ELEX Reviewer 1
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CHAPTER1 Hans Oersted
Relationship of magnetism and electricity that served as the foundation of theory for electromagnets Most important electrical effect is the magnetic effect
Michael Faraday
Theory of electromagnetic induction Current Carrying conductor would move when placed in a magnetic field
James Maxwell
Electromagnetic Theory of light
Andre Ampere
Demonstrated that there are magnetic effects around every current carrying conductor and that these conductors act like a magnet
Kamerlingh Onnes
Superconductivity
Faraday’s Law
Whenever a conductor cuts a magnetic flux, an emf is induced in it
Faraday’s 1st Law
The magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of flux linkages
Faraday’s 2nd Law
Whenever the flux linking a coil or current changes, an emf is induced in it
Coulumb’s 1st Law
Force between 2 magnetic poles is directly proportional to their strengths
Coulumb’s 2nd Law
Force between 2 magnetic poles id inversely proportional to the distance between them
Child’s Law
Current in a thermionic diode varies directly with the three halves power of anode voltage and inversely with the square of distance between the electrodes
Wiedmann-Franz Law
Ratio of the thermal conductivity to the electric conductivity is directly proportional to the absolute temp for all metals
Curie’s Law
The magnetic susceptibilities of most paramagnetic materials are inversely proportional to their absolute temperatures
Curie-Weiss Law
Law relating the M and E susceptibilities and the absolute temperature
Ewing’s theory of Ferromagnetism
Theory of ferromagnetic phenomena which assumes each atom is a permanent magnet which can turn freely about its center under the influence of applied fields and magnets
Ampere’s Theorem
States that a current flowing in a circuit produces a magnetic field at external points equivalent to that due to a magnetic shell whose bounding edge is the conductor and whose strength is equal to the strength of current
Right hand rule
Also called corkscrew rule
End Rule
If looking at any one end of a solenoid, the direction of current is found to be clockwise then the end under observation is a south pole
Helix Rule
If a solenoid is held by the right hand with the fingers pointing to the direction of the current flow, the outstretched thumb will point to the north pole
Unit Pole
A pole which when placed in air from a similar and equal pole repels it with a force of 1/4pi newtons
Magnetic Pole
Point in a magnet where the intensity of the magnetic lines of force is max
Magnetic Axis
Straight Line passing through 2 poles of a magnet
Dia
UrUo ; aluminum, platinum, manganese, chromium, oxygen
Greatest % of materials Ferro
Ur>>1 U>>Uo ; cobalt
10^-10 m
Diameter of atom
10^-15 to 10^-16 m
Diameter of atomic nucleus
1.1 x 10^-8 cm
Diameter of Hydrogen Atom
Permeance
Reciprocal of Reluctance / Analogous to conductance
Coercivity
Amount of magnetizing force to counter balance the residual magnetism
Leakage Factor
Ratio of flux in iron to flux in air (iba iba yung tawag sa book at sa coaching)
Intensity Magnetism
The flux density produced in it due to its own magnetism
Hysteresis
Lag between B and H
Ferrites
Non metallic materials that have ferromagnetic properties
Air Gap
Air space between magnets
Keeper
Used to maintain the strength of magnetic field
Moving electrical charge
Where all magnetic field originates from
Stationary Electrical Charges
Magnetic field does not interact with this
Uniform
Magnetic field inside a solenoid
Current Carrying Wire Loop
Resembles the magnetic field of a bar magnet
North
A current is flowing east along a power line. If the earth’s field is neglected, the direction of the magnet below it is
½ revolution
When a wire loop is rotated in a magnetic field, the direction of the induced emf changes every
Domain
Group of magnetically aligned atoms
Toroid
Electromagnet with its core is in the form of a close magnetic ring
Hall effect
Small voltages generated by a conductor with current in an external magnetic field Effect which is generally used in the gaussmeter to measure flux density
Edison effect
Emission of e- from hot bodies
Wiegand effect
Ability of a mechanically stressed ferromagnetic wire to recognize rapid switching of magnetization when subjected by a dc magnetic field
Wall Effect
Contribution to the ionization in an ionization chamber by e- from the walls
Bridgman effect
Phenomenon when current passes through an aristropic crystal, there is an absorption of heat due to the non uniformity in current distribution
Hydrogen
Simples atom to exist; it is a diamagnetic material
Germanium
32p+, 32e- and 40n = 72Ge32 = (AtomicWeightGeAtomicnumber)
Atomic Mass
Sum of proton and neutrons (di ko sure pero eto nakalagay e)
Atomic Number
# of protons or # of electrons
72.6
Ge exact atomic weight
28.09
Si exact atomic weight at 300K
# of protons
Determines the atomic # of an element
Copper
34n
Metallic bonding
Atom bonding due to the force of attraction between groups of + ion and – ion
Motor Action
Physical motion resulting from the forces of magnetic field
Flux linkages
= flux x # of turns
Electron Volt (eV)
Customary energy unit in atomic and nuclear physics
Joule, Watt-sec, KW-h
Units of electrical energy
KW-h
Practical unit for electrical energy
Ion
An atom or group of atoms carrying a net electrical charge
Thermionic emission
Evaporation of e- from a heated surface
Amber
Greek word for electron
Plasma
Charged Gases
Exclusion Principle
Principle that states that each e- in an atom must have a different set of quantum numbers
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Principle that states that only 2 e- with differebt spins are allowed to exist in a given orbit
Radio Freq
Common application if an air-cored choke
Ohms Law
For linear circuits (AC,DC)
Crystalline Solid
One of the solid structures in which the position of the atoms or ins are predetermined
Amorphous
Solid with no defined crystal structure; also called non-crystalline
Permits mechanical Clearance
Reason for air gaps between rotor and stator
Van der Waals Bond
Formed when there exist distant electronic interaction between opposite charges present in the neighboring atoms or molecules
Atomic Packing Factor
Measures compactness of crystal = atom volume/cell volume
Madelung Constant
Corrects the electrostatic forces of the more distant ions in an ionic solid
Creepage
Conduction of electricity across the surface of a a dielectric
Aurora
Corona discharge
1.15 to 1.25
Leakage coef for electrical machines
Astrionic
Science of adapting electronics to aerospace flight
Air
Has straight BH curve passing through the origin
Soft iron
BH curve not straight
Using material with narrow hysteresis loop
Reduces hysteresis loss
Silicon steel
Least hysteresis loop area
Unlimited
# of compounds in nature
Ohm-m
SI unit for specific resistance
Siemens / Mhos
SI / CGS for conductance
Siemens/m
SI for conductivity
Resistivity ∞ Temperature
For Conductors
2 Wb/m^2
Typical saturation flux density for most magnetic materials
insulators
Temp coefficient of resistance is NEGATIVE; Temp coefficient of resistance is directly proportional to T; R is inversely proportional to T
semiconductors
Temp coefficient resistance is NEGATIVE
conductors
Temp coefficient resistance is POSITIVE; Temp coefficient of resistance is inversely proportional to T; R is directly proportional to T
Temp coefficient resistance
Dependent on nature and temp of material Tells how much the R changes for a change in T
+ temp coef
Manganin, Tungsten Filament
- temp coef
Electrolytes, carbon
.0034
Temp coef of resistance of pure gold
.0038
Temp coef of resistance of silver
.0039
Temp coef of resistance of lead
Almost 0
Eureka’s Temp coefficient resistance
Silicon Carbibe
Ohms law cannot be applied to this material
10x
Hot R = ___x Cold R
Neutral
A body under ordinary conditions
Dielectric constant or Specific Inductive Capacity
Another name for relative permitivitty
Breakdown Volatage
Another name fore Dielectric Strength (V/mil)
Magnetic conductivity
Another name for permeability
1/(Єoμo) = c2
Relationship of Eo and Uo and c (light velocity)
1 and 10
Dielectric constant of most materials
Mica
Insulating material used in an electric ion
Porcelain
Insulating material used in voltage transformers
Earphones
Uses permanent magnets
Motors
Uses temporary magnets
+ to -
Conventional Flow
- to +
Electron Flow
W
P –true power
VAR
Q – reactive power
VA
S – apparent power
Power factor
Cosθ = P/S
Reactive factor
Sinθ = Q/S
Voltage Magnification Factor
Q Factor of Series resonant circuit
Current Magnification Factor
Q factor of // Resonant Circuit
Voltage Resonance
Series Resonance
Current Resonance
Parallel Resonace
Ionization Current
Results from free electrons
ELI
Series Resonace / Acceptor Circuit
ICE
Parallel Resonance / Rejector Circuit
ELI by exactly 90 deg
Pure inductance
ICE by exactly 90 deg
Pure capacitance
ELI by less than 90 deg
RL
ICE by less than 90 deg
RC
Reactance = 0
If I and V are in phase for an AC circuit
0.707
Current is ____ times the max current at half power points of a resonance curve
Gang Capacitor
Variable Capacitor which the C is varied by varying the plate area
Trimmer Capacitor
A variable capacitor in which C is varied by changing distance between plates
55 ohm-cm
Specific resistance of pure Ge
60 ohm-cm
Resistivity of pure Ge under standard conditions
55 ohm-cm
Specific resistance of pure Si
Leading or Lagging
Power factor of series RLC at its half power points
Leading pf
Capacitive Load
Lagging pf
Inductive Load
Separation of the half power points
Meaning of BW in series RLC
Effective Value
Most important value of a sinewave
Faradic current
An intermittent and non symmetrical alternating current like that obtained from the secondary winding of an induction coil
Stray Capacitance
Capacitance that exists not through design but because 2 conducting surfaces are relatively close to each other
1.73
Peak factor of a triangular wave
Triangular Wave
Peakiest waveform
Independent to each other
Reason for // connection of appliances in homes
Appliances have different current ratings
Reason why not in series connection of appliances in homes
Sinusoidal
Most popular waveform
Square wave
Most common non sinusoidal waveform
Ideal Current Source (parallel r)
Infinite internal resistance Zero internal conductance
Ideal Voltage Source (series r)
Zero internal Resistance Infinite internal conductance
Ideal Ammeter (in series to the circuit)
R is 0
Ideal Voltmeter (in // to the circuit)
R is infinite
Resonance Curve
Frequency VS Current
Reactance Chart
Estimates the resonant freq and to find the reactance at any freq for any value of C or I
Edge Effect
Refers to the outward curving distortion of the lines of force near the edges of 2 // metal plates that form a capacitor
The narrower the passband
(For Series RLC), the higher the Q
Internal Heating
Leakage resistance in a capacitor results to
Phase
The_____ of an alternating quantity is defined as the fractional part of a period or cycle through w/c the quantity has advanced from a selected origin
3.7K
Metal tin becomes a superconductor at this temp
It has a varying magnetic field
Reason why AC can induce voltage
Exponential Law
Charging of capacitor through a resistance obeys _______
Sinewaves
The factor 0.707 for converting peak to rms applies only to _____
CHAPTER2
Joule
Term to express the amount of electrical energy stored in a electrostatic field
Breakdown Voltage
Refers to the lowest voltage across any insulator that can cause current flow
Blocks DC current
Capacitor
47 ohms
Preferred value of resistor (among the choices which are 520, 43K and 54K)
Electrolytic capacitor
Most suited for dc filter circuits; Highest cost per uF; Only Capacitor used in DC circuits; Used in Transistor amplifiers
Variable Capacitor
Used air dielectric
Barium Strontium Titanite Dielectric
Also called ceramic
Surge Voltage
Max voltage that can be applied across a capacitor for a short period of time
Voltage
It is used as the reference phasor for // AC circuits
It has reactance in radio freq circuits
Disadvantage of wirewound resistors
Manganin
Most common material for wirewound
Temp coef
Indicated by the first band for a 5band method of capacitor color coding
Rate at which electrons pas a given point
Determines the magnitude of an electric current
Q of 10
Means that the energy stored in the magnetic field of the coil is 10x the energy wasted in the resistance
770V
Neon lamp ionizes at approx _____
Anticapacitance Switch
Switch designed to have low capacitance between terminals when open
Bifilar Resistor
Resister wound with a wire doubled back on itself to reduce inductance
Alloy
Fusion of elements without chemical action between them
Vpeak
Used in calculating max instantaneous power
Vrms
Used in calculating Vave
Maximum capacitance
Happened when movable plates of gang capacitor overlaps the fixed plates
Thevenin’s Theorem
Used for analysis of Vacuum tubes
Phasor
Rotating vector whose projection can represent either current or voltage
1
# of e- in 4th orbit of copper atom
8 e-
Each atom in a Si Crystal has _____ in its valence orbit
32 p+
Silicon Atom has ____
More slowly
e- in the largest orbit travel _______ than the e- in smaller orbits
Intrinsic semiconductor
Pure Semiconductor
Extrinsic semiconductor
Doped semiconductor; 2 Ohm-cm = resistivity
2mV/°C
For Ge or Si diodes, the barrier potential decreases _____
Piecewise Linear Model
A diode modeling circuit which considers the threshold voltage, Rave and switch as the diode’s equivalent
Diffusion and drift
2 mechanisms by which holes and electrons move through a Si crystal
Diffusion
Random motion due to thermal agitation in the movement of h+ and e- in a Si crystal
Drift Current
Happens when charges are forced to move the electric field of a potential difference
Carrier Drift
Mechanism for carrier motion in semicon
Zener and Avalance Effects
Two possible breakdown mechanism in PN jxn diodes
Zener Breakdown
Electric field in the depletion layer increases to the point where it can break covalent bonds and generate electron-hole pairs
Avalanche Breakdown
(In semiconductors) this takes place when the reverse bias exceeds a certain value; Happens when the minority carriers that cross the depletion region under the influence of the electric field gain sufficient KE to be able to break covalent bonds in atoms
Avalance effect
Occurs are higher reverse voltages
Diffusion or Storage Capacitance
Is the forward bias capacitance of a diode
Lifetime
Amount of time between the creation and disappearance of a free electron
Recombination
Annihilation of e- and h+; Merging of e- and h+
Transit time
Time taken by e- or h+ to pass from emitter to collector
Reverse recovery time
Time taken by a diode to operate in the reverse to forward condition; Time it takes to turn off a FB diode; = storage time + transition interval from F to R bias
Insulator
At room temp, silicon acts like a ______
Compound Semicon
Gallium Arsenide, Alluminum Arsenide and Gallium Phosphide are classified as ______-
Increase electric conductivity
Purpose of adding impurities
Ptype semicon
Silicon doped with trivalent impurity; Holes are majority carriers
Ntype semicon
Silicon doped with pentavalent impurity; Electrons are majority carriers
CHAPTER3
Trivalent Atom
Acceptor Atom; Boron, Indium, Gallium,
Pentavalent Atom
Donor Atom; Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, Bimsuth
N type
Forms when the # of free e- in a doped semiconductor is increased; Forms when pentavalent atom is added
P Type
Forms when the # of free e- in a doped semiconductor is reduced Forms when trivalent atom is added
PN crystal
Other name for Jxn Diode; Commonly rated by its PIV and max forward current; Max forward current is limited by Jxn Temperature
Dipole
Each pair of + and – ions at the jxn is called _____
Barrier Potential
Inversely proportional to temp
High field emission
Creation of free electrons through a zener effect
Intensity of electric field
Zener effect depends on this
Forward current
Most impt diode parameter which gives the current value a diode can handle without burning
Reverse Breakdown Voltage
Maximum reverse voltage that can be applied before current surges
Esaki Diode
Tunnel Diode; Principal char is that it has negative resistance region; Widely used in oscillators, switching networks and pulse generators
Schotty Diode
Most impt application is digital computers
Shocklet Diode
No depletion layer
Bulk resistance
Sum of the P and N regions’ resistances; rB = (V-VT)/I
VAristors
Are transient suppressors
Varactor Diode
Also known as epicap, varicap, voltage-variable capacitance, voltacaps; Used for tuning the Receivers and is normally operated at reverse biased
Point Contact diode
Used metal cat whiskers as its anode; Classified as hot carrier diode
PIN diode
Used in RF switches, attenuators and other phase switching devices
Bulk resistance decreases in semiconductors
If doping increases, ___________
High Resistance
Lightly doped semiconductors have ____
Less than 1 ohm
Typical bulk resistance of rectifier diodes
Transition region capacitance
The reverse bias diode capacitance is termed as ______
LED
Equivalent to a optocoupler ; Typical operating current is 10mA; Voltage drop is 1.5V; Constructed using Gallium Arsenide; Gives light when FB
LAD
A photodiode which conducts current only when FB and is exposed to light; Also called photodiode
IR emitters
Solid state GaAs devices that emit a beam of radiant flux when FB
Optocoupler
Also known as optoisolator
Second approximation
(for diodes) an equivalent ckt of a diode in which it is represented as a switch series with barrier potential
Third approximation
(for diodes) an equivalent ckt of a diode in which it is represented as a switch in series with a resitance
Negative voltage supplies
Needed for PMP voltage divider bias
16.7 ms
Halfwave signal (1/60Hz)
8.33 ms
Fullwave signal (1/120Hz)
40.6%
Max rectification efficiency of HW
81.2
Max rectification efficiency of FW
MOSFET
Highest Zin; Sometimes called Insulated Gate FET
FET
Has least noise level; Has higher Zin compared to BJT due to its input which is reverse biased
uA
Typical leakage current in a PN jxn
Ohms
Resistance of a FB PN jxn
Derating Factor
Shown on a data sheet that tells how much you have to reduce the power of a device
Dember Effect
Or Photodiffusion effect; The creation of voltage in a conductor or semicon by illumination of one surface
Bulk Effect
Effect that occurs within the entire bilk of a semiconductor material rather than a localized jxn
Skin Effect
Increases the resistance of wires at high frequencies
Anotron Diode
A cold cathode glow-discharge diode having a copper anode and a large cathode of sodium or other material
BARITT Diode
A microwave diode in which the carriers that transverse the drift region are generated by minority carrier injection from a FB jxn instead of being extracted from the plasma of avalanche
Spacistor
Multiple terminal solid state device similar to transistor that generates frequencies up to avout 10,000 Mhz by injecting e- or h+ into a space charge layer
Zener Diode
Principal char is that its voltage is constant under conditions of varying current; Used as a voltage regulator or reference voltage
Voltage multiplier
Converts AC to DC, where the DC output can be greater than the AC input
Photoconductive Cell
Or Photoresitive device
Emitter Resistor
Most commonly used for biasing a bipolar jxn transistor
Silicon
Not a good conductor; Has the smallest leakage current
% Ripple
= (Vac / Vdc) x 100
Ripple Voltage
= (rZ / (rZ+rS)) x V
Holes
As a general rule, _____ are found only on semiconductors; An incomplete part of an electron pair bond; Vacancy left by free electrons
Isotopes
A nuclei with common # of p+ but different # of neutrons
Series Capacitors
In power supplies, circuits that are employed in separating AC and DC components and bypass AC components around the load are called _______
Emitter Follower Circuit
Av is low and usually less than 1; Ai is High; input is in-phase with output; Employs 100% negative feedback; Used for impedance matching; Equivalent to CC amplifier
BJT / transistors
Current controlled device; Largest region is the Collector Region
FET
Voltage controlled device; Has 5v pinch off voltage; FET transcoductance = ∆IC/∆VGS ; Square Law Devices; At cut-off, the depletion layers are touching
Transistors
Converts DC power to AC power
Power Transistors
Made in large sized to disspate more heat
Power amplifiers
Input is DC
Oscillators
Converts DC power to AC power
Ohmic
Equivalent if transistor at saturation in JFET is ______
IGFET
Another name for MOSFET
CMOS
Easily damaged by static charges
Saturation region
Used by FET (EMOSFET) to act as an amplifier
Triode region and Saturation Region
Used by FET (EMOSFET) to act as a switch
10uF
Coupling capacitor value in RC coupling; Coupling capacitor (Cc) must be high enough to prevent attenuation of low freq
Qpoint / OperatingPoint
Point of intersection between a diode characteristic and a load line; Intersection of dc and ac load lines
Luminous Efficacy
Measure of the ability of any LED to produce lumens per applied watt of energy
Scale Current
Another name is Saturation Current
Input Char Curve
A graphical representation in a transistor where the IE is plotted against the variable VEB for constant V CB
Output Char Curve
A graphical representation in a transistor where the Ic is plotted against the variable VCB for constant IE
RC coupling
Used in low level, low noise audio amplifiers to minimize hum pick up from stray magnetic fields
Transformer Coupling
Major advantage is permitting power to be transformed from the relatively high output impedance of the first stage to the relatively low input impedance of second stage
1.12eV(Si) and 0.72eV(Ge)
From these conditions, it can be said that less # of electron-hole pair will be generated in Si than in Ge
0.135 m2/V-s
Electron mobility in silicon
Harold Black
Invented feedback amplifier in 1928
Always points to N and away from P
Arrows in semiconductor symbols
CE circuit
Conventional amplifier
Junction and Point Contact
Structural category of a semiconductor diodes
Threshold Voltage
Turns on an enhancement-device
DMOSFET
Acts mostly as a FET; Can operate in D and E
EMOSFET
Can only operate in E
Heat dissipation
Most important factor of a power transistor
Collector Efficiency
Most important consideration in power amplifiers
Drift transistor
Has a high frequency cut off due to its low inherent internal capacitance and low electron transit time
Poor frequency response
Results when transistors are used as video amplifiers
Fission
Break up of nuclei into nuclear fragments that are nuclei themselves
Neutrino
Zero charge and zero mass
EG => 5eV
Energy gap for insulators
EG = 1.1eV
Energy gap for Si semiconductors
EG => 0.67eV
Energy gap for Ge semiconductors
Bound Electrons
Tightly holds the 8 e-
25mV
Thermal Voltage at room temp; Thermal voltage causes holes in intrinsic semiconsuctors
8.62 x 10^-5 eV/K
Boltzman constant
Voltage divider Bias
Preferred form of biasing a FET
VGS(OFF) = VGS(ON)
For N-channel EMOSFET
Beta
CE gain = IC/IB
Alpha
CB gain = IC/IE
CHAPTER5 Collector has reverse bias
Reason why a transistor amplifier has high output impedance
Gain-BW product
Considered as an amplifier figure of merit
Logic probe
In an oscilloscope, it is used to indicate pulse condition in digital logic circuit
Logic analyzer
Used to sample and display systems signal
Oscillators
Produces undamped oscillations
Biasing
Establishes a fixed level of current or voltage in a transistor
AF transformer
It is shielded to prevent induction due to stray magnetic fields
Amplitude Distortion
Or harmonic distortion
Frequency
Ear is not sensitive to this
RC coupling
To separate bias of 1 stage to another stage; Used for voltage amplification; Av is constant over mid frequencies; Most economic type of coupling; Not used to amplify extremely low freq because electrical size of the coupling capacitor becomes very large; Type of coupling used in the initial stage of a multistage amplifier;
Transformer coupling
Used in power amplifiers; Provides high freq because DC resistance is low; Used when load resistance is very low; Type of coupling used in the final stage of an amplifier; Introduces frequency distortion; Most expensive type of coupling; Provides high gain because it employs impedance matching; Can be used either in Voltage or Power amplifiers
DC coupling
Best freq response; Used to amplify dc signals in multistage amplifier; Achieves minimum interference in freq response
Klystron Oscillator
Used in order to produce freq in the microwave region
Step Down Transformer
Used for impedance matching; It is also used as the output transformer in power amplifiers
Gives distorted output
Disadvantage of impedance matching
Campbell and Wagner
Where the basic concept of electric wave filter originated
10Khz
Freq that produces highest noise factor
Coupling Capacitor
The input capacitor in an amplifier
Bigger
AC load line slope is ____ then DC load line slope
At least 2 transistors
Used by multistage amplifier
Generator Output level is kept constant
To obtain the frequency response curve of an amplifier
Relaxation oscillator
Type of oscillator where the frequency is determined by the charge and discharge of RC networks used in conjunction with amplifiers or similar devices
GPS
Instrument used to measure one’s location in terms of coordinates
1/( 4∏√(LC) )
Cutoff freq for constant-k high pass filter
The smaller the %VR
The better!
Thin base
Transistor should have a _____ to have more Av
Darlington Pair
Its advantage is that it increases overall Beta Gain
Independent
A feedback network is _______ of frequency
Feedback Networks
They employ resistive networks
Positive Feedback
Employed by Oscillators;
Negative Feedback
Employed by amplifiers Reduces distortion; Reduces gain; Increases BW of an amplifier; The sacrifice factor is (1+Aβ)
Feedback factor (β)
Is always less than 1; = (1/Af) – (1/A) = Vf / V
Approx gain of an amplifier with negative feedback (Af)
Reciprocal of feedback factor; = 1/β
(Aβ) in negative feedback
Very much greater than 1 to obtain good gain stability
Power Again (Ap)
= Av x Ai; Main consideration in the output stage of an amplifier
Crossover network
A pair of filter common on a high fidelity system which separates audio freq band signals into 2 separate groups where one is fed to the tweeter and the other to the woofer
Armstrong circuit
Simplest variable freq sinusoidal oscillator
10uF
Typical value of Coupling capacitor
50uF
Typical value of emitter bypass capacitor in a CE multistage amplifier
Re, re and β
Input R of CE amplifier is affected by ________
Out of phase (180 deg)
Output is always _______ with the input signal in a CE amplifier
Zero
Phase difference between collector voltage and signal voltage in CE amplifier
Increase Av
Purpose of emitter bypass capacitor in CE amplifier is to _____
LC oscillator
Used only in/for high freq
RC Oscillator
Used only in/for low freq
Sine wave oscillator
Composed of 1 or more amplifying devices with some freq determining networks introducing + feedback
Hartley Oscillator
Used commonly in Radio Rx
Crystal Oscillator
Used commonly in Radio Tx; Fixed frequency oscillator; Has fewer loses and will generate alternating emf longer than LC circuit when shock excited
Tuned Amplifier
Operated in Class C; Used in Radio freq
Wien Bridge Oscillator
Frequency stability of the oscillator output is maximum ________; Employs both + and – feedback; Used in signal generators in laboratories;
Hum in the circuit
A pulsating DC applied to the power amplifier causes ______
Low Output
Important limitation of Crystal Oscillator
High Q
Reason why crystal oscillator freq is very stable
More than 10,000
Typical Q of a crystal
Push Pull amplifer
Commonly employed at the output stage of an amplifier
X axis
Cutting perpendicular to end to end; Electrical axis; Connects the corners of the crystal
Y axis
Cutting perpendicular to face to face; Mechanical
+ temp coef
When crystal freq increases with temp
- temp coef
When crystal freq decreases with temp
Zero temp coef
When crystal freq doesn’t change with temp
More battery consumption
Low efficiency of a power amplifier results in ______
Buffer Amplifier
Used for minimum loading and minimum mismatch
Hand capacitance
If you move towards an oscillating circuit, its freq changes because of the ______
Ic becomes maximum
When transistor is at saturation
Maximum voltage appears across transistor
When transistor is at cut-off
At minimum
In an LC circuit, when the Capacitor energy is at max, the inductor energy is _____
AC load line
The operating point in a transistor amplifier moves along ______ when AC signal is applied
Power stage
Also called output stage in an amplifier
DC
At zero signal conditions, a transistor sees _____ load
Sum of AC and DC
The current in any branch of a transistor amplifier that is operating is the _____
CMRR = infinity
For an ideal differential amplifier
To set up an operating point
The purpose of dc conditions in a transistor is _____
To avoid drop in gain
The purpose of an emitter capacitor is _____
Collector Supply
The Poutput of a transistor amplifier is more than the Pinput due to the additional power supplied by _______
Low
When a transistor feeds a load of low R, its Av is _____
25%
Max collector efficiency of Resistance Loaded Class A power amp
50%
Max collector efficiency of Transformer coupled Class A power amp
RF amplifiers
Class C amplifiers are used as
Driver stage
Employs class A amplifiers
1NPN, 1PNP transistor
Complementary-symmetry amplifier
Increases Input Impedance, Decreases Output Impedance
Negative voltage feedback
Decreases Input Impedance, Increases Output Impedance
Negative Current Feedback
ID
The Quiescent current of a FET amplifier is _____
AND gate
The frequency response of the combined amplifier can be compared with an ______
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