Elex - Formulas

CHAPTER 1: ELECTRICITY   Two basic particles particles of electric charge: charge: Electron Proton •

charges Electron

charge 23(4 0 (2/($ 5

"n" Dhere: n > correspond to ( st) "nd) *rd) etc orbit Broad 5ategories of %aterials: Resisti)it Materials *alues ρ>(2/4 Ω/cm 5onductor &copper' ρ>2 Ω/cm &Ge' ρ>20(2* Ω/cm Semiconductor &Si' ρ ≈ 12(" Ω/cm 234"e@ &Ge' EgFe@ Eg > (38(e@ &Gas'

Energ+: ,=Q!   The charge .: Q=1.6x10 -1 C Dor in Houles: (e@>(340(2 /(7 H



/c =

* 

5 resistance -ac > - I J -b DhereK -b > bul resistance &rp Jrn' -I > Iunction resistance o

Tem!erature Coe+cient

>

Positi6e Negati6e

!   

26m * 

iode Parameter: Pcurrent &ere' - > resistance &ohm' @ > 6oltage &6olt' Power

)ower  =

wor  t"m

CHAPTER 4: SERIES5PARALLEL CIRC$ITS

Dor

,ork  = (ower  0t"m ( ( ( (

Ioule > (watt/second watt > (Ioule?second Ioule > ( 6olt/coulomb watt > ( 6olt/ampere

5omparison of Series and Parallel 5ircuits Series Circuits Parallel Circuits 5urrent the same in all @oltage the same across all components3 branches @ across each series - is < 0 < in each branch - is @?@ T > @( J @" J @* J  J @N G( J G" J G* J  J GN - T must be more than the -E. must be less than the largest indi6idual smallest branch P T > P( J P" J P* J  J P N P T > P( J P" J P* J  J P N pplied 6oltage is di6ided %ain/line current is di6ided into  !ilowatts > 2 ft/lb?s ( Ioule > 43" 0 (2 ($e@ 5on6ersion Aactors: Prex

Sm#ol

%ega

%

!ilo %illi

 m

%icro

C

Power Aormulas: P>@<

Relation to 2asic $nit ()222)222 or ( 0 (24 (222 or ( 0 (2* 2322( or ( 0 (2/* 2322222( or ( 0 (2/4

P>

-(-" J-"-* J-*-(

J23* J23$2 J23$2 J(3*4

-( -(-" J-"-* J-*-( CHAPTER 1/: MAG(ETISM

-" -(-" J-"-* J-*-(

5on6ersions:

-*

( ( ( (

5on6ersions of Δ ) W to T:

-(>

2322

SiVes for Popular T+pes of r+ 5ells: Height< &iameter< Si=e in> in  "X (X 5 ( (  ( 9?$ 7?(4  ( *?$

5on6ersions of  to Δ) or T to W:

- >

/2382 /23"* /23(*

-B-5

- J-BJ-5 -5- -" > - J-BJ-5 --B -* > - J-BJ-5

CDb > (22 lines or %0 Db > ( 0 (2$ lines or %0 T > ( 0 (28 G %0?cm" > ( G

Alu0 ensit+ &B':

B>

φ



5lassi1cation of %agnetic %aterials: Aerromagnetic %aterials Paramagnetic %aterials Paramagnetic %aterials iamagnetic %aterials • • • •

CHAPTER 1-: 2ATTERIES 5ell T+pes and Open 5ircuit @oltage: Cell (ame

T!e

5arbon Uinc Uinc 5hloride %anganese io0ide &laline' %ercuric O0ide Sil6er O0ide Lithium Lead cid Nicel 5admium Nicel



MS or SI $nits ( weber &Db' > (2$ %0 ( Tesla &T' >

(%0

(Db

" cm

" m

CHAPTER 1?: MAG(ETIC  $(ITS 232("

m

3

t m

-%S 6alue > 23929 0 pea 6alue

Permeabilit+: o

Co > (G?Oe

5oulomb=s Law:

A >7Q(27 Q

q(q" r"

Dhere: A > force in Newton q() q" > charge in coulombs r > distance in meters 7 0 (27 > constant factor CHAPTER 13: ELECTR'MAG(ETIC  I(&$CTI'(

Period:

Aarada+=s Law:

6ind>N

dϕ 

 T A

dt

Dhere:

( f 

Da6elength:

N > number of turns

dϕ  dt

5ommon Arequencies: A!!licatio %re@uencies ns 5 Power 42 #V Line 2 R ()222 udio #V Equipment * R (42 % -adio #V Band  T@ 5hannel 8/42 %#V " A% -adio $$ R (2$ %#V Band

λ  >

 > in webers per second

6elocit+ frequenc

CHAPTER 14: ALTER(ATI(G *'LTAGE A(& C$RRE(T @alues in a Sine Da6e: Angle θ Sin &egre Ra,ian es s 2 2 2 *2

8

42

72 ($2 "92 *42

π

4 π 8 π * π "

π *π " "π

Da6elength of Sound Da6es: θ

Loo! *oltage Vero

λ  >

((*2ft? f #V

CHAPTER 16: I(&$CTA(CE

23

2Y of  ma0imum

Aormula of ( 0(2/* # (C# > ( 0 (2/4 # Self induced @oltage:

6L

L

A

Uero

di dt

5oecient of 5oupling: eri6ation of 6erage and -%S @alues for a Sine Da6e lternation Inter) Angle Sin θ al θ ( ( 23"4 2329 " *2 23 23" * 8 239( 23 8 42 23$9 239  9 2379 237* 4 72 ( ( 9 (2 2379 237* $ ("2 23$9 239 7 (* 239( 23 (2 (2 23 23" (( (4 23"4 2329 (" ($2 2 2  Total 934" 4 6erag -%S @alue: e 23929

G>

;u0linGage between L( andL" ;u0produced b+L(

%utual -p

CHAPTER -4: RES'(A(CE

,L" -p > rs

-esonant Arequenc+:

fr >

( "π L5

CHAPTER -6: %ILTERS  T+pical udio Arequenc+ and -adio Arequenc+ 5oupling 5apacitors: *alues o" CC %re@uen %re@uenc R R R c 2an, 1>4B Ω 14 Ω 14;B Ω udio (22#V (2CA (CA 23(CA Arequenc+ udio (222#V (CA 23(CA 232(CA Arequenc+ udio (2#V 23(CA 232(CA 2322(CA Arequenc+ -adio (22#V 232(CA 2322(CA (22pA Arequenc+ -adio (%#V 2322(CA (22pA (2pA Arequenc+ -adio (2%#V (22pA (2pA (pA Arequenc+ @er+ #igh (22%#V (2pA (pA 23(pA Arequenc+ ,5c > (?(2 -

5apacitance:

5>

( 8π "f r"L



( 8π "f r"5

. of Series 5ircuit:

.>

,L rs

@oltage Output in Series -esonance:

@L > @5 >. Q@gen

. in a Series -esonant 5ircuit:

.>

@out @in

. in a Parallel -esonant 5ircuit:

.>

UE. ,L

Bandwidth of -esonant 5ircuit: Δf >

f r .

#igh/. 5ircuit:

UE. >

U(QU" U( JU"

5omparison of Series and Parallel -esonance: Series -esonance Parallel -esonance (

fr > "π

fr >

L5

< ma0imum at f r with θ of 2Z3

,L @out or . > r @ s in

Bandwidth >

Δf >

f  r .

5ircuit capaciti6e below f r) but inducti6e abo6e f r3 Needs low resistance source for low r s) high .) and sharp tuning Source is inside L5 circuit3

"π

L5

. 0 @ GEN

(

 T+pical udio Arequenc+ and -adio Arequenc+ 5oupling 5apacitors: *alues o" CC %re@uen %re@uenc R R R c 2an, 14 Ω 1>4B Ω 14;Ω udio (22#V (CA (2CA (22CA Arequenc+ udio (222#V 23(CA (CA (2CA Arequenc+ udio (2#V 232(CA 23(CA (CA Arequenc+ -adio (22#V 2322(CA 232(CA 23(CA Arequenc+ -adio (%#V (22pA 2322(CA 232(CA Arequenc+ -adio (2%#V (2pA (22pA 2322(CA Arequenc+ @er+ #igh (22%#V (pA (2pA (22pA Arequenc+ ,5( > (?(2 -

U ,L ma0 or . > r , s L

. rise in impedance > . 0 @GEN Bandwidth >

Δf >

f  r .

5ircuit inducti6e below f r) but capaciti6e abo6e f r3 Needs high resistance source for high r s) high .) and sharp tuning Source is outside L5 circuit3

Low R Pass Ailter:

5hoe L in series

(222 (22( (2(2 (2(( ((22 ((2( ((2 ((((

5hoe L in series

& '  J ) / 3 ?

$ 7 : K  > F 

# < H ! L % N O

,  U

h i I  L m n o

0 + V

Logic Gates

Ā

B>,

π/t+pe with series resistors JB>, #igh R Pass Ailter:

 %7= 6 

-5 5oupling 5ircuit