taiwan, provided support for this research. (adapted from an article written by American Chemical Society)

Read the passage above, and then try to guess the meanings of the italicized words without using a dictionary. 1.

2.

repellant A) with an awful tasta B) under control C) ready to attack D) potential killer E) able to drive back

7.

besides A) next to C) rather than E) despite

8.

highlighted A) indicated B) proved C) enlightened D) promoted E) emphasized

9.

ward off A) protect C) discourage E) expand

3. nuisance A) annoyance C) threat E) problem

B)danger D) insect

B) disasters D) damages

B) repel D) shield

4. pose B) hinder A)show C)cause D) contain E) demonstrate

10. exhibited A) fought C) expressed E) expired

B) forecast D) displayed

5. lethal A) dangerous C) deadly E) violent

B) harmful D) ill-tempered

11. adverse A) positive C) negative E) terrible

B) diseased D) fatal

B) live D) emerge

12. as well A) better C) yet E) so good

6.

12

B) as well as D) nearly

concerns A) worries C) thoughts E) interests

hatch A) eject C) give birth E)fly

B) also

D) and

ELS-YDS Choose the right answer according to the passage. 1. It is emphasized in the passage that conventional pesticide applications A) are expensive to implement B) are only effective when used in large amounts C) affect health and the environment negatively D) usually have an awful smell E) don't really affect insect larvae 2. It can be concluded from the passage that mosquitoes have to be controlled mainly because they A) are a nuisance to people in the summer B) raise serious environmental concerns C) show strong activity within 24 hours D) play a part in spreading certain deadly diseases E) help increase the number of other insects N

3. Though not stated in the passage directly, we can assume that DEET is A) a kind of conventional pesticide B) another environmentally-friendly natural chemical C) a bad-smelling chemical D) the most effective chemical against mosquitoes E) no longer used due to its potential harm 4. The reason why the use of cinnamon oil could be an important discovery for mosquito control is that it A) kills adult mosquitoes very effectively B) produces a nice smell wherever it is sprayed C) kills mosquito larvae without damaging the environment D) stops the spread of deadly agents like malaria, yellow fever and West Nile virus E) is very economical to produce

Circle the choice which has the same meaning as the given sentence. 1. According to a new study, cinnamon oil shows promise as a nice-smelling, environmentally friendly pesticide, with the ability to kill mosquito larvae more effectively than DEET. A) Research has shown that cinnamon oil could be a pleasant-smelling, ecologically safe insecticide, able to kill mosquito larvae better than DEET. B) Research shows that in addition to smelling nice and not damaging the environment, cinnamon oil is as effective as DEET in destroying mosquito larvae. C) A new study has proved that DEET, though having a nice odour and not harming the environment, is far less effective than cinnamon oil in killing mosquito larvae.

13

ELS-YDS 2. Though they have not yet tested cinnamon oil against adult mosquitoes, the researchers also expect that it could be a good mosquito repellant. A) Scientists haven't tested cinnamon oil against mature mosquitoes so far, but they predict that it could be good at keeping mosquitoes away from people. B) Although the researchers are not planning to test cinnamon oil against fully grown mosquitoes, they forecast that it could be good at making mosquitoes stay away from people. C) Before scientists tested cinnamon oil on adult mosquitoes, they tested it on! their larvae, and now they are recommending it as an effective mosquito repellant. 3. Besides being a summer nuisance, mosquitoes pose some major public health problems, carrying such lethal agents as malaria, yellow fever and West Nile virus. A) Mosquitoes have, on several occasions, carried fatal agents, for example, malaria, yellow fever and West Nile virus, yet people still think of them as being only a minor problem. B) As well as being an irritant during the summer, mosquitoes caused some serious public health epidemics like malaria, yellow fever and West Nile fever. C) Mosquitoes annoy people in the summer, and they have the potential to endanger human health by carrying deadly agents such as malaria, yellow fever and West Nile virus. 4.

The repeated use of conventional pesticides over the years has raised serious environmental and health concerns. A) In order to be effective, standard pesticides have to be repeatedly used despite the severe natural and medicinal problems they cause. B) The continuous use of regular pesticides throughout the years has led to serious ecological and health worries. C) Using pesticides in large doses over the years has already caused several serious environmental and health disasters.

5. Scientists are increasingly turning to more harmless natural chemicals to ward off mosquitoes and other pests. A) Scientists have developed an increasing number of harmless natural chemicals in order to keep mosquitoes and other pests away from people. B) Following scientists' instructions, an increasing number of people are changing to less dangerous natural chemicals to protect themselves from mosquitoes and other pests. C) Scientists are using less damaging natural chemicals more and more in order to repel mosquitoes and other pests. 6. Other common essential oils have shown similar promise in fighting off mosquitoes, but this is the first time researchers have demonstrated cinnamon's potential as a safe and effective pesticide. A) Other common essential oils have exhibited the potential of being mosquito repellants, but for the first time, researchers have shown that cinnamon could be a harmless and efficient insecticide. B) Although different common essential oils have proved effective in controlling mosquitoes, for the first time researchers have worked with cinnamon and shown that it is the most effective of all. C) Although researchers have obtained promising results from the test with cinnamon oil, their first concern is to repeat the test using other common essential oils.

14

ELS-YDS

. URBAN LEGENDS Urban legends are a modern variety of folklore which people endlessly circulate by word of mouth, repeat in news stories and distribute by such technological means as e-mail. People frequently begin such tales by claiming that "this happened to a friend of a friend of mine a while ago." Some of the stories have survived for a very long time and have only slightly changed over the years. One example of an older story is that of a woman with a very elaborate hairdo. Unfortunately, spiders were nesting in the hairdo, and one day they crawled out and bit her to death. Other, newer, stories reflect more modern circumstances. For example, a man was on a business trip and a mysterious woman tricked him. In his hotel room, during the night, the woman gave the man a drug and surgically removed one of his kidneys, so the next morning the man woke up alone and feeling quite odd. Other urban legends actually have a basis in real events, such as the story of the young man shooting bullets into a large saguaro cactus. The young man died when his gunfire severed the cactus' trunk, which then fell on and crushed him. Even when essentially true, however, such stories often become distorted by many retellings after the original event. One classic urban legend, still in circulation, claims that the pope's crown - the Papal Tiara - contains the Latin words Wear/us Filii Dei, which, when turned into numbers, adds up to 666* - the number of the Antichrist according to the Bible. Though the story has no basis in fact - all papal crowns from the sixteenth century onwards remain on public show and none of them bear those words - ever since this story first emerged, belief in the myth has continued, with constant specific references to an early 20th-century photograph from a papal funeral which "proves" the existence of a Papal Tiara with those words. The only problem is that, in over one hundred years, no one has been able to show the supposed photograph yet! ( The Antichrist is known as "Deccal" in Turkey, and he is supposed to have the number 666 somewhere on his head.)

Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as the following definitions. Column A

Column B

1. (of news, stories, etc.) to spread, by speaking, from person to person (expression) 2. method; instrument 3. intricate; complicated 4. to settle in; to occupy 5. to mirror; to show 6. unknown or puzzling 7. to mislead 8. with an operation 9. unusual; not normal 10. to cut off; to cut into two separate pieces 11. to fall upon sth with force and destroy it 12. basically 13. not truly representing reality 14. to total; to equal 15. from a point forward, as in space or time 16. to hold; to possess 17. continuing without interruption; regular

15

ELS-YDS Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. We learn from the passage that the urban legend regarding the Papal Tiara

A) is partly factual B) cannot be proven to be true C) has a huge number of believers D) has been circulating since the 16th century E) is supported by a photograph from the 16th century

2. The author seems to imply that the tellers of urban legends A) do not want their listeners to question whether their stories are credible or not B) usually try to relate the characters of their stories to real personalities C) are usually connected to radical religious sects D) often attempt to increase the credibility of their stories E) aim to influence those who believe in Christ 3. According to the passage, in spreading urban legends A) traditional methods are the most widely used B) people do not hesitate to deceive one another C) women play a leading role D) the quickest way is by word of mouth E) people also employ modern methods of communication

C

Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in section A. 1. In Ethiopia, from the 1960s , local and government efforts at environmental rehabilitation have led to the replanting of trees in some deforested areas. 2. She grew tired of the -.. noise coming from next-door and finally went to talk to her neighbours about it. 3. The princess wore a very dress to the state ball; it had one thousand pearls hand-sewn onto the bodice. 4. Tommy accidentally his pet turtle when he was running through the house looking for him. 5. During the conference, all the participants will carry a card on them which their name and the name of the country they're representing.

16

Circle the choice which has the same meaning as the given sentence. 1. Urban legends are a modern variety of folklore which people endlessly circulate by word of mouth, repeat in news stories and distribute by such technological means as e-mail. A) Modern day folk stories, or urban legends, are in continuous circulation by many means, including news stories, word of mouth and modern methods of communication like e-mail. B) People living in urban areas make extensive use of technology to circulate old folk stories by telling their friends, writing stories and sending out e-mails. C) Urban legends, that is, modern day folk stories, circulate in various ways including word of mouth and news stories, but the circulation is fastest by e-mail, a technological means of communication. 2. Some of the legends have survived for a very long time and have only slightly changed over the years. A) The legends that have survived for the longest time have few changes made to them. B) Although some of the legends have been changed over the years, most of them remain the same. C) With only minor changes, certain legends have survived for many years. 3. Some of the urban legends in circulation today actually have a basis in real events. A) Most of the urban legends circulating today have no connection with real events. B) At the foundation of some legends passing around today are true stories. C) Real events often inspire urban legends, which people then circulate extensively. 4. The young man died when his gunfire severed the cactus' trunk, which then fell on and crushed him. A) The young man was killed when his gun misfired as he was shooting at the trunk of the cactus, which then crushed him when it fell. B) When the shots from his gun cut the cactus trunk in two, the young man was killed by the crushing blow of the cactus falling on him. C) The young man died when he fell on the cactus while he was firing his gun, causing the trunk of the cactus to fall upon him. 5. Even when essentially true, such stories often become distorted by many retellings after the original event. A) When people tell the story over and over, they lose touch with the original event and end up creating their own stories. B) Even many retellings of the original story often do not cause any changes, if the story is based on a real event. C) Even when the details about the original event are basically true, the stories about the event are usually changed as they are passed from person to person. 6. AN papal crowns from the sixteenth century onwards remain on public show and none of them bear the Latin words Wear/us Filii Dei. A) There is a public display of all papal crowns dating from the sixteenth century and there are no such Latin words as Vicarius Filii Dei written on any of them. B) The sixteenth-century papal crowns with the Latin words Vicarius Filii Dei on them are being exhibited to the public in a special show. C) Not all the papal crowns which date from the sixteenth century and bear the Latin words Vicarius Filii Dei are on public display.

17

6. THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESS Over the centuries, different societies and historical eras have adopted many different approaches to treating the mentally ill, and these approaches have depended upon the particular view of mental illness which each specific society or era held. For example, in ancient Greece, the physician Hippocrates viewed abnormal behaviour as the result of bodily processes such as disease or an imbalance in bodily fluids, and he accordingly recommended rest, exercise and dietary change. In the Middle Ages, however, physicians generally considered abnormal behaviour as the result of demonic possession, and so the treatments included exorcism, flogging - beating with a whip or stick - or torture to drive the evil spirits from the body. In the 18th and 19th centuries, when more scientific views prevailed, physicians such as Philippe Pinel in France and Benjamin Rush in the United States began to view mental illness as the result of organic or physical causes, and accordingly instituted more humane treatment for those who were suffering from it. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of physicians studied the psychological basis of mental illness, and Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud discovered "the talking cure". This type of treatment still has its adherents today, though its methods have changed somewhat since the days when Freud was using it. In "the talking cure" - or psychoanalysis - patients reveal their unconscious thought processes and conflicts by talking, often at great length, to the physician, who thereby learns the root of the patient's problems and acts accordingly. Freud, in addition to helping to discover this type of treatment, also developed a revolutionary theory of personality and his famous system for the interpretation of dreams. In the mid-20th century, with the rapid advance of technology, treatments consisted of such methods as lobotomy and electroconvulsive therapy. The Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz invented the lobotomy technique in the 1940s. Lobotomy is a surgical technique that calls for the separation of the frontal lobes of the brain from the rest of it. Recently, this extreme technique has fallen into great disfavour among physicians. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) involves administering a weak electric current to the front region of the head until seizure occurs. Although still in use, ECT remains highly controversial. In more recent decades, drug therapy has become one of the more popular methods of treatment. Many physicians, however, worry that some of their colleagues rely too much on drugs to produce a cure or to alleviate symptoms, and so these days they are beginning to explore traditional folk medicine as a method of easing the pain of those who are suffering from mental illness. As the treatments of Hippocrates were also a kind of folk medicine, perhaps now the wheel has come full circle. | A | Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as the following definitions. Column A

1. to begin using or doing and accept as one's 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10 11.

12 13 14. 15. 16.

18

own doctor the forcing of evil spirits from the body the causing of severe physical of mental pain to be in force, use or effect to establish, organize and begin the operation of ' characterized by kindness, mercy or compassion supporter; follower explanation a part or section of a bodily organ to become unpopular, or no longer preferred (phrase) to apply as a remedy a sudden attack, as of epilepsy or some other disease questionable; causing disagreements to make more bearable; to provide physical relief to return to where something started, having completed the course round (expression)

Column B

EIS-YDS B I Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. It is clear from the passage that, in the Middle Ages, A) physicians considered demons abnormal B) the treatment of mental illness was unscientific C) a change in diet was a common treatment for mental illness D) evil spirits beat the body with whips or sticks E) all abnormal behaviour was the result of demonic possession

2. The passage tells us that •A) in psychoanalysis, physicians just listen to their patients and rarely talk B) mental illness was caused by psychological problems in the late 19th century C) psychoanalysis was created by two different men D) Sigmund Freud's personality was revolutionary E) the physician is the root of the patient's problems

3. According to the passage, A) "the talking cure" is no longer used as a method of treatment B) electroconvulsive therapy and lobotomy are still popular treatments C) physicians have always recognized the value of traditional medicine D) people have viewed mental illness in very similar ways since ancient times E) the mentally ill were often treated badly before the 18th century

Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in section A. 1. The United States government received serious criticism when, in May 2004, the CBS television station issued photographs showing that American soldiers in Iraq had performed on Iraqi prisoners. 2. There are many organizations around the world which try to promote the treatment of animals, but unfortunately, very few people seem to care about the issue. 3. Most of the inhabitants of Bangladesh are of the Islamic religion. 4. Before an operation, the anesthesiologist anesthetic agents to make the patient insensitive to pain. 5. President George Bush's decision to invade Iraq was at the time, and has remained so ever since.

19

ELS-YDS Circle the choice which has the same meaning as the given sentence. «

1. Over the centuries, different societies and historical eras have adopted many different approaches to treating the mentally ill. A) Hundreds of years ago the ways of treating mentally ill people were different from those used in our own society and time. B) How the mentally ill should be cared for has shown numerous differences through the centuries from one society to another, and from one period to another. C) Although there have been many different civilizations and historical times, the method of curing the mentally ill has been no different over the centuries. 2. The approaches to treating the mentally ill always depended upon the particular view of mental illness which each specific society or era held. A) Although the method of treating the mentally ill was different in each era, it was more or less the same in the civilizations of the same period. B) The mentally ill can only be helped through the specific view of mental illness which is held in their own society or historical period. C) The view of mental illness held in each culture or period determined their methods of dealing with the mentally ill. 3. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis still has its adherents today, though its methods have changed somewhat since the days when he was using it. A) Sigmund Freud has almost as many supporters today as he did when he was practising psychoanalysis himself. B) The techniques of psychoanalysis, which is still supported by some people, are different in some ways from when Sigmund Freud used them. C) Sigmund Freud, who still has supporters today, invented the technique of psychoanalysis, which he changed somewhat during the time that he was using it. 4. In psychoanalysis, patients reveal their unconscious thought processes by talking to the physician, who thereby learns the root of the patient's problems and acts accordingly. A) In psychoanalysis, the patient talks to the doctor and shows, without realizing it, the way his mind works; thus the doctor learns of the origin of the patient's problems and then takes the correct action. B) In psychoanalysis, patients are aware that if they talk to the doctor about their problems honestly, the doctor will find out the actual cause or causes of their problems and then offer the best remedy. C) In psychoanalysis, whether a doctor will be able to determine the origin of a patient's problems or not depends very much on how honest the patient is when he is talking to the doctor. 5. Recently, the Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz's lobotomy technique has fallen into great disfavour among physicians. A) Nowadays, the lobotomy method of the neurologist from Portugal, Egas Moniz, is gradually regaining its former popularity in the medical world. B) Physicians have not been using the lobotomy technique of Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz for quite some time. C) The lobotomy method of Egas Moniz, the Portuguese neurologist, is no longer favoured by doctors.

ELS-YDS 6. Although still in use, electroconvulsive therapy remains highly controversial. A) Electroconvulsive therapy is only used for seriously ill patients, because of the controversy surrounding it. B) Because of serious arguments concerning its use, electroconvulsive therapy is no longer used widely. C) Despite its continuing use, people are in strong disagreement over electroconvulsive therapy. 7. These days physicians are beginning to explore traditional folk medicine as a method of easing the pain of those who are suffering from mental illness. A) At the moment doctors are starting to look at traditional folk medicine as a way of reducing the pain of people who are mentally ill. B) Physicians have long been exploring traditional folk medicine, as a method of lessening the pain of people who are mentally ill. C) Nowadays, people working in medicine realize that traditional folk medicine is the best cure for those who suffer from mental illness. 8. As the treatments of Hippocrates were also a kind of folk medicine, considering the interest of modern physicians in it, perhaps now the wheel has come full circle. A) Perhaps Hippocrates was the best physician of all time, since even modern doctors are trying to follow the methods of his folk medicine. B) It seems that modern doctors, with their interest in the methods of folk medicine, have returned to the origin of these methods, which were practised by Hippocrates. C) The folk medicine treatments of Hippocrates, which modern doctors are also looking at, include turning patients on a wheel in a full circle.

E

Complete the blanks with the correct preposition. Use the prepositions given in the box below. with of with

during to for

on on to

from as

i 1

J

1.

The new government has a different approach the refugee problem. Instead of welcoming them and offering them refuge, it has closed the border. 2. I have always viewed Russian people being rather cold. 3. In the past teachers beat their students canes when they were naughty. 4. There is still no effective treatment cancer. 5. Civilians faced severe food shortages the war. 6. Together a rise in the standards of living, there is almost always a drop in the size of families. 7. The separation Siamese twins has become easier thanks to medical advances, but unfortunately, some of them still do not survive the operation. 8. He relies his wife too much. Without her, he wouldn't be able to do anything for himself. 9. After the suspect told them all he knew, the officers performed torture him anyway just for their own sadistic pleasure. 10. Over the past fifty years, the city has gone a population of one million a population of over ten million. 21

7. SATIRE When an author or artist uses humour to attack the problems and absurdities of human society, the result is satire. The satirist adopts a point of view different from that of the average person and then proceeds to criticize society's powerful and influential people or institutions in a sharply humorous way in order to reveal their flaws. For example, in the late 1970s, the British comedic troupe Monty Python made the satirical film The Life of Brian, which ridiculed the historical development of the Christian Church, among other things. The Church is an institution which many people respect, and therefore avoid criticizing. Not surprisingly perhaps, Monty Python's film was very controversial at the time. Satire has existed for at least as long a time as civilization itself. Roman poets such as Horace and Juvenal wrote long satirical poems, while Martial composed short satirical epigrams. Reading their works now, we see that they attack what the writers saw at that time as the degeneration of the Roman Empire. Much later -just before the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century -the Dutch scholar Erasmus published The Praise of Folly, his most famous work. Even in its own day, this short book was quite controversial because it criticized every single one of the institutions, customs and beliefs of the time. Perhaps the greatest satirist of all, however, was the Irish author Jonathan Swift, whose many satirical works include the popular Gulliver's Travels. People nowadays often consider this a children's book, disregarding the fact that the book accuses the entire human race of madness. Because of this attitude, since the mid-20th century some critics have been calling Swift a misanthrope. Apart from writers, since the late 19th century political cartoonists have also used satire effectively, especially in commenting on the activities of corrupt politicians and public officials. Today, such political cartoons continue to reach a wide audience through publication in most major newspapers and many magazines. Generally speaking, the creators of films and television shows, because their media play to such a large proportion of the public, have not made severely and specifically critical satire very often, but very general and "safe" satire instead. For instance, in his 1940 film The Great Dictator, Charlie Chaplin mocked both Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, fascists whom the film depicted as fools. However, such a satire proved to be quite safe in that era because, at the time, only people in the democratic countries - which already despised such dictators - actually saw the film. Such "safe" satires laugh at those things which society in general has been criticizing for a long time already. Very differently, Stanley Kubrick's funny yet aggressive 1964 film Dr. Strangelove; or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb attacked the nuclear policies of the United States and the Soviet Union as they existed at that time. In television, a show such as the still-popular American cartoon The Simpsons displays elements of both "safe" satire and the more directly aggressive type.

Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as the following definitions. Column A Column B 1. 2.

irrationality; stupidity characterized by having a strong effect on or changing the behaviour of someone 3. a group of actors, dancers or singers 4. to make fun of in an often cruel way 5. to stay away from; to stay clear of 6. a short poem expressing a single thought or observation 7. to ignore; to not notice, or to refuse to notice 8. someone who hates or mistrusts humankind 9. characterized by immorality and dishonesty 10. to laugh at in a cruel way 11. to dislike intensely; to hate 12. to show

22

ELS-YDS

f

B j Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. The passage tells us that Monty Python's film The Life of Brian A) B) C) D) E)

avoided criticizing the Christian Church is really a quite religious film had many flaws in its development made many people very upset is very popular with university students

2. It is clear from the passage that A) B) C) D) E)

the average person never appreciates satire risky satire has not been much used in film and television satire is the greatest of art forms important institutions always deserve the satire that they receive it is not necessary for satire to be funny

3. According to the author, A) B) C) D) E)

some types of satire are less severe and critical than others Jonathan Swift was a misanthrope the Roman Empire definitely suffered from degeneration the last great satirist was Jonathan Swift most people despised Charlie Chaplin's film, The Great Dictator

Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in section A. 1. Owing to the bleakness of his work, many critics have accused Irish novelist and playwright Samuel Beckett of being a/an , forgetting his essential humour. 2. One of the most popular mime performing in Europe in the 1970s and 1980s was Mummenschantz. 3. Because the other children often him for his thick glasses, Billy developed a very low sense of self-esteem. 4. Although some people have denied that he was really an artist, Marcel Duchamp, a leading exponent of the Dadaist movement, has been very since the end of the Second World War. 5. Hoping to the police, the jewel thief changed her name and moved to a different "city.

23

ELS-YDS E

Complete the blanks with the correct preposition. Use the prepositions given in the box below.

as among at

1. 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

with through since

of for on

in of i of 1

My teacher was very angry with me and criticized me other things, for not doing my homework. When in 1776 the US Declaration of Independence stated that "All men are created equal," it was a radical idea the time. my grandfather's time people didn't have televisions to watch, so they listened to he radio. When I saw that my mobile telephone wasn't in my bag, I accused the strange boy in the office stealing it, but later I found that I had left it on the kitchen table at home. Ankara has changed a lot it was established as the capital of the Turkish Republic. People obtain the latest news from all around the world the Internet and satellite TV. During the First World War, the allies depicted their enemy Germany a mad beast. The philosophy of Hegel had an effect that of Karl Marx. We made fun Hakan so much that, in the end, the poor boy started to cry. Holiday destinations in Turkey are very popular tourists from Germany and the United Kingdom. We mocked James having cream in his moustache and going to the party without noticing. After Tristan became mayor, he developed a strong sense superiority.

r u

leadS TO rhe highest Ethics, which is the goal oF All evolutioN. UNTİI WE STOp hARMİNq All OthER living beings, WE ARE STİLL SAVAGES.

EdisoN

25

ELS-YDS

8. CHECK WHAT YOU KNOW WATER - A LUXURY?

BENEFICIAL or UNDESIRABLE?

A glass of fresh water from the tap - a luxury? The reality is that for some 1.1 billion people access to safe drinking water is (1) they can only dream about. Some 2.4 billion people worldwide similarly do not have access to adequate sanitation. Yet access to safe drinking water and sanitation is not just a luxury. It often makes the difference (2) life and death. Half of the world's hospital beds are occupied by (3) of waterborne diseases. And an estimated 6,000 children die each day from diseases caused by poor sanitation and hygiene. Add to this the increasing pressure (4) the world's freshwater supply over the last 50 years, and the continuous degradation of water quality in many regions around the world, and there is no doubt that the challenge before us is (5)

In nature there is (6) such thing as either a beneficial or an undesirable wild animal. In Georgia, (7) where quail are valued as game birds, sportsmen once shot marsh hawks (8) the hawks sometimes killed quail. But the shooting of marsh hawks failed to increase the numbers of quail. Examination of stomach contents showed that the marsh hawk feeds mainly upon the cotton rat, which eats the eggs of quail and other ground-nesting birds. By being a (9) greater enemy of cotton rats than of quail, the marsh hawk proves (10) to be a friend of the quail. The killing of marsh hawks has now largely ceased in Georgia, and marsh hawks and quail are growing more numerous side by side. 6.

1.

A) any C) no

A) anywhere B) something C) someone D) anyone E) everything

E) some

7.

2.

A)between C) along

A) at once B) for instance C) on average D) at the time E) in short

B) from D)in E) about

8.

3.

A) while B) yet C) even though D) because E) before

A) victims B) residents C) supporters D) mortals E) disasters

9.

4.

A)about C)at

A) much C) too

B)in D)on

5.

B) more D) the most E) such

E)for

10. A) excellent B) bearable C) supporting D) weak E) immense

26

B) many D) none

A) rarely B) slightly C) anxiously D) barely E) actually

f

ELS-YDS RIVAL FOSSIL HUNTERS

THE ORIGIN OF THE CIRCUS

(11) of our knowledge of dinosaurs comes from North America. From 1870 into the early 1900s, two men dominated the search for dinosaurs in the western United States, and their rivalry became a bitter conflict. One was Othniel Charles Marsh, of Yale University, and (12) was Edward Drinker Cope. (13) man controlled (14) scientific journal, and it is reported that their field crews would occasionally shoot at one another and destroy each other's fossils. Still, (15) men made lasting and valuable contributions to our knowledge of dinosaurs, though their conflict caused them to work hurriedly and in many instances to forego the customary patience and caution required in the science of paleontology.

No one knows when or where the first circus act (16) place. It's probable that displays of physical skill and animal training (17) people for many thousands of years. Some circus acts are so old that even the ancient Romans, who coined the word circus, did not know where they originated. It was not (18) the late 1700s that the modern circus began to take form. It is believed that the modern circus originated in the exhibitions of horsemanship that became popular in England. A former cavalryman, Philip Astley, was presenting such feats in London in 1768. Astley put his horses through their paces in a large circle, or ring. (19) his time, the ring has been the central performance area of the circus. Astley embellished his London show with music, acrobats, tumblers, ropewalkers and a clown. In 1783 he built the first real circus in France. Soon circuses similar to the Astley pattern (20) across the continent of Europe and in the United States.

11.

16.

A) A great deal C) As many as

B) Just one D) Everything

A) made

12.

B)did

D)had

E) Â large number

t)took

17.

A) were thrilling B) are thrilling C) thrill D) thrilled E) have thrilled

A) someone B) another D) each one C) the other E) the whole 18.

13.

A) until C) when

B)All D) Any

A) Each C) Some

B) while D) since E)yet

E) None

14.

19. B) his own A) themselves D) them C) itself E) theirs

A) As soon as B) Ever since C) Even when D) Once E) The moment 20.

15. B) every D) both

A) all C) some E) either

A) perform B) have performed C) were performing D) have been performing E) are performing

27

ELS-YDS RIVAL FOSSIL HUNTERS

THE ORIGIN OF THE CIRCUS

(11) of our knowledge of dinosaurs comes from North America. From 1870 into the early 1900s, two men dominated the search for dinosaurs in the western United States, and their rivalry became a bitter conflict. One was Othniel Charles Marsh, of Yale University, and (12) was Edward Drinker Cope. (13) man controlled (14) scientific journal, and it is reported that their field crews would occasionally shoot at one another and destroy each other's fossils. Still, (15) men made lasting and valuable contributions to our knowledge of dinosaurs, though their conflict caused them to work hurriedly and in many instances to forego the customary patience and caution required in the science of paleontology.

No one knows when or where the first circus act (16) place. It's probable that displays of physical skill and animal training (17) people for many thousands of years. Some circus acts are so old that even the ancient Romans, who coined the word circus, did not know where they originated. It was not (18) the late 1700s that the modern circus began to take form. It is believed that the modern circus originated in the exhibitions of horsemanship that became popular in England. A former cavalryman, Philip Astley, was presenting such feats in London in 1768. Astley put his horses through their paces in a large circle, or ring. (19) his time, the ring has been the central performance area of the circus. Astley embellished his London show with music, acrobats, tumblers, ropewalkers and a clown. In 1783 he built the first real circus in France. Soon circuses similar to the Astley pattern (20) across the continent of Europe and in the United States.

11.

16.

A) A great deal B) Just one C) As many as D) Everything E) A large number

12.

A) made C)got

B)did D) had E) took

17.

A) were thrilling B) are thrilling C) thrill D) thrilled E) have thrilled

A) someone B) another D) each one C) the other E) the whole

18.

13.

A) Each C) Some

A) until C) when

B)AII D) Any

B) while D) since E)yet

E) None

14.

19. B) his own A) themselves C) itself D) them E) theirs

A) As soon as B) Ever since C) Even when D) Once E) The moment 20.

15.

B) every D) both

A) all C) some E) either

A) perform B) have performed C) were performing D) have been performing E) are performing

27

ELS-YDS

8. CHECK WHAT YOU KNOW WATER - A LUXURY?

BENEFICIAL or UNDESIRABLE?

A glass of fresh water from the tap - a luxury? The reality is that for some 1.1 billion people access to safe drinking water is (1) they can only dream about. Some 2.4 billion people worldwide similarly do not have access to adequate sanitation. Yet access to safe drinking water and sanitation is not just a luxury. It often makes the difference (2) life and death. Half of the world's hospital beds are occupied by (3) of waterborne diseases. And an estimated 6,000 children die each day from diseases caused by poor sanitation and hygiene. Add to this the increasing pressure (4) the world's freshwater supply over the last 50 years, and the continuous degradation of water quality in many regions around the world, and there is no doubt that the challenge before us is (5)

In nature there is (6) such thing as either a beneficial or an undesirable wild animal. In Georgia, (7) where quail are valued as game birds, sportsmen once shot marsh hawks (8) the hawks sometimes killed quail. But the shooting of marsh hawks failed to increase the numbers of quail. Examination of stomach contents showed that the marsh hawk feeds mainly upon the cotton rat, which eats the eggs of quail and other ground-nesting birds. By being a (9) greater enemy of cotton rats than of quail, the marsh hawk proves (10) to be a friend of the quail. The killing of marsh hawks has now largely ceased in Georgia, and marsh hawks and quail are growing more numerous side by side. 6.

1.

A) any C) no

A) anywhere B) something C) someone D) anyone E) everything

E) some 7.

2.

A) at once B) for instance C) on average D) at the time E) in short

A) between B) from C) along D) in E) about 8.

3.

A) while B) yet C)even though D) because E) before

A) victims B) residents C) supporters D) mortals E) disasters

9.

4.

A)about C)at

E)for

A) much C) too

B)in D) on

5.

B) more D) the most E)such

10. A) excellent B) bearable C) supporting D) weak E) immense

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B) many D) none

A) rarely B) slightly C) anxiously D) barely E) actually

ı

I

ELS-YDS ALBERT NAMATJIRA

DIFFERENT FROM THE REST

Known primarily for his watercolours of Australian landscapes, Albert Namatjira was an aboriginal artist (21) successfully combined modern European painting techniques (22) subject matter from his native land. A member of the Aranda tribe, Namatjira was born at a Christian mission in Hermannsburg in the Northern Territory (23) July 28, 1902. He received his education at the mission. He later worked at a number of menial jobs (24) he discovered painting at a 1934 exhibition of works by Rex Battarbee. Although unschooled in art, Namatjira tried his hand at drawing. In 1936 he again met Battarbee, who tutored (25) in watercolours. He was soon able to produce works of merit and sell them. In 1938 the first exhibit of his works was held in Melbourne. It was so successful that all 41 paintings on display were sold. Later exhibitions followed in Adelaide, Sydney, Perth and Alice Springs.

Like the land (26) the people of Ladakh are generally quite different from those of the rest of India. The faces and physique of the Ladakhis, and the clothes they wear, are more (27) those of Tibet and Central Asia (28) those of India. The original population may have been Dards, an Indo-Aryan race that moved down from the Indus and Gilgit area. But immigration from Tibet, perhaps a millennium or so (29) largely overwhelmed the culture of the Dards and changed their racial characteristics. In eastern and central Ladakh, today's population seems to be mostly of Tibetan origin. Further west, in and around Kargil, the people's appearance suggests a mixed origin. The exception to this generalization is the Arghons, a community of Muslims in Leh, who originated as a result of marriages (30) local women and Kashmiri or Central Asian merchants. 26.

21.

A) where C) when

A) them B) their C) their own D) itself E) its own

B)who D) what E) how 27.

22.

A) about C) for

A) the same B) similar to C) except for D) so much E) much as

B) to D) from E) with 28.

23.

A) at C) since

A) as C) like

B) in D) on

E) how

E) till 29.

24.

A) until C) while

A) after C) since

B) during D) just as

B)yet D) though E)ago

E) since 30.

25.

A) him C)he

B) his own D)his

E) himself

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B) than D) that

A) between B)for D) with C) along E) among

ELS-YDS

9. LEARN THESE PHRASAL VERBS A

Complete the sentences using the phrasal verbs in the box below. Pay attention to the verb form.

1. fly out: 2. set sb back:

3. get out: 4. point sth out. 5. see sb off. 6. play sth up:

7. sellout 8. get sth back:

9. go around: 10. turn off.

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10.

depart from an airport cost someone money have to leave; depart from somewhere to direct one's attention to sth say goodbye to a person at the place of departure emphasize the importance of; exaggerate sell so that there are none remaining recover; regain pass or circulate, as in communication close; stop a machine, electricity, etc.

Please remember to the lights before you leave the office. I didn't see the error in my judgement until my friend where I had made the mistakes. There is a rumour that Filiz is going to leave the country. Do you know if it is true? Esra was excited to her wallet after it was stolen on the bus; even though the money was gone, she was happy that her identification card was still there. Having to fly to New York during the peak season due to her mother's illness her over $1000. The agents had to of the country because their lives were in danger. When it was time for Erdem to begin his military service, all of his family and friends gathered at the train station to him Unfortunately, the shop had already all the items on sale by the time I got there, so I couldn't buy the blouse I had wanted. Amanda was disappointed when she learnt that she had to of Los Angeles Airport rather than Burbank Airport, which is more convenient. The media the international football match so much that it looked as if the countries were having a war.

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ELS-YDS Complete the sentences using the phrasal verbs in the box below. Pay attention to the verb form. 1. take off. 2. give up: 3. make up: 4. count on: 5. work out 6. take out: 7. find out 8. pay off: 9. run out 10. put aside:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

remove (a piece of clothing, etc.) abandon hope say or write sth that isn't true depend or rely on solve, as a problem get rid of; remove; withdraw discover or confirm the truth of sth pay (a debt) in full become used up; finish a supply store up; save

Agent Mulder joined the FBI in order to what really happened to his sister, who disappeared mysteriously when a young child. After I get out of debt, I will $200 each month so that I can go on holiday next summer. David of money while he was touring Nepal, but fortunately, he managed to find a temporary job, which earned him enough cash to return to his country. Dave's only chore is to the trash every morning when he leaves the house. In the end, Kathy a story to explain her absence from the meeting since she thought no one would believe the truth. You should never in the face of difficulties but persevere. Even though they spent all day discussing the problem, they weren't able to a satisfactory solution. Please your coat and put it in the closet. I can always my family to stand by me during difficult times. If I take a second job, I will be able to all of my credit card bills within six months.

C I Replace the italicized phrasal verbs with a verb from the list. Pay attention to the verb form. remove close 1.

solve regain

save discover

highlight circulate

During the presentation, Michael played up ( ) his contribrutions to the project in order to impress the board members. 2. I got my deposit back ( ) from the landlord only when I proved to him that the house was in good condition. 3. Please sign the birthday card that is going around ( ) so that we can give it to Judy this afternoon with her present. 4. The plumber turned off ( ) the main water line to the house while he was working on our plumbing problem. 5. You should show respect and take off ( ) your hat when the national anthem is played. 6. I hope that Mary and Larry are able to work out ( ) their problems; they used to be very happy together. 7. If you receive any extra magazines, please put ( ) them aside for me and I will pick them up next week. 8. Sue will talk to Ashley tonight and try to find out ( ) what has been bothering her lately.

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TEST YOURSELF 1 1-60. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan

1. My aunt the family business on her own since she her husband in a car crash two years ago. A) was running/has lost B) has run/was losing C) has been running/lost D) ran/has been losing E) is running/loses 2. As soon as father mowing the grass, we the garden furniture outside for the 5 o'clock tea. A) finishes/have taken B) has finished/took C) was finishing/have taken D) is finishing/take E) finished/took 3. For the last week, the government lowering the tax rates, but they any decisions yet. A) B) C) D) E)

discuss/weren't taking discussed/don't take were discussing/aren't taking have been discussing/haven't taken are discussing/didn't take

4. As we at the hospital for the results of my mother's blood tests, we more and more nervous. A) are waiting/were growing B) were waiting/have grown C) have waited/grow D) waited/grew E) wait/have been growing

J

5. Up to now, the authorities any satisfactory explanations about the accident at the power plant. A) haven't made B) don't make C) aren't making D) didn't make E) weren't making 6. Marcus the meeting several minutes before the others because he the last bus home. A) was leaving/has been catching B) left/had to catch C) has left/was catching D) is leaving/caught E) leaves/has caught 7. He he

the back of his trousers while down to do up his shoelaces.

A) splits/has been bending B) was splitting/has bent C) split/was bending D) is splitting/bends E) has split/bent 8. I think your daughter in the sun for far too long. Look how bright red her face ! A) was lying/has been B) lies/is being C) is lying/was D) has been lying/is E) has lain/was being 9. Although he is well over 60, our nextdoor neighbour for an hour every day even when it A) walks/is raining B) is walking/rains C) walked/has been raining D) has walked/rained E) was walking/has rained -

31

ELS-YDS 10. Whenever I hear this song playing on TV, I the holiday we in Paris years ago. A) am remembering/are spending B) remembered/have spent C) have remembered/were spending D) was remembering/spend E) remember/spent 11. I no doubt that she's the best person for the job as she with disabled children for over ten years now. A) am having/worked B) have/has been working C) had/is working D) was having/works E) have had/was working 12. My brother these photos with his expensive camera, but they any better than mine. A) takes/aren't looking B) has taken/weren't looking C) was taking/haven't looked D) took/don't look E) is taking/didn't look 13. When the only factory in the region down, its employees for work elsewhere. A) closed/had to look B) has closed/looked C) was closing/have looked D) is closing/were looking E) closes/have been looking 14. Even though Liz a lot more money than all of us, she a more modest life than most of us. A) was having/led . B) is having/has led C) has/leads D) has had/was leading E) had/is leading

32

15. She up and down in the office all day. Do you know what her? A) has been walking/is troubling B) walked/troubles C) is walking/troubled D) walks/has been troubling E) was walking/has troubled 16. It

more than two months since we for a new telephone line.

A) is being/apply B) is/are applying C) was/have applied D) has been/applied E) was/were applying 17. On the whole, the weather quite nice so far this summer, unlike last year, when it unbearably hot and humid at times. A) was being/has got B) was/was getting C) is/is getting D) is being/gets E) has been/got 18. Tim and Larry to each other since they that horrible quarrel at Lisa's party last month. A) don't speak/are having B) aren't speaking/have had C) didn't speak/have been having D) weren't speaking/were having E) haven't spoken/had 19. The child home for school at around 8.30 this morning and nobody from him since then. A) is leaving/is hearing B) has left/hears C) left/has heard D) was leaving/heard E) leaves/was hearing

ELS-YDS 20. On average, over one thousand people this museum daily, and each person at least a few hours to see its rare artifacts. A) were visiting/is spending B) visit/spends C) have visited/spent D) visited/has spent E) are visiting/was spending 21. Since ancient times, humans sponges for a variety of purposes. A) have been using B) are using C) were using D) use E) used 22. The last time I to Linda, she about whether to take the position in her father's company or not. A) speak/has been thinking B) spoke/was thinking C) was speaking/has thought D) have spoken/thought E) am speaking/is thinking 23. The tension in both countries considerably after the negotiations to an end abruptly. A) was rising/were coming B) rises/have come C) is rising/came D) has risen/are coming E) rose/came 24. Just a few decades ago, inflation a big problem in the country, but during the past ten years, there ... almost no change in prices. A) is/is being B) has been/is C) was/has been D) was being/was E) is being/has been

25. At last, the police the hooligans who the seats of the stadium last week. A) caught/have been damaging B) are catching/have damaged C) have caught/damaged D) were catching/damage E) catch/are damaging 26. Look how slim Miranda is! Apparently, she her physique to the walks she regularly every morning. A) has owed/took B) owed/was taking C) has owed/is taking D) owed/has been taking E) owes/takes 27. I'm sure she a mistake when she us the directions, and now we seem to be in the middle of nowhere. A) made/was giving B) was making/has given C) has made/gave D) makes/has been giving E) is making/is giving 28. Richard about his achievements all the time, and it to get on my nerves, really. A) is boasting/began B) boasts/is beginning C) boasted/begins D) has been boasting/was beginning E) was boasting/has begun 29. Recent reports clearly show that the cost of living considerably since last year. A) is falling B) has fallen C) fell D) falls E) was falling

33

ELS-YDS 30. And Mr. Simpson, what at exactly 4 p.m. last Tuesday, the time of the crime? A) were you doing B) have you been doing C) do you do D) have you done E) are you doing 31. Miriam happy in her new job at first, but she to enjoy it now. A) isn't being/has begun B) wasn't being/begins C) hasn't been/began D) isn't/was beginning E) wasn't/is beginning 32. When he consciousness after the accident, it him several minutes to realize where he was. A) regained/took B) has regained/takes C) is regaining/has taken D) was regaining/was taking E) regains/is taking 33. My grandmother such a large house that she several of her rooms at all for years. A) had/wasn't using B) has/hasn't used C) is having/doesn't use D) has had/wasn't using E) was having/didn't use 34. Do you know if Eren to Ankara next week by bus or by train? A) travelled B) travels C) has travelled D) was travelling E) is travelling

34

35. Look, the flowers we just yesterday already! Obviously, the florist has cheated us. A) bought/wilt B) have bought/wilted C) were buying/have wilted D) bought/are wilting E) have bought/were wilting 36. Nowadays, farmers a lot of artificial fertilizers to enhance the fertility of the soil, but more and more people to buy produce grown organically. A) use/have preferred B) have used/preferred C) are using/prefer D) used/were preferring E) were using/are preferring 37. We so many times recently that some pieces of our furniture to come apart because of the harsh handling of the removals men. A) are moving/have begun B) have moved/are beginning C) moved/were beginning D) have been moving/begin E) were moving/began 38. During the trip, the tour company.. most of the basic items, so we only a few things ourselves. A) supplied/had to buy B) was supplying/have bought C) has supplied/could buy D) is supplying/were buying E) supplies/buy 39. The voice of the man who this documentary very familiar to me, but I can't remember his name. A) narrated/is sounding B) narrates/sounded C) was narrating/has sounded D) is narrating/sounds E) has narrated/was sounding

ELS-YDS 40. This is the third time that you me that question in the last half an hour. Why don't you listen to my answer? A) were asking B) have been asking C)ask D) have asked E) asked 41. Oh my little! I can see that you hard all day. The house, which was in a terrible mess as I this morning, is now spotlessly clean. A) were working/was leaving B) worked/have left C) have been working/left D) work/am leaving E) are working/have been leaving 42. As I past the square, thousands of demonstrators there to protest about the recent changes in the Labour Law. A) drive/have been gathering B) have driven/are gathering C) was driving/have gathered D) have been driving/gather E) drove/were gathering 43. These days, the residents around here to use water sparingly because there a severe water shortage in the region recently. A) were trying/has been B) tried/was being C) have tried/was D) are trying/has been E) try/is 44. The car down without warning while I to the office hurriedly this morning. A) breaks/have driven B) broke/was driving C) has broken/am driving D) is breaking/have been driving E) was breaking/drove

45.1 a big party for my husband on his birthday next Sunday, but he anything about it yet. A) have been organizing/didn't know B) am organizing/doesn't know C) organized/didn't know D) have organized/didn't know E) was organizing/hasn't known 46. Sırma English for two years now, and she to spend next year in Britain as an au-pair to improve her English. A) B) C) D) E)

has been learning/is planning learnt/has been planning was learning/planned is learning/has planned has learnt/was planning

47. Though I in this apartment building for over two years, I many of the residents. A) am living/don't know B) lived/haven't known C) was living/didn't know D) have been living/don't know E) have lived/didn't know 48. My mother never fish in her life because she finds the smell of seafood disgusting. A) was/eating B) is/eating C) has/eaten D) did/eat E) does/eat 49. The lights just as we ready to have dinner. A) are going out/have got B) have gone out/got C) were going out/have got D) go out/have been getting E) went out/were getting

35

EIS-YDS 50. They the meeting this afternoon, so you just a few hours in which to finish this report. A) are holding/have B) hold/are having C) have been holding/had D) were holding/have had E) held/were having 51. While you yourself in Spain, I to finish this project here. A) enjoyed/have been struggling B) were enjoying/was struggling C) have enjoyed/struggled D) have been enjoying/struggle E) enjoy/have struggled 52. Do you mind if I slightly? The sun eyes.

the curtains directly in my

A) drew/was shining B) draw/is shining C) have drawn/shone D) am drawing/shines E) was drawing/has shone 53.1 can always tell when my son because he to speak with a stammer. A) lied/was beginning B) lies/has begun C) is lying/begins D) has lied/is beginning E) was lying/began 54. Will it be too late if I you my opinion tomorrow? I an opportunity to study your proposal in detail yet. A) give/haven't had B) am giving/didn't have C) gave/wasn't having D) have given/don't have E) was giving/am not having

36

55. It

to ma that the player who the first goal was in the offside position at the time.

A) seems/was scoring B) seemed/has been scoring C) has seemed/has scored D) seems/scored E) seemed/is scoring 56. My mother is so worried because she on six kilos since she up smoking. A) put/has given B) puts/is giving C) was putting/was giving D) has put/gave E) has been putting/gives 57. This tradition, which the people of the region for centuries, is now falling into disfavour. A) were following B) followed C) are following D) follow E) have been following 58. Eventually, the teacher asked Peter to leave the class, because he the students sitting close to him. A)has teased B) has been teasing C) was teasing D) is teasing E) teases 59. The minute the car into the barrier, oil to pour out of its tank. A) crashes/is beginning B) crashed/began C) is crashing/begins D) has crashed/was beginning E) was crashing/has begun

ELS-YDS 60. He quite a long way from the shore when he cramp in his leg. A) B) C) D) E)

has been swimming/develops has swum/is developing is swimming/has developed swam/was developing was swimming/developed

B) It turned out that very few people came to see the play. C) None of the people who came to see the play stayed till the end. D) By the time the play finished, there were only a few people left in the hall. E) Some individuals in the audience left before the play finished. 64. Being just on the point of closing the shop, the shop assistant was not happy with the arrival of a late customer.

61. Although my uncle took every possible precaution about his health, he failed to prevent his early death. A) My uncle was extremely careful to live a healthy lifestyle, yet he died at rather a young age. B) My uncle was not healthy at all although he took great care of himself until he died. C) My uncle was afraid of dying at a young age, so he looked after himself really well all his life. D) My uncle's early death was unavoidable because he was so careless about his health. E) It was his failures in life that caused my uncle to die at a very young age. 62.1 handed in the documents to the manager two days ago, but he still hasn't signed them. A) I hand in the documents to the manager in time, but he usually takes two days to put his signature on them. B) I have been waiting for two days for the manager to sign my papers. C) I had to wait for two days, but in the end, the manager signed my documents. D) The papers still lack the manager's signature although it's two days since I gave them to him. E) Two days ago, I took some documents to the manager, but he just didn't sign them. 63. Not all the audience stayed until the play was over. A) Some of the audience didn't like the play, though they watched it till the end.

A) The assistant closed the shop very late because a customer turned up at the last moment and he had to deal with her. B) The shop-assistant didn't like it when a customer arrived just as he was closing the shop. C) Although the shop-assistant wasn't pleased to have a customer as he was closing the, shop, he gave his service anyway. D) After he served the customer who came just at the last moment, the assistant closed the shop hurriedly. E) The shop-assistant was hurrying to close the shop, but just then, a customer arrived. 65. It was while he was working on a voluntary project in the Far East that he got married to a woman on the same project. A) He met his future wife in the Far East, where she was employed in a voluntary project. B) Just after they got married, they volunteered to do some work in the Far East. C) When they got married, he was working in the Far East on a voluntary project. D) He married a colleague from his team during his voluntary work in the Far East. E) They were colleagues before they got married, and now they work in the Far East on a voluntary project.

37

ELS-YDS

66-70; sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümleye anlamca en yakın ingilizce cümleyi bulunuz. 66. Bilim adamları, atmosferdeki karbondioksit miktarının 200 yıl önce olduğundan yaklaşık yüzde 31 daha yüksek olduğunu ve bu artışın neredeyse yarısının 1965'ten beri gerçekleştiğini ifade etmektedirler. A) 200 years ago, scientists are saying, there was 31 percent less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than there is now, and half of this increase has occurred since 1965. B) Scientists are claiming that about half of the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is now 31 percent higher than 200 years ago, has come about since 1965. C) Scientists say that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is about 31 percent higher than it was 200 years ago, and that almost half of that increase has occurred since 1965. D) Since 1965, according to scientists, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has risen by 31 percent, and 200 years ago, the increase was only half of that. E) According to scientists, 200 years ago the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was 31 percent lower than now, and approximately half of this change has come about since 1965. 67. Asırlar boyunca, Çin'in Huang He Nehri'nin taşması, büyük hasarlara yol açmıştır; şimdi ise nehrin kurumasından korkulmaktadır. A) Over the centuries, flooding on China's Yellow River has caused enormous damage, but now it's feared that the river is running dry. B) Flooding on China's Yellow River has led to tremendous damage over the centuries, but now the river is running worryingly dry.

38

C) It's feared that China's Yellow River is running dry, yet over the centuries the river has flooded many times, causing great damage. D) Major damage has come about in China over the centuries as a result of the Yellow River's flooding, but now many are fearing that the river is drying up. E) Although there has been extensive damage in China over the centuries owing to the flooding of the Yellow River, now the fear is that the river is running dry.

68. Uluslararası Göçmen Organizasyonu, 400.000'in üzerinde doğu Avrupalı göçmenin AB'de yasal olarak, bundan daha fazlasının da yasa dışı çalıştığını ileri sürmektedir. A) The International Organization for Migration has claimed that migrants from eastern Europe account for many of the 400,000 workers working both legally and illegally in the European Union. B) There are, according to the International Organization for Migration, at least 400,000 eastern European migrants working legally and illegally in the European Union. C) More than 400,000 eastern European migrants work legally in the European Union, but many more work illegally, according to the International Organization for Migration. D) The International Organization for Migration claims that over 400,000 migrants from eastern Europe are working legally in the EU, and many more are doing so illegally. E) Legal and illegal migrants from eastern Europe make up more than half of the 400,000 immigrants working in the European Union, says the International Organization for Migration.

EtS^fDİ 69. Bir Afrika atasözü, "Aslanların kendi tarihçileri olana dek, av hikayeleri hep avcıları yüceltecektir." der. A) As is stated in an old African proverb, "Stories of the hunt will glorify the hunter until lions obtain their own historians." B) An African proverb claims, "Tales of the hunt always praise the hunter because lions do not have their own historians." C) According to an African proverb, "Hunting stories will forever celebrate the hunter, so long as lions don't have their own historians." D) There is an African proverb that says, "Unless lions have their own historians, tales of the hunt will always glorify the hunter." E) An African proverb says, "Until lions have their own historians, tales of the hunt will always glorify the hunters." 70. Devrim sonrası Sovyetler Birliği'nin önemli bir yazarı olan Maksim Gorki'nin devrimci düşüncelerle ilk karşılaşması, Kazan'da çalıştığı sırada olmuştur. A) Maksim Gorki was working in Kazan when he first learnt about the ideas of the revolution, and later he became a major writer of the post-revolutionary Soviet Union. B) It was while he was working in Kazan that Maksim Gorki, a major writer of the post-revolutionary Soviet Union, first encountered revolutionary ideas. C) Revolutionary ideas first reached Maksim Gorki, an important postrevolutionary Soviet writer, while he was working in Kazan. D) A notable writer of the postrevolutionary Soviet Union, Maksim Gorki first encountered revolutionary ideas during his stay in Kazan. E) Maksim Gorki, an important Soviet writer after the revolution, was working in Kazan when he first became interested in revolutionary ideas.

71-75, sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümleye anlamca en yakın Türkçe cümleyi bulunuz. 71. Thanks to science, human understanding of the past, present and future is in a state of constant change. A) Bilim sayesinde, insanın geçmiş, şu an ve gelecek anlayışı sürekli bir değişim içindedir. B) Bilim, insanın geçmiş, şu an ve gelecek anlayışını sürekli olarak değiştirmektedir. C) insanın geçmiş, şu an ve geleceğe ilişkin anlayışının sürekli değişmesinin nedeni bilimdir. D) Bilimin sürekli ilerlemesi, insanın geçmiş, şu an ve gelecek anlayışını derinden etkilemektedir. E) Bilim sayesinde, insanın geçmiş, şu an ve gelecek anlayışında sürekli bir değişim gözlenmektedir. 72. The so-called "Shakespeare of Russia", Aleksandr Pushkin perfectly blended the influences of Europe with those of his native Russia. A) Aleksandr Pushkin'in "Rusya'nın Shakespeare'i" adıyla anılmasının nedeni, Avrupa'nın etkilerini, memleketi Rusya'nınkilerle mükemmel bir şekilde birleştirmiş olmasıdır. B) Aleksandr Pushkin, Avrupa'nın etkileriyle memleketi Rusya'nınkileri mükemmel bir biçimde birleştirdiği için, "Rusya'nın Shakespeare'i" diye anılmaktadır. C) "Rusya'nın Shakespeare'i" diye adlandırılan Aleksandr Pushkin, Avrupa'nın etkilerini, memleketi Rusya'nınkilerle mükemmel bir biçimde birleştirmiştir. D) "Rusya'nın Shakespeare'i" diye bilinen Aleksandr Pushkin, Avrupa'nın etkilerini, memleketi Rusya'nınkilerle birleştirerek mükemmeli yakalamıştır. E) Aleksandr Pushkin, Avrupa'nın etkilerini, memleketi Rusya'nınkilerle birleştirerek mükemmeli yakalayınca, "Rusya'nın Shakespeare'i" diye adlandırılmıştır.

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ELS-YDS 73. Research into the efficient use of modern factories falls into the domain of industrial engineering. A) Endüstri mühendisliğinin alanı, modern fabrikaların etkin kullanımı için araştırmalar yapmayı da kapsamaktadır. B) Endüstri mühendisliği, modern bir fabrikayı daha etkin kullanmak için araştırmalar yapmayı da gerektirir. C) Modern fabrikaların etkin kullanımı için yapılan araştırmaları endüstri mühendisleri yürütmektedir. D) Modern fabrikaların etkin kullanımı için araştırmalar yapmak, endüstri mühendisliğinin alanına girmektedir. E) Endüstri mühendislerinin yürüttüğü araştırmalar, modern bir fabrikanın etkin kullanımı üzerine yoğunlaşmaktadır. 74. Play is an educational process, because during play children obtain basic knowledge concerning real life. A) Oyun sırasında çocuklar aslında eğitilirler, çünkü gerçek yaşama ilişkin temel bilgiler edinirler. B) Oyun sırasında çocuklar, gerçek yaşama ilişkin temel bilgiler de edindikleri için oyun eğitimin bir parçasıdır. C) Oyun, eğitici bir süreçtir, çünkü çocuklar gerçek yaşama ilişkin temel bilgileri ancak oyun sırasında öğrenebilirler. D) Oyun, eğitici bir süreçtir, çünkü oyun sırasında çocuklar, gerçek yaşama ilişkin temel bilgiler edinir. E) Çocukların gerçek yaşama ilişkin temel bilgileri edinmeleri oyun sırasında olur; bu nedenle oyun eğitici bir süreçtir.

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75. Towards the end of the 18th century, as the power of Spain and Portugal waned, the Latin American colonies began to struggle for political freedom. A) 18. yüzyılın sonlarında, Latin Amerika sömürgelerinin siyasi bağımsızlık için mücadeleye başlamalarıyla birlikte, İspanya ve Portekiz'in gücü azalmıştır. B) İspanya ve Portekiz'in 18: yüzyılın sonlarında gücü azalınca, Latin Amerika'da sömürgeler siyasi bağımsızlık mücadelesi başlatmışlardır. C) Latin Amerika sömürgelerinin siyasi bağımsızlık için mücadeleye başlamalarının nedeni, 18. yüzyıl sonlarına doğru ispanya ve Portekiz'in gücünün azalmasıdır. D) 18. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru, Latin Amerika sömürgeleri siyasi bağımsızlık için mücadele etmeye başlayınca, ispanya ve Portekiz'in gücü azalmaya başlamıştır. .E) 18. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru, İspanya ve Portekiz'in gücü azaldıkça, Latin Amerika sömürgeleri siyasi bağımsızlık için mücadele etmeye başlamıştır.

TEST YOURSELF 2 cümlede boş bırakılan r yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da 1. l quite shy in high school, but since then I much more comfortable around people. A) am being/am becoming B) was being/became C) have been/become D) was/have become E) am/was becoming 2. While Michelle in the hammock in the garden, her husband the plants. A) was sleeping/was watering B) slept/has been watering C) has slept/is watering D) sleeps/has watered E) has been sleeping/watered 3. Almost all urban street gangs in the United States distinctively coloured clothing and special hand signals to show their gang connections. A) are wearing/used B) wore/have been using C) wear/use D) wore/have used E) were wearing/are using 4. The doctor this medicine only last Thurday, and already it to show some positive results. A) has prescribed/is beginning B) prescribed/has begun C) was prescribing/begins D) prescribes/begins E) was prescribing/began 5. Monica still smoking, although she to do so for almost five years.

J

A) wasn't quitting/tried B) isn't quitting/tries C) doesn't quit/was trying D) hasn't been quitting/is trying E) hasn't quit/has been trying 6. Buddhism on the Indian subcontinent in the 6th century BC, but the number of its followers steadily there ever since. A) was originating/decreased B) has originated/has decreased C) originates/is decreasing D) originated/has been decreasing E) is originating/decreases 7. David some wine on my new dress while we dinner at the restaurant last night. A) B) C) D) E)

was spilling/have spilt/were having was spilling/had has spilt/were having has been spilling/have had

8. As I my hometown in nearly 20 years, I'm sure that many things there in the meantime. A) don't visit/are changing B) didn't visit/changed C) haven't visited/have changed D) am not visiting/change E) wasn't visiting/have been changing 9. The environment with each day, but people's attitudes towards the environment worse. A) deteriorated/have got B) deteriorates/were getting C) has deteriorated/get D) has been deteriorating/got E) is deteriorating/are getting

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MlS-YDS, 10. Unfortunately, while I on the telephone, the mushrooms in the oven

A) have been chatting/burn B) was chatting/burnt C) have been chatting/were burning D) chatted/are burning E) have chatted/have burnt 11. The Cajun culture of Louisiana when the British government French Canadians from the colony of Acadia in the 18th century. A) began/expelled B) is beginning/expels C) has begun/was expelling D) was beginning/has expelled E) begins/expelled 12. At the time, the Acadians the French language, and many of the Louisiana Cajuns French for daily communication even today. A) were speaking/have used B) have spoken/use C) spoke/have been using D) have been speaking/are using E) spoke/use 13. Over the past few weeks, my brother a course in aikido, but he very hard at it. A) took/hasn't been working B) is taking/isn't working C) takes/doesn't work D) has oeen taking/doesn't work E) is taking/didn't work 14. Because of my job, I for a long time, but I forward to travelling again after retirement. A) didn't travel/look B) haven't been travelling/looked C) haven't travelled/am looking D) don't travel/am looking E) am not travelling/was looking

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15. They up their house for the past few days, but it still quite messy. A) B) C) D) E)

have been tidying/looks tidy/is looking have tidied/looks have been tidying/looked tidy/looked

16. Haiti the second country in the Western Hemisphere to gain independence, in 1804, and it independent ever since. A) was/has remained B) is/remains C) has been/is remaining D) was/remained E) is/has been remaining 17. Many people that Scotch whisky is the best, but personally I Irish whiskey is much better. A) are believing/think B) believe/am thinking C) believed/thought D) believe/think . E) have believed/was thinking 18. When the teacher at the students angrily, they all down. A) shouts/are quieting B) shouted/quieted C) was shouting/were quieting D) has shouted/quieted E) is shouting/have quieted 19. So far this spring, there rain, but last spring it every day. A) isn't/was raining B) wasn't/rained C) isn't/has been raining D) hasn't been/rained E) wasn't/has rained

much almost

20. The great American novelist Thomas Pynchon a picture of himself since the 1950s, so today very few of his fans or critics him by sight. A) hasn't released/have known B) isn't releasing/know C) doesn't release/knew D) hasn't released/know E) didn't release/knew 21. At about this time yesterday I my driving test; today's so much better, because now I at home in front of the TV. A) took/relax B) have taken/have been relaxing C) was taking/am relaxing D) have been taking/have relaxed E) take/relaxed 22. It's more than an hour that I here, and she still I wonder if there's a problem of some kind. A) am waiting/isn't arriving B) have waited/didn't arrive C) have been waiting/hasn't arrived D) waited/wasn't arriving E) wait/doesn't arrive 23. The train Chicago at six in the morning and in Wichita about twelve hours later. A) leaves/arrives B) left/has arrived C) leaves/is arriving D) is leaving/arrives E) has left/arrived 24. On November 3, 1957, the Soviet Union Laika, a female dog, into space in an artificial satellite; she for • nearly a week, until the depletion of her air supply. A) has launched/was surviving B) launched/survived C) launches/is surviving D) has been launching/has survived E) was launching/has been surviving

25. While Laika the Earth in the spacecraft, Soviet scientists on the ground ......... her breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure to determine the possible effects of space travel on humans. A) has orbited/monitored B) orbited/have monitored C) was orbiting/were monitoring D) orbits/are monitoring E) has been orbiting/monitor 26. Since Laika's death, scientists many other animals into space because studying the animals while in orbit them to carry out many useful experiments. A) send/was allowing B) have sent/allows C) are sending/is allowing D) have been sending/allowed E) sent/has been allowing 27. Although the teacher late to class sometimes, none of the students to report her tardiness to the school's principal. A) is arriving/plans B) has arrived/planned C) arrived/has planned D) has arrived/was planning E) arrives/is planning 28. As a teenager, my brother always the same tune when he shower.

a

A) was whistling/has taken B) whistles/takes C) whistled/has been taking D) have whistled/was taking E) whistled/was taking

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ELS-YDS 29. I James Joyce's difficult novel Finnegans Wake for several months, but I only a few chapters so far. A) B) C) D) E)

have read/am finishing read/finish am reading/was finishing have been reading/have finished read/finished

30. Even though he newspapers very often, he the evening news on television almost every day for the past ten years. A) B) C) D) E)

hasn't read/watched doesn't read/has been watching wasn't reading/was watching didn't read/watched isn't reading/watches

31. With the inflation level so high, most people a difficult time making ends meet these days, and even the rich about their financial status. A) have/have worried B) have had/worried C) are having/are worrying D) had/were worrying E) were having/worry 32. Last weekend we a picnic on Büyükada. We enjoyed ourselves so much there that next weekend, we there again. A) had/are going B) were having/go C) had/go D) have had/are going E) were having/have gone 33. While Brandon into the house late last night, his parents very soundly in bed. A) sneaked/have been sleeping B) was sneaking/have slept C) sneaked/have slept D) has sneaked/slept E) was sneaking/were sleeping

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34.

I this movie three or four times, but until now I the director's name. A) have seen/didn't know B) saw/haven't known C) see/don't know D) have seen/don't know E) saw/didn't know

35. Few people the name Heinrich Schliemann today, but in his time he worldwide fame for discovering the ruins of the ancient city of Troy. A) B) C) D) E)

were remembering/gained have remembered/was gaining remember/gained remembered/gained remember/has gained

36. Steve in Istanbul since the year 2001, when he here from Hull, an industrial city in northeastern England. A) has been living/was moving B) has lived/moved C) is living/moved D) lived/was moving E) has lived/moves 37. The French poet Arthur Rimbaud to write poetry in his early teens and at the age of nineteen. A) B) C) D) E)

was beginning/stopped began/stopped began/was stopping has begun/stops was beginning/has stopped

38. Anne increasingly dissatisfied with her life, and I seriously believe that she to do something to change it. A) has been growing/needed B) grew/has needed C) is growing/needed D) has grown/has needed E) is growing/needs

ELS-YDS 39. You very silly, Henry. I few people of your age behaving like that. A) are being/have seen B) were/am seeing C) have been/was seeing D) were being/have been seeing E) have been being/see 40. Modern advertising and fashion too often the ideal woman as extremely slim, but this image a dangerous contribution to the growing number of anorexic and bulimic girls in recent years. A) present/made B) presented/was making C) are presenting/is making D) present/has made E) have presented/makes 41. The first case of BSE, or "Mad Cow Disease", in Great Britain about twenty years ago, and since then several more outbreaks in many different countries. A) occurred/were ensuing B) was occurring/ensued C) has occurred/are ensuing D) occurred/have ensued E) occurs/ensue 42. Just as the bus away from the curb, another passenger in through the still open door. A) is pulling/has been leaping B) pulled/has leapt C) was pulling/leapt D) pulls/was leaping E) has pulled/leaps 43. I for Mum outside the bank while she some money for the shopping. A) waited/withdrew B) have waited/has withdrawn C) am waiting/withdrew D) was waiting/has withdrawn E) wait/has been withdrawing

44. You

very ill. I don't think you after your health properly.

A) are looking/looked B) have looked/have looked C) looked/have been looking D) look/are looking E) were looking/look 45. The 19th-century Victorian custom of wearing an extremely tight girdle in order to appear slimmer serious internal damage to thousands of women. Thankfully, that custom since then. A) has been causing/disappears B) was causing/is disappearing C) has caused/was disappearing D) causes/disappeared E) caused/has disappeared 46. It's been almost eight years since he the guitar in front of an audience, so it's quite normal that he .... nervous about his performance tomorrow. A) has played/felt B) was playing/feels C) is playing/was feeling D) played/is feeling E) has played/has felt 47. The car in front of us very suddenly because an old woman slowly across the road. A) has stopped/walks B) stopped/was walking C) is stopping/has walked D) was stopping/was walking E) stopped/walked 48. We to visit my wife's parents next Saturday, and after that, we to a puppet play. A) are planning/are going B) planned/went C) were planning/are going D) plan/go E) are planning/go

45

49. For the past few days, I to decide whether or not to drop out of university, but I still what to do. A) was trying/didn't know B) have tried/didn't know C) have been trying/don't know D) tried/haven't known E) try/haven't known 50. A clumsy and flightless bird that at one time a group of islands in the Indian Ocean, the dodo extinct in 1681 as a result of excessive hunting by Portuguese sailors. A) inhabits/is becoming B) has been inhabiting/became C) has inhabited/becomes D) was inhabiting/has become E) inhabited/became 51. My sister in a small apartment at the moment, but she to find a house with a garden sometime soon. A) is living/hopes B) lives/has hoped C) has lived/hoped D) lives/was hoping E) has been living/hoped 52. Although many people ......... international terrorism to be a recent phenomenon, in fact, it for nearly a thousand years. A) believed/is existing B) are believing/exists C) believe/has existed D) have believed/is existing E) believed/was existing 53. In the 11th century, the Isma'ili Shi'ite Hasan-i Sabbah and his group of hashshashin the entire Middle East, and the modern English word "assassin" from them. A) terrorized/comes B) were terrorizing/is coming C) have terrorized/comes D) terrorized/has been coming E) have terrorized/came

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54. Ben and Claire as soon as they apartment.

to pay us a visit in their new

A) promise/settled B) have promised/have settled C) promised/are settling D) have been promising/were settling E) were promising/settle 55. I Christmas thank-you cards all day long, and I only twenty out of sixty! A) am writing/finished B) have been writing/have finished C) was writing/was finishing D) wrote/am finishing E) have written/finish 56.1 about the arrangements already, so you to tell me about them, but thank you for telling me anyway. A) B) C) D) E)

knew/didn't need have known/don't need know/didn't need know/don't need have known/didn't need

57. Yesterday afternoon from three to five I a film on VCD, and my wife on the sofa. A) watched/sleeps B) watch/is sleeping C) am watching/slept D) was watching/was sleeping E) have watched/has slept 58. Because of the icy road, we very narrowly an accident as we around the curve. A) are avoiding/drive B) were avoiding/have driven C) have avoided/drove D) have been avoiding/are driving E) avoided/were driving

ELS-YDS 59. None of my close friends married until now, but my best friend Rey his high school sweetheart Lorena next week. A) got/marries B) gets/has married C) has got/is marrying D) was getting/marries E) gets/is marrying 60. For centuries Istanbul as the official capital of the Ottoman Empire, but since the founding of the Turkish Republic in 1923, it a cultural and industrial capital only. A) was serving/is B) has served/was C) served/has been D) was serving/is E) served/is being 61-65 sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın olan cümleyi

61. An urgent call on my mobile made me leave the stadium before the match finished. A) Just as the match was about to finish, I received an urgent call on my mobile. B) I received an urgent call on my mobile while I was coming out of the stadium. C) I didn't want to leave the stadium before the match finished, despite the urgent call on my mobile. D) I was at the stadium watching a match when I received an urgent call on my mobile. E) Due to an urgent call, I had to leave the stadium when the match was still going on. 62. My son hardly studied for his exams, so we were already expecting these poor results.

A) We were not expecting our son to do so badly in his exams because he studied for them quite a lot. B) Because my son studied very little for his exams, it wasn't surprising for us that he got bad results. C) We knew that our son studied very little for his exams, but we were still disappointed with his results. D) My son found his exams quite hard, so, not surprisingly, he got very poor results. E) My son's exams were so hard that, as we were expecting, he did very badly in them. 63. As far as I know, they're still working on a solution to their financial problems. A) As far as I'm concerned, they are about to find a solution to their monetary problems. B) I know that they have no idea about how they can get over their financial problems. C) From what I know, they haven't yet found a way to solve their monetary difficulties. D) It seems to me that they are still far from finding a solution to their financial difficulties. E) I know that they are all working hard to get over the financial difficulty they are in. 64. This is my sister's first year in the profession of public relations. A) This year, my sister has developed an interest in the field of public relations. B) This year, my sister is training to become a professional in public relations. C) Since last year, my sister has been training to work in public relations. D) My sister has started to work in the area of public relations just this year. E) My sister is planning to stay in the profession of public relations just one year.

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65. The fire fighters didn't arrive at the blazing house in time to save it from burning down. A) The fire consumed the house completely, because the fire fighters were not quick enough in arriving there. B) When the fire fighters arrived at the blazing house, the fire was burning fiercely. C) It took the fire fighters quite a long time to get to the blazing house. D) The fire fighters didn't think that it was such a big fire, so they were slow arriving there. E) When the fire fighters arrived, the flames were so big that it took them a long time to put the fire out.

66-70, sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümleye anlamca,en yakın ingilizce cümleyi bulunuz. 66. 19. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru İngiltere'de, birçok sanatçı ve yazar, Victoria döneminin katı ahlak kurallarını ciddi biçimde sorgulamaya başladı. A) Many artists and writers were starting to seriously challenge late 19thcentury Victorian England's severe moral code. B) A lot of English artists and writers, at the end of the 19th century, began seriously contesting the stern ethics of the Victorians. C) In England, near the end of the 19th century, many artists and writers were beginning to have doubts about the usefulness of the strict Victorian moral code. D) The stern morality of 19th-century Victorian England came under serious questioning by many of the artists and writers of the time. E) Towards the end of the 19th century in England, many artists and writers began to seriously question the strict Victorian moral code.

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67. Hayatta kalma mücadelesinde her böcek türü, karmaşık davranış sistemleri ve alışkanlıklar geliştirmiştir. A) In the fight for survival, every species of insect needs to develop complex behaviour mechanisms and habits. B) Complex behaviour patterns and habits, which help them in their struggle for survival, have developed in all species of insect. C) Each species of insect, in its struggle for survival, has developed complex behaviour mechanisms and habits. D) Many types of insect won their struggle for survival due to their complex behaviour mechanisms and habits. E) Many varieties of insect developed complex behaviour mechanisms and habits during their struggle for survival. 68. Batı rüzgarları, her mevsimde ABD'nin büyük bir bölümünün iklimini ve hava koşullarını etkiler. A) Every season has westerly winds which affect the climate and weather patterns of much of the USA. B) The USA's climate and weather is under the influence of westerly winds in all seasons. C) In all seasons, most of the climate and weather of the USA is under the influence of westerly winds. D) In every season, westerly winds affect the climate and weather patterns of much of the USA. E) The westerly winds of every season have a great effect on the climate and weather of many parts of the USA. 69. Henüz sadece on üç yaşındayken şiirlerinden biri zamanın tanınmış edebiyat dergilerinden birinde çıktı. A) When she was only thirteen, one of her poems appeared in a well-known literary magazine of the time. B) She became well-known at the age of thirteen when a literary magazine printed one of her poems. C) It was when she was only thirteen that a well-known magazine of the time first printed one of her poems. D) A celebrated literary magazine of the time published an early poem of hers when she was thirteen years old. E) At the age of thirteen, she managed to get one of her poems published in a literary magazine.

JEİS-YDt, 72. In prehistoric times, various wandering 70. Taşındığı kasabada kendisiyle ilgili tribes settled in the Caucasus and thus hiçbir şey açıklamadığı için, ölene dek maintained their independence for a yaşlı adam kasaba halkı için tam bir long time. muamma olarak kaldı. A) Tarih öncesi dönemlerde çeşitli göçebe A) The old man revealed absolutely kabilelerin bağımsızlıklarını uzun süre nothing about himself to the people of koruyabilmeleri, Kafkaslar'a yerleştikleri için mümkün olmuştur. the town after moving there, so he B) Tarih öncesi dönemlerde çeşitli göçebe remained a total mystery to them. kabileler Kafkaslar'a yerleşerek B) Since he did not reveal anything about bağımsızlıklarını korumaya çalıştılar. himself in the town where he moved, C) Tarih öncesi dönemlerde Kafkaslar'a the old man remained a complete yerleşen birçok göçebe kabile, bu mystery to the townspeople until his sayede uzun süre bağımsız kalabildi. death. D) Çeşitli göçebe kabileler, tarih öncesi dönemlerde Kafkaslar'a yerleşmişler, C) The townspeople considered the old böylece uzun süre bağımsızlıklarını man an absolute mystery because as korumuşlardır long as he lived there, he did not give E) Göçebe kabilelerin birçoğu tarih öncesi them any information about himself. dönemlerde Kafkaslar'a yerleştikleri D) The old man died a mystery, because için bağımsızlıklarını uzun süre he did not reveal anything about koruyabilmişlerdir. himself to the townspeople after he 73. In his novels, Giovanni Verga depicted moved there. the misery of life in his native Sicily so E) As he did not reveal anything about movingly and powerfully that realism himself in the town where he moved, became the dominant mode among the townspeople considered the old modern Italian writers. man a complete mystery until his death. A) Giovanni Verga romanlarında, memleketi Sicilya'daki yoksul yaşamı son derece etkileyici ve güçlü bir biçimde anlatınca çağdaş İtalyan 71-75 sorularda» verilen İngilizce yazarları üslup olarak realizmi cümleye anlamca en yakın Türkçe seçmiştir. v cümleyi bulunuz. B) Giovanni Verga, memleketi Sicilya'daki yaşamın acılarını romanlarına o kadar 71. The Red Sea, which has a maximum etkili biçimde yansıtmıştır ki, realizm, width of 306 kilometres, narrows to 32 çağdaş italyan yazarlarının başlıca üslubu olmuştur. kilometres at its southern end. C) Romanlarında, memleketi Sicilya'daki / yaşamın acılarını son derece etkileyici A) Güney ucunda 32 kilometreye kadar ve güçlü bir biçimde anlatan Giovanni daralan Kızıldeniz'in, maksimum Verga, çağdaş italyan yazarları genişliği 306 kilometredir. arasında realizmin hakim üslup B) Maksimum genişliği 306 kilometre olan olmasında etkili oldu. Kızıldeniz, güney ucunda 32 D) Çağdaş İtalyan yazarları arasında realizmin yaygın üslup olmasında, kilometreye kadar daralır. Giovanni Verga'nın, memleketi C) Kızıldeniz'in kimi yerlerde 306 Sicilya'da yaşamın acılarını oldukça kilometreye varan genişliği, güney etkileyici ve güçlü biçimde romanlarına ucunda 32 kilometreye kadar düşer. yansıtması etkili olmuştur. D) En geniş olduğu noktada 306 E) Giovanni Verga romanlarında, kilometreye varan Kızıldeniz'in güney memleketi Sicilya'da yaşamın acılarını ucunda genişlik 32 kilometredir. o kadar etkileyici ve güçlü bir biçimde anlattı ki, realizm, çağdaş İtalyan E) 306 kilometre maksimum genişliğe yazarları arasında hakim olan üslup sahip olan Kızıldeniz, güneye inildikçe oldu. 32 kilometreye kadar daralır. 49

EtS-YDS! 74. There is no longer any doubt that our planet is gradually warming due to unnatural changes in the composition of its atmosphere. A) Gezegenimizin giderek ısınmasında, atmosferinin bileşimindeki doğal olmayan değişikliklerin etkili olduğu hiç kuşkusuz doğrudur. B) Atmosferin bileşimindeki doğal olmayan değişikliklerin nedeni artık hiç kuşku yoktur ki, gezegenimizin giderek ısınmasıdır. C) Atmosferinin bileşimindeki doğal olmayan değişikliklerden dolayı gezegenimizin giderek ısındığı konusunda artık hiç kuşku yoktur. D) Atmosferinin bileşimindeki doğal olmayan değişimlerin etkisiyle gezegenimizin ısındığı konusundaki kuşkular giderek yok olmuştur. E) Gezegenimiz, atmosferinin bileşimindeki değişiklikler nedeniyle, hiç kuşkusuz giderek daha fazla ısınmaktadır.

75. Nearly 800 people died worldwide in the first SARS outbreak, which emerged in China in late 2002. A) 2002'nin sonlarında Çin'de ortaya çıkan birinci SARS salgını, dünyada yaklaşık 800 kişinin ölümüne neden oldu. B) Yaklaşık 800 kişinin ölümüne neden olan birinci SARS salgını, 2002'nin sonlarında Çin'de ortaya çıkmış, oradan tüm dünyaya yayılmıştır. C) 2002'nin sonlarında Çin'de ortaya çıkan birinci SARS salgınında, tüm dünyada yaklaşık 800 kişi öldü. D) Çin'de ortaya çıkan birinci SARS salgını sonucu 2002 sonlarında dünyada yaklaşık 800 kişi öldü. E) 2002'nin sonlarında Çin'de ortaya çıkıp tüm dünyaya yayılan birinci SARS salgını yaklaşık 800 kişinin ölümüyle sonuçlandı.

ITS HIS TURN On a visit to New York City, I peered out our hotel window and watched a horse-drawn carriage plod through the frantic motorized traffic. Flanked on both sides by taxis, the horse halted at a red light. Construction barricades on the opposite corner blocked the right lane. A cab, whose way was obstructed, edged toward the horse's lane. As the carriage driver sat apparently unaware, the horse, acknowledging the challenge to his right of way, matched the taxi with a pace forward. Again, the cab angled for a head start at the light, and again the horse stepped up exactly even with the taxi's front bumper. Then, without regard to the horse's safety, the cab shot forward enough to block the contested lane. I was about to turn away from the window when I noticed that the horse wasn't giving up the fight. The animal lowered its massive head and thrust it into the taxi's open window. I'll always wonder what the horse said to the taxi driver, but I know for sure that when the light changed, the horse and carriage stepped out smartly, leaving the motionless cab in its wake. (From Reader's Digest)

50

TEST YOUR PREPOSITIONS 1. It is important to concentrate the questions during the exam if you want to score high marks and get a good university. A) with/on B) at/at C) around/to D) on/into E) for/round

2. Physicians often prescribe supervised weight training a means of regaining strength and coordination an illness or injury. A) as/after B) with/upon C) around/to D) for/of E) by/since

3. The businessman was very impressed the young artist's work and commissioned a painting his office. A) at/to B) with/for C) for/around D) upon/at E) over/in 4. I'm very interested drawing, but unfortunately, I'm no good it. A) to/for C) with/over E) in/at

B) at/with D) about/on

5. Factories which produce a lot of toxic fumes are contributing the destruction the environment.

v, İ

A) for/around B) by/against C) to/of D) into/upon E) from/in

6. I know where the post office is. Can you give me the directions to your house the post office? A) by at) means B) in short of C) for instance D) in relation to E) according to

J

7. David sat across Ashley rather than next to her so that he could gaze her eyes. A) to/around B) with/at C) from/into D) by/to E) for/from 8. You shouldn't worry things that are beyond your control; it is a waste time.

A) with/against B) on/over C) in/from D) from/within E) about/of

9. Don't forget to thank your grandmother the gift; she brought it all the way Germany for you. A) about/in C) from/into

B) for/from D) to/around E) with/over

10. The philosopher wrote twenty books dealing such topics politics, human nature, ethics and love. A) with/as B) to/around C) over/about D) for/like E) upon/with 11. The teacher asked us to the test questions our answers so that the next class wouldn't see them. A) turn over/to B) take up/outside C) hand in/with D) hand over/from E) put through/on 12. You shouldn't be angry her being promoted you; perhaps you will get the next promotion. A) during/with B) from/beside C) through/within D) by/for E) about/before

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ELS-YDS 13.1 have been working so hard lately that I am really a relaxing holiday by the sea.

19. There is a great need adequate medical facilities in Third World countries, and this need is hard to meet assistance from developed countries.

A) looking forward to B) looking down on C) getting on with D) making up for E) putting up with 14. Mrs. Robinson, my high school anatomy teacher, had a great influence my decision to study medicine; it is thanks her that I am a doctor today. A) about/for C) over/with

B) on/to D) to/from E) with/in

15

taking the class through the process step step, Mr. Jones was able to effectively demonstrate the procedure for dissecting the frog. A) Beyond/over C) Upon/from E) By/by

B) For/with D) In/in

16. When you hang the paintings the wall, please make sure that they are aligned the other frames already there. A) from/around B) to/behind C) out/for D) against/towards E) on/with 17. If you drink and drive, you put everyone's safety risk, so you should have someone to drive for you such occasions. A) for/in B) at/on C) through/for D) to/under E) with/upon 18. Yogurt is supposed to be effective reducing the pain caused ... burns.

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A) in/by B) about/from C) around/for D) for/in E) upon/with

A) of/over B) with/within C) from/through D) in/for E) for/without 20. There are many superstitious signs that one can use to the evil eye, if you believe such things. A) come up/about B) let out/with C) ward off/in D) make up/to, E) look out/over 21. Many charitable organizations provided emergency supplies the victims the earthquake. A) to/outside B) for/of C) with/within D) by/inside E) about/around 22. Many people do not realize that the popular movie "Ten Things I Hate You" was adapted Shakespeare's play The Taming of the Shrew. A) Over/for B) For/through C) Beside/during D) About/from E) Towards/on 23. The staff wanted the retirement party for Mr. Wilson to be a surprise, so they told everyone the details word mouth rather than using written invitations. A) through/with C) with/on E) by/of

B) about/for D) as/in

ELS-YDS 24. I happened to find that picture you were looking when I was cleaning the garage yesterday. A) for/out C) to/up

B) upon/in D) over/above E) after/off

25. I will be a business trip to China for two weeks; please e-mail me if you need to get in touch with me that time. B) around/in A) on/during D) among/as C) through/for E) over/at 26. There is a rumour circulation that the director had a big argument the manager at the last meeting.

I

A) on/about C) in/with

B) around/to D) within/towards E) towards/for

27. Traditionally Indian agriculture was mainly for subsistence, but from the 19th century , there has been a great increase commercial farming. A) since/with B) onwards/in C) beyond/for D) by/as E) down/from 28. In reference your letter complaint, we apologize for any inconvenience that you may have suffered. B) to/of A) against/by D) with/for C) towards/about E) for/with 29. Whether you'll go to the concert or not will depend your behaviour the next week; you will not be allowed to go if you misbehave. A) upon/during C) over/for E) to/in

B) with/around D) through/over

30. The old man drove the burglars ... his home firing his gun at them. A) towards/upon B) into/with C) in/about D) out of/in E) from/by 31. Even though the actor suffers a paralyzing disability, he has not his career; he continues to work and he even won an award recently. A) about/taken on B) from/given up C) in/got off D) with/picked out E) upon/settled down 32. Even though we discussed the problem during the department meeting, no one was able to come up a solution. A) at times/under B) on average/over C) by all means/for D) for short/to E) at length/with 33. Her famous chocolate chip cookies consist mainly flour, eggs, sugar, vanilla, butter and chocolate chips, but she won't reveal anyone what it is that makes them so special.

A) from/through C) about/at E) in/for

B) with/into D) of/to

34. Your promotion definitely calls a celebration; let's go to a nice restaurant tonight and have a bottle of champagne. B) for/out D) up/down

A) with/in C) to/round E) about/by

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35. Randy fell disfavour his teacher after she caught him cheating during the exam. B) out/around D) off/from

A) into/with C) upon/for E) down/to

36. She cares him so much that she is willing to make many sacrifices in order to be him. A) towards/for B) in/after C) about/with D) from/around E) for/away

B) from/up D) for/around E) with/into

38. It will cost you five thousand dollars to get the procedure done; I don't think it is worth that much money, but it is to you to make the decision. A) for a change/on B) by all means/about C) on average/with D) at times/for E) at least/up 39

being a little messy, she will be a good flatmate for you. B) At length A) Far away D) Apart from C) Beside E) For short

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A) with/through B) to/off C) on/away D) in/on E) down/over 41. The person to fill this position should possess certain characteristics; he or she, , must be able to work well under pressure. A) for instance B) at random C) at once D) on occasion E) on average

37. Since Istanbul is so different the place where I grew for a while, I had difficulty adapting to the life here. A) on/out C) to/off

40. The journalists asked the chairman if he wanted to comment the scandal, but he declined and walked

42. Someone working a financial organization, such as a bank, may easily gain access the company's computers and transfer funds to his own or a friend's account. A) beside/out B) within/to C) over/by D) at/for E) among/with 43. Although they are twins, the difference Katie and Jasmine is great; Katie is intelligent and sophisticated while Jasmine is simple-minded and uncultured. A) among C) within

B) around D) towards E) between

44. Be careful when you speak him; if you put too much pressure him, he will make the wrong decision. A) to/on B) on/to C) about/with D) as/into E) for/from

45. The painting was valued a family treasure even though it wasn't worth much the art market. A) by/with B) on/through C) as/on D) about/around E) for/besides

A) about/with B) as/inside C) of/through D) on/from E) at/upon

46. Because they feed agricultural crops such as fruits, corn, and other grains, crows are a nuisance farmers. A) over/with C) down/for

B) on/to D) out/among E) from/beside

47. The hunter accidentally shot his dog when he was shooting the ducks; a stray bullet his rifle killed the poor thing instantly. B) in/out D) at/from

A) out/in C) off/on

48. In many instances home burglary, the thieves enter the house an unlocked window or door.

E) down/for

49. When a teenager chooses a life crime and drug use, poor parenting is often the root of their problems. A) within/beneath B) of/at C) into/among D) down/from E) between/for 50. The crime rate in this city has increased ten percent last year thirty percent this year due to the influx of the gang element. A) from/to B) by/upon C) within/beyond D) over/under E) with/about

A BIRTHDAY SURPRISE My brother, Brian, works for our local telephone company. One day he went to a house to install a second line. It was to be a birthday surprise for the customer's college-age daughter - her own bedroom phone. Just as Brian was finishing, the father rushed into the bedroom. "She's home!" he exclaimed. "Hide in the closet." The daughter, meanwhile, had been told to look in her room for her birthday present. Without noticing the new phone on the night table, she went to the closet and opened the door. At the sight of my handsome young brother smiling at her, she let out a squeal of delight. Her father quickly pointed out the phone. (from Reader's Digest")

55

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TEST YOUR VOCABULARY 1. Although I have paid most of my debt

in the last two months, I still $150 to my colleague Steven A) give C) lend

B) borrow D) spend

E) owe

2. Before each new game of cards, you

must

the pack to mix them up.

A) melt C) shuffle

B) break D) stir E) count

3

Today people find it that the pyramids could have been built without modern technology. A) impressed B) incredible C) ridiculous D) wasteful E) horrible

6. Although the president won the election, the voting was so full of that the opposition didn't accept the result. A) irregularities B) bribery C) concentration D) probabilities E) policies

7. The world's longest epic is the Hindu "Mahabharata", which of nearly 100,000 couplets. A) consists C) composes E) stems

B) writes D) reads

8. After the war in Vietnam, many Vietnamese refugees the new government fled to Hong Kong in small boats. A) devoting B) famishing C) supporting D) escaping E) oppressing

4. Without asking my permission,

Stephanie the calculator from my table hastily and went back to her desk. A) ruled C) obtained

B) requested D) grabbed

9. When a problem occurs in a marriage, it is important for the couple to it between them in a calm and loving manner. A) argue C) discuss

E) threw

B) accept D) obscure E) converse

5. My daughter is interested in medicine

and loves animals. I think being a vet would

her

very

A) adapt C) adore

B) suit D) connect E) plead

56

well

10. George Chris for having a more important position in the firm than him. A) disputes C) criticizes

B) charges D) amazes E) envies

EIS-YDS 11. The number of dead caused by the train crash was so that the government announced a two-day mourning period. A) stimulating B) appalling D) violent C) fatal E) sentimental

12. Jill fell off her bicycle as she was riding downhill and her leg. A) scalded B) fractured C) screamed D) surpassed E) hospitalized

13. The two regional companies decided to in order to stand a better chance against the fierce competition from the new multinational. A) merge C) manufacture E) rival

B) accelerate D) join

16. The firework display for the celebration of the Republic Day was the most I've seen in my life. I couldn't take my eyes off it! A) appalling C) crowded

B) ordinary D) spectacular E) frustrating

17. Richard is such a sociable person that he does not have any problems in whichever country he lives and so feels at home wherever he goes. A) currency B) adjustment C) presence D) wealth E) vacation

18. I think, if governments were really serious about stopping smoking, they would all cigarette advertising.

A) ban C) inform

B) promote D) interfere E) decline

14. She had so many made to the house that when the work was finished, the house looked completely different from what she had bought. A) additives B) expenses C) qualifications D) alterations E) encounters

15. Due to the weather conditions, the airplane was grounded for a whole day, so I missed the opening session of the conference in New York. A) predictable B) cramped C) favourable D) influential E) adverse

19. Mary was at the young age of four, when her parents died in a car crash, and she was taken into a children's home. A) discarded B) adjusted C) adopted D) raised E) orphaned

20. As soon as the kennel door opened, the dog out into the street so fast that we couldn't catch him. A) meandered C) crashed E) bolted

B) crawled D) strolled

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21. I all prejudiced people. It makes me so angry that these people still discriminate against others because of their race or gender. B) ignore D) neglect

A) adore C) loathe

26. It is very when you only have one item but you still have to wait at the back of a long queue in the supermarket. A) nervous C) furious E) critical

E) provoke

22. I didn't see whether the guy was in the bar or not, since I only managed to around the room before I was thrown out. A) glance C) investigate E) notice

B) observe D) hasten

23. Economists have that inflation will only rise by four percent this year. A) experimented B) resolved C) overtaken D) forecasted E) undermined

24. There was a/an from the local residents when the government started to build a prison in their neighbourhood, but it was not enough to stop the government. A) support C) revolution E) outcry

B) nerve D) walkout

25. Sophie always feeds the dogs that live amongst the trash on her street, but she is afraid to touch them as they look a little wild. A) tame C)pet

B) stray D)caged E) savage

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B) emotional D) frustrating

27. We walked up along the stream trying to reach its but after walking for more than an hour, we gave up and came back to the picnic area. A) valley C) source

B) peak D) plain E) entrance

28. The restaurant at the top of the Stratosphere in Las Vegas is very high class. It as you eat your meal, and so you can see a panoramic view of the city. A) descends B) leans C) vibrates D) whirls E) revolves

29. If we want to protect the environment, we must raise the of the general public as to how much damage we are doing to it at present. B) intelligence A) awareness C) literacy D) indifference E) ignorance

30. I wish I hadn't the job of finding Murat a bride. He immediately rejects each of the girls I suggest to him. A) employed B) assisted C) undertaken D) applied E) declined

31. The secretary came in and the meeting to give the manager some important news.

37. The protesters eggs at the Prime Minister for taking their country to war.

A) announced B) dissolved C) postponed D) commenced E) interrupted

32. The first pioneers in America used to down trees and make log cabins from them. A) slice C) force

B)chop D) break

A) offered C) rolled

B) flung D)sacked E) struck

38

the crossed-out parts of the report and retype only the parts that are marked with pencil. A) Evaluate C) Suspend

E) split

B) Absorb D) Disregard E) Regret

33. The Titanic sank soon after it with an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean. A) collided B) bruised D) captured C)ascended E) crushed

39. I didn't when my flatmate had his friends over to visit, but they made me angry when they started to spill things on the carpet. B) reveal D) accept

A) mind C) annoy E) tolerate

34. The idea of making ships from iron surprised people at first, as normally metal doesn't A) drift C) leak

B) sink D) slip E) float

A) enlargement B) discovery C) interpretation D) innovation E) amendment

35. After my kitten had been playing with the wool I it back up into a ball again so I could use it myself later on. A) knotted C) wound

B) wrapped D) knitted E) laced

36. Today, thanks to advances in plastic surgery, people with physical defects are able to have them corrected and thus their appearance. A) attract C)enhance

B) obstruct D) hinder E)deepen

40. The law already allowed free speech but a/an was made by the parliament to forbid incitement to violence.

41. He denied the charges of theft against him so that we all believed him. A) vigorously B) deceitfully C) wantonly D) vaguely E) obscurely 42. The meeting proved to be very useful, since it gave us the to exchange ideas. A) occurrence C) opportunity E) ability

B) probability D) knowledge

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EİS-YDS 43. Although she loves acting, she always gets very before appearing on stage in front of a large audience.

47. The of our car makes me really angry. Every morning I have no idea if it will start or not.

B) sympathetic A) confident D) nervous C) unfortunate E)annoyed

A) unreliability B) machinery C) keyhole D) worth E) usefulness

44. It is important to take advantage of the effects of sunshine, but do not stay in the sun for too long.

48. I really your changing shifts with me last Saturday. If you hadn't, I wouldn't have been able to attend my brother's wedding.

B) excessive A) hazardous D) insistent C) beneficial E) persevering 45. Although they found the remains of a Viking longship in the Danish harbour, most of the wood had and there wasn't much to look at. B) erupted A) declined D) demolished C) crumbled E) decayed

A) commented B) favoured C) appreciated D) praised E) expected 49. The of my silk shirt's sleeve came open as I was trying to reach for a book on the top shelf. I was very sorry afterwards as I liked it so much. A) button C) collar

B)zip D) arm E) seam

46. The rhino escaped from in the zoo and ran around the city creating havoc. A) attitude C) hollow D) slavery B) treatment E) captivity

50. Even by using all the flattery I know, I was unable to my father to buy me a motorbike. B) compel A) persuade C) insist D) receive E) dispute

I do NOT WANT ThE pEACE which p ASSES UNdERSTANdlNq. I WANT ThE UNdERSTANdJNq which bRİNq$ pEACE.

HELEN

60

GENERAL INTRODUCTION When I was a university student, little older than you are, I hitchhiked from London to Istanbul. That was a long time ago, but it gave me a taste for travelling, and since then I've lived in a lot of countries and visited many more. I'd like to take you to some of my favourite places where we can meet some people your age, and maybe find out what's happening in the rest of the world. These days in England it's becoming popular for students to take what they call a "gap year" between school and university. After studying hard for their exams, they sometimes don't feel like going straight into another situation where they will be studying. Sometimes they do volunteer work in another country, or sometimes they just work and save their money so they can travel on their own. While such a thing is not so common in Turkey, let's use our imagination and follow four friends -Zeynep, Dilek, Fatih and Alper- as they travel around parts of Asia, Africa, the Pacific Islands, the Caribbean and maybe even a bit of Europe. Of course, they'll need money for the trip since none of them have rich parents, and they've all been working hard and saving. Zeynep, who likes art and fashion, got a temporary job in a boutique. Dilek "killed two birds with one stone" and got to practice her English by working for a tour company that meets foreign tourists at the airport. Fatih worked for an uncle's small computer company, and Alper at the family jeans business near Beyazıt. But no one their age wants to work for too long, so as soon as they had the money for the fare, and a bit to spend, they took my advice and headed for Kathmandu, one of the most exotic-sounding cities in the world. And, by the way, they've agreed to speak only English with each other as long as other people are around. Scott Berry The Author

61

BEDSIDE STORIES J

THE KATHMANDU VALLEY ANd THE GREAT STUPA Flying into Kathmandu, the capital of the kingdom of Nepal, can be a spectacular experience, and even a little frightening. Look out your window and you can see the highest mountains in the world. You may even get a quick look at Mt. Everest to the east. But there are mountains under you as well, as you fly out of the plains of north India. Depending on the season, you might be flying into dense monsoon clouds, or out of the huge dust cloud that usually covers the north of India; but to get to Kathmandu, you must fly over the hills that surround the Kathmandu valley. Some of them are as high as 3000 metres, and as you fly over them, they seem almost close enough to touch. But as soon as you have crossed them, the magical valley is below you. The hillsides are covered either with forest or with terraced* rice fields, and you can see little villages where the houses are all made of the traditional brick. Then a quick descent - the valley is 1200 metres above sea level - and you are there. If you are lucky, you will catch a glimpse of the great stupa of Boudhanath, one of the holiest Buddhist spots in the world, out your window. Once our friends Zeynep, Dilek, Fatih and Alper leave the airport, reality hits them. Kathmandu is a romantic-sounding name, it looks romantic from the air, and of course the travel brochures play it up* as some sort of paradise: the streets are crowded with Hindu holy men with matted hair who are wearing yellow or orange robes, Buddhist monks with shaved heads wearing dark red robes, and everyone seems to be smiling. But the streets are also full of very old cars, trucks and buses belching* out thick and evil-smelling diesel fumes*. And to think that people complain about Istanbul's air. The horns, which are always honking, are so loud that they make you jump sometimes. There seem to be armed soldiers in combat gear* at every crossroads. It is a relief for them to get to the old part of the capital and a nice quiet, cheap hotel. They want the money that they have worked so hard for to last, so (with my help) they have chosen a hotel that will only set them back* about $2 a night. Even at that price, it is clean and comfortable. But this is no time for sitting in a hotel. They want to get out and explore. Now, while Kathmandu is probably one of the most spectacular cities in the world for sight-seeing, there will be plenty of time for that. What they really want to know is what the local kids* are up to. After all, it is a lot more interesting talking to people your own age than listening to a tour guide. So let's talk to a few and see what their lives are like.

62

The first girl they are going to meet, whose name is Pasang, is a little older (she is the daughter of an old friend of mine) and has just come back from studying medicine in Odessa, across the Black Sea from Turkey. This is a tradition that started back in the days of the Cold War when the United States and the Soviet Union competed for friends in developing countries, and many of Nepal's doctors have been trained there. When Pasang went to Odessa, the first thing she had to do was learn Russian well enough to understand her lectures. "It wasn't that difficult," she said, shrugging off difficulties that would be too much for most of us, "but it took about a year." She is talking in English, which she speaks almost perfectly, since she went to English medium schools. She talks to her father in Tibetan, for though he is Nepali, he is from the north of the country where Tibetan is the main language. Her mother is from Bhutan, a small mountain kingdom to the east of Tibet, and with her she speaks a language called Drukpa. When she is doing her hospital training in Kathmandu she speaks in Nepali. "With all these languages, it's a wonder you can keep anything straight," says Dilek, who has started writing the names of these unfamiliar languages in the little notebook she carries with her. Pasang decides to show them one of her favourite spots in the Kathmandu Valley, the great stupa at Boudhanath, about half an hour away through some of the noisiest and smelliest traffic imaginable. On the way she points out the Royal Palace, an ugly modern building behind high security fences. "Isn't that where the royal family was all killed about three years ago?" asks Fatih. "That's right," answers Pasang. "Who shot them?" asks Alper. "Don't you know anything?" asks Fatih, showing off. "It was the Crown Prince. He just shot the whole family at dinner one night, then shot himself. He survived for four days, and was actually made king while he was in a coma. One of his uncles was away at the time, and he's the king now." "You'd better be careful who you say all that to," warns Pasang. "Not everyone believes the official story, and most people still have pictures of the old king and his family rather than the new one." "What a strange country we've come to," says Dilek, looking out the window at a holy cow wandering through the street, and a small temple with demons* painted on the side. But when they arrive at the great stupa, their thoughts turn in a more peaceful direction. A stupa is in the shape of a mound with a spire on the top, and symbolizes the Buddhist view of the universe. This one is huge, and it takes about ten minutes to walk around it. From the top, the eyes of the Buddhas of the Four Ages look down on them. There are no cars on the circular road around the stupa, and the only smell is that of incense. "Be sure to walk around clockwise," Pasang instructs. "This is the same way the stars and the planets seem to move around the earth, so we will be in tune with the universe." They find that they are part of a large crowd walking along, most people chanting and spinning small cylinders, all in a clockwise direction. Those without their own wheels spin the ones set into the wall at the base of the stupa. "What are the wheels for?" Dilek asks Pasang. "There are prayers inside written on pieces of paper. People believe that spinning them sends their prayers off to heaven." Most of the women are wearing long, wrap-around sleeveless dresses with a longsleeved silk blouse underneath, like the one Pasang has got on. Some have striped aprons.

63

ELS-YDS "Is that a Nepali dress you are wearing?" Zeynep asks her. "No, it's Tibetan, but women from the north of Nepal wear them as well." "Why don't you have an apron?" "That's for married women." "Are all these people Nepali or Tibetan?" asks Dilek. "About half and half. The stupa has always been important to Tibetans, and they always stop here when they go on pigrimage to the Buddhist holy places in India. But the Nepalis from the mountains in the north are followers of Tibetan Buddhism as well." While circling the stupa, Pasang starts talking to a boy of about 17. He is dressed in dark red robes, like many of the other men and boys, and his head is shaved. "This is Norbu," she introduces him. "He's one of my cousins." It is not every day that they are introduced to a boy dressed like this, and no one is sure what to say. Finally it is Zeynep who breaks the ice* by asking about his clothes. "Is that what young guys wear here?" she asks. Both Norbu and Pasang laugh. "It's what monks wear," he tells them. "I'm a monk." "What's that?" Alper asks. . "It's like a priest, but we live in a monastery with other monks. We never get married and spend our lives studying our religion. My monastery isn't far. Would you like to see it?" He leads them down a narrow alley away from the stupa and on the way he explains that he is originally from Tibet. "But I don't remember much about it. My parents brought me here with them when I was very young." "Was that because of the Chinese invasion in 1959?" asks Fatih, showing off his knowledge again. "Actually, the Chinese invaded in the early 50s," Dilek corrects him loudly, "But the Dalai Lama fled in 1959 after the Tibetans rebelled." "Stop it, you two," says Alper, who has never heard of the Chinese invasion of Tibet. "Let's listen to Norbu. He's the Tibetan, after all." "It's true. The Chinese have been occupying our country for 50 years now. We've got a lot more freedom than we used to, but most Tibetans, like my parents, do not agree that we're part of China. They got sick of living under the Chinese, so we walked for weeks and weeks through the snow and over the mountains. A lot of the people who live here near the stupa are Tibetan refugees* like us. But here we are at the monastery." Next week our friends will have a look at Norbu's monastery and meet some other people their own age.

GLOSSARY terraced (adj.): made flat in different levels on a hillside, like steps play something up (phr.v.): exaggerate belch (v.): (in the story) let out gas from the exhaust pipe fume (n.): toxic gas produced by fires, chemicals and fuel gear (n.uncount.): equipment and clothes set someone back (phr.v.): cost someone a certain amount of money kid (n.): a common informal term for young people demon (n.): a frightening supernatural being break the ice (idiom): begin a conversation refugee (n.): someone who escapes, from a war or from political repression, to another country

64

ELS 2004/1

ANSWER KEY

1. STEPHANIE'S SEARCH FOR A CHANCE IN HER LIFE

A. B. C.

D.

E. F.

1.C 2.D 3.E 4.E 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.E 10.D Lhear (am hearing) 2.wonder (am wondering) 3.have become 4.work (am working) S.was reading 6.came 7.began S.have been using 9.does...mean 10.believe 11.arrange 12.contributes 13.did...arrange 14.is 15.have placed (placed) 16.like 17.am working (work) 18.is facing (faces) 19.are violating (have violated) Lwere...thinking 2.were arranging S.guess 4.wasn't thinking 5.put 6.have...heard 7.haven't heard S.flows 9.is not flowing 10.have to H.faces (is facing) 12.turn 13.feel 14.have to 15.stops 16.sounds 17.believe 18.did...put 19.have told (told) 20.don't know 21.put 22.are working (work) 23.do...feel 24.feel 25.İS hanging 26.have been suffering 27.do...have 28.have 29.brings SO.have done 1.am writing 2.looks (is looking) S.feel (am feeling) 4.began S.completed 6.have been feeling (have felt) 7.was 8.am working 9.gives 10.am working (have been working) 11.have (have had) 12.have managed 13.hope 14.do not get 15.have made 16.moved 17.is still facing (still faces) 18.think 19.1s now flowing (now flows) 20.want 21 .think 22.am looking forward to (look forward to) 1.B 2.A 3.C 4.E Lwithout 2.of 3.of 4.from S.throughout 6.into 7.in front of/away from 8.as 9.about lO.from 11.across from 12.behind

2. THE BOBOLINK

A. B.

1.D 2.A 3.A 4,B 5.E 6.C 7.E 8.A 9.0 10.B 1.E 2.A 3.D 4.B

3. AVALANCHE

1.E 2.E 3.A 4.C 19.D 20.A

5.C 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.A 10.D

11.E

12.A 13.B

14.B

15.A 16.D

17.C

18.E

4. CINNAMON OIL KILLS MOSQUITOES BETTER THEN DEET

A. B. C.

1.E 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.C 6.D 7.A 8.E 9.B 10.D 11.C 12.B 1.C 2.D 3.A 4.C 1.A 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.A

5. URBAN LEGENDS A.

B. C. D.

1.to circulate by word of mouth 2.means 3.elaborate (adj.) 4.to nest S.to reflect e.mysterious 7.to trick 8.surgically 9.odd 10.to sever 11.to crush 12.essentially 13.distorted 14.to add up to 15.onwards 16.to bear 17.constant 1.B 2.D 3.E 1.onwards 2.constant S.elaborate 4.crushed S.bears 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.A

6. THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESS A.

B. C. D. E.

1.to adopt 2.physician 3.exorcism 4.torture S.to prevail 6.to institute 7.humane 8.adherent 9.interpretation 10.lobe 11.to fall into disfavour 12.to administer 13.seizure 14.controversial 1 S.to alleviate 16.to come full circle 1.B 2.C 3.E 1.torture 2.humane S.adherents 4.administers 5.controversial 1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.A 8.B 1.to 2.as S.with 4.for 5.during 6.with 7.of 8.on 9.on 10.from...to

7. SATIRE A.

B. C. D. E.

1.absurdity 2.influential 3.troupe 4.to ridicule S.to avoid 6.epigram 7.to disregard 8.misanthrope 9.corrupt 10.to mock 11.to despise 12.to display 1.D 2.B 3.A 1.misanthrope 2.troupes 3.mocked/ridiculed (despised) 4.influential S.avoid 1.C 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.B 1.among 2.at 3.In 4.of 5.since 6.through 7.as 8.on 9.of lO.with 11.for 12.of

8. CHECK WHAT YOU KNOW

1.B 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.E 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.E 11 .A 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.D 16.E 17.E 18.A 19.B 20.C 21.B 22.E 23.D 24.A 25.A 26.D 27.B 28.B 29.E 30.A 9. LEARN THESE (PHRASAL VERBS) A. B. C.

1.turn off 2.pointed out S.going around 4.get...back 5.set...back 6.get out 7.see...off S.sold out of 9.fly out 10.played...up 1.find out 2.put aside 3.ran out 4.take out S.made up 6.give up 7.work out S.take off 9.count on 10.pay off 1.highlighted 2.regain 3.circulating 4.closed S.remove 6.solve 7.save 8.discover 65

ELS 2004/1

ANSWER KEY

1. STEPHANIE'S SEARCH FOR A CHANCE IN HER LIFE

A. B. C.

D.

E. F.

1.C 2.D 3.E 4.E 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.E 10.D l.hear (am hearing) 2.wonder (am wondering) 3.have become 4.work (am working) 5.was reading 6.came 7.began 8.have been using 9.does...mean lO.believe 11.arrange 12.contributes 13.did...arrange 14.İS 15.have placed (placed) 16.like 17.am working (work) 18.is facing (faces) 19.are violating (have violated) 1.were...thinking 2.were arranging 3.guess 4.wasn't thinking 5.put 6.have...heard 7.haven't heard 8.flows 9.is not flowing 10.have to 11.faces (is facing) 12.turn 13.feel 14.have to 15.stops 16.sounds 17.believe 18.did...put 19.have told (told) 20.don't know 21.put 22.are working (work) 23.do...feel 24.feel 25.İS hanging 26.have been suffering 27.do...have 28.have 29.brings 30.have done 1.am writing 2.looks (is looking) S.feel (am feeling) 4.began 5.completed 6.have been feeling (have felt) 7.was 8.am working 9.gives 10.am working (have been working) 11.have (have had) 12.have managed 13.hope 14.do not get 15-have made 16.moved 17.is still facing (still faces) 18.think 19.is now flowing (now flows) 20.want 21.think 22.am looking forward to (look forward to) 1.B 2.A 3.C 4.E 1.without 2.of 3.of 4.from 5.throughout 6.into 7.in front of/away from 8.as 9.about lO.from 11.across from 12.behind

2. THE BOBOLINK

A. B.

1.D 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.E 6.C 7.E 8.A 9.D 10.B 1.E 2.A 3.D 4.B

3. AVALANCHE

1.E 2.E 3.A 4.C 19.D 20.A

5.C

6.B

7.A 8.D

9.A

10.D

11.E

12.A

13.B

14.B

15.A

16.D

17.C

18.E

4. CINNAMON OIL KILLS MOSQUITOES BETTER THEN DEET

A. B. C.

1.E 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.C 6.D 7.A 8.E 9.B 10.D 11.C 12.B 1.C 2.D 3.A 4.C 1.A 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.A

5 URBAN LEGENDS A.

B. C. D.

1.to circulate by word of mouth 2.means 3.elaborate (adj.) 4.to nest 5.to reflect 6.mysterious 7.to trick 8.surgically 9.odd 10.to sever 11.to crush 12.essentially 13.distorted 14.to add up to 15.onwards 16.to bear 17.constant 1.B 2.D 3.E 1.onwards 2.constant 3.elaborate 4.crushed S.bears 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.A

6. THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESS A.

B. C. D. E.

1.to adopt 2.physician 3.exorcism 4.torture 5.to prevail 6.to institute 7.humane 8.adherent 9.interpretation 10.lobe 11.to fall into disfavour 12.to administer 13.seizure 14.controversial 15.to alleviate 16.to come full circle 1.B 2.C 3.E 1.torture 2.humane 3.adherents 4.administers 5.controversial 1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.A 8.B 1.to 2.as 3.with 4.for 5.during 6.with 7.of 8.on 9.on 10.from...to

7. SATIRE A.

B. C. D. E.

1.absurdity 2.influential 3.troupe 4.to ridicule 5.to avoid 6.epigram 7.to disregard 8.misanthrope 9.corrupt 10.to mock 11.to despise 12.to display 1.D 2.B 3.A 1.misanthrope 2.troupes 3.mocked/ridiculed (despised) 4.influential 5.avoid 1.C 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.B 1.among 2.at 3.In 4.of 5.since 6.through 7.as 8.on 9.of 1O.with 11.for 12.of

8. CHECK WHAT YOU KNOW

1.B 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.E 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.E 11.A 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.D 16.E 17.E 18.A 19.B 20.C 21.B 22.E 23.D 24.A 25.A 26.D 27.B 28.B 29.E 30.A 9. LEARN THESE (PHRASAL VERBS) A. B. C.

l.turnoff 2.pointed out S.going around 4.get...back 5.set...back G.get out 7.see...off 8.sold out of 9.fly out 10.played...up 1.find out 2.put aside 3.ran out 4.take out 5.made up 6.give up 7.work out 8.take off 9.count on 10.pay off 1.highlighted 2.regain 3.circulating 4.closed 5.remove 6.solve 7.save 8.discover 65

ELS2004 01

1

TEST YOURSELF 1

2. E

4. D

5. A

6. B

7. C

8. D

9. A

10. E

12. D

3. D 13. A

14. C

15. A

17. E

18. E

19. C

21. A

22. B

23. E

24. C

25. C

16. D 26. E

27. A

28. B

29. B

20. B 30. A

31. E

32. A 42. E 52. B

33. B

34. E

35. D

44. B

39. D 49. E

40. D 50. A

62. D

53. C 63. E

54. A 64. B

45. B 55. D

37. B 47. D

38. A

43. D

36. C 46. A 56. D 66. C

57. E 67. A

59. B 69. E

60. E 70. B

72. C

73. D

74. D

1. C 11. B

41. C 51. B 61. A 71. A

ELS 2004/1 1. D

2. A

11. A 21. C

12. E

TEST 3. C 13. D

22. C 32. A

23. A

41. D 51. A

42. C

43. A 53. A

61. E 71. B

62. B

63. C 73. E

31. C

52. C 72. D

33. E

65. D

48. C 58. C 68. D

75. E

YOURSELF

2;

4. B

5. E

6. D

14. C

15. A 25. C

16. A

.

7. B

8. C

9. E 19. D

10. B 20. D

29. D 39. A

30. B 40. D 50. E 70. B

35. C

26. B 36. B

44. D

45. E

46. D

17. D ' 18. 27. E 28. 37. B 38. 47. B 48.

54. B

55. B

56. A

57. D

58. E

49. C 59. C

64. D

65. A 75. C

66. E

67. C

68. D

69. A

24. B 34. A

74. C

B E E A

ELS20 04/1

60. C

;'-: -TIK:-, '

1. D

2. A

3. B

4. E

5. C

6. D

7. C

8. E

9. B

10. A

11. C

12. E 22. D 32. E

14. B 24. A

15. E 25. A 35. A

16. E

21. B

13. A 23. E 33. D

17. B 27. B

18. A 28. B 38. E

19. E 29. A 39. D

20. C 30. E

42. B

43. E

48. C

49. B

31. B 41. A

ELS 2004/1 <

66

2. C 12. B 22. A 32. B 42. C

45. C

TEST >

x

l.-E 11. B 21. C 31. E 41. A

34. B 44. A

3. B 13. A 23. D 33. A 43. D

4. D 14. D

26. C 36. C 46. B '

5. B

*

37. B 47. D

YOUR

6. A 16. D

24. E

15. E 25. B

26. D

34. E 44. C

35. C 45. E

36. C 46. E

*

'

'

7. A

8. D

17. B

18. A 28. E

27. C 37. B 47. A

38. D 48. C

'

40. C 50. A

VOCABULARY' " • • 9. C 19. 29. 39. 49.

E A A E

10, E 20. E 30. C 40. E 50. A