Elements of Magic - Mythic Earth

 

     

 

Qrhttml dy2  Tygl Lioe  Zriinrmg` dy2  @gvh` @memhzmr Bifgllms Cudmr Hltmrhir Hccustrgthils dy2  B. C. Bilms _usgl Eliwcms Bml _tgrchla Oivmr Hccustrgthil dy2  B. C. Bilms

 

Cgyiut dy2  Mrho Chnm-Zutlgk

 

Zcgytmstm` dy2  Buchgl Druom Prgm Oiipmr Lmhc @‘Oruzm Khofgmc Agcciacy Ogt Agringci Cgurg Emrtz Tfmtt Kiragl Tid Zgres Fgkh` Tgiin @gvh` _fgrm

Goeliwcm`amkmlts H‘` chem ti tfgle Bmsshog Bilms nir ormgthla tfm F HHAF  AF  N   N   GLPG_X   GLP G_X  smtthla  smtthla gl` rullhla tfm ﬇rst rmgccy nul ngltgsy ogkpghal H ait ti dm hl gs g pcgymr. Prum, H oiuc` lmvmr ehcc tfgt zikdhm, dut gt cmgst H fg` tfm rmspmot in ky  nmcciw ZOs. Gcsi, tfgles ti ti Lho Dukpus, Oiurtlmy Ogv Ogvgchmrm, gchmrm, Ofg` @icchls, Ofrhs Kmoecmldira, gl` mvml Dcgem Gctmr nir dmhla hl tfgt agkm.  Gs g agkm `mshalmr, H‘` gcsi chem ti tfgle tfgle Dml @urdhl in Dg`-Gx Dg`-Gxmm Agkms  nir mxpishla km ti Arhk Pgcms , gl` Kgtt Dcgemcmy nir amtthla amtthla km hlti tfm  dushlmss hl tfm ﬇rst pcgom. Mcmkmlts in Kgaho  dushlmss  Gl`, uk, H wglt ti tfgle tfgle kysmcn. H fg`l‘t `il `ilmm ht ymt. ‐Tygl

@mocgrgthil in Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt Mvmrytfhla hl tfhs diie itfmr tfgl tfm oivmrs, tfm thtcm t htcm pgam, tfm oiltmlts pgam, hccustrgthils, –ML Zudchsfhla‛ gl` tfm ML Zudchsfhla ciai, irhahlgc ofgrgotmr gl` pcgom lgkms, –ML Qirc`,‛ –Kytfho Mgrtf,‛ –FHAF  NGLPG_X,‛ Cyomhgl Groglg,‛ gl` –Mcmkmlts in Kgaho‛ hs `mshalgtm` Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt.

M.L.Z]DCH_FHLA 7>0> Th`am Tig` ^glecmme ^gl ecmme Fhcc, IL Oglg`g E:D 7T: ML Zudchsfhla hs gl hkprhlt in ML Qirc`. Zcmgsm vhsht fttp2//www.mlwirc`.ira 

 

OFGZPMT  P   P FTMM F TMM2 P  F FM M K  GAHO IN  FHAF N GLPG_X  ............... ............... 4>

Z TMNGOM TMNGOM  ..........................................................................................7

_i Qfgt‘s Ofglam`9 .......................................................................... 7 Qfgt‘s Hlsh`m9 ....................................................................................... 7

Hltri`uohla tfm F HAF  HAF  N   N GLPG_X  GLPG_X  _mtthla  _mtthla .................................... 4>  Iraglhzgthils ................................................................................... 4> 

Pwi Agkm _ystmks hl Ilm Diie ...... .................. ........................ ........................ .............. 7

Pfm Durmgu ........... ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................4> ............4> Pfm Elhafts in tfm Tiul` ............ ........................ ........................ ........................ ..................41 ......41

OFGZPMT  I  ILM2 K XPF_  ............................... ............................... ................................ ..4

Amiargpfy in Aghg......................................................................... Aghg......................................................................... 46  Kgam G`vglom` Ocgss ................................................................... 48  F HAF   N  N GLPG_X  HAF   GLPG_X  Kgaho  Kgaho Htmks ............................................................?: 

Qfy g Kytfho Agkm9 ....................................................................... 4  Gutfir‘s Litm2 Zcgy gl` Tmsmgrof Qirc`s Xiu Mlbiy.... 4

_mtthla, Kytf, gl` G`vmlturm G`vmlturm ...................................................... ?

Emy ........... ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ................?: ....?: Emy, Armgtmr ............ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ......................?: ..........?: Gamlt Qmgpils........... ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ................?: ....?:

_mtthla............ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ .......................? ...........? PFM FHAF NGLPG_X _MPPHLA ............ ........................ ........................ ........................ ................... ....... ?

_gkpcm  Ofgrgotmrs ...........................................................................?7

Kytf ....................... ................................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ............... ... ? G`vmlturm ............ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ............... ... 0

L!xgu Ahewm ............ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ....................?7 ........?7

Ormgthla g Kytfis ............................................................................. > 

L!VG]‘_ _HALGP]TM _ZMCC_ ............ ........................ ........................ ........................ ....................?7 ........?7

Nhlgacm Z. Cuoesfirm................. ............................. ........................ ........................ ........................?4 ............?4 OFGZPMT  P   P   QI2 _ZM CCOG_P HLA   GL@   K GAHOGC  P  TG@HPHIL_ ...1  TG@HPHIL_

NHLGACM‘_ _HALGP]TM _ZMCC_ ............ ........................ ........................ ........................ ..................?4 ......?4

Pfm Dgshos ............................................................................................... 1 

Chl Limccm ............ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ..............?? ..??

_pmccogsthla............ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ .............. 1

CHL‘_ _HALGP]TM _ZMCC_ ............ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ..............?? ..??

KGAHO HL PFM FHAF NGLPG_X _MPPHLA ........... ....................... ........................ ............... ... 6 DMFHL@ PFM O]TPGHL2KGAHO CM^MC IN G _MPPHLA ................... .................. 8

Tussmcc ^gl`mrsofkh`t........... ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ..............?0 ..?0

Amlmrgc _pmccogsthla................... ............................... ........................ ........................ ........................ .............. 8 Mxpgl`m` _pmccogsthla Ipthils ............. ......................... ........................ ...................7: .......7: Arhk Kgaho ............ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ .......................7: ...........7:

 Bmlly Qhl`argvm............ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................?= ............?=

] __MCC‘_ _HALGP]TM _ZMCC_ ............ T ]__MCC ........................ ........................ ........................ ..................?0 ......?0

 BMLLX‘_ _HALGP]TM _ZMCC_ ........... ....................... ........................ ........................ ......................?= ..........?=

Afists gl` _phrhts ............................................................................?>  Kgah gl` @rgails ..........................................................................?> 

Lmw _tgrthla Iooupgthils...........................................................77 Kgaho _ehccs .........................................................................................77 Kgaho _ehccs gl` _ehcc ]sms ............ ........................ ........................ ........................ .................74 .....74

OFGZPMT  N  NI]T 2  _ZM CC_  .............................. .............................. ?1 

Kgaho Nmgts..........................................................................................77

Ormgthla _pmccs ...................................................................................?1  Amlmrgc Mlfglomkmlts..................................................................?6 

Prg`hthil Nmgts ........... ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ .................7> .....7> Prg`hthil Hltmrgothils............ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ...............7> ...7>

G`vglom` _pmccogsthla ........... ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ..............?6 ..?6

Thtugc _pmccs.........................................................................................4= 

@hspmcchla Kgaho ..............................................................................?8  Gttgoe..................................................................................................... 0:  Ofgrk ................................................................................................... 07 Ormgtm .....................................................................................................0?

_gkpcm Thtugc ............ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ...................4= .......4=

Ormgtm ir Prglsnirk9........ .................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ....................00 ........00 Ourm ........................................................................................................ 00

Kgaho Htmks .........................................................................................4? Htmk Ormgthil............ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ...................4? .......4? DMFHL@ PFM O]TPGHL2 OTGNP ZIHLP_ HL_PMG@ IN VZ ....... ..........40 ...40

Khrgoucius Fmgchla........... ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ....................0= ........0= Tghshla tfm @mg`, Fmgchla tfm _hoe........... ....................... ........................ ..............0> ..0>

@mnml` ................................................................................................... 0>  @hvhlm .....................................................................................................01  Ipthilgc Tucm • Ohlmkgtho Ocghrviyglom .... ................ ......................06 ..........06

Hccushil .................................................................................................. 06  Kivm ....................................................................................................... 08  _ukkil ................................................................................................=4  Prglsnirk Prgls nirk .............................................................................................=4  ............................................................................................. =4   G ZZML@HV  Z ZML@HV   ILM 2 K XPFHO  N GLPG_X  @4:............................... 4:............................... ... =?

Ngltgsy `4: Oilvmrshils .............................................................=? Kgam Dgsho Ocgss ..............................................................................=? _gkpcm Prg`hthil Nmgts .................................................................=0 CMAGC HLNITKGPHIL ............................... ................................ ... =>

hh

 

Zrmngom

 _i Qfgt‘s Qfgt‘s Ofglam`9 

Pfm uleliwl gl` tfm smormt grm mssmlthgc ti fukgl lgturm. Qhtfiut kystmry, pmipcm whtfmr gl` `hm. Hl tfm thkm dmnirm tfm `gre gams, kgaho wgs gs oikkil il Mgrtf gs ht hs hl tfm lukmrius ngltgsy smtthlas in ﬇othil. Dut gt tfm Dgttcm in Ogkcgll hl Mlacgl`, Ehla Grtfur‘s elhafts `mnmgtm` tfm grky in tfm kgahogc rgoms, cm` dy tfm elhaft Kir`rm`, gl` hl si `ihla Grtfur wil g vhotiry nir gcc fukglhty. Pfm kgahogc rgoms garmm` gt tfm pihlt in g swir` ti cmgvm tfm fukgl wirc` ‐ P Pmrrg mrrg ‐ gl` rmturl ti tfmhr iwl nmy rmgck ‐ Aghg, g wirc` tfgt ilom ocismcy g`bihlm` Pmrrg, dut tfgt ttfmlomnirtf fmlomnirtf wiuc` ariw nurtfmr gl` nurtfmr gpgrt. Kist wfi fmgr stirhms chem tfhs ilm wiuc` ogcc tfmk kmrm kytf. Gntmr gcc, kgaho hs lit rmgc, gl` suof tgcms grm bust stirhms tic` dy iur halirglt, supmrsththius glomstirs. Pfm trutf, hn tfmrm hs suof g tfhla, hs tfgt tfm stiry hs   g kytf, dut ht hs g kytf dmchmvm` hl dy ormgturms wm iursmcvms wiuc` ogcc kgahogc. Nir tfm hlsh`hius tfhla gdiut kgaho hs tfgt ht oilnirks ti tfm dmchmns in fukglhty. Kytfs grm lit bust stirhms tic` nir mltmrtghlkmlt5 tfmy grm fiw oucturms mxpcghl gl` ul`mrstgl` tfm wirc`, gl` mvml tfm kist –g`vglom`‛ oucturms fgvm tfmhr iwl kytfs, dmogusm tfmrm whcc gcwgys dm kystmry. Mcmkmlts in Kgaho ‐ Kytfho Mgrtf ahvms yiu tfm rucms ti ormgtm kgaho gs ht hs smml hl tfm kytfs tfgt grm gchvm hl mvmry smtthla,

Kytfho Mgrtf wgs wrhttml whtf twi prhkgry aigcs2 ﬇rst, ti kgem g fflmxhdcm kgaho systmk oikpgthdcm whtf tfm Ki`mrl `4: rucms5 gl` smoil`, ti strmgkchlm tfm spmcc ormgthil systmk hl tfm irhahlgc Mcmkmlts in Kgaho   nir usm hl Ngltgsy `4: agkms. Pfm kgaho systmk hl tfhs diie ogl dm usm` whtf ki`mrl agkms whtf fmchoiptmrs gl` khlh-auls, ngltgsy agkms whtf `rgails gl` `ulamils, ir gly sirt in agkm hl dmtwmml. Hn yiu grm oikhla ti tfm Mcmkmlts in Kgaho systmk nir tfm ﬇rst thkm, wfgt yiu lmm` ti eliw hs tfgt tfm kgaho hl Kytfho Mgrtf  hs  hs kirm nrmm-nirk tfgl tfgt hl tfm oirm rucms in mhtfmr Ngltgsy `4: ir Ki`mrl `4:. Gly ofgrgotmr ogl goquhrm g ‛trg`hthil nmgt,– wfhof ahvms fhk goomss ti kgaho in g pgrthoucgr kgahogc trg`hthil. Fm ogl tfml spml` sehcc pihlts ti trghl hl tfm tml `hnnmrmlt kgahogc sehccs. _pmccogstmrs hl Kytfho Mgrtf  `i   `i lit fgvm spmcc scits. Hlstmg`, tfmy kust kgem sehcc ofmoes ti ogst spmccs, gl` gs cila gs tfmy `i lit nghc tfmhr gttmkpts rmaucgrcy,, tfmy ogl emmp ogsthla spmccs whtfiut chkht. rmaucgrcy Ivmr twmlty kgahogc trg`hthils grm prmsmltm` hl Ofgptmr Pwi, `rgwl nrik tfm kgahogc dmchmns in iur iwl

glohmlt ir ki`mrl.   prmsmlts oikpgthdcm whtf Mgrtf  ditf Ngltgsy `4: gl`Kytfho Ki`mrl `4:, gl` hs glrucms up`gtm in tfm fflmxhdcm spmcc ormgthil systmk in Mcmkmlts in Kgaho . G``hthilgccy, wfmtfmr yiu wglt ti mxpcirm tfm kytfs in tfm rmgc wirc`, ir yiu wglt ti pcgy hl g ngltgsy wirc` in yiur iwl ormgthil, tfhs diie whcc fmcp yiu ul`mrstgl` tfm ricm kytfs pcgy hl fhstiry gl` siohmty, gl` whcc gh` yiu hl oikpishla g`vmlturms whtf kytfho rmsilglom. Kytfho Mgrtf  whcc  whcc fmcp yiu drhla tfm argl`mur in kytfs gl` tfm hltrhogohms in supmrsththil gl` nicecirm ti chnm hl yiur agkms. Nrik strmmt kgahohgls gl` vii`ii prhmsts ti Ofhlmsm siromrmrs gl` tfm vgrhius strhpms in whtofms, gcc tfm kgahogc dmchmns in fukglhty gl` tfm hl﬇lhtm wirc`s in ngltgsy grm yiurs ti whmc` gs yiu mxpcirm tfm kystmrhms in Kytfho Mgrtf.

wirc`, tfiuafMgof itfmr trg`hthils grm mgshcy pisshdcm itfmr wirc`s. kgahogc trg`hthils fgs sikm typmsnir in kgaho ht hs aii` ir dg` gt, si Ofrhsthgl khrgocm wiremrs grm kirm chemcy ti dm sehccm` gt fmgchla, gl` Gztmo G ztmo dcii` kgams whcc dm kist g`mpt gt gttgoe spmccs. Ofgrgotmrs in gly ocgss ogl cmgrl kgaho, tfiuaf ilcy tfism wfi `mvitm tfmksmcvms ti ht whcc dmoikm trucy piwmrnuc. Hn yiu gcrmg`y fgvm Mcmkmlts in Kgaho , yiu ogl usm Kytfho Mgrtf  hn   hn yiu wglt g kgaho systmk whtf gl mgshmr cmgrlhla ourvm, ir hn yiu wglt g sehcc- dgsm` kgaho systmk tfgt `hsogr`s KZ. K Z.

Qfgt‘s Hlsh`m9  Kytfho Mgrtf oiltghls kgtmrhgc gs mxpcghlm` dmciw. Ofgptmr Ilm2 Kytfs  Kytfs  hltri`uoms sikm in tfm

Pwi _ystmks hl IlmgsDiie  PfhsAgkm diie wgs irhahlgccy mlvhshilm` g suppcmkmlt ti drhla Mcmkmlts in Kgaho   ti tfm Ki`mrl `4: agkm, ushla Mgrtf gs tfm prhkgry smtthla. Cgtmr hl `mvmcipkmlt wm rmgchzm` sikm agkmrs wiuc` dm hltmrmstm` hl ushla tfhs systmk hl tfmhr lirkgc Ngltgsy `4: agkms (gl` wm rmgchzm` tfgt tfmrm hs g kuof cgramr gu`hmlom nir ngltgsy rucmdiies tfgl ki`mrl rucmdiies). Ht wgs gl mgsy kgttmr ti kgem tfm rucms oikpgthdcm whtf Ngltgsy `4: gs wmcc. Tgtfmr tfgl ocuttmr tfm diie whtf twi smts in rucms gl` pisshdcy oilnusm rmg`mrs ciiehla nir rucms il ilm systmk dut lit tfm itfmr, tfm Ki`mrl `4: rucms grm usm` gs g `mnguct tfriuafiut tfm diie, gl` tfm Ngltgsy `4: rucms grm prmsmltm` hl gl gppml`hx gt tfm dgoe in tfm diie.

7

oikkil kytfho kithns, gl` `hsoussms fiw ti ormgtm agkms whtf `hnnmrmlt stycms gl` hltmrgothils in kytfs. Ofgptmr Pwi2 _pmccogsthla gl` Kgahogc Prg`hthils Prg`hthils   mxpcghls tfm rucms nir aghlhla goomss ti kgaho gl` ogsthla spmccs, gl` `mtghcs twmlty-tfrmm kgahogc trg`hthils nrik tfm dmchmns in tfm rmgc wirc`. Ofgptmr Pfrmm2 Pfm Kgaho in FHAF N GLPG_X  privh`ms  privh`ms smtthla-spmoh﬇o hlnirkgthil gl` rucms nir kgaho-usmrs hl tfm FHAF  NGLPG_X  ogkpghal, hlocu`hla g lmw Kgam g`vglom` ocgss gl` sgkpcm ofgrgotmrs. Ofgptmr Niur2 _pmccs spmccs _pmccs spmccs iut mvmrytfhla yiu ogl `i whtf kgaho.  Gppml`hx Ilm2 Kytfho Ngltgsy `4: `4 : `mtghcs fiw ti usm tfm rucms hl tfhs diie hl g ngltgsy agkm, lit g ki`mrl agkm.

 

Pfm wirc` hs fikm ti tfiusgl`s in oucturms, gl` mgof oucturm fgs ahvml dhrtf ti hts iwl kytfis, pipucgtm` dy ai`s, sphrhts, trhoestmrs, ormgthil, fflii`, gl` gpiogcypsm. Ki`mrl oucturm fgs hts iwl kytfs gs wmcc, kgly in tfmk tfm surprhshla ofhc`rml in tfmsm fhstirhogc kytfho gl` rmchahius trg`hthils. Dut dm tfmy glohmlt ir ki`mrl, kytfs nrik griul`

gl` stirhms. Il tfm ilm fgl`, ht‘s kuof mgshmr ti `mnmgt tfm _pfhlx hn yiu‘vm fmgr` hts rh``cm dmnirm. Il tfm itfmr fgl`, pcgymrs wfi fgvm li h`mg wfgt g sehlwgcemr hs ir fiw ti `mgc whtf ilm whcc amt ti mxpmrhmlom g nmgr in tfm uleliwl lit gvghcgdcm hn yiu bust sthoe ti tfm t fm kytfs mvmryilm eliws. Nhlgccy, kytfs duhc` upil tfmksmcvms, kgehla lirkgc

tfm wirc` fgvm inoikpmcchla dmogusm `mmpcy hllgtm mcmkmlts fukgl chnm.shkhcgrhthms Ourhishty gdiut tfmin lgturm in tfm wirc`, nmgr in tfm uleliwl, tfm lmm` nir siohgc struoturm gl` oucturgc fmrims, gl` tfm lgturgc `mshrm nir mltmrtghlkmlt fgvm cm` wh`mcy `hspgrgtm oucturms ti ahvm dhrtf ti sfioehlacy shkhcgr kytfs.

stirhms piwmrnuc, gl` ahvhla mxomccmlt stirhms ‐tfm pitmlthgckirm ti dmoikm cmaml`s. Hltri`uom g supmrsththil g dcgoe ogt orissms tfm trghc in tfm pgrty ‐ gl` tfmy suspmot tfmrm hs kirm ti tfmhr biurlmy tfgl kmrm ofglom. Hlvicvm tfmk hl g nice tgcm ‐ tfm cmaml`gry –kml hl dcgoe‛ smme ti shcmlom tfmk gl` mrgsm tfm pgrty‘s khl`s ‐ gl` tfmhr vhotiry hs lit  bust ivmr ilm ariup in vhccghls, dut ivmr gcc tfm ngdcm` nims in urdgl cmaml`s. Ormgtm g cmaml` ‐ ti ulhtm twi wirc`s, tfm pgrty kust ﬇l` tfm Ficy Arghc, wfhof hs pritmotm` dy tfm trgps gl` ul`mg` augr`hgls in tfm @ulamil in Gvgcil ‐ gl` yiu‘cc fgvm ilm fmcc in g kmkirgdcm ogkpghal.

Qfy g Kytfho Agkm9  Qfgt `i kytfs drhla ti g agkm9 _mtthla gsh`m tfm graukmlt tfgt mvmry stiry hs dgsm` hl kytf (bust tfgt wm‘rm lit gwgrm in wfml wm‘rm ushla iur iwl kytfs), agkms ogl dmlm﬇t nrik tfm hlocushil in `hnnmrmlt kytfs hl smvmrgc wgys. Nhrst, kytfs gl` cmaml`s grm pgrt in oucturm, gl` mvml hl tfm ki`mrl wirc` wm sthcc ochla ti iur ic` supmrsththils gl` ormgtm lmw ilms. _hkpcy g``hla –ngltgsy‛ ti g ki`mrl agkm

Gutfir‘s Litm2 Zcgy gl` Tmsmgrof Qirc`s Xiu Mlbiy tfmnulkist nrik tfmsm rucms, agkh gl` la, ti fgvmPi tfmamt kist whtfvgcum kytficiahogccy-tfmkm` agkhla, yiu‘rm aihla ti lmm` ti `i sikm rmsmgrof. Pfhs hs aii` lmws. Pfmirmthogccy, gt cmgst, yiu‘rm agkhla dmogusm yiu mlbiy ht5 hn yiu‘rm aihla ti fgvm g agkm dgsm` hl rmgcwirc` kytfs, yiu‘cc mlbiy rmsmgrofhla tfism kytfs. G dht in Hltmrlmt driwshla ir chdrgry rmsmgrof sfiuc` amt yiu stgrtm` il tfm rig` ti rmgccy wirehla vgrhius kytfho trg`hthils in oucturms hlti yiur agkm. Zmrfgps tfm kist nul pgrt in tfhs rmsmgrof hs tfgt, shlom ht‘s nir g agkm, yiu sfiuc` `mcvm hlti mltmrtghlkmlt tfgt nmgturms tfgt trg`hthil. Tmlt Fila Eila wuxhg ﬇cks, pcgy Ai` in Qgr   ti mxpmrhmlom g rm-mlvhshilhla in kytfho Armmom, gl` put il sikm rmruls in Pfm V-Nhcms  ti  ti rmkhl` yiursmcn tfgt

ogl nmmc ficciw, dmogusm tfm ngltgshms wm mlvhshil ti`gy grm tfm suoomssirs in khccmllhg in `rmgks gl` lhaftkgrms gdiut tfm kgahogc gl` tfm uleliwl. Iros whtf auls, nir mxgkpcm, smmk grdhtrgry5 g pistki`mrlhst oikdhlgthil tfgt mxhsts bust dmogusm ht‘s –oiic‛ dut tfgt cgoes gly `mmpmr rmgsil wfy tfm mxhstmlom in gl iro kgems smlsm hl tfm oiltmxt in kytficiay. Kytfs grm `hnnmrmlt.  Pfmrm hs sikmtfhla `grecy oikpmcchla gdiut kytf, gdiut tfm pisshdhchty tfgt tfm kgaho wm tfhle wm‘vm gdgl`ilm` sthcc cures hl tfm pcgoms wm ofiism lit ti smm, gl` tfgt ht fgs ofglam` ti kgtof g lmw amlmrgthil in nmgrs. _moil`, vgrhmty emmps pcgymrs gl` agkm kgstmrs hltmrmstm` hl tfm agkm, gl` emmps tfm ilaihla agkm nrik dmoikhla rmpmththvm. Ht ogl dm bust pcghl hltmrmsthla ti tgem g stmp gwgy nrik mvmry`gy gothil g`vmlturm ti mxpcirm ocgsshogc kytfs. @mpml`hla il wfmtfmr yiu usm kytfs mvmryilm‘s ngkhchgr whtf, tfm pcgymrs khaft amt g ehoe iut in oilnrilthla ngkhchgr ofgccmlams whtf tfm dmlm﬇t in eliwcm`am acmglm` nrik kivhms

mvml hl tfm ki`mrl `gy wm grm sthcc ormgthla kytfs. Hccustrgthil dy _usgl Eliwcms 

4

 

 _mtthla, Kytf, gl` G`vmltur G`vmlturm  m 

Pfm FHAF NGLPG_X _mtthla 

G shlacm diie, mspmohgccy g agkhla diie, ogllit fipm ti mloikpgss gcc tfm kytfs in gcc tfm oucturms in Mgrtf. Pfhs ofgptmr, tfml, sfiws yiu wfgt yiu lmm` ti eliw ti kgem g kytfho smtthla wire hl yiur agkm. Ht ngccs ti yiu ti ﬇l` spmoh﬇os gl` oikm up whtf wgys ti wire tfmk hlti yiur g`vmlturms. Gs yiu tfhle gdiut fiw ti drhla yiur agkm‘s smtthla ti chnm, yiu‘cc wglt ti dm ocmgr wfgt tilm yiu gl` yiur pcgymrs wglt. Fiw drig` whcc tfm spmotruk in kytf dm, gl` fiw smrhiuscy whcc yiu tgem tfm mxhstmlom in kgaho9 Grm yiu aihla ti `mcvm `mmpcy hlti tfm kytfs in tfm Hlogs gl` Zmru, ir `i yiu pcgl g acidm-tritthla g`vmlturm gdiut gl ulofghlm` Armme thtgl iut ti `mstriy tfm Armgt Qgcc in Ofhlg9 Qhcc yiu strhvm nir rmgchsk ‟ gs kuof gs pisshdcm hl ngltgsy ‐ ir whcc kgaho mxhst nir tfm sgem in tfm pcit, whtfiut rgkh﬇ogthils hl tfm rmst in tfm wirc`9

FHAF   NGLPG_X , tfm sgkpcm smtthla in  Kytfho Mgrtf, hs

g wirc` wfmrm kgaho wgs `rhvml nrik Mgrtf omlturhms gai gl` hs liw sciwcy struaachla dgoe hlti tfm mym in `hsdmchmvhla fukglhty. Gooir`hla ti tfm kist oikkil kytf gkila kgaho usmrs, elhafts in Ogkmcit qumstm` ti `rhvm tfm kgahogc rgoms nrik tfm fukgl wirc` in Pmrrg ti tfm wirc` in kgaho, Aghg. Liw, hl tfm twmlthmtf gl` twmlty-﬇rst omlturhms, kgahogc ormgturms ﬇l` tfmksmcvms kirm mgshcy gdcm ti oriss dgoe ivmr. Hs ht dmogusm, gs tfm th`m in pudcho iphlhil hl tmofliciahogccy-g`vglom` lgthils sfhnts sciwcy tiwgr` goomptglom in `hnnmrmlt rgoms, oucturms, gl` rmchahils, iur nmgrs gl` supmrsththils grm li cilamr strila mliuaf ti emmp kgaho gt dgy9 Hs ht dmogusm tfm Fhaf Oiurt in tfm Nmy, piwmrnuc dmyil` kirtgc eml, ilcy mvmr wmlt gcila whtf tfm mxi`us dmogusm in tfmhr ngkiuscy hrrgthilgc wfhks, gl` liw tfmy fgvm ofglam` tfmhr khl`s9 Fgvm g ariup in `mvitm` kgams niul` g wgy ti `rgw tfm twi wirc`s ocismr tiamtfmr9 Mvml gamlts in tfm Durmgu, tfm smormt iraglhzgthil ofgram` whtf pritmothla fukglhty nrik kgaho, `i lit eliw tfm glswmr ti tfhs kystmry. Pfm FHAF  NGLPG_X smtthla hs `mtghcm` hl drhmn hl Ofgptmr Pfrmm, gl` ht prmsmlts bust ilm wgy ti usm tfmsm rucms ti ormgtm g kytfho smtthla. Zrhkgrhcy g smtthla nir tfm Ki`mrl `4: rucms, tfm fhstirhogc mrg in FHAF   NGLPG_X  oiuc` mgshcy wire nir g Ngltgsy `4: agkm.

_mtthla  Kytfs  grm   grm stirhms tfgt mxpcghl fiw wm chvm iur chvms gl` wfy tfm wirc` hs tfm wgy ht hs, intml oilomrlhla ormgthil ir kirgchty. Kytfs grm lit lmomssgrhcy ﬇othilgc, gl` intml wfmtfmr ginkytf hs trum hl`mm` `imsl‘t kgttmr ‐ nir tfm niul`hla in tfm ]lhtm` _tgtms oglmxgkpcm, dm sgh` tfm ti stiry fgvm gttghlm` kytfho pripirthils ‟ gl` gcc rmchahils fgvm kytfs. Qfgt kgttmrs kist hs fiw pmipcm‘s vhmws in tfm wirc` grm gnnmotm` dy kytfs, lit wfmtfmr g kytf gotugccy fgppmlm`. Cmaml`s  grm   grm ngkius stirhms in g kytfho trg`hthil tfgt `i lit mxpcghl tfm wirc`, dut `i typhogccy rmfflmot tfm dmchmns in tfm oucturm, sthcc pissmsshla shalh﬇oglom tfgt khaft mvmltugccy dm oiiptm` gs kytf. Nir mxgkpcm, tfm stirhms in Ehla Grtfur grm cmaml`s, hltml`m` prhkgrhcy nir mltmrtghlkmlt, lit ti mxpcghl tfm lgturm in tfm wirc`, dut tfmy fgvm dmml tgeml dy sikm s ikm gs g kytf prikhshla g rmturl ti cila cist c ist `gys in aciry. Nhlgccy, skgccmr gl` kirm oikkil tfgl kytfs gl` cmaml`s grm  nice tgcms , stirhms il g skgcc sogcm tfgt usugccy g``rmss ngltgstho hlfgdhtglts dmyil` tfm fukgl wirc`, gl`

Nir tfm purpism in g ricmpcgyhla ogkpghal, tfm kist hltmrmsthla kytfs grm tfism stirhms tfgt mhtfmr rmvmgc smormts

supmrsththils , tfism khlir dmchmns gl` siohgc tgdiis tfgt pmipcm nicciw hl gl mnnirt ti gnnmot tfmhr nirtulm ir tfriuaf shkpcm fgdht grhshla nrik tfmhr updrhlahla. Piamtfmr, tfm kytfs, cmaml`s, nice tgcms, gl` supmrsththils in g oucturm nirk hts kytfho smtthla. Nir sikm agkmrs ht whcc shkpcy dm mliuaf ti fgvm tfm kgaho in g trg`hthil gt tfmhr ﬇lamrthps ‐ ht‘s oiic ti ogst g vii`ii spmcc ti oiltric gl mlmky‘s di`y, ir ti usm tfm piwmr in Maypthgl ai`s ti dglhsf tfm wgcehla `mg` ‐ dut itfmrs whcc dm hltmrmstm` hl mxpmrhmlohla kgahogc smtthlas kirm nuccy, gl` `mtghcs gt gcc sogcms fmcp drhla tfism smtthlas gchvm. Eliwhla tfgt Lmw Ircmgls rmstgurglts intml fgvm rm` dmgls gl` rhom gs g Kil`gy culof spmohgc dmogusm cila gai Kil`gy usm` ti dm cgul`ry `gy, ir tfgt pmipcm rmaucgrcy cmgvm innmrhlas gl` prgymrs gt tfm tikd in tfm ic` vii`ii qumml Kgrhm Cmvmgu, `hnnmrmlthgtms tfm ohty nrik itfmr pcgoms. _hkhcgrcy, eliwhla tfgt kgly Bgpglmsm pmipcm dmchmvm yiu

ir tfgt tmcc tfm g`vmlturms in g fmri. Hl Armme kytfs, Fg`ms‘ pissmsshvmlmss in fhs whnm Zmrsmpfilm ormgtm` tfm oyocm in smgsils, gl` tfm tgcm in I`yssmus hs nucc in g`vmlturm gs fm dgttcms kilstmrs gl` mloiultmrs ai`s gl` siromrmssms. Qfml pcgymrs fmgr tfgt tfmy‘cc dm pcgyhla hl g kytfho Armme ogkpghal, tfmy mxpmot agkms tfgt mhtfmr pcgy inn tfm kytfs tfgt mxpcghl tfm wirc`, ir tfgt pgrgccmc tfm kytfs in fmriho g`vmlturms. G agkm whcc lit rmgccy nmmc kytfho hn ht tgems pcgom hl tfm `ust gl` `hrt in ulrmkgregdcm Armme ohthms, gl` tfm ilcy hl-agkm rmvmcgthils in tfmsm kytfs oikm nrik stirytmccmrs. st irytmccmrs. Kytfho agkhla pcgoms ofgrgotmrs hl tfm kytf, intml whtf twhsts ti emmp tfm pcgymrs il tfmhr tims. Pfm pcgymrs khaft eliw wfgt tfm Km`usg wgs hl ocgsshogc cmaml`, dut rmvmgchla tfgt tfm Km`usg hs gcsi tfm augr`hgl in g piwmrnuc fh``ml spmcc ahvms tfm pcgymrs hltmrmsthla wgys ti mxpmrhmlom tfm kytfs whtfiut shkpcy fmgrhla wfgt tfmy gcrmg`y eliw. eliw. Xiu sfiuc` dmoikm ngkhchgr whtf tfm kghl kytfs gl`

slmmzm wfml yiu grm dmhla tgcem` gdiut dmfhl` yiur dgoe, gl` tfgt kgly mxpmrhmlom chlamrhla lmrviuslmss gdiut `iiks`gys (`um ti tfm gtikho dikdhlas in Qirc` Qgr Qgr HH), ogl hlsphrm ofgrgotmrs ir pcits nir yiur agkm.

Kytf

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cmaml`s in g smtthla dmnirm rullhla tfm agkm. Mvml whtfiut oilsohiuscy tryhla, yiu whcc ﬇l` ht mgshmr ti kgem yiur agkms nmmc chem tfmy tgem pcgom hl g kytfho smtthla. In oiursm, gs yiur y iur agkm `mvmcips, tfm pcgymrs whcc li `iudt dmoikm hltmrmstm` hl mcmkmlts mlthrmcy ulhqum ti yiur agkm, ormgthla g cmaml` in tfmhr iwl.

agkm hs lit ti ﬇l` ocums gl` sicvm tfm kystmry, dut rgtfmr ti g`vmlturm gl` mxpmrhmlom tfm wirc` ulthc tfm ofgrgotmrs grm gdcm ti kgem smlsm in tfm kystmry. Pfmhr glswmr khaft lit dm tfm ilm tfm agkm kgstmr fg` pcgllm`, dut wfgtmvmr tfm ofgrgotmrs ml` up dmchmvhla kgy gs wmcc dm tfm trutf, gs cila gs ht cmg`s ti gl mltmrtghlhla rmsicuthil in tfm oilfflhot.

G`vmlturm

Pfm Kilikytf

]lnirtulgtmcy, nmw kytfho trg`hthils‘ cmaml`s nmgturm ariups in fmrims wirehla tiamtfmr. Kist mhtfmr hlvicvm g shlacm fmri il g qumst, ir hlvicvm tfm hltmrgothil in ai`s gl` itfmr `hvhlm dmhlas. Fiw, tfml, `ims g pgrty in pcgymr ofgrgotmrs amt hlvicvm`9 Pfm glswmr whcc `mpml` il wfmtfmr yiu‘rm rullhla gl gotugc ki`mrl agkm whtf kgahogc ivmrtilms, ir g fhstirhogc ogkpghal ocismr ti tfm thkm in tfm gotugc kytfs. Hl mhtfmr stycm agkm, g`vmlturms whcc amlmrgccy lmm` ti dm kirm kucth-cgymrm` tfgl tfmhr cmaml`gry oiultmrpgrts, si tfgt ofgrgotmrs whtf `hnnmrmlt sehcc smts ogl kgem usm in tfmhr piwmrs. Hl g ki`mrl agkm, fiwmvmr, intml tfm ﬇rst nmw g`vmlturms whcc smrvm ti mxpism tfm ofgrgotmrs ti tfm kgahogc lgturm in tfm smtthla. Ilm in tfm ivmrrh`hla mcmkmlt in kytfs hs tfgt tfmy mxhst

Pfm rmliwlm` Bismpf Ogkpdmcc writm hl fhs diie Pfm Fmri whtf g Pfiusgl` Ngoms  gdiut  gdiut tfm kilikytf, g stiry fm ocghkm` hs oikkil ti gcc oucturms. Pfiuaf tfm spmoh﬇os vgry, tfm oirm in tfm kilikytf hs tfgt g yiula fmri cmgvms fikm, g`vmlturms, cmgrls gdiut fhksmcn hl tfm oiursm in sgvhla tfm `gy, tfml rmturls fikm. Pfrmm stgams ‐ smpgrgthil, hlhthgthil, gl` rmturl ‐ nrgkm lukmrius ocgssho kytfho grofmtypms, ucthkgtmcy rmsucthla hl g oyocm tfgt ogl dm oilthlum` hl tfm lmxt amlmrgthil.

ti hl tfm uleliwl spgoms2 kytfs grm kytfs hltml`m` ti mxpcghl tfm﬇cc kystmrhius. Zgrt in tfm biy in rmg`hla hs smmhla fiw tfmy mxpcghl gspmots in tfm wirc`. Qhtf tfgt hl khl`, tfm agkm kgstmr sfiuc` kgem surm ti fgvm g nmw kystmrhms curehla hl tfm agkm. ]lchem g ki`mrl kystmry kystmry livmc, tfm pihlt in g kytfho

piwmr‐tiBismpf dmstiwOgkpdmcc, diils il Pfm fhs nmcciw kgl.g‛  ‛  Pfiusgl` Ngoms  Fmri whtf

–UG[ fmri vmlturms nirtf nrik tfm wirc` in tfm oikkil `gy hlti g rmahil in supmrlgturgc wil`mr2 ngducius niroms grm tfmrm mloiultmrm` gl` g `mohshvm vhotiry hs wil2 tfm fmri oikms dgoe nrik tfhs kystmrhius g`vmlturm whtf tfm

Pfm kilikytf hs g piwmrnuccy rmsilglt stiry, sfiwhla up hl rmchahil, mltmrtghlkmlt, gl`, sikmthkms, hl agkms.

Hccustrgthil dy B. C. Bilms 

0

 

Dut tfm kilikytf hs `hsthlotcy oilomhvm` in gs tfm stiry in g shlacm fmri, gl` tfiuaf tfgt fmri khaft mloiultmr ir dm gooikpglhm` dy itfmr ofgrgotmrs, tfmy grm lit tfm nious in tfm g`vmlturm. Pfm kilikytf hs tii oikpmcchla in g tiic ti si mgshcy `hsogr` nir g ricmpcgyhla agkm, fiwmvmr, fiwmvmr, si oilsh`mr sikm wgys ti kghltghl ht mvml hl g ariup agkm. Nhrst, pmrfgps tfm ariup hs whcchla ti cmt ilm ofgrgotmr dm tfm prhkgry nious in tfm pcit. Pfm itfmr pcgymrs ogl fgvm ofgrgotmrs wfi `i lit nicciw tfm kilikytf, dut hlstmg` fgvm tfmhr iwl skgcc pcits tfmy whsf ti rmsicvm. Pfm Nhlgc Ngltgsy   smrhms in vh`mi agkms fgs g trg`hthil in ahvhla smoil`gry ofgrgotmrs tfmhr iwl oilfflhots tfgt lmm` rmsicvhla. Pfmsm pridcmks intml mxhst dmnirm tfm agkm dmahls, gl` ulchem tfm ofgrgotmr in tfm kilikytf wfi whcc ul`mrai armgt ariwtf, tfmsm smoil`gry ofgrgotmrs fgvm ilcy ilm emy pmrsilgchty fflgw. Gsh`m nrik tfhs fflgw, tfmhr pmrsilgchty ogl rmkghl tfm sgkm tfriuafiut tfm ogkpghal. Hl`mm`, sikm pcgymrs prmnmr ti ormgtm g softhoe gl` rul whtf ht, gl` grm lit hltmrmstm` hl tfm tgse in kghltghlhla pmrsilgc wmgelmss ulthc tfm ochkgx in tfm ogkpghal. _moil`, tfm mlthrm ariup khaft ai tfriuaf tfm rhse kilikytf hl`hvh`ugccy. Pfmrm hs tfm tfgt ofgccmlams whcc dmoikm rm`ul`glt gl` tfgt ofgrgotmrs whcc dcml` tiamtfmr ‐ gntmr gcc, tfm Fmri whtf g Pfiusgl` Ngoms hs gl mvmrykgl, gl` tfus lit vmry `hsthlothvm ‐ dut dmogusm ricmpcgyhla agkms grm lit tfm sgkm gs kgss mltmrtghlkmlt, tfm `mkgl`s grm lit tfm sgkm. Gl mvmrykgl fmri hl g kivhm ir diie kust gppmgc ti tfm mlthrm gu`hmlom, gl` si kust dm g rmcgthvmcy dcgle scgtm upil wfhof rmg`mrs ogl pribmot

gl` gs tfmy rhse tfmhr chvms c hvms ti pritmot mgof itfmr tfmy oikm ti trust ilm glitfmr. Hl tfm _mpgrgthil stgam, tfm ofgrgotmrs grm puccm` gpgrt hlti twi ir kirm ariups, ngohla smpgrgtm ofgccmlams tfgt grm ucthkgtmcy rmcgtm` ti tfm ﬇lgc aigc in tfm ariup. Mgof skgcc ariup smmes ti ditf rmsicvm hts ourrmlt oilfflhot gl` ti rmnirk tfm nmcciwsfhp, gs mvmry kmkdmr rmgchzms fm ir sfm hs lit strila mliuaf il fhs iwl ti ngom tfm ﬇lgc ofgccmlam. @urhla smpgrgthil, hl`hvh`ugcs ngom tfmhr irhahlgc pridcmks gl` rmsicvm tfmk, prmpgrhla tfmk nir tfm ucthkgtm ofgccmlam. Hl tfm ]lhty stgam, tfm ofgrgotmrs ﬇l` mgof itfmr ilom kirm, gl` tfmy rmnirk tfm nmcciwsfhp hl thkm ti tgoecm tfmhr ﬇lgc oikkil ofgccmlam. Pyphogccy, ilm ofgrgotmr sthcc fgs gl ulrmsicvm` oilfflhot tfgt stgl`s hl tfm wgy in vhotiry, gl` whtf tfm gh` in fhs oikpglhils fm ngoms tfhs oilfflhot, oilqumrs ht, gl` tfus mlgdcms tfm nmcciwsfhp ti nuc﬇cc tfmhr ucthkgtm aigc. Pfhs kgy dm nicciwm` dy g `mliukmlt, tfiuaf cila `mliukmlt rmsuctsintml hl tfmgofgrgotmrs rmturlhla fikm, typhogccy dmogusm tfm stirytmccmr hs hlg`vmrtmltcy nicciwhla tfm kilikytf. Pfhs rmturl fikm ogl wmgeml tfm trum gppmgc in tfm Nmcciwsfhp Oyocm2 tfm nious il tfm strmlatf in tfm ariup gs duhct upil tfm trghts in hts kmkdmrs. G kirm gppriprhgtm rmturl fikm hl tfm Nmcciwsfhp Oyocm khaft tgem pcgom `urhla tfm smoil` stgam, _mpgrgthil,

tfmksmcvms. Hl g agkm, a gkm, fiwmvmr, ilm ofgrgotmr‘s lmm`s typhogccy oikpmc ilcy tfgt ofgrgotmr‘s pcgymr. Nhlgccy, g sudtcm twhst il tfm kilikytf rmsucts hl g stiry struoturm ogccm` tfm Nmcciwsfhp Oyocm. Hl tfhs typm in stiry, mgof ofgrgotmr fgs ulhqum aigcs, ofgccmlams, gl` ippirtulhthms nir ariwtf, dut tfm ucthkgtm nious in tfm stiry hs upil tfm ariup gl` tfmhr nrhml`sfhps whtf mgof itfmr. Gppmgrhla kist prikhlmltcy hl Pfm Cir` in tfm Thlas   gl` cgtmr hl vgrhius @ulamils & @rgails  livmcs  livmcs gl` smvmrgc wil`mrnuc stiryfiurs il tfm ML Qirc` kmssgamdigr`s, tfm Nmcciwsfhp Oyocm, chem tfm kilikytf, fgs tfrmm stgams. Hl tfm Gcchglom stgam, tfm ofgrgotmrs oikm tiamtfmr nir g oikkil aigc. Pfmhr lmm`s gt tfhs pihlt kgy gppmgr dmlmvicmlt, dut mgof ofgrgotmr ucthkgtmcy fgs g smc﬇sf hltmrmst nir bihlhla tfm ariup ‐ pmrfgps ti survhvm, ir ti gofhmvm rmliwl, ir ti rm`mmk fhksmcn. Pfm ariup hs tfrmgtmlm` dy g oikkil nim,

hlstmg` in hl tfm ﬇lgc stgam gs hl tfm kilikytf5 tfm ariup wiuc` tfml rmulhtm nir tfm ]lhty stgam. Fiw ogl yiu gppcy tfm Nmcciwsfhp Oyocm ti yiur agkm, gl` fiw `ims ht hltmrgot whtf g kytfho smtthla9 smtth la9 Mgof trg`hthil fgs hts iwl oucturgc oilfflhots, ofgccmlams tfgt grm pgrthoucgrcy wirrhsikm ti pmipcm hl tfm siohmty. Pfm strmlatf in tfmsm oucturm oilfflhots kgy ilcy dm schaftcy kirm prikhlmlt tfgl itfmr oilfflhots, dut nmw wiuc` `mly tfgt hl h l tfm stirhms in mgof, Gkmrhogls oucturgccy fgvm g strilamr hltmrmst hl ﬇lglohgc prispmrhty gl` hl`mpml`mlom, wfhcm Bgpglmsm grm vmxm` dy hssums in filir gl` trg`hthil. Hl tfm Nmcciwsfhp oyocm, tfm ucthkgtm ofgccmlam sfiuc` dm rmcgtm` ti tfm oucturm oilfflhot in tfm kytfho smtthla, wfhcm tfm ofgccmlams nir tfm hl`hvh`ugc ofgrgotmrs ogl nious kirm il tfm ofgrgotmr‘s iwl pmrsilgchty, rmcyhla il tfm cmaml`s gl` nicecirm ti kghltghl g nmmchla gppriprhgtm ti tfm smtthla. Hccustrgthil dy B. C. Bilms 

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 Kytfho Pfmkms  Pfmkms 

Omrtghlcy, hltmlthilgccy ormgthla ml`urhla kytfs hs lit mgsy. ]sugccy tfmy fgppml dy ofglom wfml sikmilm stukdcms upil g pgrthoucgrcy oikpmcchla vmrshil in ngkhchgr, ocgssho stirhms. Pfhs `ims lit kmgl tfgt pcgymrs gl` agkm kgstmrs wiuc` lit `i wmcc ti tgem g chttcm thkm dmnirm stgrthla tfm ogkpghal ti wire iut ofgrgotmr gros tfgt wire wmcc tiamtfmr ti ormgtm tfm Nmcciwsfhp oyocm.

_ikm in tfm kghl rmourrhla mcmkmlts in kytf grm prmsmltm` dmciw, tfm chst `mrhvm` nrik tfm wire in Cirmlg _tiiemy hl Pfmkgtho Auh`m ti Qirc` Kytficiay   (© 4::0). Pfmsm grm tfm sirts in hoilho stirhms tfgt pmipcm ogl rmcgtm ti goriss oucturm, sfiwhla up hl lukmrius kytficiahms. Qfml ciiehla nir hlsphrgthil il fiw ti amt tfm pcgymrs hltmrmstm` hl g kytfho smtthla, rmsmgrof g nmw in tfm tfmkms dmciw ti smm fiw tfmy kglhnmst hl yiur ofisml kytfis. Qfml prmsmltm` hl tfm rhaft chaft, gcc in tfmsm tfmkms ogl mviem strila mkithils. Mxpcirhla tfm kystmrhms in tfm gntmrchnm, ciogthla g nrgakmlt in tfm maa nrik wfhof tfm wirc` fgtofm`, ir rmvhvhla ir rmsouhla g trgppm` oucturm fmri grm gcc rmg`y-kg`m gros griul` wfhof ti dgsm gl mlthrm ogkpghal.

Ormgthla g Kytfis  Qfhcm tfhs diie hs prhkgrhcy hltml`m` nir Ki`mrl `4: agkms hl tfm rmgc wirc`, wm fipm tfgt tfhs `hsousshil in tfm hlfflumlom in kytfs il agkhla khaft dm in usm ti yiu hl yiur itfmr agkms, dm tfmy ngltgsy, gctmrlgtm rmgchty, sohmlom ﬇othil, ir itfmrs wm ogllit hkgahlm. Pfm priomss in ormgthla g ngltgsy kytfis hs mgsy ‐ bust dmahl whtf ilm ir twi ocgshogc mcmkmlts (pmrfgps nrik tfm gdivm chst) tfgt hltrhaum yiu, gl` `moh`m il fiw tfism mcmkmlts kglhnmst hl tfm kytfis. Gs yiu spml` kirm thkm mlvhshilhla tfm kytfs in yiur smtthla, ofmoe tfm chst gdivm gl` ciie ti itfmr rmgc wirc` kytfs nir kytfho mcmkmlts cgoehla hl yiur smtthla. Lit gcc in tfmk fgvm ti dm prmsmlt, gl` hn yiu grm prmssm` nir thkm yiu sfiuc` ilcy `mvitm mnnirt ti oikhla up whtf kytfs tfgt tfm pcgymr ofgrgotmrs whcc mxpmrhmlom. Piss smt hl gtfm dhtfmrims in supmrsththil g nmw nice stirhms, tfml pmrfgps nicciwhla gl` tfm trghc in g cmaml`gry fmri, gl` yiur smtthla sfiuc` nmmc ulhqum nrik gly itfmr. Ht‘s mvml hkpirtglt ti `i tfhs hl g ki`mrl `gy agkm. Bust dmogusm g stiry fgs lit dmml tic` hl ocgssho kytficiahms `ims lit kmgl ht ogl‘t dm g ki`mrl cmaml`. Pfmrm grm fmrims gl` vhccghls hl tfm wirc` ‐ tfm ZOs sfiuc` dm gkila tfmk, gl` tfmy sfiuc` rmgchzm gs tfmy kgem tfmhr iwl stiry tfgt tfmy tii whcc dmoikm cmaml`s.

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 Pfm Gntmrchnm  Glhkgcs hl Kytf  Pfm Gpiogcypsm Ofglahla Gams  Pfm Oiskho Maa Ormgthil Kytfs

Augr`hgls Kmssmlamrs Kilstmrs Zrhkgc Zgrmlts  Pfm Wumst   Pfm Tghldiw 

Oucturm Fmrims @mcuam Kithn  @msomlt Kithn  Mgrtf-@hvmr Kithn  Mkmramlom Kithn  Mthiciahogc Kytfs  Pfm Ngcc Nmrthchty Kytfs Ai`s gl` Ai``mssms

_gorm` Kiultghls _mpgrgthil in Mgrtf in _ey   Prhoestmrs  Pwhls, Zghrs, Zghrs, gl` @iudcms  Pfm ]l`mrwirc`  Qgr  Qgr Gkila tfm Ai`s  Pfm Qirc` Qirc` Pr Prmm mm  Xkhrr Kithn   Xkh

 

_pmccogsthla 

Pfhs ofgptmr mxpcghls tfm rucms nir ogsthla spmccs. Pfm gotugc mnnmots in spmccs grm `mtghcm` hl Ofgptmr Niur2 _pmccs.

Pi ogst g spmcc, yiu kust mhtfmr fgvm g rhtugc tmxt, ir kust fgvm tfm gdhchty ti ogst spmccs spiltglmiuscy (whtf g trg`hthil nmgt gl` rgles hl tfm gppriprhgtm kgahogc sehcc). Pfm twi kmtfi`s usm `hnnmrmlt kmofglhos ti ogst spmccs, dut ditf usm tfm sgkm kmofglhos nir ormgthla spmccs gl` `mtmrkhlhla tfmhr

Pfm Dgshos  Pfmrm grm tml kgahogc sehccs  sehccs  ‐ Gttgoe, Ofgrk, Ormgtm, Ourm, @mnml`, @hvhlm, Hccushil, Kivm, _ukkil, gl` Prglsnirk. _pmcc piwmr hs kmgsurm` cmvmcs,Mgrtf  typhogccy nrik 7 ti 4:. Gooir`hlacy, g spmcc‘s cmvmc hl hl Kytfho  hs riuafcy  hs twi ir tfrmm thkms wfgt ht wiuc` dm hl tfm oirm spmccogsthla rucms, ki`h﬇m` schaftcy ti dgcglom whtf tfm ipthils tfgt grm gvghcgdcm hl tfm ki`mrl wirc`. Fhafmr-cmvmc kgaho hs pisshdcm, dut smc`ik oikms hlti tfm fgl`s in pcgymr ofgrgotmrs. Ogsthla spmccs rmquhrms g sehcc ofmoe, gl` tfm @O @ O hs fhafmr ti ogst kirm piwmrnuc spmccs. Fukgls fgvm li hllgtm ir lgturgc kgahogc gdhchty. gdhch ty. Fukgl ofgrgotmrs ogl ogst rhtugc spmccs nrik tmxts, gl` mvml ormgtm tfmhr iwl rhtugcs whtf mliuaf stu`y, dut tfmy fgvm li hllgtm kgahogc piwmr, gl` kust usm tfm Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) sehcc ti ogst spmccs. Pi ogst g spiltglmius spmcc  spmcc ‐ g spmcc tfgt `ims lit rmquhrm g rhtugc ‐ g fukgl kust tgem g trg`hthil nmgt , gl`

piwmr cmvmc. Pfm tmrk –spmccogsthla ofmoe‛ hs usm` nir ditf rhtugc gl` spiltglmius spmccs. Nir rhtugc spmccs, g spmccogsthla ofmoe hs g Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) ofmoe usm` ti ogst tfm spmcc. Nir g spiltglmius spmcc, g spmccogsthla ofmoe hs g sehcc ofmoe whtf tfm gppriprhgtm kgahogc ofmoe ti `mtmrkhlm wfmtfmr ogsthla tfm spmcc tgxms yiu, gl` hn si, fiw kuof.

mgof trg`hthil nmgt arglts dmlm﬇ts `mpml`mlt upil tfm dmchmns in tfgt trg`hthil. _ikm spmccogstmrs khaft usm piwmrs in tfm nmy, itfmrs khaft fgvm kgaho argltm` ti tfmk dy tfm afist in gl glomstir, gl` itfmrs khaft pissmss pshilho piwmrs. Mvml whtf g trg`hthil nmgt, ofgrgotmrs kust sthcc spml` sehcc pihlts ti tgem rgles hl kgahogc sehccs. Pfm trg`hthil nmgt kmrmcy rmprmsmlts pitmlthgc piwmr5 tfm kgahogc sehccs rmfflmot gotugc kgahogc eliwcm`am. Ofgrgotmrs whtfiut trg`hthil nmgts ogllit tgem rgles hl kgahogc sehccs. Kmkdmrs in lgturgccy kgahogc rgoms kust sthcc pissmss g trg`hthil nmgt ti ogst spiltglmius spmccs, dut nir tfmk tfm trg`hthil nmgt tml`s ti rmprmsmlt hllmr piwmr, wfhcm nir fukgls g trg`hthil nmgt intml rmprmsmlts g diil argltm` dy gl iutsh`m piwmr piwmr.. Thtugc spmccs grm `hn﬇ouct ti ogst, dut ogl dm vmry piwmrnuc hn tfm ogstmr hs whcchla ti tgem tfm rhse. _piltglmius spmccs grm wmgemr, dut fgvm gckist li rhse.

Mvmry rhtugc hs dgsm` hl g kgahogc trg`hthil, gl` sikm rmquhrm itfmr nmgts ti wire pripmrcy (suof gs Oikkgl` ]l`mg` ir Orgnt Zmrkglmt _pmcc). Hn lmhtfmr yiu lir gly ofgrgotmrs gsshsthla yiu hl tfm rhtugc (smm dmciw) pissmss tfm pripmr kgam ir trg`hthil nmgt, hlormgsm tfm spmccogsthla ofmoe @O dy += nir mgof nmgt yiu cgoe.  Gsshstm` Thtugcs2 Itfmr ofgrgotmrs ogl gttmkpt ti gsshst yiu whtf g rhtugc spmcc, ushla tfm Gh` Glitfmr rucms. Gsshsthla ofgrgotmrs mgof kgem g Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) ofmoe (@O 7:), gl` mgof ofgrgotmr wfi suoomm`s arglts yiu g +4 dilus ti yiur spmccogsthla ofmoe. G``hthilgccy, hn tfism ofgrgotmrs pissmss kgam ir trg`hthil nmgts rmquhrm` nir tfm rhtugc, tfm spmccogsthla @O hs `mtmrkhlm` gs hn yiu pissmssm` tfism nmgts tii. Xiu Xiu ogl ilcy dm gsshstm` dy g lukdmr in ofgrgotmrs mqugc ti yiur Qhs`ik dilus (khlhkuk ilm gsshstglt). Hn g``hthilgc ofgrgotmrs try ti gh` yiu, tfmy grm wgsthla tfmhr thkm ‟ tfmhr gttmkpt fgs li mnnmot il tfm rhtugc.

Thtugc _pmccs  Pi ogst g rhtugc spmcc, kgem g Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) ofmoe (@O 4: + tfm spmcc‘s cmvmc). Ogsthla g rhtugc spmcc rmquhrms tml suoomssnuc sehcc ofmoes, ilm pmr riul`. Hn yiu nghc g ofmoe, tfgt riul` `ims lit oiult tiwgr` tfm tml lmomssgry suoomssms. Hn yiu nghc 4 thkms hl g riw, riw, tfm spmcc nghcs mlthrmcy gl` ogusms g khsfgp. Xiu ogllit Pgem 7: il tfmsm ofmoes.

Hccustrgthil dy B. C. Bilms 

1

 

lgturgc 7 gutikgthogccy nghc. Hn yiu suoomm`, tfm spmcc nulothils lirkgccy.. Hn yiu nghc, tfm spmcc kgy sthcc nulothil, dut yiu sunnmr lirkgccy `rgwdgoes. Hn yiu nghc dy g kgrahl in 7 ti =, tfm spmcc nulothils lirkgccy,, dut yiu hlour g ‟7 pmlgcty ti gcc spmccogsthla lirkgccy spmccogsth la ofmoes nir tfm rmst in tfm `gy. Hn yiu nghc dy g kgrahl in > ti 7:, tfm spmcc nghcs gl` yiu hlour g ‟7 pmlgcty ti gcc spmccogsthla ofmoes nir tfm rmst in tfm `gy. Hn yiu nghc dy g kgrahl in 77 ir kirm, tfm spmcc nghcs, yiu hlour g ‟7 pmlgcty ti gcc spmccogsthla ofmoes nir tfm rmst in tfm `gy, gl` tfm spmcc khsfgps. _mm Khsfgps dmciw nir kirm hlnirkgthil.

Kgaho hl tfm FHAF NGLPG_X _mtthla  Hl tfm FHAF  NGLPG_X smtthla, gckist gcc fukgls wfi ogl usm kgaho spiltglmiuscy grm dil`m` ti g afist. Pfm ilcy oikkil mxompthil ti tfhs grm psyofhos, wfi grm amlmrgccy `hs`ghlm` dy kgams dmogusm in tfmhr mgsm hl `hsoivmrhla smormts gl` hlvg`hla prhvgoy. Nir kgahogc rgoms, g trg`hthil nmgt rmfflmots g pgrt in tfm ormgturm‘s lgturm. Qfmrmgs g fukgl shkpcy fgs ti ﬇l` tfm rhaft afist ir cmgrl tfm rhaft kgaho ti aghl g lmw trg`hthil nmgt, g kgahogc ormgturm kust ofglam hts vmry lgturm. Hl yiur iwl agkms, yiu grm nrmm ti `moh`m tfgt glyilm ogl cmgrl kgaho whtf li rmstrhothils. Pfhs kgems lil-fukgls smmk schaftcy cmss kystmrhius gl` gchml, hn yiu prmnmr g agkm wfmrm kgaho hs cmss rgrm gl` surprhshla.

Pgdcm 4-72 _piltglmius _pmccogsthla Tmsucts Of Ofmoe moe (@O 7: + cm cmvm vmc) c) _uoomm` Nghc 7‟= Nghc >‟7: Nghc 77+

Thtugcs tfgt grm =tf cmvmc ir fhafmr gcwgys rmquhrm sikm gothil hl g``hthil ti shkpcm spmccogsthla. Qfgt tfhs gothil hs `mpml`s il tfm trg`hthil, gl` mxgkpcms grm prmsmltm` whtf mgof trg`hthil, dut typhogccy tfmy grm lit `hn﬇ouct ti `i. Pfmy shkpcy tgem up thkm hn yiu `i lit fgvm gsshstglom. Ofgrgotmrs ogllit Pgem 7: il Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm)

Tmsuct Tmsu ct _pmcc nulothils _pmcc nulothils, ‟7 pmlgcty _pmcc nghcs, ‟7 pmlgcty _pmcc nghcs, ‟7 pmlgcty, khsfgp

_halgturm _pmccs2 Lirkgccy, _pmccs2 Lirkgccy, spiltglmius spmccs tgem twi

ofmoes ti gsshst g rhtugc spmcc. Thtugc spmccs grm wrhttml tmxts, si ofgrgotmrs kust dm gdcm ti rmg` gl` spmge tfm cglaugam ti pgrthohpgtm hl g rhtugc. _mm pgam 40 nir 40 nir rucms il ormgthla gl` purofgshla rhtugcs. Mxgkpcm Ilm2 Tussmcc ^gl`mrsofkh`t (_kgrt 7:/  @m`hogtm` 4) fgs g 7> Qhs`ik gl` g +?> dilus ti Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) ofmoes. Fm gttmkpts ti ogst g piwmrnuc 4:tf cmvmc rhtugc spmcc nrik tfm Ocgsshogc Nmy trg`hthil tfgt rmquhrms tfm Kivmkmlt _pmohgchst nmgt, gl` fm `imsl‘t fgvm tfism nmgts, si tfm rhtugc rmquhrms g @O =: Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) ofmoe. _hlom fm fgs g +? Qhs`ik ki`h﬇mr, fm ogl dm gsshstm` dy up ti tfrmm itfmr ofgrgotmrs. Nghcm` Thtugcs2  Thtugcs2  Hn yiu nghc twi oilsmouthvm spmccogsthla ofmoes nir g rhtugc, tfm spmcc nghcs, yiu sunnmr g ‟7 pmlgcty ti gcc spmccogsthla ofmoes nir tfm rmst in tfm `gy, gl` tfm spmcc

nucc riul`s ti ogst. Nrik g fflgvir stgl`pihlt, tfhs rmprmsmlts tfm thkm lmm`m` ti oikpism g spmcc il tfm ffly. Nrik g agkm stgl`pihlt, tfhs `hsoiurgams pcgymrs nrik sciwhla `iwl oikdgt dy tryhla ti ormgtm tfm pmrnmot spmcc. Hlstmg`, ofgrgotmrs whcc typhogccy rmcy il tfmhr shalgturm spmccs, tfism spmccs tfm ofgrgotmr hs kist ngkhchgr whtf, wfhof fm hs gdcm ti pmrnirk whtfiut tfhlehla. _halgturm spmccs grm bust gs `hn﬇ouct ti ogst gs lirkgc spmccs (h.m., tfmhr spmccogsthla @O hs tfm sgkm), dut tfmy tgem ilcy g stgl`gr` gothil ti ogst. ogst . G shalgturm spmcc hs g spmoh﬇o, prmkg`m spmcc in g spmoh﬇o trg`hthil2 nir mxgkpcm, g spmoh﬇o Hccushil =/Aml 7 spmcc s pmcc ti kgem g tgramt ormgturm ciie gl` siul` chem g `hnnmrmlt pmrsil nir tml khlutms, ushla tfm _tgam Kgaho trg`hthil. Pfm spmoh﬇o gppmgrglom in tfm hccushil ogl dm `hnnmrmlt, dut tfm mlfglomkmlts ofisml grm prm-`mtmrkhlm`.

khsfgps. _mm Khsfgps, dmciw dmciw,, nir kirm hlnirkgthil. Hn, wfhcm ogsthla g rhtugc, yiu ml` tfm rhtugc vicultgrhcy hlstmg` in nghchla twi spmccogsthla ofmoes, li khsfgp ioours, dut yiu sthcc sunnmr g ‟7 pmlgcty ti gcc spmccogsthla ofmoes nir tfm rmst in tfm `gy.

Xiu ogl eliw g lukdmr in shalgturm spmccs mqugc ti yiur fht `hom pcus yiur Hltmcchamlom Hltmcch amlom ki`h﬇mr. Ormgthla ir ofglahla tfm shalgturm spmccs yiu eliw tgems 6 fiurs in stu`y gl` prgothom. Xiu ogl ofiism gly spmcc gs g shalgturm spmcc, mvml gl ivmrpiwmrm` spmcc (smm dmciw). Fiwmvmr, rhtugc spmccs ogl lmvmr dm shalgturm spmccs. Ivmrpiwmrm` _pmccs2 Lirkgccy, wfml yiu ogst g spiltglmius spmcc, yiu ogllit ogst g spmcc tfgt hs fhafmr cmvmc tfgl tfm lukdmr in rgles yiu fgvm hl tfm gppriprhgtm kgahogc sehcc. Xiu ogl ofiism ti ogst gl ivmrpiwmrm` spmcc, gcciwhla yiu ti ogst g spmcc up ti = cmvmcs fhafmr tfgl yiur lukdmr in sehcc rgles. Ogsthla gl ivmrpiwmrm` spmcc `mgcs 7`0 pihlts in _trmlatf gdhchty durl ti yiu nir mvmry 4 spmcc cmvmcs (riul` up) yiu wmlt gdivm yiur chkht. Gdhchty durl hs chem gdhchty `gkgam, mxompt tfgt ht ogllit dm fmgcm` dy kgaho. Ht fmgcs lgturgccy gt g rgtm in 7 pmr mvmlhla in rmst. G Prmgt Hlbury ofmoe (@O 4:) ogl rmoivmr 7 g``hthilgc

 _piltglmiuss _pmccs   _piltglmiu Pi ogst g spiltglmius spmcc, yiu kust fgvm rgles hl tfm gppriprhgtm kgahogc sehcc. Xiu ogl ogst gly spmcc hn hts cmvmc hs cmss tfgl ir mqugc ti tfm lukdmr in rgles yiu fgvm hl tfgt kgahogc sehcc. Ogsthla g spiltglmius spmcc tgems twi nucc riul`s, mxompt tfgt shalgturm spmccs (smm dmciw) ogl dm ogst gs g stgl`gr` gothil. Gt tfm ml` in tfm smoil` riul` in ogsthla g spiltglmius spmcc, kgem g spmccogsthla ofmoe whtf tfm gppriprhgtm kgahogc sehcc (@O 7: + spmcc cmvmc). Xiu ogllit Pgem 7: il tfhs ofmoe. G lgturgc 4: `ims lit gutikgthogccy suoomm`, lir `ims g

6

 

`mnguct, gcc spmccs hl tfm Kytfho Mgrtf  rucms  rucms rmquhrm vmrdgc gl` sikgtho oikpilmlts, dut smm tfm Nious rucms dmciw. _pmccs `i lit rmquhrm kgtmrhgc oikpilmlts.  Gs g nucc-riul` gothil tfgt priviems gl gttgoe in Nious2 Gs Nious2 ippirtulhty,, yiu kgy kgem g Oilomltrgthil ofmoe (@O 4:) ti ippirtulhty aghl kgahogc nious. Qfml yiu grm kgahogccy niousm`, yiu kgy mxpml` yiur nious ti ogst g spiltglmius spmcc whtfiut vmrdgc ir sikgtho oikpilmlts, whtfiut hlormgshla hts cmvmc. Ilom yiu grm kgahogccy niousm`, yiu rmkghl niousm` ulthc yiu mxpml` yiur nious, dmoikm uloilsohius, ir ai ti scmmp. Nir psyofhos, kgahogc nious hs intml ogccm` pshilho nious. Zrmogsthla2 Lirkgccy Lirkgccy,, wfml yiu wglt ti ogst gl piwmrnuc spmcc, yiu rul g armgt rhse in lit bust hlburhla yiursmcn, dut gcsi wgsthla yiur thkm hl oikdgt ir itfmr tmlsm shtugthils. Ht hs pisshdcm, fiwmvmr, ti ogst g spmcc hl g`vglom gl` fic` tfm oikpcmtm` spmcc nir cgtmr rmcmgsm. @ihla tfhs cmts yiu ngom tfm rhse in fgvhla g spmcc ai gwry hl oiltriccm` ohroukstgloms. Pi prmogst g spmcc, yiu kust dm kgahogccy niousm`. Xiu tfml ofiism g spmcc ti ogst gl` kgem tfm gppriprhgtm kgahogc sehcc ofmoe. Hn yiu nghc yiu sunnmr tfm lirkgc mnnmots. Hn yiu suoomm`, tfm spmcc `ims lit tgem hkkm`hgtm mnnmot. Hlstmg` yiu aghl tfm gdhchty ti mxpml` yiur kgahogc nious ti ogst tfm spmcc

pihlt in gdhchty durl, dut g ofgrgotmr ogl ilcy dmlm﬇t nrik tfhs ilom pmr `gy. Hn yiur _trmlatf hs rm`uom` ti :, g``hthilgc gdhchty durl hs `mgct ti Oilsthtuthil. Xiu ogl spml` gl gothil pihlt wfml ogsthla gl ivmrpiwmrhla spmcc ti emmp nrik tgehla tfhs gdhchty durl. Xiu ogl wght ulthc gntmr yiu eliw hn tfm spmcc suoomm`s dmnirm `moh`hla wfmtfmr ti spml` gl gothil pihlt tfhs wgy. Pfus, yiu ogl ofiism hlstmg` ti spml` gl gothil pihlt ti hlormgsm yiur spmccogsthla ofmoe, shlom lirkgccy suoomm`hla hs kirm hkpirtglt tfgl lit dmhla hlburm`.

Amlmrgc _pmccogsthla  Pfm nicciwhla rucms gppcy ti rhtugc gl` spiltglmius spmccs.  ^mrdgc,  ^mrdgc, _ikgtho, gl` Kgtmrhgc Oikpilmlts2 Oikpilmlts2   Gs g

Dmfhl` tfm Ourtghl2 Kgaho Cmvmc in g _mtthla  Fiw mgsy kgaho hs ti usm fmgvhcy hlfflumloms tfm tilm in g smtthla gl` yiur agkm. Pfm `mnguct @O in spmccogsthla ofmoes hs 7: + spmcc cmvmc. Pfm dgsm @O in 7: wgs smt si tfgt mvml 7st-cmvmc ofgrgotmrs ogl usm g chttcm kgaho whtfiut armgt rhse. Dy 0tf cmvmc, ofgrgotmrs whcc dm gdcm ti cmahthkgtmcy ogcc tfmksmcvms spmccogstmrs, gl` dy 7:tf cmvmc tfmy whcc fgvm piwmrs gt tfm cmvmc in kivhms chem Oilstglthlm. Hn yiu wglt kgaho ti dm g chttcm rgrmr, hlormgsm tfm dgsm @O ti 74, ir ti 7= hn yiu wglt kgaho ti dm ilcy g tiic in cgst rmsirt. In oiursm hn yiu `i, `il‘t mxpmot ofgrgotmrs ti try ti ogst spmccs gt ciw cmvmc. Chemwhsm hn yiu wglt kgaho ti dm schaftcy kirm oikkil, rm`uom tfm dgsm spmccogsthla @O ti 6, gl` hn yiu wglt ht ti dm udhquhtius chem hl tfm Fgrry Zittmr  stirhms,  stirhms, rm`uom tfm dgsm @O ti =. Thtugc spmccs grm hltml`m` ti hlvicvm tfm wficm pgrty, whtf ilm ofgrgotmr cmg`hla tfm rhtugc. G wmcc-`mshalm` rhtugc whcc hlocu`m fflgvirnuc rmquhrmkmlts tfgt `i lit gotugccy hlfflumlom tfm @O, dut ahvm mgof ZO sikmtfhla ti `i. Pfm @Os nir rhtugcs wmrm dgcglom` whtf tfm ul`mrstgl`hla tfgt _kgrt Fmrims whtf tfm sgvglt tgcmlt, g fhaf Hltmcchamlom, gl` nucc rgles in Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) whcc fgvm g aii` ofglom ti pucc inn piwmrnuc rhtugcs, dut tfm mvmry`gy fmri whcc fgvm chttcm ofglom ti kgem g rhtugc wire pripmrcy. In oiursm, nmmc nrmm ti hlormgsm ir rm`uom tfm spmccogsthla @O nir rhtugcs gs wmcc. Tmkmkdmr, tfiuaf, tfgt tfm mgshmst wgy ti hlfflumlom tfm cmvmc in kgaho hl yiur smtthla hs ti oiltric tfm ZOs‘ goomss ti kgaho. Bust dmogusm sikmtfhla hs hl tfhs diie `ims lit kmgl ht hs lmomssgrhcy gvghcgdcm ti tfm ofgrgotmrs. Ht hs kuof mgshmr ti ormgtm g smtthla dy stgrthla whtf li kgaho gl` g``hla wfgt yiu wglt tfgl ht hs ti stgrt whtf gcc tfm ipthils hl tfhs diie gl` rmkivm tfm ilms yiu `il‘t chem. G``hla lmw ipthils hs gcwgys mgshmr tfgl amtthla rh`

gs g stgl`gr` gothil, whtfiut fgvhla ti kgem g spmccogsthla ofmoe. Hn yiu cism yiur kgahogc nious, tfm prmogst spmcc hs cist. Xiu ogl ilcy fgvm ilm prmogst spmcc gt g thkm. Ogstmr Cmvmc2 Xiur Cmvmc2 Xiur ogstmr cmvmc hs mqugc ti yiur titgc fht `hom hn yiu grm ogsthla g spiltglmius spmcc, ir mqugc ti tfm spmcc cmvmc in tfm spmcc yiu grm ogsthla hn yiu grm ogsthla g rhtugc spmcc. _gvhla Pfriw @O2 Pfm @O2 Pfm sgvhla tfriw @O ti rmshst tfm spmcc s pmcc (hn gly) hs 7: + » tfm spmcc‘s s pmcc‘s cmvmc + yiur Ofgrhskg ki`h﬇mr. _pmccogsthla Zmlgcthms2  Zmlgcthms2  Hn yiu nghc ti ogst g rhtugc spmcc, ir hn yiu nghc tfm spmccogsthla ofmoe nir g spiltglmius spmcc, yiu sunnmr g ‟7 pmlgcty ti spmccogsthla ofmoes nir tfm rmst in tfm `gy, amlmrgccy ulthc yiu amt g aii` lhaft‘s rmst. Tmagr`cmss in fiw kgly thkms yiu scmmp, yiu ogl ilcy lmagtm tfmsm pmlgcthms ilom hl g ahvml `gy. Hn yiu `i lit rmst gt cmgst 0

in ipthils gl` fgvhla ti mxpcghl wfy tfhlas tfm ofgrgotmrs gcrmg`y `h` oiuc` lit fgvm fgppmlm`.

Khsfgps ‐ _pmccogsthla Nukdcms2  Nukdcms2  Qfml spmccogsthla aims gwry, tfm rmsuct hs ogccm` g khsfgp. Pfm `mnguct khsfgp

fiurs, tfm pmlgcthms rmkghl, mvml dmyil` ilm `gy.  Grkirm` _pmccogsthla Nghcurm2 Nghcurm2 Gs  Gs whtf tfm oirm Ki`mrl `4: rucms, spmccogstmrs wmgrhla grkir fgvm `hn﬇oucty ogsthla spmccs whtf sikgtho oikpilmlts, hlormgshla tfm spmccogsthla ofmoe @O ti ogst tfmhr spmccs. Pfm Grkirm` Ogsthla nmgt cmts spmccogstmrs halirm spmcc nghcurm ofgloms wfml wmgrhla grkir tfmy grm pri﬇ohmlt whtf. Pgdcm 4-42 Grkirm` _pmccogsthla Nghcurm Ofglom Grkir Pypm Chaft Km`huk Fmgvy

8

Zri﬇ohmlt Ofmoe Ki`h﬇mr 

Lil-Zri﬇ohmlt Ofmoe Ki`h﬇mr 

+4 +0 +>

+0 +> +6

 

hs tfgt tfm ogstmr gl` gly itfmr ofgrgotmrs hlvicvm` hl ogsthla tfm spmcc tgem `gkgam mqugc ti tfm spmcc‘s cmvmc, dut tfm agkm kgstmr hs mloiurgam` ti usm tfm suaamstm` khsfgps nir tfm spmcc‘s kgahogc trg`hthil, prmsmltm` whtf tfm gppriprhgtm trg`hthil nmgt.

Arhk Kgaho _hkpcy ofglahla tfm @O ti ogst spmccs khaft lit rmfflmot r mfflmot tfm tilm yiu wglt nir yiur agkm. Pfm nicciwhla ipthils ogl wire hl`mpml`mltcy ir tiamtfmr. Li _piltglmius Kgaho.  Kgaho.  Ofgrgotmrs ogllit ogst spmccs spiltglmiuscy5 tfmy kust ﬇l` spmccs ir ormgtm tfmk hl g`vglom. Hn g ofgrgotmr ﬇l`s g spmcc hl g diie fm ogl

Mxpgl`m` _pmccogsthla Ipthils Cila _pmccs2 Lirkgccy g spiltglmius spmcc rmquhrms g stgl`gr` gothil, gl` mgof spmccogsthla ofmoe nir g rhtugc spmcc rmquhrms g nucc riul`. Hn yiu spml` tml khlutms hlstmg` in tfm lirkgc stgl`gr` gothil ir nucc riul`, yiu aghl g +4 ohroukstglom dilus ti yiur spmccogsthla ofmoe. Pfhs wiuc` ogusm g spiltglmius spmcc ti tgem tml khlutms, gl` g rhtugc ti tgem gt cmgst gl fiur gl` nirty khlutms. _whnt Thtugcs2 Xi Thtugcs2 Xiu u ogl gttmkpt ti ogst g rhtugc spmcc kirm quhoecy, tfiuaf tfhs hs `hn﬇ouct. Pi ogst g rhtugc spmcc swhntcy yiu lmm` ilcy suoomm` il twi spmccogsthla ofmoes, dut yiu sunnmr g ‟7: pmlgcty ti yiur spmccogsthla ofmoe, gl` hn yiu nghc g shlacm spmccogsthla ofmoe, tfm spmcc nghcs. Oikkulgc _pmccs2  _pmccs2  Qfml g spmccogstmr hs gsshstm` dy g cgram lukdmr in pmipcm, tfm oikdhlm` whcc in tfm ariup ogl mlfglom tfm spmcc‘s soipm, hn lit hts piwmr. Hn yiu fgvm g cgram

cmgrl ht whtf g _pmccorgnt ofmoe (@O 7= + » spmcc cmvmc), dut g ofgrgotmr ogl ilcy eliw g lukdmr in spmccs in g pgrthoucgr kgahogc sehcc mqugc ti tfm lukdmr in rgles fm fgs hl tfgt sehcc. Ormgthla g spmcc rmquhrms g Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) ofmoe (@O 4: + spmcc cmvmc), gl` mgof gttmkpt rmquhrms 7 `gy gl` oists g Qmgctf ofmoe (@O 7: + spmcc cmvmc). Mvmry spmcc hs ormgtm` nir g spmoh﬇o kgahogc trg`hthil, gl` g ofgrgotmr tgems g ‟= pmlgcty ti fhs _pmccorgnt ofmoe ti cmgrl ht gl` fhs spmccogsthla ofmoe ti ogst ht hn fm `ims lit fgvm tfm pripmr trg`hthil. @rghlhla Kgaho. Qfmlmvmr Kgaho. Qfmlmvmr g ofgrgotmr ogsts g spmcc, tfm spmcc `mgcs 7`0 pihlts in _trmlatf durl pmr twi spmcc cmvmcs (riul` up) ti fhk. Mgof rgle tfm ofgrgotmr fgs in tfm gppriprhgtm kgahogc sehcc rm`uoms tfm gdhchty durl dy 7. Hn tfm ofgrgotmr‘s _trmlatf hs rm`uom` ti :, g``hthilgc gdhchty durl hs `mgct ti Oilsthtuthil. Hn ushla tfhs systmk, nghcm` spmccogsthla ofmoes `i lit hlour g ‟7 spmccogsthla pmlgcty gs tfmy `i hl tfm dgsho rucms. Kgahogc Zcgoms. _ikm ciogthils khaft dm pgrthoucgrcy kgahogc ir pgrthoucgrcy kul`glm, arglthla g dilus ir pmlgcty ti spmccogsthla ofmoes. Hl tfm FHAF  N GLPG_X smtthla, Qgsfhlatil, @.O. hs fhafcy glthkgahogc, hlourrhla g ‟= pmlgcty ti gcc spmccogsthla ofmoes tfmrm. _tilmfmlam arglts g += dilus ti @hvhlgthil ofmoes ogst hlsh`m ht, gl` g +4 dilus ti gcc spmccogsthla ofmoes nir spmccs ogst dy tfism wfi nicciw `ruh`ho trg`hthils.

ariup wirehla whtf yiu gs yiu ogst g spmcc ‐ mhtfmr rhtugc ir spiltglmius ‐ tfmhr prmsmlom ogl arglt tfm spmcc g``hthilgc cmvmcs wfhof ogl dm usm` nir amlmrgc mlfglomkmlts. G ariup in tml pmipcm arglts yiu +6 cmvmcs. Nirty arglts +74 cmvmcs. G tfiusgl` arglts +7> cmvmcs. Pml tfiusgl` arglts +4: cmvmcs, ilm ful`rm` tfiusgl` arglts +40 cmvmcs, ilm khcchil arglts +46 cmvmcs, gl` si il. Gcc pgrthohpglts `i lit lmm` ti dm whtfhl chlm in shaft gs tfm spmcc hs ogst, dut tfmy kust dm gwgrm tfm spmcc hs dmhla pmrnirkm`, gl` kust gothvmcy gl` whcchlacy oilomltrgtm il tfm spmcc nir gt cmgst tml khlutms, sikm pirthil in wfhof kust hlocu`m tfm gotugc ogsthla in tfm spmcc. Pfm spmccogstmr ogl kghltghl oilomltrgthil, wghthla nir tfm lmomssgry tml khlutms, dut hn fm ml`s dmnirm tml khlutms, fm aghls li dmlm﬇t. Chemwhsm, hn fhs oilomltrgthil hs `hsruptm`, tfm spmcc nghcs.

+06 ki`h﬇mr ti fhs spmccogsthla ofmoe, gaghlst @O 08. Fiwmvmr, ti ciogtm tfhs spmcc, Tussmcc wiuc` fgvm fg` ti

Pfmsm g``hthilgc cmvmcs ogl ilcy dm usm` ti purofgsm amlmrgc mlfglomkmlts (smm pgam ?6 ), gl` tfm tfmy y `i lit hlormgsm tfm spmccogsthla @O, lir tfm spmcc‘s sgvm @O. G rhtugc spmcc ogl ilcy dm g oikkulgc spmcc hn ht hs `mshalm` tfgt wgy5 yiu ogllit shkpcy turl gly rhtugc hlti g oikkulgc spmcc. Pfm Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm), Tmsmgrof, gl` Zurofgsm @Os ti ormgtm ir goquhrm suof g rhtugc spmcc `i  oiult  oiult tfm spmcc‘s titgc cmvmc. Mxgkpcm Pwi2 Tussmcc ^gl`mrsofkh`t whsfms ti `mstriy g tiwl ivmrrul whtf triccs, ushla Gttgoe 7=/Aml 47, ormgthla g dcgst in ﬇rm whtf g 7-khcm rg`hus, cmgvhla fhksmcn gl` up ti ?> gcchms ulfgrkm`. Pfhs spmcc rmquhrms tfm _pglhsf Hlquhshtir trg`hthil  nmgt, wfhof Tussmcc cgoes, cgoes, si tfm spmcc @O wiuc` lirkgccy dm >7. Fiwmvmr, fm fgs nirty gcchms gsshsthla fhk, wfhof arglts fhk 74  nrmm cmvmcs nir amlmrgc mlfglomkmlts. mlfglomkmlts. In tfmsm nirty gcchms, ﬇ntmml whcc gh` fhk hl tfm gotugc rhtugc (fm fgs tfm Thtugc Kgam nmgt, wfhof gcciws fhk ti dm gsshstm` dy kirm spmccogstmrs tfgl usugc). Hn mvml fgcn in tfmk suoomm` tfmhr gh` ofmoes, fm‘cc fgvm g titgc

suoomm` g Tmsmgrof ofmoe (@O =7), gl` g Qmgctf ofmoe (Zurofgsm @O =7). Fm kglgams ti ciogtm gl gppriprhgtm rhtugc, dut, ulgdcm ti duy ht, Tussmcc fgs gcchms stmgc tfm rgrm spmcc nrik vgucts ul`mr Kg`rh`. Kgahogc Nilts2  Nilts2  _ikm kgaho htmks grm shkpcy stirms in kgahogc mlmray. Pfmsm htmks, ogccm` dgttmrhms , ogl dm tgppm` dy kgams ti piwmr tfmhr spmccs. Chemwhsm, ciogthils pissmsshla armgt kgahogc piwmr, ogccm` cioh , ogl gcsi dm tgppm`. Dgttmrhms gl` cioh grm kmofglhogccy h`mlthogc, gl` oiccmothvmcy tfmy grm eliwl gs  nilts . Cioh grm usugccy lgturgc ioourmloms, grm hkkidhcm, gl` pissmss kuof kirm piwmr tfgl g kmrm dgttmry. Kist dgttmrhms ogl dm usm` ti piwmr gly sirt in spmcc, tfiuaf sikm dgttmrhms gl` kist cioh ilcy privh`m piwmr nir g chkhtm` smt in spmccs. Amlmrgccy tfhs chkhts tfm nilt ti omrtghl kgahogc sehcc typms, dut sikm nilts khaft dm rmstrhotm` ti ilcy omrtghl mnnmots hl g ahvml sehcc. Xiu ogl `mtmrkhlm tfm cmvmc chkht, mlmray, gl` itfmr gspmots in g nilt whtf g 7st-cmvmc

7:

 

@hvhlm spmcc, tfiuaf sikm cioh grm ocigem` whtf Hccushil. Nilts fgvm twi kghl kmgsurms ‐ cmvmc chkht gl` mlmray. Pfm cmvmc chkht hs tfm fhafmst spmcc cmvmc tfgt ogl dm piwmrm` dy tfm nilt. Pfm mlmray hs fiw kgly thkms tfm nilt ogl dm usm` hl g shlacm shl acm `gy. Tmagr`cmss in fiw fhaf g nilt‘s cmvmc chkht hs, mvml g 7st-cmvmc spmcc whcc `rghl ilm in tfm nilt‘s usms nir tfm `gy. Dgttmrhms grm `mshalm` ti dm tgppm`, gl` si gly spmccogstmr ogl usm tfmk. Cioh, fiwmvmr, grm fgr`mr ti goomss. Gcc cioh grm g chttcm `hnnmrmlt, si ti ﬇aurm iut fiw ti `rgw piwmr nrik g ahvml cious yiu kust kgem g _pmccorgnt ofmoe gs g nucc riul` gothil (@O 4:). Pi `rgw piwmr nrik g cious, yiu kust dm whtfhl hts grmg5 ti `rgw piwmr nrik g dgttmry, yiu kust dm fic`hla ir wmgrhla ht. Qfml yiu usm g nilt ti ogst g spmcc, hn tfm spmcc yiu ogst hs lit fhafmr tfgl tfm nilt‘s cmvmc chkht, yiu `i lit fgvm ti kgem g spmccogsthla ofmoe2 yiu gutikgthogccy suoomm` hl ogsthla tfm spmcc. Xiu sthcc sunnmr gly mnnmots nir ogsthla gl ivmrpiwmrm` spmcc hn tfm spmcc‘s cmvmc hs fhafmr tfgl tfm lukdmr in rgles yiu fgvm hl tfm rmquhrm` sehcc(s), gl` gs usugc yiu ogl ilcy ogst spmccs up ti = cmvmcs fhafmr tfgl yiur sehcc rgles.

_gkpcm Nilts Oursm` Pullmc in Civm ‐ Pfhs fgultm` ogrlhvgc gttrgothil •

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iutsh`m in Distil hs g cious whtf g cmvmc chkht in = gl` 4 mlmray, dut ht ogl ilcy dm usm` ti ogst Glamr ir Nmgr mnnmots whtf Ofgrk spmccs. @gl Gyeriy`‘s Fgrkilhog ‐ Gntmr fhs ﬇rst pmrnirkglom gs Dcums Dritfmr Mcwii` Dcums, tfhs fgrkilhog vglhsfm`, prikpthla Gyeriy` Gyeriy` ti cioe up gcc fhs cgtmr fgrkilhogs hl g suhtogsm wfml aihla il stgam. Pfhs htmk fgs g cmvmc chkht in >, 7 mlmray, gl` ogl dm usm` ti piwmr Ofgrk spmccs. Zurofgsm @O ?:. Pfm Mym in _t. Fiu`hlh ‐ Tmoivmrm` dy tfm ilcy eliwl kgahohgl‘s triupm oilshsthla mlthrmcy in Ogtficho luls, tfhs htmk, purpirtm`cy g acgss mym tfgt dmcilam` ti Fgrry Fiu`hlh, hs g dgttmry whtf g cmvmc c mvmc chkht in 0, 0 mlmray, gl` ogl dm usm` ti piwmr Hccushil gl` Kivm spmccs. Zurofgsm @O ?4. Kgrhm Cmvmgu‘s Pikd ‐ Pfm tikd in Lmw Ircmgls‘ ngkm` vii`ii qumml fgs g cmvmc chkht in 7?, ? mlmray, gl` ogl dm usm` ti piwmr Ofgrk, @mnml`, gl` @hvhlm spmccs. Pfm _tirk Acgss ‐ Ormgtm` wfml g dict in chaftlhla cmnt g twhstm` spmgr in acgss hl tfm sgl`s in gl Grgdhgl `msmrt, tfhs dgttmry fgs g cmvmc chkht in 74, ? mlmray, gl` ogl ilcy dm usm` ti piwmr chaftlhla Gttgoe spmccs. Zurofgsm @O ?6. Prmm in Mtmrlhty Mtmrlhty ‐ _gh` ti fgvm fg` hts khcm-`mmp riits `ua up nrik Kmsipitgkhg gl` trglsnmrrm` ti g agr`ml hl mgst Pmxgs, tfhs nilt fgs g cmvmc chkht in ?: gl` ogl ilcy dm usm` nir Ourm spmccs. Ht ogl ilcy dm usm` ilom pmr ymgr. Prhlhty _htm ‐ Gt Qfhtm _gl`s, Lmw Kmxhoi, tfm shtm in tfm ﬇rst luocmgr dikd tmst, tfhs kgsshvm nilt (lmgrcy g khcm goriss) fgs g cmvmc chkht in ?: gl` 7: mlmray, dut ht ogl ilcy dm usm` nir Gttgoe gl` Kivm spmccs.

Lmw _tgrthla Iooupgthils  Pfm nicciwhla stgrthla iooupgthils grm gppriprhgtm nir ofgrgotmrs wfi stgrt iut gcrmg`y eliwhla tfgt kgaho mxhsts.

G`mpt G`mpts spml` g armgt `mgc in thkm stu`yhla tfm groglm grts, whtf ir whtfiut nirkgc trghlhla. Pfmy kgy ogcc tfmksmcvms kgams, sfgkgls, psyofhos, ir gly in oiultcmss itfmr thtcms. _ehccs2 Ofiism gly ilm sehcc itfmr tfgl g kgahogc sehcc gs g pmrkglmlt ocgss sehcc. Hn tfm sehcc yiu smcmot hs gcrmg`y g ocgss sehcc, yiu rmomhvm g +7 oikpmtmlom dilus il ofmoes ushla tfgt sehcc. Dilus Nmgt2 Groglm _ehccs gl` g trg`hthil nmgt.  Qmgctf  Qmgctf Dilus2 +7.

Grogltrmpmlmur  Grogltrmpmlmurs hs tfm `hsormmt duzzwir` usm` ti `msorhdm pmipcm wfi turl tfmhr eliwcm`am in kgaho ti dushlmss pursuhts. Zrmrmquhshtm2 Gam 4:+. _ehccs2 Ofiism tfrmm in tfm nicciwhla sehccs gs pmrkglmlt ocgss sehccs. Hn g sehcc yiu smcmot hs gcrmg`y g ocgss sehcc, yiu rmomhvm g +7 oikpmtmlom dilus il ofmoes ushla tfgt sehcc. Orgnt (ofiism gly), Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm, mgrtf gl` chnm sohmloms, fhstiry,, ir pfyshogc sohmloms), Zrinmsshil, Tmpghr, Tmsmgrof. fhstiry Dilus Nmgt2 _mcmot Groglm _ehccs, M`uogtm`, ir Qhl`ngcc.  Qmgctf  Qmgctf Dilus2 +?.

 Kgaho _ehccs  Kgahogc sehccs grm lirkgccy oriss-ocgss sehccs nir gcc ofgrgotmrs, dut mgof trg`hthil nmgt ahvms yiu goomss ti smvmrgc kgahogc sehccs gs ocgss sehccs. sehcc s. Chem lirkgc sehccs yiu ogl fgvm up ti yiur cmvmc + ? rgles hl g kgahogc sehcc. ]lchem lirkgc sehccs, fiwmvmr, tfmrm grm li gssiohgtm` gdhchty soirms whtf kgahogc sehccs, gl` gdhchthms chem _ehcc Mkpfgshs ogllit arglt dilusms ti tfmk. Lirkgccy tfm ilcy dilusms argltm` ti kgahogc sehcc ofmoes khaft oikm nrik trg`hthil nmgts, gs sikm trg`hthils fgvm g ngvirm` kgahogc sehcc. Kgahogc sehccs grm trghlm`-ilcy, si ofgrgotmrs whtfiut gt cmgst » rgle hl tfm gppriprhgtm sehcc ogllit ogst spiltglmius spmccs in tfgt sirt. Ofgrgotmrs whtfiut g trg`hthil nmgt ogllit tgem rgles hl kgahogc sehccs.

 Kgaho Nmgts  Pfmrm grm twi kghl ogtmairhms in nmgts hlvicvm` hl tfm kgaho in Kytfho Mgrtf 2 trg`hthil nmgts gl` kgam nmgts. Kmtgkgaho nmgts fgvm dmml hlocu`m` ul`mr kgam nmgts. Htmk ormgthil nmgts fgvm dmml rm`uom` ti g shlacm nmgt, Orgnt Zmrkglmlt _pmcc, gl` spmccogstmrs ogl gcwgys ormgtm shkpcm kgaho htmks mvml whtfiut tfm nmgt (smm Kgaho Htmks, pgam 44 ).  Prg`hthil nmgts  nmgts  grm fiw ofgrgotmrs aghl goomss ti spmccogsthla. Gt hts oirm, g trg`hthil nmgt rmprmsmlts g ofgrgotmr‘s oillmothil ti kgaho. Pfhs hs lirkgccy g dmlm﬇t, ahvhla tfm ofgrgotmr goomss ti kgaho whtfiut tfm rhses in rhtugc kgaho.

77

 

Kgaho _ehccs gl` _ehcc ]sms Oilomltrgthil (Oil) Pfm lirkgc Oilomltrgthil sehcc mxpgl`s ti hlocu`m groglm gppchogthils, gs `m﬇lm` dmciw. Ofmoe2   Xiu kust kgem g Oilomltrgthil ofmoe wfmlmvmr Ofmoe2 yiu kgy pitmlthgccy dm `hstrgotm` wfhcm mlagam` hl gl gothvhty, hlocu`hla ogsthla g spmcc ir oilomltrgthla il gl gothvm spmcc, tfgt rmquhrms yiur nucc gttmlthil. Hn tfm ofmoe suoomm`s, yiu kgy oilthlum whtf tfm gothil gs lirkgc. Hn tfm ofmoe nghcs, tfm gothil gutikgthogccy nghcs gl` hs wgstm`. Hn yiu wmrm ogsthla g spmcc, tfm spmcc hs cist. Hn yiu wmrm oilomltrgthla il gl gothvm spmcc, tfm spmcc ml`s. Pfm tgdcm hl tfm Oilomltrgthil sehcc `msorhpthil sukkgrhzms tfm vgrhius typms in `hstrgothils. Hl shtugthils wfmrm tfm `hstrgothil ioours wfhcm yiu grm ogsthla g spmcc, yiu g`` » tfm cmvmc in tfm spmcc ti tfm @O. _pmohgc2   Dy kgehla g ofmoe (@O 7= + » spmcc cmvmc), yiu _pmohgc2 ogl usm Oilomltrgthil ti ogst g spmcc `mnmlshvmcy, tfus gvih`hla gttgoes in ippirtulhty. Hn tfm ofmoe suoomm`s, yiu ogl gttmkpt tfm ogsthla whtfiut hlourrhla gly gttgoes in ippirtulhty. Idtghlhla kgahogc nious rmquhrms g nucc-riul` gothil tfgt priviems gl gttgoe in ippirtulhty, gl` g Oilomltrgthil ofmoe (@O 4:).

_pmccorgnt (Hlt) Prghlm` ilcy. ]sm tfhs sehcc ti h`mlthny spmccs gs tfmy grm ogst ir spmccs gcrmg`y hl pcgom. _pmccogstmrs ogl gcsi usm _pmccorgnt ti oiultmr gl` `hspmc spmccs. _mm pgam ?8 ?8 nir  nir kirm hlnirkgthil. Ofmoe2   Xiu ogl h`mlthny spmccs gl` kgaho mnnmots. Hn yiu Ofmoe2 suoomssnuccy h`mlthny g spmcc ir kgaho mnnmot, yiu cmgrl wfgt trg`hthil ht hs nrik. Phkm2 ]lcmss itfmrwhsm hl`hogtm`, ushla tfm _pmccorgnt sehcc hs g kivm gothil. @O

Pgse  

7= + » spmcc cmvmc

H`mlthny g spmcc dmhla ogst. (Xiu (Xiu kust smm ir fmgr tfm spmcc‘s vmrdgc ir sikgtho oikpilmlts.) Xiu ogl‘t try gaghl.

4: + » spmcc cmvmc

H`mlthny g spmcc tfgt‘s gcrmg`y hl pcgom gl` hl mnnmot. (Xiu (Xiu kust dm gdcm ti smm ir `mtmot tfm mnnmots in tfm spmcc.) Xiu ogl‘t try gaghl.

4: + » spmcc cmvmc

H`mlthny kgtmrhgcs ormgtm` ir sfgpm` dy kgaho, suof gs lithla tfgt gl hril wgcc hs tfm rmsuct in g wgcc in hril spmcc. Xiu ogl‘t try gaghl.

4= + » spmcc cmvmc

Gntmr ricchla g sgvhla tfriw gaghlst g spmcc tgramtm` gt yiu, `mtmrkhlm wfgt spmcc wgs ogst upil yiu. Pfhs hs g rmgothil. rmgo thil.

?: ir fhafmr

]l`mrstgl` g strglam ir ulhqum kgahogc mnnmot. Xiu ogl‘t try gaghl.

]sm Kgaho @mvhom (Ofg) Prghlm` ilcy. ]sm tfhs sehcc ti gothvgtm kgaho `mvhoms tfgt yiu oiuc` lit itfmrwhsm gothvgtm. Ofmoe2 Xiu ogl usm tfhs sehcc ti usm g spmcc-trhaamr kgaho htmk mvml hn yiu `i lit fgvm gly rgles hl tfm gppriprhgtm

kgahogc sehcc. Pfhs sehcc cmts yiu usm g kgaho htmk gs hn yiu fg` tfm spmcc gdhchty ir ocgss nmgturms in glitfmr trg`hthil ir g `hnnmrmlt gccmahglom. Qfml yiu‘rm gttmkpthla ti gothvgtm g kgaho htmk ushla tfhs sehcc, yiu `i si gs gl gttgoe gothil. Fiwmvmr, tfm ofmoes yiu kgem ti `mtmrkhlm wfmtfmr yiu grm suoomssnuc gt gothvgthla tfm htmk tgem li thkm dy tfmksmcvms gl` grm hlocu`m` hl tfm gothvgtm kgaho htmk gttgoe gothil. Xiu kgem ]sm Kgaho @mvhom ofmoes mgof thkm yiu usm gl gothvgtm` kgaho htmk. Hn yiu grm ushla tfm ofmoe ti mkucgtm sikm qugchty hl gl ilaihla kgllmr, yiu lmm` ti kgem tfm ofmoes ilom pmr fiur. Pgse Gothvgtm dchl`cy Mkucgtm trg`hthil Mkucgtm gccmahglom ]sm g spmcc-trhaamr htmk

@O 4= 4: ?: 4: + spmcc cmvmc

Gothvgtm Dchl`cy2  Dchl`cy2  _ikm kgaho htmks grm gothvgtm` dy spmohgc wir`s, tfiuafts, ir gothils. Xiu Xiu ogl gothvgtm suof htmks gs hn yiu wmrm ushla tfm gothvgthil wir`, tfiuaft, ir gothil mvml hn yiu‘rm lit, gl` mvml hn yiu `il‘t eliw ht. Xiu `i fgvm ti usm sikmtfhla mquhvgcmlt2 spmge, wgvm tfm htmk griul`, ir itfmrwhsm gttmkpt ti amt ht ti gothvgtm. Xiu amt g +4 dilus il tfm ofmoe hn yiu‘vm gothvgtm` tfm htmk gt cmgst ilom hl tfm pgst. Hn yiu nghc tfm ofmoe dy 7: ir kirm, yiu sunnmr g khsfgp. G khsfgp kmgls tfgt kgahogc mlmray hs rmcmgsm`, dut ht `imsl‘t `i wfgt yiu wgltm` ht ti. Pfm AK `mtmrkhlms tfm rmsuct in g khsfgp. Pfm `mnguct khsfgps grm tfgt tfm htmk gnnmots tfm wrila tgramt ir tfgt uloiltriccm` kgahogc mlmray `mgcs 4`> pihlts in `gkgam ti yiu. Mkucgtm Prg`hthil2  Prg`hthil2  _ikmthkms yiu lmm` g spmoh﬇o trg`hthil nmgt ti gothvgtm g kgaho htmk. Pfhs sehcc usm `imsl‘t gcciw yiu ti usm tfm trg`hthil nmgt htsmcn. Ht bust cmts yiu gothvgtm htmks gs hn yiu fg` tfm trg`hthil. Hn gl htmk ogl dm usm` ti nious tfm piwmr in g trg`hthil, suof gs gl mn﬇ay nir Fii`ii ir g `mvhom nir Pmoflikgloy, yiu ogl gttmkpt ti mkucgtm tfm trg`hthil gl` aghl tfm dmlm﬇t in tfm gppriprhgtm trg`hthil gs pgrt in ogsthla g spmcc. Mkucgtm Gccmahglom2 _ikm Gccmahglom2 _ikm kgaho htmks fgvm pishthvm ir lmagthvm mnnmots dgsm` il yiur gccmahglom. Xiu ogl usm tfmsm htmks gs hn yiu wmrm in gl gccmahglom in yiur ofihom. Xiu ogl ilcy mkucgtm ilm gccmahglom gt g thkm. ]sm g _pmcc-Prhaamr _pmcc-Prhaamr Htmk2 Lirkgccy, ti usm g spmcc-trhaamr htmk, yiu kust fgvm gt cmgst » rgle in tfm gppriprhgtm kgahogc sehcc. Pfhs usm in tfm sehcc gcciws yiu ti usm g spmcc-trhaamr htmk gs hn yiu fg` tfm gppriprhgtm rgles. Pfm @O mqugcs 4: + tfm cmvmc in tfm spmcc yiu grm tryhla ti gothvgtm. Pry Gaghl92 Xms, dut hn yiu mvmr ricc g lgturgc 7 wfhcm gttmkpthla ti gothvgtm gl htmk gl` yiu nghc tfm ofmoe, tfml yiu ogl‘t try ti gothvgtm tfgt htmk gaghl nir 40 fiurs.  Xiu ogl‘t tgem 7: ir tgem 4: whtf tfhs sehcc. Kgaho _pmohgc2 Xiu _pmohgc2 hs tii ulprm`hotgdcm ti kgem tfm usm in tfhs sehcc rmchgdcm.

74

 

Fiwmvmr, ofgrgotmrs whtf tfm typm in kgahogc oillmothil g trg`hthil nmgt rmprmsmlts grm mgshcy `mtmotm` whtf `hvhlgthil spmccs, gl` tfmy grm kirm vuclmrgdcm ti omrtghl gttgoe nirks. G ofgrgotmr kgy pissmss kucthpcm trg`hthil nmgts. _ikm trg`hthils gnnmot fiw g ofgrgotmr ogsts spmccs, kist intml dy arglthla dilusms ti kgahogc sehcc ofmoes, dut gt gly ahvml thkm g ofgrgotmr‘s spmccs grm ilcy gnnmotm` dy g shlacm trg`hthil nmgt. Ofglahla trg`hthils hs g stgl`gr` gothil, rmquhrhla g smrhius sfhnthla in khl`smt. Kgam nmgts  nmgts  gnnmot fiw ofgrgotmrs ogst omrtghl typms in spmccs. Ilm kgam nmgt khaft kgem ht fgr`mr ti rmshst yiur gttgoe spmccs, glitfmr oiuc` cmt yiu ogst yiur spmccs whtfiut vmrdgc oikpilmlts, gl` g tfhr` khaft pritmot yiu nrik tfm `glamrs in rhtugcs aihla gwry. Kgam nmgts gppcy rmagr`cmss in trg`hthil, dut yiu kust fgvm gt cmgst ilm trg`hthil nmgt ti tgem gly kgam nmgts. _ikm in tfm nmgts dmciw grm rmvhsm` vmrshil in oirm rucm nmgts, wfhof fgvm dmml ofglam` ti kgem tfmk oikpgthdcm whtf tfm Kytfho Mgrtf  kgaho  kgaho systmk.

Groglm _ehccs UAmlmrgc[ Xiu fgvm goomss ti groglm sehccs. Dmlm﬇t2 Xiu aghl Oilomltrgthil, _pmccorgnt, gl` ]sm Kgaho @mvhom gs ocgss sehccs, gs `msorhdm` ul`mr tfm Kgam g`vglom` ocgss il pgam 48 48.. Pfhs nmgt `ims lit hl gl` in htsmcn arglt spmccogsthla gdhchty.

Mcmkmltgc Nious UKgam[ Xiur spmccs grm mlfglom` whtf mcmkmltgc piwmr. Dmlm﬇t2   Ofiism g typm in kgahogc mcmkmlt ir mlmray. Dmlm﬇t2 Oikkil ofihoms grm ﬇rm, mcmotrhohty, wii`, ir sfg`iw, dut rgrm mcmkmlts grm gvghcgdcm, chem kusho, ocitfms, halirglom, ir nruht. Xiu aghl g +7 dilus ti spmccogsthla ofmoes nir Gttgoe, Ormgtm, gl` _ukkil hn tfm spmcc prhkgrhcy hlvicvms yiur ofisml mcmkmlt. Nir mxgkpcm, hn yiu ofiism pgpmr gs yiur mcmkmlt, yiu wiuc` aghl tfhs dmlm﬇t wfml gttgoehla whtf pgpmr, ormgthla idbmots iut in pgpmr, ir ormgthla ormgturms iut in pgpmr.

Armgtmr Mcmkmltgc Nious UKgam[ Xiur spmccs grm nurtfmr mlfglom` whtf mcmkmltgc piwmr. Zrmrmquhshtm2 Mcmkmltgc Nious. Dmlm﬇t2 Xiur Dmlm﬇t2  Xiur dilus whtf Gttgoe, Ormgtm, gl` Prglsnirk kgahogc sehcc ofmoes wfml tfm spmcc usms yiur ofisml mcmkmlt hkprivms ti +4. G``hthilgccy, ofiism up ti twi itfmr kgahogc sehccs. Xiur dilus gcsi gppchms ti tfism sehccs hn tfm spmcc fmgvhcy hlvicvms yiur ofisml mcmkmlt. Nir mxgkpcm, yiu oiuc` ofiism @mnml` gl` Kivm, cmtthla yiu ormgtm piwmrnuc `mnmlsms iut in pgpmr, gl` mvml ormgtm ahglt pgpmr ghrpcglms si yiu ogl ffly.

Armgtmr _pmcc Nious UKgam[

Xiu fgvm li spmcc nghcurm ofglom dmogusm in grkir. Zrmrmquhshtm2 Grkir Zri﬇ohmloy (chaft). Zrmrmquhshtm2 Grkir Dmlm﬇t2 Xiu Dmlm﬇t2  Xiu sunnmr li spmcc nghcurm ofglom nrik wmgrhla grkir yiu grm pri﬇ohmlt whtf. Xiu sunnmr lirkgc spmcc nghcurm ofglom hn yiu wmgr grkir yiu grm lit pri﬇ohmlt hl. Xiu sthcc ogllit ogst spmccs whtf sikgtho oikpilmlts hn yiu grm diul`.

Ofiism g kgahogc sehcc yiu fgvm _pmcc Nious hl. Xiur spmccs in tfgt typm grm mvml fgr`mr ti rmshst. Zrmrmquhshtm2 _pmcc Zrmrmquhshtm2  _pmcc Nious. Dmlm﬇t2 Pfm Dmlm﬇t2  Pfm sgvhla tfriw @O ti rmshst yiur spmccs in tfm ofisml typm hs hlormgsm` dy +4. Pfhs supmrom`ms tfm +7 dilus in _pmcc Nious. _pmohgc2 Xiu kgy tgem tfhs nmgt kucthpcm thkms. Hts mnnmots `i lit stgoe. Hlstmg`, mgof thkm ofiism g `hnnmrmlt kgahogc sehcc tfhs nmgt gppchms ti.

Oikkgl` ]l`mg` UKgam[

Armgtmr _phrhtdil` UAmlmrgc[

Xiu ogl gnnmot ul`mg` whtf wht f ofgrk kgaho. Dmlm﬇t2   Xiu ogl gnnmot ul`mg` whtf Ofgrk spmccs, Dmlm﬇t2 halirhla tfm ngot tfgt ul`mg` grm hkkulm ti ofgrks gl` tfgt kgly grm khl`cmss. _mlthmlt ul`mg` rmomhvm g +0 dilus ti tfmhr Qhcc sgvms ti rmshst yiur Ofgrk spmccs. Xiu ogl mxirohsm g sphrht tfgt fgs dil`m` whtf g ormgturm. _mm tfm sgkpcm rhtugc –Mxirohsm _phrht,‛ il pgam 40. 40.

Xiu grm dil`m` whtf g sphrht tfgt ogl kglhnmst hl tfm fukgl wirc`. Dmlm﬇t2 Xiu Dmlm﬇t2  Xiu fgvm g dil`m` sphrht tfgt ogl strgy up ti ?: nmmt nrik yiu il Pmrrg, gl` ogl smm gl` fmgr tfm pfyshogc wirc` gs wmcc gs ht oiuc` hl chnm. Ht ogl strgy up ti ilm khcm nrik yiu il Aghg. Pfm sphrht ogl kivm idbmots whtf gl mnnmothvm _trmlatf soirm in 7. Pfm sphrht ogl kglhnmst gl` kgem htsmcn vhshdcm gl` gu`hdcm ti itfmr ormgturms. Hn ht `ims, fiwmvmr, ht ogl dm tgramtm` dy spmccs, gl` glytfhla tfgt wiuc` gnnmot ht gnnmots yiu hlstmg`. Ht fgs yiur sgvhla tfriw ki`h﬇mrs, gl` yiur tiuof GO, whtf g `mfflmothil dilus mqugc ti yiur Ofgrhskg ki`h﬇mr ir +7, wfhofmvmr hs fhafmr. Hn tfm sphrht hs whtfhl = nmmt in yiu wfml yiu ogst g spmcc whtf g rglam in tiuof, yiu ogl fgvm tfm sphrht fic` tfm spmcc‘s ofgram, gcciwhla ht ti `mchvmr tfm spmcc whtf g tiuof gttgoe. Ht fgs yiur dgsm gttgoe dilus gl` usms yiur @mxtmrhty ki`h﬇mr nir tfm gttgoe ricc. Ht kust rmkghl vhshdcm wfhcm ogrryhla tfm

Grkirm` Ogsthla UKgam[

Orgnt Zmrkglmlt _pmcc UKgam[ Xiu ogl ogst spmccs tfgt cgst nirmvmr. Xiu ogl usm tfhs kgly wgys, hlocu`hla ormgthla kgaho htmks. Dmlm﬇t2 Xiu Dmlm﬇t2  Xiu ogl ormgtm pmrkglmlt spmccs gl` kgaho htmks. Pfm rucms nir ormgthla kgaho htmks grm il pgam 44. 44. Zmrkglmlt spmccs wire mxgotcy chem kgaho htmks, mxompt tfgt tfmy grm lit glofirm` ti gl htmk, dut grm hlstmg` gttgofm` ti g ormgturm ir ciogthil. Lirkgc2 Qhtfiut tfm nmgt, g spmccogstmr ogl ilcy ormgtm shlacm-usm gothvgtm` kgaho htmks.

7?

 

Pgdcm 4-?2 Kgaho Nmgts Amlmrgc Nmgts Groglm _ehccs Armgtmr _phrhtdil`

Zrmrmquhshtms ‐ ‐

Dmlm﬇ts Aghl Oilomltrgthil, _pmccorgnt, gl` ]sm Kgaho @mvhom gs ocgss sehccs. Dil`m` afist ogl hltmrgot whtf tfm wirc`.

Ioouct _ohmlom

Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm, mgrtf gl` chnm sohmloms, gl` pfyshogc sohmloms) 0 rgles

Xiu ogl ormgtm smmkhlacy kgahog kgahogcc htmks tfriuaf sohmlom gl` gcofmky.

Thtugc Kgam Kgam Nmgts Grkirm` Ogsthla Oikkgl` ]l`mg` Orgnt Zmrkglmlt _pmcc Mcmkmltgc Nious   Armgtmr Mcmkmltgc Nious Hkprivm` Kgahogc Nious Kgahogc Km`htgthil Kivmkmlt _pmohgchzgthil Lgturgc _pmcc

Oilomltrgthil 7? rgles, Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) 7? rgles Zrmrmquhshtms Grkir Zri﬇ohmloy (chaft) ‐ ‐ ‐ Mcmkmltgc Nious Qhs 7? Qhs 7?, Oilomltrgthil 1 rgles Kivm 0 rgles Gdhchty ti trglsnirk hlti ormgturms

Ogl dm gsshstm` dy kgly hl g rhtugc. Dmlm﬇ts Li spmcc nghcurm ofglom hl sikm grkirs. Xiu ogl gnnmot ul`mg` whtf ofgrk kgaho. Ormgtm pmrkglmlt spmccs gl` kgaho htmks. +7 dilus ti ogst spmccs whtf ofisml mcmkmlt. +4 dilus, kirm spmccs dmlm﬇t. +0 ti Oilomltrgthil ofmoes ti dmoikm niousm`. Nious gs g kivm gothil. Aghl goomss ti spmohgchzm` kivmkmlt spmccs. Ogst spmccs wfhcm trglsnirkm`.

Zistki`mrl Kgaus

Gly tfrmm trg`hthil nmgts, Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) 8 rgles

Oikdhlm tfm dmlm﬇ts in trg`hthils, sunnmr li `rgwdgoes.

Wuhoeml _pmcc Tmwrhtm Kmkiry _hxtf Qhl` _pmcc Nious   Armgtmr _pmcc Nious Prg`hthil Nmgts Glhkhsk

‐ Ofgrk > rgles ‐ ‐ _pmcc Nious Zrmrmquhshtms ‐

Ogst spmccs gs g swhnt gothil. Zmrkglmltcy gctmr kmkirhms. Tmoivmr drhmffly nrik spmccogsthla pmlgcty. Hlormgsms spmcc @O +7. Hlormgsms spmcc @O g titgc in +4. Dmlm﬇ts Aghl khc` goomss ti gcc kgaho.

Glhkm-hsk

Eliwcm`am (pipucgr oucturm) 0 rgles

Ogst glhkm-msqum spmccs.

Dcii` Kgaho Ofrhsthgl Fmgcmr Ofrhsthgl Kgaus Ocgsshogc Nmy @rmgkthkm Mc`mr Kystmrhms Nmla _fuh

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

Mkpiwmr kgaho whtf g sgorh﬇om. _trila fmgchla gl` `mnmlshvm piwmrs. Zmr nirk ocgssho khrgocms gl` prismcythzm. Qhmc` trhoey, `mompthvm kgaho . Gstrgccy pribmot yiur sphrht. @gddcm hl glohmlt, kg``mlhla piwmrs. Gnnmot tfm mlmray in ciogthils gl` ormgturms.

Nrmm` Khl` Fii`ii

‐ ‐

Xiur whcc ivmroikms tfm hccushil in rmgchty. @gre vii`ii piwmrs.

Egddgchstho Gcofmkhst

Tmg`/Qrhtm (Fmdrmw) gl` _pmge (Fmdrmw)

@hgargk `hvhlm sohmlom.

Lmorikgloy Zsyofho _mlshthvhty _pglhsf Hlquhshtir _quhrrmcikgloy _tgam Kgaho Pmoflikgloy Pmcmpgtf ^ii`ii Qhoog Qhtoforgnt

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ _cmhaft in Fgl` 0 rgles Eliwcm`am (tmofliciay) 0 rgles ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

Oiltric gl` ormgtm ul`mg`. _mlsm fhstiry, nuturm, gl` gurgs. Nhaft gaghlst mvhc sphrhts gl` mvhc kgaho . Qhmc` tfm mc`mr piwmr in tfm squhrrmc. Khs`hrmot whtf hccushils gl` cmamr`mkghl. ]sm `mvhoms ti mlfglom kgaho . Tmg` gl` oiltric khl`s whtf mgsm. Qhmc` piwmr ivmr sphrhts, ofgllmc tfmk. @hrmot lgturgc mlmrahms nir fmgchla, `mnmlsm. ]sm mvhc sphrhts ti fgrk nims.

Quxhg _iromry

Grofgho Qmgpil Zri﬇ohmloy, Oikdgt Kgrthgc Grts, ir @mnmlshvm Kgrthgc Grts

Nhaft whtf Fila Eila gothil kivhm kgaho.

70

 

ofgram` spmcc. Hn ht whsfms ti omgsm hts kglhnmstgthil, tfm ofgram` spmcc hs cist. Lirkgc2   Hl tfm FHAF  NGLPG_X  smtthla, kist fukgl Lirkgc2 spmccogstmrs fgvm dil`m` sphrhts tfriuaf wfhof tfmy goomss kgaho, tfiuaf tfmsm dil`m` sphrhts ogllit o gllit gnnmot tfm pfyshogc wirc`. Lil-spmccogstmrs ogl sthcc ofiism tfhs nmgt, tfiuaf ht `ims htsmcn arglt spmccogsthla gdhchty.

Hkprivm` Kgaho Nious UKgam[ Xiur gdhchty ti oilomltrgtm hs gs emml gs gl grriwfmg`, gcciwhla yiu ti aghl yiur kgaho nious mvml hl tfm kist turducmlt shtugthils. Zrmrmquhshtm2 Qhs Zrmrmquhshtm2  Qhs 7?. Dmlm﬇t2   Xiu aghl g +0 dilus il Dmlm﬇t2 Oilomltrgthil ofmoes yiu kgem ti dmoikm kgahogccy niousm`.

Ioouct _ohmlom UAmlmrgc[ Xiu eliw fiw ti usm niraittml sohmlom ti ormgtm smmkhlacy kgahogc mnnmots. Zrmrmquhshtm2 Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm, mgrtf gl` chnm sohmloms, gl` pfyshogc sohmloms) 0 rgles. Dmlm﬇t2 Xiu Dmlm﬇t2  Xiu ogl ormgtm kgahogc htmks whtf Orgnt Zihlts (smm Kgaho Htmks, pgam 44 ) mvml hn yiu `il‘t fgvm rgles hl tfm gppriprhgtm kgahogc sehcc. Xiu ogl mvml kgem pmrkglmlt htmks gs hn yiu fg` tfm Orgnt Zmrkglmlt _pmcc nmgt. Pi `i si, yiu kgem Orgnt ofmoes hl pcgom in spmccogsthla ofmoes nir htmk ormgthil, gl` tfm agkm kgstmr ogl `moh`m wfgt typm in Orgnt ofmoe hs lmm`m` nir g ahvml htmk. G pithil khaft rmquhrm Orgnt (ofmkhogc), g aicmk khaft rmquhrm Orgnt (kmofglhogc), gl hccushil khaft rmquhrm Orgnt (vhsugc grt), gl` si il. Pfmsm htmks grm lit kgahogc, kgahogc , gl` si ogllit dm `hspmccm`, dut tfmy itfmrwhsm usm tfm sgkm rucms gs nir orgnthla kgaho htmks.

Kgahogc Km`htgthil UKgam[ Zistki`mrl Kgaus UKgam[

Xiu ogl nious yiur khl` ngstmr tfgl lirkgc. Zrmrmquhshtm2   Qhs 7?, Oilomltrgthil 1 Zrmrmquhshtm2 rgles.

Xiu ogl oikdhlm `hnnmrmlt stycms gl` trg`hthils in kgaho. Zrmrmquhshtm2 Gly tfrmm trg`hthil nmgts,

Dmlm﬇t2 Xiu Dmlm﬇t2  Xiu ogl tgem g kivm gothil ti dmoikm kgahogccy niousm`.

Xiu ogl ogst spmccs wfhcm hl `hnnmrmlt ormgturm‘s nirks. Zrmrmquhshtm2 Gdhchty Zrmrmquhshtm2  Gdhchty ti gssukm tfm nirks in itfmr ormgturms. Dmlm﬇t2   Qfml yiu ofglam sfgpm hlti g `hnnmrmlt Dmlm﬇t2 ormgturm, yiu ogl sudsthtutm tfm ormgturm‘s lgturgc kivmkmlts nir sikgtho oikpilmlts, gl` yiu ogl spmge whtf yiur iwl vihom nir vmrdgc oikpilmlts, mvml hn tfm ormgturm lirkgccy ogllit kgem siul`s. Xiu sthcc ogl‘t ogst spmccs hn yiu ogllit nirk tfm vmrdgc ir sikgtho oikpilmlts (suof gs hn yiu‘rm fmc`).

Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) 8 rgles. Dmlm﬇t2 Xiu ogl usm tfm piwmr in kirm tfgl ilm kgahogc trg`hthil gt g thkm. Gt gly ahvml thkm, yiu ogl ofiism gly in tfm dmlm﬇ts in tfm trg`hthils yiu eliw, gl` ogl halirm gly `rgwdgoes ir pmlgcthms tfmy fgvm. ]llgkm` dilusms ti spmccogsthla ofmoes argltm` dy trg`hthil nmgts `i lit stgoe. Qfml yiu ormgtm g rhtugc, yiu ogl ofiism tfm rhtugc rmquhrmkmlts in gly ilm in yiur trg`hthils. Fiwmvmr Fiwmvmr,, wfml ilm in yiur spmccs khsfgps, tfm agkm kgstmr ofiisms wfhof trg`hthil‘s khsfgp ioours, gl` hs nrmm ti fgvm g oikdhlm` khsfgp ioour. Nir mxgkpcm, hn yiu eliw Ocgsshogc Nmy, _tgam Kgaho, gl` Quxhg _iromry, pmipcm wiuc` lit lithom yiur spmccogsthla ulcmss tfmy dmchmvm hl kgaho, yiu‘` aghl g +4 dilus ti @mnml` gl` Hccushil ofmoes, yiu oiuc` gppcy yiur @mxtmrhty ki`h﬇mr gs g dilus ti tfm sgvm @Os in yiur Hccushil spmccs, gl` yiu oiuc` mxpml` yiur kgahogc nious ti ogst g quhoemlm` spmcc ilom pmr riul`. Hn yiur spmcc wmrm ti khsfgp, yiu khaft tfhle yiur spmcc wirem`, dut yiu wiuc` tgem `gkgam gl` gttrgot tfm gttmlthil in g orumc o rumc nmy. _pmohgc2 Pfm _pmohgc2  Pfm Mc`mr Kystmrhms trg`hthil ogl dm usm` whtf tfm Zistki`mrl Kgaus nmgt, dut tfm Qhs`ik pmlgcty nir

Lirkgc2 yiu hsofglam nirksdgsho yiu sfgpm ogllitgl` ogst ulcmss tfm lmwHn nirk in tfm sgkm oglspmccs tgce gl` usm hts fgl`s.

ogsthla spmccs hlfmrmlt ti tfm nrik typm in kgaho tfm trg`hthil arglts. Hn yiu hswglt tfm dilus tfhs pgrthoucgrcy gchml trg`hthil, yiu kust  goompt  goompt tfm pmlgcthms.

Kivmkmlt _pmohgchzgthil Kivmkmlt UKgam[ Xiu aghl goomss ti lmw typms in kivmkmlt kgaho. Zrmrmquhshtm2 Kivm Zrmrmquhshtm2  Kivm 0 rgles. Dmlm﬇t2   Ofiism ilm in tfm Dmlm﬇t2 nicciwhla kivmkmlt typms ‐ fflhaft, fgstm, hloirpirmgchty, ir tmcmpirtgthil. Xiu aghl goomss ti tfm lirkgccy rmstrhotm` spmccs in tfgt typm. _mm –Itfmr Kivmkmlt Pypms,‛ pgam =: =:,, nir kirm hlnirkgthil.

Lgturgc _pmcc UKgam[

Hccustrgthil dy B. C. Bilms 

7=

 

Wuhoeml _pmcc UKgam[

_pmcc Nious UKgam[

Xiu ogl ogst spmccs whtf g kikmlt‘s tfiuaft. Dmlm﬇t2 Qfml Dmlm﬇t2  Qfml ogsthla g shalgturm spmcc, yiu ogl hlormgsm hl ormgsm tfm spmcc‘s cmvmc ti quhoeml tfm spmcc. G quhoemlm` spmcc rmquhrms ilcy g swhnt gothil ti ogst hlstmg` in g stgl`gr` gothil. G swhnt gothil tgems li thkm, chem g nrmm gothil, dut g ofgrgotmr ogl ilcy pmrnirk ilm swhnt gothil pmr riul`. Xiu ogllit quhoeml spmccs tfgt grm lit shalgturm spmccs. Ogsthla g quhoemlm` spmcc `imsl‘t priviem gl gttgoe in ippirtulhty. Pfm nicciwhla tgdcm sfiws fiw kgly cmvmcs quhoemlhla g spmcc oists, dgsm` il hts irhahlgc cmvmc.

Ofiism g kgahogc sehcc, suof gs Gttgoe ir Ofgrk. Xiur spmccs in tfgt typm grm fgr`mr ti rmshst.  Pfm sgvhla tfriw @O ti rmshst yiur spmccs in tfm Dmlm﬇t2 Pfm Dmlm﬇t2 ofisml typm hs hlormgsm` dy +7. _pmohgc2 Xiu kgy tgem tfhs nmgt kucthpcm thkms. Hts mnnmots `i lit stgoe. Hlstmg`, mgof thkm ofiism g `hnnmrmlt kgahogc sehcc tfhs nmgt gppchms ti.

Pgdcm 4-02 Wuhoemlm` _pmcc Oist Irhahlgc Cmvmc 7 4 ti ? 0+

Wuhoeml Oist hl Cmvmcs +4 += +7:

Tmwrhtm Kmkiry UKgam[ Xiu ogl kirm mgshcy gctmr pmipcm‘s kmkirhms. Zrmrmquhshtm2 Ofgrk Zrmrmquhshtm2  Ofgrk > rgles. Dmlm﬇t2 Qfmlmvmr Dmlm﬇t2  Qfmlmvmr yiu ki`hny kmkiry whtf tfm Niramt

Prg`hthil Nmgts Pfm nicciwhla grm bust g nmw pisshdcm trg`hthil nmgts, `rgwl nrik ngkius ir pipucgr kgahogc trg`hthils in tfm rmgc wirc`. Gs gcwgys, rmgc-wirc` dmchmns ogl dm g tiuofy sudbmot hl g agkm, gl` tfmsm rucms kgy lit goourgtmcy rmfflmot tfm dmchmns in pmipcm wfi gotugccy gsorhdm ti tfmsm trg`hthils. Zcgymrs gl` agkm kgstmrs grm mloiurgam` ti rmsmgrof gly trg`hthils tfmy grm hltmrmstm` hl ushla hl agkm. a gkm. Hn litfhla mcsm, eliwhla kirm in tfm trg`hthil whcc kgem ht smmk s mmk kirm vhvh` hl ricmpcgyhla. Mgof trg`hthil nmgt hlocu`ms gl mltry nir Thtugcs gl` Khsfgps. Pfm Thtugc mltry `msorhdms g stgl`gr` mcmkmlt rmquhrm` dy gly rhtugc spmcc in =tf cmvmc ir fhafmr nrik

ir tfm Khl` Ki`hny mlfglomkmlts nir tfm Ofgrk spmcc, tfm `urgthil hs pmrkglmlt. Pfhs `ims lit rmquhrm yiu ti spml` gly spmcc cmvmcs ti hlormgsm tfm `urgthil, lir `i yiu lmm` ti spml` gly Orgnt Zihlts ti kgem tfm spmcc pmrkglmlt. Fiwmvmr, yiu sthcc kust ofiism tfm _udtcm Ofgrk mlfglomkmlt, ir mcsm tfm vhothk rmomhvms g lmw sgvm ti rmshst mgof riul`. Pfm spmcc fgs g pmrkglmlt `urgthil, dut ht ogl sthcc dm `hspmccm`.

Thtugc Kgam UAmlmrgc[ Xiu ogl irofmstrgtm cgram kgahogc rhtugcs whtf mgsm. Zrmrmquhshtm2 Oilomltrgthil Zrmrmquhshtm2  Oilomltrgthil 7? rgles, Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) 7? rgles. Dmlm﬇t2 Qfml Dmlm﬇t2  Qfml pmrnirkhla g rhtugc, yiu ogl dm gsshstm` dy g lukdmr in ofgrgotmrs mqugc ti yiur ofgrgotmr cmvmc pcus yiur Qhs`ik ki`h﬇mr.

_hxtf Qhl` UKgam[ Xiu ogl rmoivmr tmkpirgrhcy nrik spmccogsthla pmlgcthms, g sirt in kgahogc smoil` whl`. Dmlm﬇t2   Xiu ogl spml` 7 gothil pihlt ti halirm tfm Dmlm﬇t2 spmccogsthla pmlgcty nrik fgvhla nghcm` prmvhius spmccogsthla ofmoes, gl` ti halirm ngthaum` ir mxfgustm` oil`hthils hlourrm` nrik ogsthla ivmrpiwmrm` spmccs. Xiu ogl halirm tfhs pmlgcty nir g lukdmr in riul`s mqugc ti yiur Oilsthtuthil ki`h﬇mr. Hn yiu nghc g spmccogsthla ofmoe `urhla tfhs thkm, tfm pmlgcty hs g``m` ti yiur titgc, dut yiu sthcc halirm ht nir tfm `urgthil in yiur shxtf whl`. Nir mxgkpcm, hn yiu fg` g 70 Oilsthtuthil gl` fg` nghcm` 6 spmccogsthla gl``gy, fg` yiu g ‟6 oiuc` pmlgcty ti yiur spmccogsthla ofmoes nir tfmofmoes rmst in tfm spml` gl gothil pihlt ti halirm tfgt pmlgcty nir twi riul`s.

7>

Prg`hthil Hltmrgothils Prg`hthil nmgts dgcglom twi trghts2 tfm kgahogc sehccs tfmy arglt gs ocgss sehccs, gl` tfm dmlm﬇ts ir `rgwdgoes tfmy privh`m wfml ogsthla spmccs. Ilom yiu fgvm g trg`hthil nmgt, yiu whcc gcwgys fgvm tfm dilus kgahogc ocgss sehccs, mvml hn yiu usm glitfmr trg`hthil nmgt. Hn yiu ilcy ofiism g shlacm trg`hthil nmgt, yiu whcc usugccy wglt tfm nmgt tfgt arglts yiu goomss ti tfm spmccs yiu kist wglt. Hn yiu tgem kucthpcm trg`hthil nmgts, fiwmvmr, yiu ogl usm sehccs cmgrlm` nrik ilm trg`hthil whtf tfm dmlm﬇ts in glitfmr trg`hthil. Nir mxgkpcm, tfm Glhkhsk trg`hthil arglts goomss ti gcc kgahogc sehccs, dut spmccs ogst tfriuaf ht grm wmgemr dmogusm tfmy fgvm li nious. Hn yiu phoe bust Glhkhsk, yiu‘cc fgvm `hvmrsm kgaho, dut ht whcc lit dm vmry strila. Pfm Ofrhsthgl Kgaus trg`hthil, il tfm itfmr fgl`, ilcy arglts tfrmm kgahogc sehccs, dut hts dmlm﬇t hs vmry usmnuc ‐ lil-fukgl ormgturms sunnmr g ‟4 pmlgcty il tfmhr sgvms ti rmshst yiur spmccs. In oiursm, shlom tfm Ofrhsthgl Kgaus trg`hthil ilcy fgs ilm sehcc tfgt lirkgccy ogccs nir sgvms ti rmshst ht ‐ Ofgrk ‐ tfgt dmlm﬇t hs ilcy sikmthkms usmnuc. G Ofrhsthgl Kgaus oiuc` tgem rgles hl Gttgoe gl` Hccushil gs oriss-ocgss sehccs, ir fm oiuc` tgem g smoil` trg`hthil nmgt tfgt arglts goomss ti tfism sehccs. Pfm kist strghaftnirwgr` gppchogthil in tfhs tmoflhqum hs fiw tfm Fii`ii gl` ^ii`ii trg`hthils hltmrgot. ^ii`i ^ii`ii i ahvms yiu piwmr ivmr sphrhts, wfhof hs usugccy usm` ti pritmot gaghlst fisthcm sphrhts. Hn yiu gcsi eliw tfm trg`hthil in Fii`ii, fiwmvmr, yiu ogl fgvm g fisthcm sphrht pissmss g nim (whtf Gttgoe spmccs), tfml kirm mgshcy gnnmot yiur nim dmogusm fm hs pissmssm`. Ofgrgotmrs grm mloiurgam` ti ﬇l` itfmr hltmrgothils dmtwmml trg`hthils.

 

tfgt trg`hthil. Pfm Khsfgp mltry privh`ms g suaamsthil in pgrthoucgrcy gppriprhgtm mvmlts nir wfml spmccs ai gwry.

Glhkhsk UPrg`hthil[ Xiu dmchmvm yiur kgahogc piwmrs grm argltm` dy sphrhts ‐ in lgturm, in glhkgcs, ir mvml in tfm `mg`. Pfm ocgssho mxgkpcm in tfhs trg`hthil grm tfm Lgthvm Gkmrhogl trhdms. Dmlm﬇t2 Gcc Dmlm﬇t2  Gcc kgahogc sehccs grm ocgss sehccs ti yiu. Dmogusm in yiur piwmrs grm drig` dut lit `mmp, yiu sunnmr g ‟4 pmlgcty ti gcc spmccogsthla ofmoes wfml ushla tfhs trg`hthil. Ilom g `gy yiu ogl pmththil g sphrht ti ngvir yiu. Ofiism ilm kgahogc sehcc gl` kgem g @hpcikgoy ofmoe (@O 4:). Hn yiu suoomm`, nir ilm fiur yiu ogl ogst spmccs gs hn yiu fg` 4 kirm rgles in tfgt kgahogc sehcc tfgl yiu gotugccy fgvm. Pfus yiu ogl ogst spmccs mvml hn yiu lirkgccy fgvm li rgles in tfgt kgahogc sehcc. Pfm agkm kgstmr kgy in oiursm rucm tfgt li gppriprhgtm sphrhts grm prmsmlt hl pgrthoucgrcy lil-kgahogc ciogthils, dut mvml ohthms gl` `msmrts fgvm tfmhr iwl i`` sphrhts. Thtugcs2   Gl glomstir Thtugcs2 ir sphrht kust dm pmththilm` (@hpcikgoy @O = + » spmcc cmvmc), wfhof rmquhrms ilm khlutm. Pfhs ogl dm rusfm` gs g nucc-riul` gothil, tfiuaf whtf g ‟7: pmlgcty. Khsfgps2   Pfm sphrhts Khsfgps2 grm glamrm`, gl` yiu ogllit usm tfm Glhkhsk trg`hthil ti ogst tfm kgahogc sehcc yiu wmrm tryhla ti ogst ulthc yiu gppmgsm tfm sphrhts. Xiu kust kgem gl innmrhla (Zurofgsm @O 4) gl` spml` ilm fiur gpiciahzhla ti rmaghl goomss ti tfm kgaho.

Qfml yiu ogst gl Gttgoe spmcc, hn yiu sfiut tfm lgkm in tfm spmcc hl g vmry ciu` vihom, yiu aghl g +4 `rgkg dilus ti yiur spmccogsthla ofmoe. Hn yiu gcsi tfml sormgk tfrmgtmlhlacy nir gt cmgst ilm nucc riul` dmnirm ogsthla yiur Gttgoe spmcc, tfm `rgkg dilus hlormgsms dy +7 nir mgof riul` yiu `i litfhla dut sormgk, ti g kgxhkuk in +6. Pfm sormgk `ims lit fgvm ti dm hltmcchahdcm. Pfmrm hs li agkm kmofglho nir tfhs, dut yiu grm chemcy ti dm smxugccy nrustrgtm`. Thtugcs2 @mpml`hla Thtugcs2  @mpml`hla il tfm stycm in glhkm yiu grm mkucgthla whtf yiur kgaho, ochofè hkgams in tfgt stycm kust dm mviem`. Nir mxgkpcm, yiu khaft tiss ofmrry dcissiks hlti tfm ghr nir g civm spmcc, shla egrgiem pip kusho nir g spmcc ti hlsphrm oiurgam, ofglam ocitfms nir g Prglsnirk spmcc, ir fht g squh` whtf g ahglt fgkkmr nir gl Gttgoe ir _ukkil spmcc. Khsfgps2   Xiu grm stullm` Khsfgps2 nir ilm riul`, gl` mvmryilm whtf chlm in shaft ti yiu rmgchzms wfgt g cismr yiu grm gl` fiw kuof oiicmr tfmy grm tfgl yiu. Pfhs hs intml gooikpglhm` dy g orgsfhla wgvm dmfhl` yiu ir gl mlirkius dmg` in swmgt il yiur ngom. _pmohgc2   Pfhs trg`hthil hs schaftcy _pmohgc2 iut in gcpfgdmthogc ir`mr.

Dcii` Kgaho UPrg`hthil[

Xiu eliw kgaho mxhsts, gl` yiu usm ht ti mkucgtm tfm oiic tfhlas yiu smm hl glhkm. Zrmrmquhshtm2 Eliwcm`am Zrmrmquhshtm2  Eliwcm`am (pipucgr oucturm) 0 rgles. Dmlm﬇t2   Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Gttgoe, Kivm, gl` Dmlm﬇t2 Prglsnirk gs ocgss sehccs. Xiu kgy ofiism ilm lmw nirk tfgt hs yiur –trglsnirkgthil smqumlom‛ nirk. Pfhs nirk kust dm pfyshogccy shkhcgr ti yiur lirkgc nirk, hl emmphla whtf tfm trg`hthils in glhkm. Hn yiu usm g shalgturm Prglsnirk spmcc ti

Xiu dmchmvm yiu aghl kgahogc piwmr dy sphcchla dcii` ti gppmgsm fhafmr piwmrs. Pfm ocgssho mxgkpcm in tfhs trg`hthil grm tfm glohmlt Gztmos, wfi prgothom` kgly dcii` sgorh﬇oms. Dmlm﬇t2   Xiu aghl tfm Dmlm﬇t2 kgahogc sehccs Gttgoe, @mnml`, _ukkil, gl` Prglsnirk gs ocgss sehccs. Xiur Gttgoe spmccs `mgc `mgtf `gkgam (smm pgam 0: ). Hn yiu fgvm g sfgrp wmgpil fgl`y, yiu ogl ofiism ti `mgc 7`> pihlts in `gkgam ti yiursmcn wfml yiu ogst g spmcc. Hn yiu `i, yiu aghl g +7 dcii` dilus ti tfm kgahogc sehcc ofmoe nir tfgt spmcc. Xiu gcsi aghl tfhs dilus hn yiu tiie `gkgam whtfhl tfm pgst riul` ir wfhcm ogsthla tfm spmcc. Gctmrlgtmcy, yiu kgy ofiism ti `mchvmr g oiup `m argom ti g fmcpcmss ormgturm, aghlhla g +7 dcii` dilus ti yiur sehcc ofmoe, ir +4 hn ht wgs g smlthmlt ormgturm, hn yiu dmahl ogsthla yiur spmcc hkkm`hgtmcy gntmr ehcchla tfm ormgturm.

ofglam hltitfm tfgt nirk,Pfm yiu﬇rst oglthkm ogst htglgsidsmrvmr g swhnt gothil whtfiut hlormgshla cmvmc. smms yiu usm tfhs gdhchty, tfm trglsnirkgthil smmks ti tgem g cila thkm.

Thtugcs2 Gt Thtugcs2  GtThtugcs cmgst ilm dm rmquhrm dcii`cmttm` ir sgorh﬇om`. in chvhla 7:tf ormgturm cmvmc ir kust fhafmr tfm sgorh﬇om in g smlthmlt ormgturm.

Glhkm-hsk UPrg`hthil[

Hccustrgthil dy Bml _tgrchla 

71

 

Khsfgps2 Xiu Khsfgps2  Xiu tgem 4 pihlts in Oilsthtuthil `gkgam, gl` gcsi tgem `gkgam mqugc ti tfm spmcc‘s cmvmc.

Ofrhsthgl Fmgcmr UPrg`hthil[ Xiu dmchmvm yiur nghtf hl Ai` arglts yiu tfm piwmr ti fmgc gl` `mnml`. Dmlm﬇t2   Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Ormgtm, Ourm, gl` Dmlm﬇t2 @mnml` gs ocgss sehccs. Xiu aghl g +4 dilus il Ourm spmccogst spmccogsthla hla ofmoes. Hn yiu usm gl htmk ormgtm` whtf g Ormgtm spmcc ushla tfhs trg`hthil ti furt sikmilm, yiu grm gnfflhotm` gs hn tfm spmcc fg` ogusm` g khsfgp (smm dmciw). Thtugcs2 Zgssgams Thtugcs2  Zgssgams nrik _orhpturm kust dm rmg` ir rmohtm`, gl` tfm pgssgams kust dm gppriprhgtm ti tfm spmcc (Eliwcm`am (tfmiciay gl` pfhcisipfy) (@O = + » spmcc cmvmc). Khsfgps2 Hkpripmr Khsfgps2  Hkpripmr rmspmot in Ai`‘s piwmr drhlas `iwl gl gnfflhothil. Ofiism g lil-cmtfgc gnfflhothil nrik tfm Gttgoe spmcc in gpprixhkgtmcy tfm sgkm cmvmc gs tfm rhtugc spmcc, suof gs dchl`lmss, ngthaum, ir sikm oikdhlgthil in mnnmots. Pfm gnfflhothil cgsts nir ilm khlutm, ogllit dm fmgcm` kgahogccy, gl` gcciws li sgvhla sgvh la tfriw.

Ofrhsthgl Kgaus UPrg`hthil[

gd`uot ilm in tfm pgrthohpglts wfi hs kist smxugccy gttrgothvm ir cmgst whccnucc. Pfm pmrsil hs gcciwm` g Qhcc sgvm (@O 7: + » spmcc cmvmc) ti rmshst, gl` hn fm nghcs fm hs tgeml ti Aghg. Fm rmturls cgtmr, tfm gkiult in thkm pgsshla `mpml`mlt il tfm spmcc cmvmc, nrik g khlutm (cmvmc 7) ti tml khlutms (cmvmc 4‟?), ti gl fiur (0‟6), ti g `gy (8‟7>), ti g wmme (71+). In tfhs thkm fm fgs ilcy vgaum kmkirhms in dmhla oikpmccm` ti rmvmc.

@rmgkthkm UPrg`hthil[ Xiu dmchmvm yiu fgvm tgeml g sphrhtugc biurlmy gl` rmturlm` whtf omcmsthgc piwmrs, gs hl tfm kgahogc trg`hthil in tfm Gdirhahlms gl` Dusfkml. Dmlm﬇t2 Xiu Dmlm﬇t2  Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Ormgtm, @hvhlm, Kivm, gl` Prglsnirk gs ocgss sehccs. Xiu gcsi aghl Oilomltrgthil gs g ocgss sehcc. Xiu ogl gstrgccy pribmot yiursmcn. @ihla si cmgvms yiur pfyshogc di`y uloilsohius, gl` gcciws yiur sphrht ti trgvmc tfriuaf sich` idbmots, vhshdcm ilcy ti tfism wfi ogl smm sphrhts. Mgof khlutm yiu gstrgccy pribmot yiu kust kgem g Oilomltrgthil ofmoe (@O 7=). Hn yiu nghc, yiu sphrht rmturls ti yiur di`y gl` yiu ogllit gstrgccy pribmot nir g `gy. Xiur sphrht nirk ogllit gnnmot tfm rmgc wirc`, tfiuaf

Xiu dmchmvm yiur nghtf hl Ai` arglts yiu kgahogc piwmrs ti `i Fhs wire. Dmlm﬇t2 Xi Dmlm﬇t2  Xiu u aghl tfm kgahogc ssehccs ehccs Ofgrk, Ourm, gl` @hvhlm gs ocgss sehccs. Lil-fukgl ormgturms sunnmr g ‟4 pmlgcty ti sgvhla sgvhl a tfriws ti rmshst yiur spmccs. Thtugcs2 Gs Ofrhsthgl Fmgcmr, gdivm. Khsfgps2 Gs Khsfgps2  Gs Ofrhsthgl Fmgcmr, gdivm.

yiu ogl ogst spmccs tfgt gnnmot yiursmcn gl` itfmr sphrht ormgturms. Xiu ogl drhla itfmr whcchla ormgturms whtf yiu hlti gstrgc pribmothil, dut tfm Oilomltrgthil @O hlormgsms dy +4 nir mgof itfmr ormgturm. Hn yiu gstrgccy pribmot wfhcm il Aghg, yiu grm sthcc hltglahdcm, dut yiu grm vhshdcm. Thtugcs2 Pfm rhtugc kust dm pmrnirkm` gwgy nrik tfm rhtugc cmg`mr‘s fikm, gt g `hstglom in gt cmgst ilm khcm pmr niur spmcc cmvmcs. Gcc pgrthohpglts in tfm rhtugc kust wgce ti tfm ciogthil. Khsfgps2   Xiu cism yiur Khsfgps2 smlsm in wfmrm ir wfml yiu grm, pmromhvhla glitfmr pcgom ir thkm nir g lukdmr in riul`s mqugc ti tfm spmcc‘s cmvmc. @urhla tfhs thkm yiu grm oilsh`mrm` dchl` gl` `mgn. Hn tfm spmcc hs `hspmccm`, yiu rmturl nrik tfhs sphrhtugc biurlmy.

Ocgsshogc Nmy UPrg`hthil[ Xiu pissmss tfm kgahogc piwmrs in tfm nmy ‐ trhoemry trhoemry,, hccushil, gl` eliwcm`am in fiw lit ti dm smml. Dmlm﬇t2   Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc Dmlm﬇t2 sehccs Ofgrk, Hccushil, Kivm, gl` Prglsnirk gs ocgss sehccs. Qfmlmvmr yiu usm kgaho, ormgturms wfi `i lit dmchmvm hl tfm mxhstmlom in kgaho `i lit lithom tfm spmcc dmhla ogst ulcmss tfmy grm dmhla tgramtm` ir grm hl tfm spmcc‘s grmg. Pfm nmy kgaho ogusms rgl`ik mvmlts ti `hstrgot tfmk nrik smmhla tfm spmcc gs ht hs ogst, gl` schaftcy scha ftcy dmnu``cms tfmhr khl` si tfmy `i lit qumsthil gly mnnmots tfgt grml‘t hkkm`hgtmcy hkpirtglt. Thtugcs2   Innmrhlas in nii` kust dm kg`m ir Thtugcs2 itfmr ogsugc ahnts ahvml. Pfm ﬇lgc riul` in tfm rhtugc, mgof pmrsil hlvicvm` hl tfm rhtugc kust ocism fhs ir fmr myms, si gs lit ti smm tfm nmy tfgt privh`ms

Mc`mr Kystmrhms UPrg`hthil[ Xiu dmchmvm yiu eliw in smormts kirm glohmlt tfgl ki`mrl kgl, nrik g thkm wfml tfiuaft gl` `rmgks wmrm tfm purvhmw in ulngtfikgdcm mc`mr ai`s. Dmlm﬇t2 Xiu Dmlm﬇t2  Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Gttgoe, Ofgrk, @mnml`, @hvhlm, Hccushil, gl` _ukkil gs ocgss oc gss sehccs. Xiu aghl g +4 dilus ti kgahogc sehcc ofmoes. Qfmlmvmr yiu ogst g spmcc, rmagr`cmss in hn tfm spmcc suoomm`s, yiu sunnmr

tfm kgaho. Khsfgps2 G Khsfgps2  G sphtmnuc nmy, gttrgotm` dy tfm spmcc gl`

g oukucgthvm ‟4rm`uom` pmlgcty ti ti:Qhs`ik Hn yiur Qhs`ik hs tfhs wgy,ulthc yiu yiu pgssscmmp. iut nir ilm `gy gl` tgem 7 pihlt in pmrkglmlt Qhs`ik `rghl.

glamrm` dy tfm piir mxmouthil, gppmgrs gl` gttmkpts ti

Hccustrgthil dy B. C. Bilms 

76

 

Thtugcs2 Gly sirt in hcciahogc mcmkmlt kgy dm rmquhrm` nir Thtugcs2 Gly gl mc`mr rhtugc, gcwgys hltml`m` ti ulsmttcm lirkgc fukgl smlshdhchthms.  Xiu ai hlsglm. Pfm vgrhmty in hlsglhty sfiuc` Khsfgps2 Xiu Khsfgps2 dm sikmfiw rmcgtm` ti tfm trgukg tfgt trhaamrm` ht. Pfm agkm kgstmr hs mloiurgam` ti dm orumc, dut lit ti `mdhchtgtm tfm ofgrgotmr. Ht hs kirm mltmrtghlhla nir tfm pcgymr ti try ti emmp pcgyhla fhs ofgrgotmr `msphtm tfm kg`lmss. Pfm gkiult in thkm tfm hlsglhty cgsts `mpml`s il tfm spmcc cmvmc, nrik g khlutm (cmvmc 7) ti tml khlutms (cmvmc 4‟?), ti gl fiur (0‟6), ti g `gy (8‟7>), ti g wmme (71+). Litm, fiwmvmr, fiwmvmr, tfgt hlsglhty hl rmgchty hs `hsturdhla, gl` sikm pcgymrs khaft lit dm oiknirtgdcm oilnrilthla ht hl g agkm.

Nmla _fuh UPrg`hthil[ Dy pishthilhla yiursmcn gl` idbmots griul` yiu hl tfm pripmr gchalkmlt, yiu ogl ofgllmc pishthvm mlmray ffliw, of‘h , ti ormgtm kgaho. Dmlm﬇t2 Xiu Dmlm﬇t2  Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Ourm gl` @mnml` gs ocgss sehccs. Xiu ogl spml` g khlutm ti kgem surm g 7:-nt. rg`hus grmg‘s mlmray hs pripmrcy gchalm`. Pfhs rmquhrms g Qhs`ik ofmoe (@O 4:). Ilom g ciogthil‘s mlmray hs pripmrcy gchalm`, tfm lmxt spmcc yiu ogst tfgt t fgt fgs gl grmg in mnnmot tfgt kgtofms tfm purh﬇m` grmg fgs hts `urgthil mxtml`m` ti ilm `gy. Pfhs `ims lit hlormgsm tfm spmcc cmvmc ir tfm spmccogsthla @O. Gt gly ahvml thkm yiu ogl fgvm g lukdmr in spmccs mqugc ti yiur Qhs`ik dilus whtf tfhs mxtml`m` `urgthil. Gttmkpts ti ormgtm g``hthilgc ml`urhla spmccs hl g `gy shkpcy nghc. Thtugcs2 Pfm spmccogsthla grmg, gt cmgst g 7:-nt. rg`hus, kust fgvm pripmr mlmray, rmquhrhla g Qhs`ik ofmoe (@O 4:) gl` ilm khlutm in gchalhla idbmots gl` ormgturms. Khsfgps2   Xiu ofgllmc sfg , lmagthvm mlmray. Gl grmg Khsfgps2 omltmrm` il yiu whtf g rg`hus in = nt. pmr 4 spmcc cmvmcs dmoikms lmagthvmcy hlfflumlom`. Ormgturms tgem g ‟7 pmlgcty ti gcc `4: riccs wfhcm hl tfm grmg. Pfhs pmlgcty cgsts nir g `gy, ir ulthc tfm grmg hs purh﬇m`.

Nrmm` Khl` UPrg`hthil[ Xiu fgvm smml dmyil` tfm vmhc in tfhs wirc`, gl` grm nrmm nrik hts rmstrghlts. Xiur whcc sfgpms yiur rmgchty. Pfhs trg`hthil gcsi wires nir sikm nirks in psyofho piwmrs. Dmlm﬇t2   Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Ofgrk, Ormgtm, Dmlm﬇t2 Hccushil, gl` Kivm gs ocgss sehccs. Xiu aghl g +4 dilus ti Qhcc sgvms ti rmshst Ofgrk gl` Hccushil spmccs. Thtugcs2 Gt cmgst ilm kmkdmr in tfm rhtugc kust fgvm mkpthm` fhs khl` in tfiuaft whtf mhtfmr g Oilomltrgthil ofmoe ir Qhs`ik ofmoe (@O 4:). Khsfgps2   Xiur `hsdmchmn turls upil htsmcn gl` hlburms Khsfgps2 yiur khl`, `mgchla `gkgam ti yiu mqugc ti tfm t fm spmcc‘s cmvmc.

Fii`ii UPrg`hthil[ Xiu dmchmvm yiu ogl oiltric sphrhts, nirohla tfmk ti gttgoe ir oiltric mlmkhms gl` privh`m piwmr ir eliwcm`am ti yiu.

Dmlm﬇t2  Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Gttgoe, Ofgrk, Dmlm﬇t2  _ukkil, gl` Prglsnirk gs ocgss sehccs. Hn yiu pissmss gl htmk ir di`y pgrt tfgt dmcilam` ti g ormgturm, yiu ogl orgnt gl mn﬇ay tfriuaf wfhof yiu `hrmot kgaho. Pfhs rmquhrms tml khlutms gl` gt cmgst ru`hkmltgry tiics gl` kgtmrhgcs, dut li Orgnt ofmoe hs rmquhrm`. Xiu ogl fgvm li kirm gothvm mn﬇ahms gt gly ilm thkm tfgl yiur ofgrgotmr cmvmc, gl` gl mn﬇ay hs ilcy mnnmothvm hn tfm htmk usm` hl hts ormgthil wgs hl tfm ormgturm‘s pissmsshil li kirm tfgl ilm kiltf gai. Xiu ogl tgramt tfm ormgturm chlem` ti tfm mn﬇ay nrik kuof nurtfmr gwgy tfgl usugc, aghlhla goomss ti spmohgc rglam mlfglomkmlts nir yiur spmccs. Xiu ogl ilcy ofiism tfmsm mlfglomkmlts hn tfm spmcc ilcy tgramts tfm ormgturm chlem` ti tfm mn﬇ay gl` fgs li grmg in mnnmot. Tglam ‐ Ocism (+:). Pfm spmcc fgs g rglam in ?: nt., ir amlmrgccy tfm shzm in g skgcc kmcmm oikdgt. Tglam ‐ Ngr (+4). Pfm spmcc fgs g rglam in 6:: nt., ir amlmrgccy ngr mliuaf ti rmgof pmipcm wfi ogl smm yiu, gt gdiut tfm chkht in ocmgr vhshil. Tglam ‐ @hstglt (+0). Pfm spmcc fgs li rglam chkht. Thtugcs2 Gl mn﬇ay kust dm usm` nir fii`ii rhtugcs, gl` intml g skgcc glhkgc kust dm sgorh﬇om` sgorh﬇o m` ti gppmgsm tfm sphrhts. Khsfgps2 Pfm sphrhts turl gaghlst yiu. Gly hcc yiu hltml`m` ti glitfmr hs `mgct ti yiu, gl` gly itfmr mnnmot yiu `mshrm` hs pmrvmrtm` ti gl mnnmot in mquhvgcmlt cmvmc tfgt hs sikmfiw fgrknuc ti yiu. _pmohgc2 Pfhs trg`hthil oivmrs tfm `gre sh`m in tfm pipucgr h`mg in –vii`ii.‛ Pi ormgtm g zikdhm, usm tfm kgaho htmk ormgthil rucms ti ormgtm g pmrkglmlt Ofgrk mnnmot (ti dml` tfm pmrsil ti yiur whcc) gl` @mnml` mnnmot (ti rmprmsmlt tfm zikdhm‘s trg`mkgre hlvhlohdhchty). Cmss kgahogc kmtfi`s in zikdhm ormgthil o rmgthil hlvicvm tmtri`itixhl gl` `gturg strgkilhuk ti ormgtm g `mgtf-chem stgtm gl` `gkgam tfm vhothk‘s khl`, si gs ti kgem tfm vhothk idm`hmlt wfml yiu `ha up tfmhr –oirpsm‛ gntmr chvm durhgc.

Egddgchstho Gcofmkhst UPrg`hthil[ Xiu dmchmvm ul`mrstgl`hla in `hvhlm wir`s gl` nirkucgm cmt yiu pmrnirk smmkhlacy kgahogc rmsucts whtf kysthogc sohmlom. Zrmrmquhshtm2 Tmg`/Qrhtm Zrmrmquhshtm2  Tmg`/Qrhtm (Fmdrmw) gl` _pmge (Fmdrmw). Dmlm﬇t2 Xiu Dmlm﬇t2  Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Ormgtm, Ourm, @hvhlm, @hvh lm, gl` _ukkil gs ocgss sehccs. Xiu ogl ormgtm `hgargks ti gsshst tfm `hrmothla in mlmray nir yiur spmccs. Zurofgshla tfm lmomssgry kgtmrhgcs rmquhrms g Qmgctf ofmoe ofmoe (@O = + spmcc cmvmc), gl` yiu kust spml` gt cmgst ilm khlutm prmpgrhla tfm `hgargk il g sich` s ich` surngom (fflmxhdcm surngoms chem pgpmr `i lit wire, tfiuaf fflmsf hs pmrkglmlt mliuaf ti goompt `hgargks hl tgttii nirk). @hgargks rmquhrm gt cmgst g ﬇vm-niit squgrm in wrhthla spgom, kgehla tfmk `hn﬇ouct ti kivm mvml hn tfmy grm wrhttml il sikmtfhla chem g cgram wii`ml Qfml yiu ogst tfm spmccyiu tfm `hgargk prmpgrm` nir, hndigr`. tfm `hgargk hs whtfhl = nmmt, ogl Pgemwgs 7: il tfm spmccogsthla ofmoe.

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Ilm `hgargk oiuc` ﬇t il g Km`huk ormgturm gs g tgttii. G Cgram ormgturm oiuc` fic` niur `hgargks, g Fuam ormgturm shxtmml, gl` si il. Thtugcs2 Egddgchstho rhtugcs rmquhrm ilm khlutm pmr spmccogsthla ofmoe, hlstmg` in ilm riul`, dmogusm tfm mlmrahms kust dm prmohsmcy gl` amikmtrhogccy gchalm`. Pfism hlvicvm` hl tfm rhtugc ogllit kivm `urhla spmccogsthla. Khsfgps2 Egddgchstho spmccs lmvmr ormgtm khsfgps. Pfm spmcc shkpcy nghcs gl` yiu tgem g ‟7 pmlgcty ti spmccogsthla ofmoes nir tfm rmst in tfm `gy.

Lmorikgloy UPrg`hthil[ Xiu fgvm stu`hm` tfm kgaho in `mgtf ‐ nrik Maypthgl tikds, _iutf Gkmrhogl seuccs, ir vgucts dmlmgtf _pglhsf ogtfm`rgcs ‐ gl` yiu dmchmvm yiu fgvm piwmr ivmr tfm `mg`. Dmlm﬇t2 Xiu Dmlm﬇t2  Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Gttgoe, Ofgrk, @hvhlm, gl` _ukkil gs ocgss sehccs. sehccs . Xiur Xiur Gttgoe spmccs `mgc `mgtf `gkgam (smm pgam 0: ). Xiu ogl ilcy ogst Ofgrk ti oiltric tfm `mg`, @hvhlm spmccs ti aghl eliwcm`am nrik tfm `mg`, gl` _ukkil spmccs ti rghsm ul`mg`. Xiu aghl g +7 dilus ti spmccogsthla ofmoes nir tfmsm Ofgrk, @hvhlm, gl` _ukkil spmccs. Qfml ushla tfhs trg`hthil, yiu aghl tfm dmlm﬇ts in tfm Oikkgl` ]l`mg` nmgt. ‖Pfm `mg`‘ hlocu`m sphrhts gl` ul`mg`, gl` yiu ogl gcsi ofgrk ormgturms tfgt fgvm g dil`m` sphrht gs hn tfm ormgturm htsmcn wmrm g sphrht, tfiuaf tfgt ormgturm rmomhvms g +0 dilus ti hts sgvms. Thtugcs2   Lmorikgltho rhtugcs typhogccy hlvicvm dilms, Thtugcs2 wfhof kust sikmfiw dm gssiohgtm` whtf tfm mnnmot in tfm rhtugc ir hts tgramt. Dilms tfgt grm lit spmohgccy ofisml hlour g ‟4 pmlgcty ti spmccogsthla ofmoes hl tfm t fm rhtugc. Khsfgps2 Gl ul`mg` ormgturm whtf g ofgccmlam rgthla mqugc ti tfm spmcc‘s cmvmc dmahls ti stgce s tgce yiu. Ht kgy hkkm`hgtmcy gttgoe, ir ht kgy tgem hts thkm. Gctmrlgtmcy, tfhs oiuc` dm lukmrius ul`mg` whtf gl MC mqugc ti tfm spmcc cmvmc.

Qfml ogsthla spmccs ushla tfhs trg`hthil, yiu kust fgvm g oiccmothil in rulms, typhogccy wrhttml il thcms gl` empt hl g dga. Hn yiu `i lit fgvm tfmsm rulms, yiu sunnmr g ‟0 pmlgcty ti yiur spmccogsthla ofmoes. Thtugcs2 Pfm oikdgt `mm`s in tfism hlvicvm` hl tfm rhtugc kust dm rmoiultm` hl strila pimtho vmrsm, rmquhrhla g Zmrnirk (shla) ofmoe (@O = + » spmcc cmvmc). Khsfgps2 Xiu sunnmr g pmlgcty ti gttgoe riccs gl` GO mqugc ti fgcn tfm spmcc cmvmc (riul` `iwl) nir tfm lmxt `gy.

Zsyofho _mlshthvhty UPrg`hthil[

Xiu ogl oikdhlm wrhttml wir`s in piwmr ti privh`m yiu whtf piwmrs in tfm Lirsm pgltfmil. Dmlm﬇t2 Xiu Dmlm﬇t2  Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Gttgoe, @mnml`, gl`

Xiu dmchmvm yiu grm smlsh smlshthvm thvm ti tfm mlmrahms gl` gurgs in ormgturms gl` idbmots griul` yiu. Qhtf trghlhla, yiu ogl usm yiur khl` ti gnnmot tfmsm mlmrahms. Dmlm﬇t2 Xiu Dmlm﬇t2  Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Ofgrk, @hvhlm, gl` Hccushil gs ocgss sehccs. Xiu gcsi aghl Oilomltrgthil gs g ocgss sehcc. Xiu aghl g +4 dilus il @hvhlgthil ofmoes. Hn yiu ogst Gttgoe spmccs, tfmy `mgc kmltgc `gkgam. Pfm sgvhla tfriw @O ti rmshst yiur spmccs hs Qhs`ik-dgsm`, lit Ofgrhskg-dgsm`. Xiu ogl ilcy ogst g spmcc hn yiu fgvm kgahogc nious (smm pgam 8 ), gl` yiu kust mxpml` tfgt nious ti ogst tfm spmcc whtf li vmrdgc ir sikgtho oikpilmlts mvmry thkm yiu ogst g spmcc.

@hvhlm ocgssogsthla sehccs. Gttgoe Xiu aghl g +4 dilus ti spmccogsthla ofmoes gs wfml spmccs tfgt `i lit fgvm `hrmot `gkgam ir gnfflhothil mnnmots.

Qfhcm yiu nious (smm pgam 8 ), wfmlmvmr yiu mloiultmr gly fgvm gurg kgahogc in _trila ir Ivmrwfmckhla piwmr, yiu ogl kgem g @hvhlm ofmoe (@O 7:) ti lithom ht, whtfiut fgvhla

Lirsm Tulmogsthla UPrg`hthil[

Hccustrgthil dy _usgl Eliwcms 

4:

 

ti ogst g spmcc. Pfm agkm kgstmr khaft gcsi ogcc nir @hvhlm ofmoes wfml fm tfhles yiur ofgrgotmr khaft amt g fflgsf in hlshaft. Hn yiu dmgt @O @ O 7:, yiu amt g vgaum smlsm in tfm nuturm, mliuaf ti eliw wfmtfmr sikmtfhla hs hkpirtglt. Dmgthla @O @O 4: arglts yiu g dht in nuzzy hlnirkgthil gdiut tfm nuturm, gl` @O ?: arglts yiu g nmw prmohsm phmoms in hlnirkgthil. Thtugcs2 Pfmrm grm li rhtugcs nir tfhs trg`hthil. Khsfgps2 Xiu ipml yiur khl` tii wh`mcy. Xiu sunnmr g pmlgcty mqugc ti fgcn tfm spmcc cmvmc ti Qhs`ik nir gs cila gs tfm spmcc‘s hltml`m` `urgthil.

_pglhsf Hlquhshtir UPrg`hthil[ Xiu dmchmvm yiur nghtf hl Ai` whcc mkpiwmr yiu ti ﬇l` gl` `mnmgt mvhc. Dmlm﬇t2   Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Gttgoe, Ofgrk, Dmlm﬇t2 @mnml`, gl` @hvhlm gs ocgss sehccs. Xiu aghl g +4 dilus il spmccogsthla ofmoes ti `hspmc kgahogc mnnmots. Thtugcs2 Gcc tfism hlvicvm` hl tfm rhtugc kust dm purm in khl`, pissmsshla li rmchahiuscy sudvmrshvm ir hrrmvmrmlt tfiuafts. Pfism wfism khl`s grm lit purm kust kgem g Oilomltrgthil ofmoe (@O 4:) ti emmp g ocmgr khl` nir tfm `urgthil in tfm rhtugc. Khsfgps2   Xiu sunnmr g oukucgthvm ‟0 pmlgcty ti Khsfgps2 spmccogsthla ofmoes nir tfm rmst in tfm `gy.

_quhrrmcikgloy UPrg`hthil[ Xiu dmchmvm yiu fgvm ulcioem` tfm smormt ti tfm piwmrs in tfm shlaucgr squhrrmc ‐ rmliwlm` nir hts hkkirtgchty gl` gdhchty ti dm kucthpcm pcgoms gt ilom. Dmlm﬇t2   Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Ofgrk, Hccushil, Dmlm﬇t2 Kivm gl` Prglsnirk gs ocgss sehccs. Xiu aghl g +7 dilus ti spmccogsthla ofmoes nir spmccs tgramthla yiu ir whtf gl grmg omltmrm` il yiu. _pmohgc2 Pfm _pmohgc2  Pfm _iohmty in tfm _hlaucgr _quhrrmc hs ilm in tfm oiultcmss mc`mr oucts tfgt fgs g strila prmsmlom il oiccmam ogkpusms. Hts kmkdmrsfhp hs prm`hogtm` il tfm ul`mrstgl`hla tfgt mvmry squhrrmc hs kmrmcy g rmfflmothil in tfm ilm trum shlaucgr squhrrmc, g kgcmvicmlt mlthty fh`hla ul`mr g ngág`m in outmlmss gl` ri`mlt kglhg. ]lgdcm ti `mnmgt tfm shlaucgr squhrrmc‘s gwmsikm piwmr, kmkdmrs in tfm siohmty fgvm pcm`am` tfmksmcvms ti tfm smrvhom in tfmhr mc`mr cir`. Thtugcs2   Thtugcs in squhrrmcikgloy kust dm pmrnirkm` Thtugcs2 whtf gt cmgst twi gsshstglts, wfi kust lit dm hl tfm sgkm pcgom gs tfm prhkgry ogstmr. Pfmy kust sthcc oikkulhogtm, typhogccy dy pfilm ir tmcmoilnmrmlohla, tfiuaf tfm gsshstglts oiuc` rmoir` tfmhr pgrts in tfm rhtugc, gl` tfm prhkgry ogstmr oiuc` pmrnirk tfm rhtugc wfhcm pcgyhla dgoe tfmhr ofglthla. Khsfgps2 Gcc Khsfgps2  Gcc spmcc mnnmots gothvm il yiu grm trglsnmrrm` ti rgl`ik itfmr vgch` tgramts whtfhl shaft in yiu. Pfhs fgs tfm pitmlthgc ti dm dmlm﬇ohgc, dut intml hs lit.

_tgam Kgaho UPrg`hthil[ UPrg`hthil [ Xiu fgvm turlm` tfm kul`glm hccushils in stgam kgaho hlti gl gotugc kgahogc grt, fh`hla trum kysthohsk hl tfm kist

idvhius pcgom. Zrmrmquhshtm2 _cmhaft in Fgl` 0 rgles. Dmlm﬇t2   Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Ofgrk, Hccushil, Dmlm﬇t2 gl` Kivm gs ocgss sehccs. Xiu aghl g +4 dilus ti Hccushil spmccogsthla ofmoes, gl` yiu ogl g`` yiur @mxtmrhty ki`h﬇mr gs g dilus ti tfm sgvm @Os ti rmshst yiur Hccushil spmccs. Thtugcs2   G sehccm` pmrnirkmr kust `i sikmtfhla Thtugcs2 mltmrtghlhla (Zmrnirk @O = + » spmcc cmvmc). Khsfgps2 Xiu dmchmvm yiur spmcc wirem` pmrnmotcy, fgvhla trhoem` yiursmcn whtf yiur iwl stgamkglsfhp. Xiu‘cc got gs hn yiur spmcc fg` wirem`, dmchmvhla glytfhla tfgt oiltrg`hots tfgt ht wgs ilcy g trhoe. Pfhs `mcushil cgsts nir tfm spmcc‘s hltml`m` `urgthil, ti g khlhkuk in ilm khlutm.

Pmoflikgloy UPrg`hthi UPrg`hthil[ l[ Xiu dmchmvm yiur ul`mrstgl`hla in tmofliciay cmts yiu goomss kgahogc piwmrs. Zrmrmquhshtm2 Eliwcm`am (tmofliciay) 0 rgles. Dmlm﬇t2 Xiu Dmlm﬇t2  Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Ormgtm gl` @hvhlm gs ocgss sehccs. Xiu ogl usm Ormgtm ti ormgtm mcmotrilho `mvhoms, wfhof hs lirkgccy lit pisshdcm. Xiu ogl ormgtm `mvhoms ti mkpiwmr yiur spmccs, ushla mhtfmr Orgnt (mcmotrilho) ir Orgnt (kmofglhogc). Nhrst, kgem g Qmgctf ofmoe whtf g Zurofgsm @O in 7> ti goquhrm tfm rgw kgtmrhgcs, tfml kgem g Orgnt ofmoe (@O 4=), spml`hla 40 fiurs. Hn yiu suoomm`, yiu ormgtm g `mvhom tfgt arglts g +4 mquhpkmlt dilus ti tfm kgahogc sehcc in yiur ofihom. Hn yiu ﬇l` g `mvhom ormgtm` dy glitfmr tmoflikgam, yiu kust g`gpt ht dmnirm yiu ogl usm ht, dut tfhs rmquhrms ilcy g Zurofgsm @O 74 ofmoe, gl` g Orgnt @O 4: ofmoe ivmr tfm oiursm in 74 fiurs. Thtugcs2 G tmoflikgloy rhtugc kust dm gooikpglhm` dy sikm sirt in mnnmot ormgtm` dy g oikputmr, rmquhrhla g Oikputmr ]sm ofmoe (@O = + » spmcc cmvmc). Khsfgps2 Pmofliciahogc `mvhoms hl yiur pissmsshil drmge, rmquhrhla gl gppriprhgtm Orgnt ofmoe (@O = cmss tfgl tfm Orgnt ofmoe ti ormgtm tfm htmk) ti t i rmpghr.

Pmcmpgtf UPrg`hthi UPrg`hthil[ l[ Xiu dmchmvm yiu ogl rmg` gl` oiltric tfm tfiuafts in itfmrs dy fgrlmsshla tfm piwmr in yiur khl`. Dmlm﬇t2   Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehcc Ofgrk gs g ocgss Dmlm﬇t2 sehcc. Xiu sunnmr g ‟4 pmlgcty ti spmccogsthla ofmoes whtf gcc itfmr kgahogc sehccs. Xiu gcsi aghl Oilomltrgthil gs g ocgss sehcc. Xiu aghl g +0 dilus il Ofgrk ofmoes ti ogst tmcmpgtfho oikkgl`s gl` khl`rmg`hla spmccs. Hn yiu ogst Gttgoe spmccs, tfmy `mgc kmltgc `gkgam. Xiu ogl ilcy ogst g spmcc hn yiu fgvm kgahogc nious (smm pgam 8 ), gl` yiu kust kust mxpml` tfgt tfgt nious ti ogs ogstt tfm spmcc whtf li vmrdgc ir sikgtho oikpilmlts mvmry thkm yiu ogst g spmcc. Qfhcm yiu grm kgahogccy niousm`, yiu grm gcwgys gwgrm in gly smlthmlt khl`s whtfhl ?: nt. in yiu, mvml hn yiu ogllit smm tfm aghl li gotugc hlshaft tfiuafts in tfgtormgturm. khl`, lirXiu in hts ciogthil, kmrmcy tfgthlti ht hstfm prmsmlt. Thtugcs2 Pfmrm grm li rhtugcs nir tfhs trg`hthil.

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Khsfgps2 Hn yiu wmrm ushla g Ofgrk spmcc gaghlst g ormgturm, yiu pmrkglmltcy goquhrm sikm pmrsilgchty trght in tfgt ormgturm. Itfmrwhsm yiu tgem `gkgam mqugc ti tfm spmcc cmvmc.

^ii`ii UPrg`hthil[ Xiu dmchmvm yiu ogl ofgllmc sphrhts hlti pmipcm gl` idbmots, `rgwhla piwmr ir eliwcm`am nrik tfism sphrhts. Dmlm﬇t2 Xiu Dmlm﬇t2  Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Ofgrk, Ourm, @mnml`, gl` @hvhlm gs ocgss sehccs. _phrhts gl` ormgturms pissmssm` dy sphrhts (hlocu`hla tfism ourrmltcy gnnmotm` dy spmccs yiu ogst whtf tfhs trg`hthil) sunnmr g ‟4 pmlgcty ti sgvhla tfriws ti rmshst yiur spmccs. Thtugcs2 G Thtugcs2  G sphrht kust dm pmththilm` (@hpcikgoy @O = + » spmcc cmvmc), wfhof rmquhrms ilm khlutm. Pfhs ogl dm rusfm` gs g nucc-riul` gothil, tfiuaf whtf g ‟7: pmlgcty. Khsfgps2 Xiu Khsfgps2  Xiu dmoikm pissmssm` dy g sphrht, wfhof usms yiur di`y nir g biy rh`m5 tfm pissmsshil cgsts nir tfm `urgthil in tfm spmcc yiu trhm` ti ogst. _pmohgc2 Pfhs trg`hthil fgs dmml si i``cy rmprmsmltm` hl pipucgr oucturm, ht hs fgr` ti `hsmltglacm tfm gotugc rmchahil in ^i`iul nrik nice kgaho prgothoms in vii`ii ir ‖fii`ii.‘ Nir tfm purpisms in Kytfho Mgrtf , tfm vii`ii trg`hthil hs tfm amlmrgccy aii` hltmlthilm` kgaho in ^i`iul, gl` tfm fii`ii trg`hthil hs wfmrm yiu‘cc ﬇l` zikdhms gl` vii`ii `iccs.

hs hl g``hthil ti tfm dilus nrik tfm Gh` Glitfmr rucms ti fmcp pmrnirk tfm rhtugc. Thtugcs2 Qhoogl rhtugcs rmquhrm g oivml in gt cmgst tfrmm whtofms. Khsfgps2 _ikm `gre hkpucsm in yiurs ogusms tfm spmcc ti `mgc `gkgam mqugc ti hts cmvmc ti g nrhml` ir civm` ilm.

Qhtoforgnt UPrg`hthil[ Xiu dmchmvm yiu ogl usm `gre piwmrs ti fgrk gl` khscmg` yiur mlmkhms. Pfhs trg`hthil hs gppriprhgtm nir g trg`hthilgc Ofrhsthgl vhmw in Qhtoforgnt, gl` hs vmry `hnnmrmlt nrik Qhoog. Dmlm﬇t2   Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Gttgoe, Ofgrk, Dmlm﬇t2 Hccushil, gl` _ukkil gs ocgss sehccs. Xiu ogl sukkil g ngkhchgr, gs tfm Ngltgsy `4: siromrmr‘s ocgss gdhchty. ]sm yiur ofgrgotmr cmvmc ti `mtmrkhlm tfm ngkhchgr‘s gdhchthms. Thtugcs2 Xiu kust pcm`am g ngvir ti sikm mvhc mlthty. Pfm mxtmlt in tfm ngvir `mpml`s il tfm cmvmc in tfm spmcc yiu ogst, dut chkhtgthils grm vmry vgaum. Hn tfm mlthty ogccs upil tfm ngvir gl` yiu rmnusm, yiu whcc hlohtm hts mlkhty, gl` pisshdcy hts wrgtf. Khsfgps2 Xiu dmoikm pissmssm` dy g `mkil nir tfm spmcc‘s hltml`m` `urgthil, gl` tfm `mkil trhms ti ogusm gs kuof sunnmrhla gs ht ogl.

Quxhg _iromry UPrg`hthil[ Qhoog UPrg`hthil[ Xiu dmchmvm yiu ogl sukkil gl` `hrmot sphrhtugc niroms ti ormgtm sudtcm kgahogc mnnmots. Dmlm﬇t2   Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc Dmlm﬇t2 sehccs Ourm, @mnml`, gl` @hvhlm gs ocgss sehccs. Xiu aghl g +4 dilus ti @mnml` spmccogsthla ofmoes. _pmccs yiu ogst tml` ti fgvm sudtcm mnnmots ‐ Gttgoe spmccs smmk chem ulnirtulgtm oihloh`mloms nir yiur nims, Ourm spmccs kgem wiul`s turl iut ti dm lit gs dg` gs tfmy ciiem` gt ﬇rst, gl` si nirtf. Pfrmm ir kirm spmccogstmrs whtf tfm Qhoog trg`hthil ogl ogst g spmcc gs g oivml. Pfm kgaho-usmrs kust `mcgy tfmhr hlhthgthvm si tfmy gcc ogst il tfm sgkm gothil, gl` kust fgvm ofisml ilm in tfmhr lukdmr ti dm tfm cmg` ogstmr. Pfm cmg` ogstmr aghls g dilus ti fhs spmccogsthla ofmoe mqugc ti tfm lukdmr in gsshsthla kgaho-usmrs whtf tfm Qhoog trg`hthil nmgt, ti g kgxhkuk in +7?. Ofgrgotmrs wfi `i lit fgvm gt cmgst » rgle in tfm gppriprhgtm

Xiu dmchmvm tfgt yiur trghlhla gl` sphrhtugchsk gcciws yiu ti ﬇aft whtf tfm hltmlshty in Fila Eila gothil ohlmkg. Zrmrmquhshtm2   Grofgho Qmgpil Zrmrmquhshtm2 Zri﬇ohmloy, Oikdgt Kgrthgc Grts, ir @mnmlshvm Kgrthgc Grts. Dmlm﬇t2   Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc Dmlm﬇t2 sehccs Gttgoe, @mnml`, Hccushil, gl` Kivm gs ocgss sehccs. Xiu ogl mxpml` yiur kgahogc nious ti ogst g spmcc tfgt tgramts ilcy yiu gs g swhnt gothil, rmquhrhla li vmrdgc ir sikgtho oikpilmlts. Pfhs spmcc `ims lit fgvm ti dm g shalgturm spmcc. Pfm spmcc‘s `urgthil cgsts ilcy ulthc tfm dmahllhla in yiur lmxt turl. Qfml yiu gttmkpt ti aghl kgahogc nious, g`` yiur Qhs`ik dilus (hn gly) gs g ki`h﬇mr ti yiur Oilomltrgthil ofmoe. Thtugcs2 Xiu kust pmrnirk g `hspcgy in kgrthgc grts priwmss, gttgoehla mkpty spgom whtf prmohshil. Pfhs rmquhrms gt cmgst tfrmm suoomssnuc

kgahogc `i litgttmkpts oiult tiwgr` tfhsg dilus. Hnsehcc g oivml ti ogst rhtugc spmcc, tfm dilus nrik tfm oivml

gttgoes gaghlstXiu GO shkpcy = + » spmcc cmvmc.am Khsfgps2 tgem `gkg `gkgam mqugc ti tfm spmcc cmvmc. Hccustrgthil dy _usgl Eliwcms 

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 Kgaho Htmks  Gly kgaho-usmr ogl ormgtm kgaho htmks, tfiuaf tfm Orgnt Zmrkglmlt _pmcc nmgt hs rmquhrm` ti gotugccy ormgtm kgaho htmks tfgt ogl dm usm` kirm tfgl ilom. Qhtfiut tfm nmgt, g spmccogstmr ogl ilcy ormgtm shlacm-usm gothvgtm` kgaho htmks. Ormgthla g kgaho htmk oists Orgnt Zihlts (OZ), wfhof grm goquhrm` dy spml`hla gothil pihlts. Ofgrgotmrs grm chkhtm` hl fiw kgly OZ tfmy ogl mxpml` il g shlacm htmk, `mpml`hla il tfmhr ofgrgotmr cmvmc. Pgdcm 4-=2 Kgaho Htmk Chkhts Cmvmc 7 4 ? 0 = > 1 6 8 7:

Kgxhkuk OZ Oist 7:: 40: ?>: =>: 1:: 8>: 7,74: 7,00: 7,>4: 4,:::

Cmvmc 77 74 7? 70 7= 7> 71 76 78 4:

Kgxhkuk OZ Oist ?,::: 0,::: >,::: 6,::: 7>,::: ]lchkhtm` ]lchkhtm` ]lchkhtm` ]lchkhtm` ]lchkhtm`

Kgaho usmrs ogl g`` Orgnt Zihlts ti tfmhr orgnt piic dy mxpml`hla gothil pihlts. G kgaho usmr ogl mxpml` gl gothil pihlt ti g`` gl gkiult in orgnt pihlts ti fhs piic mqugc ti 7: thkms fhs ofgrgotmr cmvmc. @ihla si `ims lit tgem gly thkm ti `i5 sikm spmccs rmquhrm Orgnt Zihlts ti ogst, si g ofgrgotmr ogl oilvmrt gothil pihlts ti OZ gs siil gs fm lmm`s tfmk. Pfm agkm kgstmr khaft gcsi gcciw ofgrgotmrs ti `ilgtm gothil pihlts ti itfmr ZOs ti fmcp tfmk ormgtm htmks. Mgof `ilgtm` gothil pihlt hs wirtf 7: orgnt pihlts pmr cmvmc in tfm `ilgthla ofgrgotmr. In oiursm, tfm agkm kgstmr sfiuc` dm ogrmnuc ti prmvmlt gdusm in tfhs, gcciwhla ilcy rmaucgr kmkdmrs in tfm ariup `ilgtm tfmhr gothil pihlts tfhs wgy. _gvhla Pfriws gaghlst Kgaho Htmks2 Pfm Htmks2 Pfm sgvhla tfriw gaghlst gl mnnmot nrik g kgaho htmk fgs g @O mqugc ti 7: + (:.1= Ñ tfm cmvmc in tfm spmcc).

oilthluius mnnmot, si gl mlofgltm` Z@G oiuc` dm gdcm ti ogst gl Hccushil spmcc (gothvgtm`) gl` arglt g dilus ti Eliwcm`am (amiargpfy) ofmoes (oilthluius), dut tfml ht oiuc` fgvm li itfmr mlofgltkmlts. _ikm kgaho htmks grm spmcc-trhaamr htmks. Pi gothvgtm tfmsm htmks gt gcc, g ofgrgotmr kust fgvm gt cmgst » rgle in tfm gppriprhgtm kgahogc sehccs, gl` kust kgem g spmccogsthla ofmoe (@O 7 + spmcc cmvmc). Pfus, ofgrgotmrs whtf rgles mqugc ti ir armgtmr tfgl tfm spmcc cmvmc whcc ilcy nghc il g lgturgc 7. Ofgrgotmrs whtfiut tfm lmomssgry sehcc rgles ogl mhtfmr kgem g spmccogsthla ofmoe ir g ]sm Kgaho @mvhom sehcc ofmoe (smm pgam 74 ).

Ormgthla Htmks Qhtfiut tfm Zmrkglmlt  _pmcc Nmgt  Gly spmccogstmr ogl ormgtm shlacm-usm gothvgtm` htmks. Pfmsm htmks ogl dm usm` ilom ti ormgtm g spmcc mnnmot, gl` tfml tfm htmk fgs li piwmr piwmr.. Pi `mtmrkhlm tfm oist in suof gl htmk, sudtrgot 7 nrik tfm cmvmc in tfm spmcc tfm htmk ogsts, squgrm tfgt, gl` kucthpcy dy 0 OZ. 7st cmvmc spmccs oist 4 OZ. Hn tfm htmk fgs g spmcc trhaamr trhaamr, trha amr, `hvh`m tfm oist dy 4. Pfm Zurofgsm @O in g shlacm-usm gothvgtm` htmk hs 44 + spmcc cmvmc. Mxgkpcm Ilm2  Ilm2  Bmlly Bmlly wglts ti ormgtm ocitf dgl`gams tfgt fic` g Ourm 0/Aml : spmcc, mliuaf ti fmgc 7`0 pihlts in `gkgam. _fm wglts ti ormgtm ﬇vm, ilm nir mgof kmkdmr in fmr ariup, si sfm `imsl‘t wglt tfmk ti dm spmcc trhaamr htmks. Mgof dgl`gam oists ?> OZ (cmvmc 0 - 7 ; ?, squgrm` ; 8, kucthpchm` dy 0 ; ?>). _fm ogl ormgtm twi hl g `gy, gl` stgrt wire il g tfhr`, spml`hla up ti 7:: OZ pmr `gy. Gcc tic`, tfm smt whcc oist fmr 76: OZ, wfhof rmquhrms 4 gothil pihlts shlom sfm hs 7:tf cmvmc. Hn sfm wgltm` ti purofgsm suof g dgl`gam, tfm Zurofgsm Zurofgsm @O wiuc` dm 4>.

Gothvgtm` Htmks

Pfmrm grm twi typms in kgaho htmks2 gothvgtm` gl` oilthluius. Pfm nirk g kgaho htmk tgems `imsl‘t kgttmr5 ilcy hts piwmrs `i. Ormgthla g kgaho htmk tgems gt cmgst 7 `gy nir mvmry 7:: OZ in tfm htmk‘s oist, tfiuaf tfm ormgtir hs nrmm ti wire il tfm htmk nir gs cila gs fm wglts, `ilgthla skgcc gkiults in OZ mgof `gy. Mgof `gy fm wglts ti wire il tfm htmk, tfm ormgtir `ilgtms up ti 7:: OZ, tfml kust ogst tfm spmccs hlvicvm`. Hn fm nghcs ti ogst tfm spmcc tfm ﬇rst thkm, fm ogl gttmkpt ti ogst tfm spmcc gaghl, si fm sfiuc` dm gdcm ti amt tfm spmcc inn gt cmgst ilom. Fiwmvmr, hn fm rmpmgtm`cy nghcs spmccogsthla gttmkpts, ht

Gothvgtm` htmks ogl dm usm` gs g stgl`gr` gothil, gl` ogl dm gothvgtm` ilom pmr `gy. Pi `mtmrkhlm tfm oist in tfm htmk, sudtrgot 7 nrik tfm cmvmc in tfm spmcc tfm htmk ogsts, squgrm tfgt, gl` kucthpcy dy 0: OZ, O Z, ti g khlhkuk in 4: OZ. Hn tfm htmk ogl dm usm` tfrmm thkms pmr `gy, kucthpcy tfm oist dy 4. Hn ht ogl dm usm` ﬇vm thkms pmr `gy, kucthpcy dy =, gl` hn ht ogl dm usm` gl ulchkhtm` lukdmr in thkms pmr `gy, kucthpcy tfm oist dy =:. Hn tfm htmk fgs g spmcc trhaamr, `hvh`m tfm oist dy 4. Pfm Zurofgsm @O in gl gothvgtm` htmk hs 4? + spmcc cmvmc hn tfm htmk ogl dm usm` ilom pmr `gy. Hn tfm htmk ogl dm usm` twi ti ﬇vm thkms pmr `gy, hlormgsm tfm Zurofgsm @O dy 7. Hn ht ogl dm usm` gl ulchkhtm` lukdmr in thkms pmr `gy, hlormgsm tfm Zurofgsm @O dy >. Mxgkpcm Pwi2 Nhlgacm wglts ti mlfglom fhs phstic si tfgt,  nir 7: khlutms g `gy, hts sfits `mgc +4`> pihlts in chaftlhla (Gttgoe >/Aml 7) gs g spmcc trhaamr htmk. Zcgohla tfm mlofgltkmlt

hs pisshdcm tfgt fmOZ wil‘t dm gdcm tfm spmcc ti wire gt gcc, gl` tfm `ilgtm` nir tfgt `gyti hs amt wgstm`. G shlacm htmk ogl ilcy fgvm ilm gothvgtm` gl` ilm

oists (cmvmc ; >, trhaamr > squgrm` ; ?>, x 0: OZ fm ; hs 700:, `hvh`m` dy 14 ‐ nir7 spmcc ; 14:) 14:?>OZ. _hlom >tf cmvmc gl` fgs ilcy 8 gothil pihlts, fm‘cc mhtfmr lmm` ti rmomhvm tfm

Htmk Ormgthil

4?  

gsshstglom in gl gccy, ir fm‘cc fgvm ti wght ulthc fm aghls g cmvmc. Pfm Zurofgsm @O in suof gl htmk wiuc` dm ?:.

Dmfhl` tfm Ourtghl2 Orgnt Zihlts Hlstmg` in VZ

Oilthluius Htmks

Pfm ormgthil in kgaho htmks hl kytf gl` cmaml` hs intml gooikpglhm` dy g oist ‐ g pfyshogc `rghl il tfm ormgtir, ir g kirm pghlnuc prhom chem tfm ciss in glitfmr piwmr, g civm` ilm, ir mvml pgrt in tfm ormgtir‘s siuc. Qfhcm VZ ogl ki`mc tfhs hl sikm ohroukstgloms, tfm wrhtmr

Oilthluius htmks gcwgys arglt gl mnnmot ti tfmhr dmgrmr, gl` si ogl ilcy usm spmccs tfgt fgvm oilthluius mnnmots. Oilthluius Ourm htmks grm lirkgccy hkpisshdcm, nir hlstglom, dmogusm Ourm mnnmots ioour bust ilom `urhla tfm `urgthil. Pi `mtmrkhlm tfm oist in tfm htmk, `mtmrkhlm tfm spmcc cmvmc in tfm mnnmot il tfm htmk, hlocu`hla grmg in mnnmot, dut lit `urgthil ir rglam, shlom tfmsm grm ﬇xm`. _qugrm tfm spmcc cmvmc, tfml kucthpcy dy 4= OZ. O Z. Pfm Zurofgsm @O in g oilthluius htmk hs 4= + spmcc cmvmc. Mxgkpcm Pfrmm2 Nhlgacm wglts ti mlfglom tfm sgkm phstic whtf g tmoflikgaho ayrisoipm gl` shaft ti gsshst fhs ghk, arglthla g +4 mlfglomkmlt dilus ti fhs gttgoes whtf tfm wmgpil (gl Gttgoe 0 spmcc). Pfm htmk oists 0:: OZ ti ormgtm. Pfm Zurofgsm @O hs 48.

Zmrkglmlt _pmccs Ilm ﬇lgc ipthil hs ti kgem g spmcc pmrkglmlt gs yiu ogst ht. Pfm kist oikkil usm nir tfhs hs ti ormgtm pmrkglmlt oursms il nims, ir ti mlfglom yiursmcn whtfiut lmm`hla ti ogrry htmks. ]lchem ormgthla gl htmk, ormgthla g pmrkglmlt spmcc tgems li kirm thkm tfgl tfm thkm lmomssgry ti ogst tfm spmcc htsmcn. Pfm oist hs tfm sgkm. Mxgkpcm Niur2 Gkrgpfmc gl` Bmnn fgvm ogpturm` gl mlmky kgam, gl` tfmy wglt ti mxirohsm fhs afist dmnirm fm rmaghls oilsohiuslmss. Pfhs rmquhrms g Ofgrk 1/Aml : spmcc, tfm Oikkgl` ]l`mg` nmgt, gl` tfm Orgnt Zmrkglmlt _pmcc nmgt. Hn tfm sphrht nghcs hts sgvm, Gkrgpfmc spml`s 7,44= OZ (pridgdcy whtf  Bmnn oiltrhduthla oiltrhduthla sikm gs wmcc), gl` tfm spmcc hs kg`m pmrkglmlt, pmrkglmlt,  nirohla tfm sphrht ti pgss il. _mm pgam ?>  nir  nir kirm hlnirkgthil il sphrhts gl` tfmhr mxirohsk.

Kglg Dgttmrhms Kglg dgttmrhms, intml ogccm` bust –dgttmrhms,‛ grm kgahogc htmks tfgt grm ofgram` whtf kgahogc mlmray, wfhof gly kgam ogl tgp ti piwmr fhs spmccs. Dgttmrhms fgvm twi kghl trghts ‐ cmvmc chkht, gl` mlmray. Pfm cmvmc chkht hs tfm fhafmst spmcc cmvmc tfgt ogl dm ogst whtf tfm dgttmry. Pfm mlmray hs fiw kgly thkms tfm dgttmry ogl dm usm` hl g shlacm `gy. _ikm dgttmrhms ogl ilcy dm usm` ti piwmr g nmw kgahogc sehccs, tfiuaf gs g `mnguct kist dgttmrhms ogl dm usm` whtf gly kgahogc sehcc. Mvml hn yiu `i lit pissmss rgles hl mvmry kgahogc sehcc, dgttmrhms yiu ormgtm ogl dm usm` ti piwmr gly typm in spmcc, ulcmss yiu oilsohiuscy ofiism itfmrwhsm. Qfml ormgthla g dgttmry, tfm cmvmc chkht gl` mlmray ogl dm gs fhaf gs yiu wglt. Mgof `gy yiu wire il g dgttmry, yiu kust kgem g spmccogsthla ofmoe (@O 7: + tfm dgttmry‘s cmvmc chkht) ushla gly kgahogc sehcc yiu wglt, si ormgthla g dgttmry whtf g cmvmc chkht yiur sehcc sehc c rgles hs `glamrius. Gcc dgttmrhms lmm` gt fhafmr cmgst 7 tfgl mlmray. Pi `mtmrkhlm tfm oist in tfm htmk, squgrm tfm cmvmc chkht,

in tfhs diie `h` lit nmmc VZ oists ﬇t tfm tilm in kgaho fm `mshrm`. Agkm kgstmrs kgy sthcc ofiism ti fiusm rucm tfgt ofgrgotmrs ogl pgy VZ hlstmg` in OZ ‐ tfm gotugc oists grm h`mlthogc, mxompt tfgt OZ grm goquhrm` dy spml`hla gothil pihlts. Dmogusm OZ oikm nrik tfm mxpml`hturm in gothil pihlts, ht hs omrtghlcy nghr ti cmt ofgrgotmrs ormgtm htmks tfgt arglt shkpcm stgthsthogc dilusms. Hlstmg` in amtthla +7`> ti ﬇vm `hnnmrmlt gttgoe riccs, g 4l` cmvmc ofgrgotmr oiuc` ormgtm g wmgpil tfgt arglts +7 dilus ti gcc gttgoe gl` `gkgam riccs dy spml`hla ﬇vm gothil pihlts. Htmks tfgt dmoikm ngkius hl kytfs grm intml rmliwlm` nir tfmhr ﬇lm orgntskglsfhp, dut tfmy gcsi pissmss sikm armgtmr piwmr. Zcgymrs sfiuc` dm mloiurgam` ti ormgtm htmks tfgt fgvm hltmrmsthla gdhchthms, lit bust tfism whtf stgthsthogc dilusms. Gcsi, sikm spmccs, pgrthoucgrcy fmgchla spmccs tfgt rmstirm cist chnm, oist OZ ti rmfflmot tfm ml`urhla kgaho rmquhrm` ti rmehl`cm tfm `mg` spgre in g chvhla ormgturm. _hkhcgrcy, tfiuaf tfm Gttgoe spmcc `ims lit gcciw nir ‖sgvmir-`hm‘ mnnmots, g kgam whtf tfm Orgnt Zmrkglmlt _pmcc nmgt fgs g vgrhmty in wgys ti mnnmothvmcy ‖ehcc‘ nims whtf g shlacm spmcc, gt tfm oist in OZ, typhogccy whtf Prglsnirk spmccs.

tfml kucthpcy dy tfm mlmray. Hn tfm dgttmry ogl dm usm` ti piwmr nrik niur ti tml in tfm `hnnmrmlt spmcc typms, kucthpcy tfhs dy 4: OZ. Hn tfm dgttmry ogl piwmr ilcy spmccs in twi ir tfrmm typms, kucthpcy dy 76 OZ, gl` hn ilcy ilm typm, kucthpcy dy 7= OZ. Pfm Zurofgsm @O nir g dgttmry hs 4? + cmvmc chkht + mlmray. Hlormgsm tfm Zurofgsm @O dy 7 hn tfm htmk ogl piwmr twi ir tfrmm spmcc typms, gl` hlormgsm ht dy 4 hn ht ogl piwmr niur ti tml `hnnmrmlt spmcc typms. _mm pgam 7: il 7: il rucms nir `rgwhla piwmr nrik dgttmrhms. Mxgkpcm Nhvm2 Nhlgacm ormgtms g kglg dgttmry ‐ gotugccy ushla g ogr dgttmry ti stirm tfm mlmray ‐ whtf g cmvmc chkht in >, gl` gl mlmray in 7. Fm ilcy wglts ti usm tfm dgttmry ti piwmr Gttgoe, Ormgtm, gl` Kivm spmccs, si tfm htmk oists > Ñ > Ñ 7= ; =0: OZ ti ormgtm. Hts purofgsm @O hs ?4.

 Gctmrlgthvm  Gctmrlg thvm O Oists  ists  _hlom ilcy sikm ofgrgotmrs pissmss gothil pihlts, lilfmriho LZOs kust fgvm itfmr wgys ti pgy tfm orgnt oists nir kgaho htmks. ZOs ogl gcsi usm tfmsm kmtfi`s, tfiuaf tfmy grm lit gs mn﬇ohmlt gs ushla gothil pihlts. Zihlts. G ofgrgotmr ogl pmrkglmltcy sgorh﬇om 7 fht pihltFht ti g`` 4: OZ ti fhs orgnt piic. Pfhs fht pihlt ogl lmvmr dm rmoivmrm`.

40  

 Gdhchty _oirms. G _oirms. G ofgrgotmr ogl pmrkglmltcy sgorh﬇om 7 pihlt in gly gdhchty soirm ti g`` =: OZ ti fhs orgnt piic. Pfhs gdhchty soirm pihlt ogl lmvmr dm rmoivmrm`. _ehcc Eliwcm`am. G Eliwcm`am. G ofgrgotmr ogl pmrkglmltcy sgorh﬇om 7 rgle hl g sehcc ti g`` 7: OZ ti fhs orgnt piic. Pfhs sehcc pihlt ogl lmvmr dm rmoivmrm`. Kilmtgry Innmrhla. G ofgrgotmr ogl kgem g Qmgctf ofmoe (@O 4=), gl` hn fm suoomm`s s uoomm`s hl purofgshla tfm lmomssgry innmrhla, tfm innmrhla hs wirtf 7:% in tfm htmk‘s titgc OZ oist. Nir mvmry = pihlts fm hlormgsms tfm @O in tfhs ofmoe, tfm htmk hs wirtf gl g``hthilgc 7:% in tfm OZ oist. Nir mxgkpcm, hn fm suoomm`s hl purofgshla gl innmrhla whtf g Zurofgsm @O in 0=, tfm innmrhla wiuc` dm wirtf =:% in tfm htmk‘s titgc OZ O Z oist. _iuc _gorh﬇om. Hn _gorh﬇om. Hn g ofgrgotmr pmrnirks g tml-khlutm rhtugc ti sgorh﬇om g smlthmlt ormgturm gl` innmr hts siuc gs g trhdutm, fm ogl aghl = OZ pmr fht `hm in tfm ormgturm sgorh﬇om`. Pfm sgorh﬇om` ormgturm ogllit dm driuaft dgoe nrik tfm `mg` ulthc tfm ofgrgotmr wfi pmrnirkm` tfm sgorh﬇om hs scghl, ir tfm htmk fm ormgtm` whtf tfism orgnt pihlts hs `mstriym`.

Thtugc _pmccs  G ofgrgotmr ogl ciogtm g rhtugc spmcc whtf g Tmsmgrof ofmoe (@O 7= + spmcc cmvmc), gl` fm kust tfml purofgsm ht (Zurofgsm @O 7= + spmcc cmvmc). Hn tfm ofgrgotmr suoomm`s fhs Tmsmgrof ofmoe dy 7: ir kirm fm ogl ﬇l` g nrmm ir phrgtm` oipy in tfm rhtugc, gl` si `ims lit lmm` ti purofgsm ht. G ofgrgotmr ogl ormgtm g rhtugc spmcc dy spml`hla g `gy gl` kgehla g Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) ofmoe (@O 4= + spmcc cmvmc). Nir mvmry nmgt tfgt tfm spmcc rmquhrms tfgt yiu `i lit fgvm, hlormgsm tfm @O dy +=. Nir mvmry rgle fm fgs hl tfm gppriprhgtm kgahogc sehcc, rm`uom tfm @O dy 7, tfiuaf tfm @O ogllit dm rm`uom` dmciw ?:.

_gkpcm Thtugc Mxirohsm _phrht Ofgrk >/Aml :  Prg`hthil22 Ofrhsthgl Kgam  Prg`hthil _pmccogsthla @O2  @O2  41 (+= nir mgof cgoehla nmgt ‐ Ofrhsthgl Kgam, Oikkgl` ]l`mg`, Orgnt Zmrkglmlt _pmcc) Tglam2 Piuof Tglam2  Piuof @urgthil2 Zmrkglmlt @urgthil2  Zmrkglmlt _gvhla Pfriw2 Qhcc Pfriw2 Qhcc lmagtms Pfhs rhtugc niroms g sphrht tfgt fgs dil`m` whtf g ormgturm ti ml` hts dil`. Xiu ahvm tfm sudtcm tmcmpgtfho oikkgl`, –Cmgvm fhk,‛ ir sikmtfhla shkhcgr, wfhof niroms tfm sphrht ti cmgvm gl` ml` hts dil`. Hn tfm spmcc hs suoomssnuc, gl` tfm sphrht nghcs tfm sgvm, yiu pgy 7,44= Orgnt Zihlts ti kgem tfm spmcc pmrkglmlt. G kuof shkpcmr vmrshil in tfhs spmcc mxhsts nir tfism wfi whcchlacy whsf nir tfmhr sphrht ti cmgvm tfmk. _hlom tfm ofgrgotmr ti wfik tfm sphrht hs dil`m` kgems tfm sgvms nir fhs sphrht, g whcchla ofgrgotmr rmquhrms ilcy g vmrdgc oikkgl`, gl` `ims lit rmquhrm tfm sudtcm mlfglomkmlt, kgehla tfhs spmcc ilcy Ofgrk 7/Aml :, oisthla 4= OZ. O Z.

4=  

Pfhs ofgptmr `msorhdms tfm FHAF  NGLPG_X  smtthla hl drhmn `mtghc. Nuturm pri`uots whcc prmsmlt tfm smtthla in FHAF NGLPG_X  hl kirm `mptf. Hl tfhs ofgptmr yiu‘cc ﬇l` tfm Kgam g`vglom` ocgss, g nmw hoilho kgaho htmks, gl` sgkpcm ofgrgotmrs ushla tfm rucms in Kytfho Mgrtf .

Pfm wirc` in FHAF  NGLPG_X  hs spcht hl twi ‐ Pmrrg, tfm wirc` wm gcc eliw, gl` Aghg, tfm wirc` in tfm kgahogc rgoms, in kilstmrs, in tfm ]lsmml ‐ gl` ilcy g fgl`nuc in pmipcm il Pmrrg whcc mvmr cmgrl in tfm kgly `glamrs, wil`mrs, gl` kystmrhms tfgt gwght il Aghg.

FHAF NGLPG_X _mtthla  Hltri`uohla Hn yiu wglt titfm usm tfm F   N   smtthla hl yiur

Iraglhzgthils  Pwi kghl ariups rmoruht tfm gsshstglom in fukgls hl

agkm, tfmrm grm g nghr lukdmr in mcmkmlts in tfm wirc` tfgt lmm` ti dm prmsmltm` ti tfm pcgymrs, gl` prmsmlthla tfmk gcc gt ilom hs amlmrgccy g dg` h`mg. Qm suaamst tfm nicciwhla kmtfi` gs tfm hoilho hltri`uothil ti tfhs smtthla. _tgrt whtf g kul`glm mvmlt, gl` hltri`uom sikmtfhla kgahogc tfgt tfm ofgrgotmrs kust rmgot ti. Gntmr tfm shtugthil hs rmsicvm`, ir wfml tfhlas ciie dg` nir tfm ofgrgotmrs, g ofgrgotmr whtf eliwcm`am gdiut kgaho oikms ti tfmhr gh` gl` glswmrs gly qumsthils tfmy fgvm, wfhcm ahvhla tfmk g rmgsil lit ti halirm kgaho. Pfhs rmgsil hs usugccy g oilthluhla kgahogc tfrmgt, gl` tfm ofgrgotmr innmrs ti fmcp tfmk `mnml` tfmksmcvms. Hltri`uom tfm ofgrgotmrs ti mhtfmr tfm Durmgu ir tfm Elhafts in tfm Tiul`. Mxpcghl tfm `hnnmrmloms dmtwmml tfm twi ariups, prmnmrgdcy cmtthla dhgs oicir fiw tfm itfmr ariup hs `msorhdm`. Zmrkht ofgrgotmrs ti sh`m whtf ilm ariup ir tfm itfmr, hn tfmy wglt. Gntmr tfm ofgrgotmrs `mgc whtf ilm ir twi khlir ofgccmlams, fgvm tfmk rul hlti kmkdmrs in tfm ippishla ariup ti amt g chttcm pmrspmothvm. Pi emmp tfm agkm nrik `mvicvhla hlti g oilfflhot dmtwmml h`miciahms, prmsmlt g ocmgr nim, prmnmrgdcy ilm wfi hs g tfrmgt ti ditf sh`ms. Cmt vgrhius ofgccmlams stgl` hl tfm wgy in tfm pgrty‘s suoomss, sciwcy `rhvhla tfmk ti mxpmrhmlom mvmr wh`mr gspmots in tfm smtthla. ]cthkgtmcy tfm ofgrgotmrs sfiuc` rmsicvm tfm ofgccmlam, gl` tfm oilfflhot dmtwmml tfm Elhafts gl` Durmgu sfiuc` rmkghl tmlsm, dut lit vhicmlt.

tfm FHAF NGLPG_X smtthla ‐ tfm Durmgu nir tfm Kglgamkmlt in Kgaho, gl` tfm Elhafts in tfm Tiul`.

@mvmcip tfm lmxt ogkpghal gro fiwmvmr yiu dmchmvm tfm pcgymrs whcc dm kist mltmrtghlm`. mltmrt ghlm`.

gamlts wfi myms gl` mgrs, orhkhlgc, hlvmsthagthla orhkms gl` `mgchla whtf got tfm gs mvmry`gy kgahogc tfm Elhafts grm tfism gamlts wfi grm rmspilshdcm nir `mnmgthla tfm tfrmgts

HAF

GLPG_X

Pfm Durmgu Ormgtm` hl tfm mgrcy 4:tf omltury hl rmspilsm ti prmssurm nrik Aghgl aivmrlkmlts gl` lukmrius Pmrrgl smormt siohmthms, tfm Durmgu gots gs tfm rmoialhzm` pmgomemmpmrs in tfm kgahogc wirc`, hlvmsthagthla kgahogc orhkms, scgyhla kilstmrs tfgt ml`glamr ohthms, gl` mlsurhla tfgt kul`glms `i lit cmgrl in tfm mxhstmlom in kgaho ‐ ir gt cmgst tfgt tfmy ilcy cmgrl g nmw gt g thkm, ti gvih` wh`msprmg` pglho. Nir g ful`rm` ymgrs tfmy fgvm empt tfm ormgturms in Aghg nrik tfrmgtmlhla tfm pmgom gl` halirglom in tfism il Pmrrg. Pfmy ormgtm` gl` pmrpmtugtm` tfm –Kml hl Dcgoe‛ urdgl kytf, gl` oiuc` mgshcy dm gssiohgtm` whtf gly ki`mrl smormt, wirc`oiltricchla siohmty. @msphtm hts ikhlius rmputgthil, tfm Durmgu‘s khsshil, il tfm surngom, hs kmrmcy ilm in pmgom-emmphla gl` cgw mlniromkmlt. Kgly fukgls gl` mvml sikm in tfm rgoms in Aghg fgvm mvmry`gy bids gt tfm Durmgu, nir ht hs  g  g durmgorgoy, dut mvmryilm eliws tfgt tfm Durmgu fgs ngr kirm piwmr tfgl ht g`khts ti. Pgehla sikm oum nrik tfm nmy tfmksmcvms, tfm Durmgu hs lmvmr ocmgr il mxgotcy wfgt ht ogl `i, si nmw grm whcchla ti rhse aihla gaghlst tfmk. Nirmkist gkila tfm gamlts in tfm Durmgu grm tfm Elhafts. Gooir`hla ti Durmgu kytf tfmy grm `msoml`m` nrik tfm Elhafts Pmkpcgr. Qfhcm tfm Durmgu fgs kgly kul`glm

Hccustrgthil dy Bml _tgrchla 

4>  

tfgt grm tii armgt ti dm rmvmgcm` pudchocy. Hl ilm in tfm kist wh`mcy eliwl cmaml`s in tfm Durmgu, g shlacm Elhaft hl Qirc` Qgr Qgr HH gttgoem` g Lgzh rmsmgrof dgsm, ehccm` twi `izml grkm` augr`s, orhppcm` g tgle, gl` `mstriym` tfm cgdirgtiry wfmrm tfm Amrkgls wmrm tryhla ti ormgtm groglm tmofliciay. Pfm cmaml` gcsi sgys tfgt tfm sgkm Elhaft rmturlm` ti Mlacgl` `mstriym` Armgt Drhtghl‘s iwlgl`shkhcgr rmsmgrof cgdirgtirhms, ti kghltghl tfm smormoy in kgaho. Kgly kgah vhmw tfm Durmgu whtf khc` oiltmkpt, dmchmvhla tfgt tfm prifhdhthil in emmphla kul`glm fukgls nrik cmgrlhla in kgaho hs ullmomssgry gl` shkpcy ogusms kirm triudcm tfgl ipmllmss wiuc`. _thcc, tfm Durmgu fgs tfm aru`ahla dgoehla in kgly

tfm Elhafts in tfm Tiul`, tfm Durmgu innmrs tfmk g bid, mhtfmr gs g`vhsirs gl` wgtof`ias, ir gs nucc- thkm gamlts. Gctmrlgtmcy, tfm Durmgu kgy sml` gl gamlt whtf g ariup in g`vmlturmrs wfi dmoikm hlvicvm` whtf kgaho, pmrfgps gs gsshstglom, pmrfgps gs g spy. Hn litfhla mcsm, tfm Durmgu ogl fmcp ofgrgotmrs amt iut in g bgk, hn tfmy‘rm whcchla ti ngom up ti gly cgws tfmy fgvm drieml. In oiursm, tfm Elhafts pcgymr ofgrgotmrs fgvm gcchm` whtf hntfm in tfm Tiul`, tfm Durmgu whcc dm ilm in tfmhr armgtmst mlmkhms. Mliuaf dcii` fgs dmml sphccm` dmtwmml tfm twi ariups tfgt lmhtfmr sh`m hs chemcy ti chstml ti rmqumsts nir fmcp.

Pfm Elhafts in tfm Tiul` Gntmr Ehla Grtfur wgs wiul`m` gt tfm dgttcm in Ogkcgll gl` vglhsfm` nrik fhstiry, fhs elhafts `mvitm`

piwmrnuc hl`hvh`ugcs hl ditf wirc`s, wfik tfmy privh`m whtf smourhty gl` gssurglom tfgt gly kgahogc pridcmks whcc dm fgl`cm` quhoecy gl` `hsormmtcy. Il Aghg, g cmahscgthvm oiulohc, whtf rmprmsmltgthvms in tfm aivmrlkmlts in tfm kgahogc rgoms, ormgtms tfm cgws tfm Durmgu kust mlnirom, gl` kilhtirs tfm Durmgu ti mlsurm ht hs pripmrcy pritmothla tfmhr hltmrmsts. Fiw kuof Pmrrgl aivmrlkmlts eliw in tfm Durmgu hs ulomrtghl, dut ht hs dmchmvm` tfgt tfm Durmgu mkpciys kgly psyofhos, wfi grm tgsem` whtf gctmrhla kmkirhms in tfism wfi smm tii kuof. Pfm Durmgu fgs g strila prmsmlom hl Lirtf Gkmrhog gl` Mlacgl`, dut tfmy fgvm chkhtm` piwmrs mcsmwfmrm hl tfm wirc`. Pfmhr kghl in﬇oms grm ciogtm` hl Cil`il gl` _gvgllgf, whtf rmahilgc in﬇oms hl Lmw Ircmgls, _mgttcm, _gcmk, Grefgk, Ofhogai, Kmxhoi Ohty, Thi `m Bglmhri, Dgromcilg, Chccmfgkkmr, Fila Eila, Oghri, gl` Qmcchlatil. Pfmrm grm skgccmr in﬇oms hl tiwls gl` ohthms griul` tfm wirc`, wfism gamlts intml grm gcsi in﬇omrs in tfm ciogc cgw mlniromkmlt.

tfmksmcvms ti mlnirohla tfm trmgty tfm nmy fg` garmm` ti. Goriss gcc in Muripm gl` Gshg tfmy fultm` nmy gl` kgahousmrs, kgehla Pmrrg sgnm nir fukgls, dut strgyhla tii ngr, cmgvhla Ogkmcit whtfiut auh`glom. Pfm `gre gams in halirglom gl` supmrsththil nmcc upil Muripm bust gs tfm ormgturms wfi fg` priviem` kgly in tfm wirc`‘s supmrsththils wmrm dmhla `rhvml gwgy. Ir gt cmgst, tfgt‘s tfm cmaml`. Pfriuafiut tfm omlturhms, `hnnmrmlt ariups fgvm rhsml gl` lgkm` tfmksmcvms gntmr tfm fhstirhogc elhafts in Ehla Grtfur‘s riul` tgdcm, pcm`ahla ti `mnmgt sikm lmw kgahogc tfrmgt tfgt fg` `m﬇m` tfm Prmgty in Ogkcgll. Lit ti dm oilnusm` whtf tfm Elhafts Pmkpcgr, Pmkpcgr, wfi gcchm` whtf tfm Durmgu gt hts niul`hla hl 78:7, tfm Elhafts in tfm Tiul` fgvm gcwgys mxhstm` iutsh`m ditf Pmrrgl Pmrrgl gl` Aghgl cgw. Pfm ourrmlt hlogrlgthil dmagl `urhla tfm Ful`rm` Xmg Xmgrs rs Qgr, tfiuaf tfm lmw Elhafts in tfm Tiul` `h` lit rmgof prikhlmlom ulthc tfm kh`-lhlmtmmltf omltury, wfml kgahogc ormgturms dmagl ti rmturl ti Pmrrg hl armgt lukdmrs. Pfm

dmoikm hlvicvm` Durmgu gntmrZcgymr tfmy ofgrgotmrs privm tfmhrkhaft oikpmtmlom `mgchla whtf whtf tfm g kgahogc `glamr il tfmhr iwl. Qirrhm` gdiut tfmk dmhla rmoruhtm` dy

gotugc htsmcnsifgs `hrmot piwmr tfm kgahogcPrmgty rgoms in irOgkcgll tfm ]lsmml, tfmliElhafts vhmw htivmr gs tfmhr `uty ti mlnirom ht whtf gs kuof nirom gs hs lmomssgry. Hccustrgthil dy B. C. Bilms 

41  

@urhla tfm twmlthmtf omltury tfm Elhafts in tfm Tiul` struaacm` nir g niitfic` hl Lirtf Gkmrhog gl` Mlacgl`, intml oikhla ti dciws whtf tfm Durmgu. Hl tfm ic` wirc` in Muripm gl` Gnrhog, tfm Elhafts in tfm Tiul` grm gl mstgdchsfm` prmsmlom whtf fhstirhogc fic`hlas gl` g strila piwmr dgsm, dut hl Gkmrhog gl` Mlacgl`, wfmrm tfm Durmgu fic`s piwmr, tfm Elhafts in tfm Tiul` grm intml smml gs rmdmcs gt dmst, tmrrirhsts gt wirst. Ipmrgthla hl skgcc ariups in tfrmm ti tml, tfm Elhafts in tfm Tiul` prmnmr ti emmp g ciw pri﬇cm. _ikm pissmss kgahogc piwmrs in tfmhr iwl, dut gs cila gs tfism piwmrs oikm nrik fukgl afists gl` lit nmy dcmsshlas, gckist gly fukgl ir fukgl-dcii`m` hl`hvh`ugc hs wmcoikm. Hlstmg` in fgvhla g rhah` ofghl in oikkgl`, ariups in elhafts lmtwire hlnirkgthil gl` wire ti ﬇l` kgah chvhla il Pmrrg Pmrrg gl` ehcc tfmk. _ikm ki`mrgtm ariups in elhafts ilcy smme iut kgah wfi grm gl gothvm tfrmgt ti fukgls, dut bust gs kgly Elhafts in tfm Tiul` grm, ucthkgtmcy, vhicmlt rgohsts. Zcgymr ofgrgotmrs khaft dmoikm hlvicvm` whtf tfm Elhafts in tfm Tiul` wfml g ariup in elhafts oikm ti tfmhr gh` ti ﬇aft g kgahogc nim, ir wfml tfm ariup rghsms fflgas dy rmsmgrofhla pitmlthgccy `glamrius kgaho. Pfm elhafts khaft innmr ti ahvm tfmk tfm tiics tfmy lmm` ti pritmot tfmksmcvms, tfml cmgvm tfm ariup gcilm, wgrlhla tfmk tfgt hn tfmy mvmr oriss pgtfs whtf tfm Durmgu, lit ti kmlthil tfgt tfmy kmt5 ir tfmy khaft innmr tfm ariup g ofglom ti bihl tfm elhafts, gl` sml` tfmk il gl gsshalkmlt. G ariup in lil-fukgl ofgrgotmrs whcc chemcy rul gniuc in tfm Elhafts in tfm Tiul` gt sikm pihlt, gl` ZOs wfi bihl tfm Durmgu khaft dm ir`mrm` ti trgoe `iwl gl` grrmst g ariup in elhafts wfi grm ehcchla pmgomnuc kgah chvhla il Pm Pmrrg. rrg.

whtf tfm kgahogc ormgturms iutsh`m tfm ohty chkhts. Mccshlatil `mvmcipm` oilourrmltcy whtf Cil`il, gl` ymt mgof fgs g `hsthlot h`mlthty, whtf vmry chttcm orissivmr dmtwmml tfm twi wirc`s. Pmofliciahogccy, Mccshlatil hs gt gdiut tfm cmvmc in cgtm lhlmtmmltf omltury Cil`il. Lmw Ircmgls il Hl Gkmrhog, Aghg hs lit lmgrcy gs `mvmcipm` gs Mccshlatil, tfiuaf g nmw squgrm dcioes grm hlfgdhtm` dy prinmsshilgc kgams griul` tfm Nrmlof Wugrtmr, kgly in wfik wire nir ir whtf tfm Durmgu in﬇om hl Lmw Ircmgls. Kgly kgaho-dcii`m` ofhc`rml gcsi chvm hl vhccgams hl tfm grmg, tfm innsprhla in nmy tmkptm` ilti Pmrrg `urhla Kgr`h Args gl` itfmr pgrthms. Lmw Ircmgls hs gcsi fikm ti gcc kgllmr in ormgturms nrik ki`mrl kytfs gl` nicecirm2 vgkphrms, aidchls,

Aghg hs hl amlmrgc vmry shkhcgr ti Pmrrg, tfiuaf ilcy twi fukgl ohthms fgvm shalh﬇oglt oiultmrpgrts il Aghg ‐ Cil`il gl` Lmw Ircmgls. Kist pcgoms wfmrm ohthms grm il Pmrrg grm

afists, gl` ormgturms eliwl gs tfiuaft mgtmrs cure hl tfm pmrpmtugccy ivmrogst ohty. Pfhs suhts tfm Durmgu ﬇lm, shlom ht amlmrgccy emmps tfmk nrik `hsturdhla tfm pmipcm il Pmrrg. Gcsi, tfm kghl Durmgu in﬇om hl _gvgllgf il Aghg fgs g nmw ohty dcioes griul` ht, tfiuaf tfmsm grm kistcy usm` bust gs fikms nir tfism wfi wire gt tfm Durmgu gl` grm lit oiknirtgdcm chvhla il Pmrr Pmrrg. g. Pfm kghl Durmgu in﬇om hs g oilacikmrgthil in nmy-chem grofhtmoturm tfgt ariws nrik g kgsshvm trmm, gl` kirm ki`mrl in﬇om duhc`hlas griul` tfm trmm‘s dgsm. Lmhtfmr Lmw Ircmgls lir _gvgllgf fgvm g spmohgc lgkm nir tfmhr Aghgl sh`m, dmogusm, ulchem Mccshlatil gl` Cil`il, tfm ohty il Aghg `h` lit mxhst ulthc cila gntmr tfm ohty o hty il Pmrrg. Ilcy twi itfmr pcgoms in hltmrmst hl Aghg grm amlmrgccy eliwl dy fukgls. Pfm ﬇rst hs Gymrs Tioe, gcsi ogccm` ]curu, tfm kgsshvm rm` stilm rhshla up nrik gl Gustrgchgl `msmrt. Cila dmnirm Muripmgls rmgofm` Gustrgchg, ]curu wgs whtlmss ti g kgsshvm kgahogc dgttcm tfgt cgh` wgstm ti t i tfm surriul`hla cgl`. Pi`gy, kist in tfm chlamrhla ngcciut nrik tfgt oilfflhot fgs ng`m`, dut kgly strglam tfhlas sthcc fgppml hl tfm grmg, gcc tfm kirm kystmrhius dmogusm chttcm hs trucy eliwl gdiut tfm kgahogc dgttcm tfgt fgppmlm` tfmrm. ]curu‘s fhstiry wiuc` chemcy bust dm h`cm spmoucgthil hn lit nir tfm rmomlt mkmramlom in glitfmr shkhcgr wgstmcgl`. _hlom

rmcgthvmcy `msmrtm` dut il gtfm Aghg sh`m in hs tfm kgsshvm ohtyilinAghg, Mccshlatil, oikkulhty in Cil`il fukgl kgams gl` tfmhr ngkhchms, wfi fgvm rmcgthvmcy chttcm hltmrgothil

780=, tfm Aghgl sh`minin`mgtf Bgpglnrik fgs tfm dmmldikdhla g cgl` ininlhaftkgrms. Pfm sfmmr gkiult Fhrisfhkg gl` Lgagsgeh dchaftm` tfm cgl` il Aghg, gl` kg`lmss sprmg`

Amiargpfy in Aghg 

Hccustrgthil dy B. C. Bilms 

46  

iutwgr` goriss tfm mlthrm hscgl` ofghl. Pfm vhvh`lmss in tfm  Bgpglmsm hkgahlgthil hl glhkm gl` ohlmkg oiltrhdutms ti tfhs kg`lmss, nir tfm `grelmss tfgt chvms hl Bgpgl il Aghg nmm`s il gcc tfm firrirs `rmgkm` dy tfm Bgpglmsm pmipcm. Li sglm pmrsil whcchlacy aims ti Aghgl Bgpgl5 mvml il Pmrrg, spmccogstmrs nmmc `hsthlot ulmgsm hl tfm cgl` in tfm rhshla sul.

ofisml wfml fm aghls fhs ﬇rst cmvmc gs g Kgam. Pfmsm rmprmsmlt trghlhla spmoh﬇o ti fhs kgahogc trg`hthil, ir shkpcy ulhqum sehccs fm fgs goquhrm` hl fhs pursuht in kgahogc eliwcm`am. Dilus Nmgt2 Gt 7st, 0tf, 1tf, gl` 7:tf cmvmc, g Kgam aghls g dilus kgam ir trg`hthil nmgt. Gntmr 7st cmvmc, fm ogl ofiism ti rmpcgom tfhs dilus nmgt whtf Prg`hthil _pmohgchzgthil (smm dmciw) nir gl g``hthilgc trg`hthil.

Pfm Kgam g ofgrgotmr Ocgss  wfi ss  fgs `mvitm` fhksmcn ti  Kgam G`hsvglom` G`vglom` Ocg

_pmohgchzgthil2 _pmohgchzgthil2 Gt 4l` cmvmc, g Kgam ilm  Prg`hthil kgahogc trg`hthil fm fgs. GtQfml ogsthla spmccs ofiisms hl tfgt trg`hthil, fm aghls g +7 dilus ti kgahogc sehcc ofmoes.  Groglm _haft (_p)2  (_p)2  G ?r` cmvmc Kgam hs gutikgthogccy gwgrm in kgahogc gurgs tfgt oikm whtfhl >: nt., gs cila gs tfmy grm hl fhs chlm in shaft. Fm eliws tfm lukdmr gl` ciogthil in kgahogc gurgs, gl` ogl oilomltrgtm il g shlacm gurg ti eliw hts hltmlshty. Pfhs gcsi gcciws fhk ti h`mlthny kgaho usmrs. _mm tfm @hvhlm sehcc (pgam (pgam 01 ) nir kirm hlnirkgthi hlnirkgthil. l. Hkprivm` _pmcc Ziwmr2  Ziwmr2  G =tf cmvmc Kgam ogl ogst ivmrpiwmrm` spmccs tfgt grm up ti 7: cmvmcs fhafmr tfgl tfm lukdmr in rgles fm fgs hl tfm gppriprhgtm sehcc. Kgaho Qmgpil (_u)2 G >tf cmvmc Kgam trmgts gcc gttgoes fm kgems gs kgaho wmgpils whtf g +7 mlfglomkmlt dilus nir tfm purpism in dypgsshla `gkgam rm`uothil. Pfhs gppchms

cmgrlhla kgaho. Pfhs ocgss hs `hnnmrmlt nrik ditf tfm oirm rucms Kgam hl Ki`mrl `4:, gl` tfm Kgam hl tfm dgsho Mcmkmlts in Kgaho  rucms.  rucms. –Kgam‛ hs shkpcy tfm kist gppriprhgtm lgkm nir tfm ocgss. Pfm ngstmst riutm ti dmoikhla g Kgam hs tfriuaf tfm _kgrt, @m`hogtm`, ir Ofgrhskgtho fmri ocgssms.

Tmquhrmkmlts Pi qugchny ti dmoikm g Kgam, g ofgrgotmr kust nuc﬇cc tfm nicciwhla orhtmrhg. _ehccs2 Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) > rgles, _pmccorgnt > rgles. Nmgts2 Gly Nmgts2  Gly ilm trg`hthil nmgt.

Ocgss Hlnirkgthil

Fht @hm2 Kgams aghl 7`> fht pihlts, g`bustm` dy Oilsthtuthil ki`h﬇mr (khlhkuk 7 fht pihlt), mvmry thkm tfmy g`vglom g cmvmc hl tfhs ocgss.  Gothil Zihlts2 Kgams aghl g lukdmr in gothil pihlts mqugc ti > pcus ilm-fgcn tfmhr ofgrgotmr cmvmc, riul`m` `iwl, mvmry thkm tfmy g`vglom g cmvmc hl tfhs ocgss. Ocgss _ehccs2 Pfm Kgam‘s ocgss sehccs grm2 Oilomltrgthil (Ofg), Orgnt (gly) (Hlt), @mohpfmr _orhpt (Hlt), Eliwcm`am (gly) (Hlt), Zrinmsshil (Qhs), Tmg`/Qrhtm Cglaugam (lilm), Tmsmgrof (Hlt), _pmge Cglaugam (lilm), _pmccorgnt (Hlt), gl` ]sm Kgaho @mvhom (Ofg). _ehcc Zihlts gt Mgof Cmvmc2 = Cmvmc2 = + Hltmcchamlom ki`h﬇mr.

Ocgss Nmgturms Pfm nicciwhla grm tfm ocgss nmgturms in tfm Kgam.  Prg`hthil _ehccs2 _ehccs2   G Kgam aghls twi dilus ocgss sehccs,

ti gcc gttgoes, hlocu`hla ulgrkm`, kmcmm wmgpils, gl` rglam` wmgpils. Pfhs mnnmothvm mlfglomkmlt hlormgsms dy +7 nir mgof g``hthilgc Kgam cmvmc, ti += gt 7:tf cmvmc. Pfhs gdhchty `ims lit gotugccy g`` ti gttgoe ir `gkgam nir tfm wmgpils, fiwmvmr. _ciwm` Gahla (_u)2 Gl (_u)2 Gl 6tf cmvmc Kgam tfgt hs kh``cm-gam ir ic`mr oiults gs ilm gam ogtmairy yiulamr nir purpisms in pmlgcthms ti gdhchty soirms. Armgtmr Groglm _haft (_p)2 G 8tf cmvmc Kgam hs gutikgthogccy gwgrm in gcc spmccs gl` spmcc-chem gdhchthms tfgt oikm whtfhl >: nt., gs cila gs tfmy grm hl fhs chlm in shaft. Fm ogl oilomltrgtm il g shlacm gurg ti eliw hts mxgot cmvmc gl` wfgt mnnmots ht fgs.  Gamcmss (_u)2  (_u)2  G 7:tf cmvmc Kgam li cilamr amts kirm nmmdcm gs fm gams. Fm sthcc goquhrms tfm gppriprhgtm kmltgc gdhchty soirm dilusms, dut fhs pfyshogc gdhchty soirms `i lit `mtmrhirgtm, gl` fm whcc lit `hm in ic` gam.

Pgdcm ?-72 Pfm Kgam

Cmvmc 7st 4l` ?r` 0tf =tf >tf 1tf 6tf 8tf 7:tf

Dgsm Gttgoe Dilus +: +7 +7 +4 +4 +? +? +0 +0 +=

Nirt _gvm +: +: +7 +7 +7 +4 +4 +4 +? +?

Tmn _gvm +: +: +7 +7 +7 +4 +4 +4 +? +?

Qhcc _gvm +4 +? +? +0 +0 += += +> +> +1

_pmohgc Prg`hthil sehccs, dilus nmgt Prg`hthil spmohgchzgthil Groglm shaft Dilus nmgt Hkprivm` spmcc piwmr Kgaho wmgpil Dilus nmgt _ciwm` gahla Armgtmr groglm shaft Gamcmss, dilus nmgt

@mnmlsm Dilus +: +7 +7 +7 +4 +4 +4 +? +? +?

Tmputgthil Dilus +7 +7 +7 +4 +4 +4 +? +? +? +0

48  

HAF  N   GLPG_X   GLP G_X  Kgaho F HAF   N   Kgaho Htmks 

Pwi kgaho htmks grm hltmargc ti tfm FHAF NGLPG_X smtthla ‐ emys gl` gamlt‘s wmgpils.

Emy Em y Gdiut tfm shzm gl` sfgpm in g stur`y fflgsfchaft, g emy hs g kmtgc oychl`mr whtf g riuafcy-out rism-oicirm` orystgc hkpcgltm` hl ilm Qfml g drhmffly, duttil gl` il gtfm oychl`mr hs `mprmssm`, tfm emy‘sml`. orystgc aciws riuafcy `iirsfgpm` pirtgc gppmgrs whtfhl 7: nt. gt tfm ciogthil c iogthil in tfm usmr‘s ofihom. Pfm pirtgc rmkghls ipml nir ilm khlutm, `urhla wfhof gly ormgturm ogl pgss tfriuaf tfm pirtgc, grrhvhla il tfm itfmr sh`m hl glitfmr wirc`. Emys ipml twi `hnnmrmlt sirts in pirtgcs. Pfm ﬇rst sirt shkpcy trglspirts ormgturms ti tfm mquhvgcmlt ciogthil il tfm itfmr wirc` ‐ nrik nr ik Pmrrg tti i Aghg, ir Aghg ti Pmrrg. Hn yiu gothvgtm tfm emy il @mogtur _trmmt lmgr Bgoesil _qugrm hl Lmw Ircmgls il Pmrrg, yiu‘cc ml` up gt tfm mquhvgcmlt

g lil`msorhpt htmk tfgt ogl dm tuoem` hlti g pioemt gl` mgshcy oilomgcm`. Gs g kivm gothil, tfm whmc`mr in gl gamlt wmgpil ogl gothvgtm ht, trglsnirkhla ht hlti hts lirkgc nirk, ir dgoe hlti tfm lil`msorhpt nirk. Pfm whmc`mr ogl gothvgtm tfm wmgpil wfhcm `rgwhla ht, pmrnirkhla ditf gothils gt ilom (tfiuaf hn tfm htmk hs `rgwl gs g nrmm gothil, suof gs whtf tfm Wuhoe`rgw nmgt, gothvgthla tfm wmgpil sthcc rmquhrms g kivm gothil). _hlom tfm cgtm 1:s, tfm prmnmrrm` nirk nir gamlt swir`s fgs dmml gl ir`hlgry-ciiehla swir` fhct. Qfml gothvgtm`, chaft mkmrams nrik tfm fhct, tfml oigcmsoms hlti g kmtgc dcg`m. _pmcc Cmvmc2   75 Zurofgsm @O2   4>5 Qmhaft2   vgrhms. Oist ti ormgtm2  4=  4= OZ, Ormgtm 7/Aml :, pcus oist in tfm htmk htsmcn.

ciogthil il Aghg2 tfm nmsthvgc Ncmur _qugrm. Gothvgthla tfm emy gaghl whcc tgem yiu dgoe. Pfm smoil` sirt in pirtgc rmquhrms tfgt tfm emy dm gttulm` ti g spmoh﬇o ciogthil il Aghg. G kgam, wfi kust pissmss tfm Kivmkmlt _pmohgchzgthil (tmcmpirtgthil) nmgt, kust tgem tfm emy ti g ciogthil il Aghg gl` ogst g Kivm 7:/Aml 7 spmcc hlti tfm emy ti gttulm ht ti tfgt ciogthil. Pfmrmgntmr, tfm emy ogl gcsi ormgtm g pirtgc nrik glywfmrm il Pmrrg ti tfm gttulm` ciogthil il Aghg. G pgrthoucgr emy ogl dm gttulm` ti ilcy ilm ciogthil il Aghg. G emy ogl ormgtm g pirtgc tfrmm thkms pmr `gy. _pmcc Cmvmc2  745  745 Zurofgsm @O2  ?>5  ?>5 Qmhaft2  4  4 cd. Oist ti ormgtm2   8>6: OZ, Kivm 77/Aml 7.

Emy, Armgtmr  Gpgrt nrik hts armml orystgc, g armgtmr emy ciies bust chem gl ir`hlgry emy. Armgtmr emys grm oilsh`mrm` rmstrhotm` htmks dy tfm Durmgu. Ilcy fhaf-rglehla Durmgu pmrsilgc gl` tfism whtf spmohgc `hspmlsgthil nrik tfm Durmgu grm gcciwm` ti iwl ir usm tfmsm htmks. Pfm armml-amk emy ogl ormgtm g pirtgc nrik glywfmrm il Pmrrg Pmrrg ti glywfmrm il Aghg, gl` vhom vmrsg, tfrmm thkms pmr `gy. _pmcc Cmvmc2   4:5 Zurofgsm @O2   005 Qmhaft2   4 cd. Oist ti ormgtm2  46,66:  46,66: O Z, Kivm 78/Aml 7.

Gamlt Qmgpils Irhahlgccy `mvmcipm` nir ﬇mc` gamlts in tfm Durmgu nir tfm Kglgamkmlt in Kgaho, tfmsm wmgpils lirkgccy rmsmkdcm Hccustrgthil dy B. C. Bilms 

?:  

 _gkpcm  Ofgrgotmrs  Pfm ﬇vm FHAF  NGLPG_X  ofgrgotmrs prmsmltm` fmrm grm mxgkpcms in nrmm gamlts, kmkdmrs in tfm Durmgu, Elhafts in tfm Tiul` sykpgtfhzmrs, gl` itfmr g`vmlturmrs tfm pgrty khaft kmmt. Mgof ofgrgotmr hs prmsmltm` whtf g nmw sgkpcm shalgturm spmccs. L!xgu Ahewm ‐ @m`hogtm` Fmri =/Di`yaugr` 7. Nhlgacm Z. Cuoesfirm _kgrt Fmri ?/Kgam ?. Chl Limccm ‐ Ngst Fmri‐ 4/Ofgrhskgtho Fmri =/Kgam 4. Tussmc ^gl`mrsofkh`t ^gl`mrsofkh`t ‟ _kgrt Fmri 7:/@m`hogtm` Fmri 4.  Bmlly Qhl`argvm ‐ Ofgrhskgtho Fmri > >/Ngst /Ngst Fmri 4/ _trila Fmri 4.

L!xgu Ahewm Tghsm` hl g _iutf Gnrhogl irpfglgam, L!xgu kglhnmstm` pshilho piwmrs gt gl mgrcy gam, dut fm gcwgys `mochlm` ti gdusm fhs gdhchty ti smlsm tfm tfiuafts gl` `mshrms in itfmrs. @urhla tfm cgtm 786:s, L!xgu dmogkm hlvicvm` hl rmdmcchils gaghlst gpgrtfmh`, dut fm siil niul` fm `h` lit fgvm tfm stikgof nir oilfflhot. Qgltm` dy tfm gutfirhthms, yiula L!xgu fflm` hlti tfm `msmrt, smlshla g prmsmlom ogcchla ti fhk nrik fhs dusfkml glomstirs. Qhtf eliwcm`am fm lmvmr gotugccy cmgrlm`, L!xgu wgs gdcm ti survhvm nir smvmrgc ymgrs hl tfm `msmrt, cmgrlhla tfm wgys in lgturm, filhla fhs piwmrs, gl` mvmltugccy smmehla iut itfmrs in fhs ehl`. Hlstmg` fm niul` tgcms in kur`mr, ulspieml stirhms in gtriohthms wfhof fm nicciwm` ti tfm ulkgrem` `msmrt argvm in fhs argl`ngtfmr. L!xgu spmlt g wmme emmphla vhahc ivmr tfm argvm, ulthc g wgl`mrhla afist, tfiusgl`s in ymgrs ic` nrik glitfmr trhdm, niul` fhk gl` dil`m` whtf fhk. Pfm sphrht tguaft L!xgu fiw ti sml` fhs sphrht iutsh`m fhs di`y, gl` fiw ti smm dmyil` `rmgks ti trutf. Qhtf fhs eliwcm`am in ditf oucturms gl` fhs gdhchty ti sudtcy mloiurgam lil-vhicmlom, L!xgu spmlt tfm lmxt `mog`m hl rmkitm grmgs, tryhla ti stip oilfflhots dmtwmml _iutf Gnrhogls gl` tfm hl`hamlius dusfkml. Fm fgs sciwcy agtfmrm` oiltgots hl vgrhius _iutf Gnrhogl ohthms dy wirehla gs g di`yaugr` nir lmwcy wmgctfy dcgoe Gnrhogl pichthohgls gl` lukmrius nirmhal vhshthla `halhtgrhms. Fm hs ciiehla nir sikmilm whtf g aii` `rmgk, sikmilm wfi khaft lmm` fhs pritmothil gaghlst tfism wfi smm ilcy nmgr hl tfmhr scmmp.

Fukgl @m`hogtm` Fmri =/Di`yaugr` 7. Kgcm fukgl (?1 ymgrs ic`)5 OT >5 F@ 7`74+=`>+745 fp ?85 Kgs 705 Hlht +:5 _p` 4= nt.5 @mnmlsm 7>, tiuof 70, fflgt-niitm` 74 (+0 ocgss, +4 grkir)5 DGD +?5 Argp +05 Gte +0 kmcmm (7`>+7 wgcehla stgnn) ir +? rglam` (4`0 pgtf﬇l`mr rmvicvmr) ir +0 rglam`(7 pcus pihsil, kgstmrorgnt dciwaul)5 _G kgaho5 _^ Nirt +>, Tmn +?, Qhcc +>5 _tr 7?, @mx 7:, Oil 70, Hlt 74, Qhs 7>, Ofg 6. Gothil ZihltsIooupgthil2 8. Qmgctf +1. Tmputgthil +4. sehccs ‐ Hlthkh`gtm, _tgrthla G`vmlturmr (ocgss _urvhvgc), dilus nmgt Zmrsilgc Nhrmgrks Zri﬇ohmloy. _ehccs2   Oilomltrgthil +70, Hlthkh`gtm +=, Chstml +6, Tmg`/Qrhtm Cglaugam (Gnrheggls, Mlachsf), _pmge Cglaugam (Gnrheggls, Dusfkgl, Mlachsf), _pit +8, _urvhvgc +7?. Kgahogc _ehcc rgles2   Ofgrk +?, @hvhlm +8, Hccushil +0,

L!xgu‘s _halgturm _pmccs Gcwgys prmpgrm` ti `mnml` fhs ofgram, L!xgu‘s shalgturm spmccs grm prhkgrhcy `mnmlshvm. _pmccs kgrem` whtf gl gstmrhse (*) usm tfm Zsyofho _mlshthvhty trg`hthil, gl` tfus tfm sgvm @O ti rmshst tfmk hs Qhs`ik-dgsm`. Gwgeml ti g _tgrcmss Lhaft Hccushil 0/Aml : Prg`hthil2 Zsyofho _mlshthvhty* _pmccogsthla @O2 70 Tglam2 Piuof @urgthil2 Ilm khlutm _gvhla Pfriw2 Qhcc lmagtms _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Xms Pfm ormgturm yiu tiuof smms g lhaftkgrm cgl`sogpm hl pcgom in tfm rmgc wirc`, g pfgltgsk tfgt ilcy fm ogl pmromhvm. _iul`s, somlts, gl` tiuof grm ulgnnmotm`, dut tfm ormgturm hs mnnmothvmcy dchl`m` gl` kgy dm khscm` dy tfm lhaftkgrm hkgams. Pfm spmoh﬇os in tfm pfgltgsk `mpml` il tfm ciogthil, dut tfmrm hs g amlmrgc tfmkm in rmgchty pmmchla gwgy ti rmvmgc firrirs fh``ml dmlmgtf. @glohla hl tfm Ngom in tfm Cmipgr` Prglsnirk 7/Aml = Prg`hthil2 @rmgkthkm _pmccogsthla @O2 7> Tglam2 Piuof Pgramts2 ]p ti 0 tgramts whtfhl g 7:-nt. rg`hus @urgthil2 Ilm fiur _gvhla Pfriw2 Nirthtu`m lmagtms (fgrkcmss) _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Xms (fgrkcmss) Xiu trglsnirk up ti niur pmipcm hlti up ti niur itfmr pmipcm wfi grm tfm sgkm smx gl` amlmrgc duhc`. Xiu ogl gcsi schaftcy ofglam ocitfhla gl` amgr, ti fmcp tfm niur tgramts gvih` dmhla h`mlth﬇m`. Gnnmotm` ormgturms aghl g +7: dilus ti tfmhr @hsauhsm ofmoes.

Zmipcm Qfi _ht il Pfmhr Nmmt Prglsnirk 0/Aml : Prg`hthil2 @rmgkthkm _pmccogsthla @O2 70 Tglam2 Zmrsilgc @urgthil2 Ilm khlutm _gvhla Pfriw2 Lilm _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Li Xiu trglsnirk hlti g dgdiil. _trhnm‘s Drmgtf ]pil Ilm‘s Lmoe  @hvhlm 7/Aml ? Prg`hthil2 @rmgkthkm _pmccogsthla @O2 70 Tglam2 Zmrsilgc @urgthil2 Ilm fiur _gvhla Pfriw2 Lilm _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Li Dy oilomltrgthla, yiu ogl dmoikm gwgrm in tfm lmgrmst wmgpil, ir pmrfgps tfm lmgrmst aul. Pyphogccy yiu whcc ﬇rst kgem litm in gcc tfm wmgpils yiu gl` yiur gcchms fgvm, si tfgt tfmy `i lit ociu` yiur `mtmothil in itfmr wmgpils. Qgcehla Glitfmr‘s @rmgk Ofgrk 7/Aml 4 Prg`hthil2 Zsyofho _mlshthvhty* _pmccogsthla @O2 7? Tglam2 Piuof Grmg2 4:-nt. rg`hus omltmrm` il tgramt @urgthil2 Ilm khlutm _gvhla Pfriw2 Qhcc lmagtms _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Xms Xiu rmgof hlti tfm tfiuafts in tfism griul` tfm ormgturm yiu tiuof, gl` mloiurgam tfmk ti dm cmss fisthcm tiwgr` tfm tgramtm` ormgturm. Pfism wfi nghc tfmhr sgvms fgvm tfmhr gtthtu`ms sfhntm` twi stmps kirm nrhml`cy. Mgof riul`, gnnmotm` ormgturms rmomhvm g lmw Qhcc sgvm ti drmge nrmm.

?7  

Prglsnirk +0. Nmgts2  Grofgho  Grofgho Qmgpi Qmgpils ls Zri﬇ohmloy, @rmgkthkm, Hkprivm` Kgahogc Nious, Kgahogc Km`htgthil, Zmrsilgc Nhrmgrks Zri﬇ohmloy, Zsyofho _mlshthvhty, _mlshthvh ty, Prgoe. Pgcmlts gl` Gdhchthms2 _ehcc mkpfgshs (Oilomltrgthil), gwgrm, nghtf, fgrk‘s wgy. Zissmsshils2  Zgtf﬇l`mr  Zgtf﬇l`mr .44 rmvicvmr, 40 riul`s, wgcehla stgnn, kgstmrorgnt dciwaul, `isms in pihsil, survhvgc amgr, oilomgcm` vmst, vgrhius pmrsilgc htmks.

Nhlgacm Z. Cuoesfirm Nhlgacm hs g pri`hay, tgehla gntmr fhs cgtm ulocm dy ﬇lhsfhla sofiic ymgrs gfmg` in sofm`ucm. Fm wgs ngsohlgtm` dy mcmotrilho `mvhoms nrik gl mgrcy gam, gaghl bust chem fhs cgtm ulocm. Nir g wfhcm sofiic wgs tii mgsy, gl` wfml fm cmnt ti aiin griul` nir g nmw kiltfs, fm dmagl ti mxpmrhmlom hltmlsm fmg`-gofms.

Nhlgacm‘s _halgturm _pmccs Nil` in tmofliciay, Nhlgacm chems ti hltmargtm fflgsfy mcmotrhohty hlti fhs kgaho, ir ti amme iut gl` got chem gl glhkm ofgrgotmr. Fm fgs fg` g dht in mxpmrhmlom hl tfm ﬇mc`, si fm eliws tfm vgcum in g vgrhmty in oikdgt kgaho.

Tglam2 Piuof Tglam2 Piuof  Pml khlutms @urgthil2 Pml @urgthil2 _gvhla Pfriw2 Lilm Pfriw2 Lilm _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Li Tmshstglom2 Li Xiu ormgtm g Dmrmttg 84N phstic, nuccy cig`m`, whtf g spgrm ochp.

Dga Nucc in Auls Gttgoe 0/Ormgtm 6/Aml 7 Prg`hthil2 Pmoflikgloy Prg`hthil2  Pmoflikgloy _pmccogsthla @O2 4? @O2 4? Tglam2 Piuof Tglam2  Piuof Grmg2 _pmohgc @urgthil2 Ilm @urgthil2  Ilm khlutm _gvhla Pfriw2 Lilm Pfriw2 Lilm _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Li Tmshstglom2 Li Xiu ormgtm g dga nucc in niur +4 Tuamr .?6 rmvicvmrs , nuccy cig`m`, whtf g spgrm quhoecig`mr nir mgof. Mgof Tuamr fgs g +4 mlfglomkmlt dilus ti gttgoe gl` `gkgam.

Ky _fhly Lmw Auls Ormgtm 8/Aml : Prg`hthil2 Pmoflikgloy Prg`hthil2  Pmoflikgloy _pmccogsthla @O2 7 @O2 78 8 Tglam2 Piuof Tglam2  Piuof @urgthil2 Ilm @urgthil2  Ilm khlutm _gvhla Pfriw2 Lilm Pfriw2 Lilm _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Li Tmshstglom2 Li Xiu ormgtm niur K14G? CGQ rioemt cgulofmrs.

@iudcm Lmagthvm Dhlgry Diist @hvhlm 6/Aml : Prg`hthil2 Pmoflikgloy Prg`hthil2  Pmoflikgloy _pmccogsthla @O2 7 @O2 76 6 Tglam2 Piuof Tglam2  Piuof  Ilm khlutm @urgthil2 Ilm @urgthil2 _gvhla Pfriw2 Qhcc Pfriw2 Qhcc lmagtms (fgrkcmss) _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Xms Tmshstglom2 Xms (fgrkcmss) Xiu arglt tfm tiuofm` ormgturm g +6 mlfglomkmlt dilus ti Oikputmr ]sm ofmoes nir ilm khlutm, wfhof sfiuc` dm cila mliuaf ti amt tfriuaf lgsty smourhty hl g phlof.

_fioe  Gttgoe 7/Aml 7  Pmoflikgloy Prg`hthil2 Pmoflikgloy Prg`hthil2 _pmccogsthla @O2 7 @O2 74 4 Tglam2 Ocism Tglam2  Ocism (?: nt.) @urgthil2 Ilm @urgthil2  Ilm riul` _gvhla Pfriw2 Tmfflmx Pfriw2 Tmfflmx fgcn  _pmcc Tmshstglom2 X Tmshstglom2 Xms ms Xiu ﬇rm g tfhl dict in chaftlhla tfgt `ims 7`> pihlts in mcmotrhohty `gkgam.

Cgtmr, gntmr lmgrcy dmhla scghl dy smwmr `mkils gl` rmsoum` dy Durmgu gamlts hl _gvgllgf, Nhlgacm cmgrlm` tfgt fhs ulocm‘s afist wgs ffligthla griul`, Prgpphla Prgpphla Ogam tryhla ti amt fhs lmpfmw hlti triudcm Ormgtm >/Aml 4 nir fhs gkusmkmlt. Pfhs mloiurgam` Prg`hthil2 Pmoflikgloy Prg`hthil2  Pmoflikgloy Nhlgacm ti oikdhlm fhs mxhsthla civm nir _pmccogsthla @O2 7 @O2 76 6  Ocism (?: nt.) tmofliciay whtf g lmw ourhishty gdiut Tglam2 Ocism Tglam2 @urgthil2 Pml @urgthil2  Pml khlutms kgaho, gl` hl trum pri`hay ngsfhil _gvhla Pfriw2 Pfriw2 Tmfflmx  Tmfflmx lmagtms fm niul` g wgy ti kgem tfmk wire Chaftlhla _kgoe`iwl! _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Li Tmshstglom2 Li tiamtfmr. Gttgoe 0/Aml 4 Xiu ormgtm g stmmc ogam griul` g Nhlgacm wires whtf tfm Durmgu Prg`hthil2 Glhkm-hsk Prg`hthil2  Glhkm-hsk ormgturm, trgpphla ht hn ht nghcs hts sgvm. Pfm in﬇om hl _gvgllgf, privh`hla tmoflhogc _pmccogsthla @O2 7 @O2 7> > ogam ogl fic` ilm Km`huk ormgturm.  Km`huk (7=: nt.) Tglam2 Km`huk Tglam2 gsshstglom gl` ioogshilgccy fmcphla Pgramts2 Ilm ormgturm Qmhr` Qmhr ` _ohm _ohmlom lom whtf ﬇mc` wire, dut fm fgs ariwl up @urgthil2 Ilm @urgthil2  Ilm riul` Prglsnirk 7/Aml : g dht shlom fm ﬇rst `hsoivmrm` kgaho  Glhkm-hsk _gvhla Pfriw2 Tmfflmx Pfriw2 Tmfflmx fgcn  Prg`hthil2 Glhkm-hsk Prg`hthil2 ﬇vm ymgrs gai. Fhs ulocm‘s afist emmps _pmcc Tmshstglom2 X Tmshstglom2 Xms ms _pmccogsthla @O2 77 @O2 77 htsmcn mltmrtghlm` whtf vh`mi agkms, gl` Xiu ﬇rm g dict in chaftlhla, `mgchla Tglam2 Tglam2 Zmrsilgc  Zmrsilgc 0`> pihlts in mcmotrhohty `gkgam ti g @urgthil2  Ilm khlutm @urgthil2 Ilm Nhlgacm li cilamr fgs ti rhse fhs chnm ir ormgturm up ti 7=: nt. gwgy. Pyphogccy yiu _gvhla Pfriw2 Pfriw2 Lilm  Lilm tgem stgl`gr`hzm` tmsts ti emmp nrik sormgk tfhs gttgoe‘s lgkm gs yiu ogst tfm _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Li Tmshstglom2 Li amtthla fmg`-gofms. spmcc. Xiu trglsnirk hlti g kg` sohmlthst, Fukgl _kgrt Fmri ?/Kgam ?. oikpcmtm whtf cgd oigt gl` nrmgey fghr. Kgcm fukgl (47 ymgrs ic`)5 OT >5 F@ Ky Ic` Prusty Aul Xiu ogl ogst tfhs spmcc gs g swhnt gothil, Ormgtm 6/Aml 7 shlom ht hs yiur Glhkm-hsk –trglsnirkgthil >`>+>5 fp 415 Kgs 745 Hlht +75 _p` ?:  Pmoflikgloy smqumlom‛ nirk. Prg`hthil2 Pmoflikgloy Prg`hthil2 nt.5 @mnmlsm 7=, tiuof 7=, fflgt-niitm` 7: oilthlum` il lmxt pgam _pmccogsthla @O2 7 @O2 78 8 (+4 ocgss, +? @mx)5 DGD +45 Argp +75 Gte +7 kmcmm (7`?‟7 ulgrkm`) ir += rglam` (4`0 pgtf﬇l`mr rmvicvmr)5 rmvicvmr)5 _G kgaho5 _^ Nirt +4, Tmn +?, _ehccs2  Oikputmr  Oikputmr ]sm +>, Oilomltrgthil +6, Orgnt (ofmkhogc) Qhcc +05 _tr 6, @mx 7>, Oil 74, Hlt 76, Qhs 6, Ofg 7:. Gothil +7=, Orgnt (mcmotrilhos) +76, @mkichthils +7>, @hsgdcm @mvhom Zihlts 8. Qmgctf +0. Tmputgthil +4. _tgrthla Iooupgthil2 _tu`mlt (ocgss sehccs ‐ Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm, pipucgr oucturm, tmofliciay)).

+7:, Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) +70, Eliwcm`am (pipucgr oucturm) ouctur m) +77, Eliwcm`am (tmofliciay) +7:, _pmccorgnt +7:. Kgahogc _ehcc rgles2   Gttgoe +8, Ormgtm +8, @hvhlm +8,

?4  

Kivm +8, Prglsnirk +7. Nmgts2   Glhkm-hsk, Groglm _ehccs, Duhc`mr (ofmkhogc, mcmotrilho), Orgnt Zmrkglmlt _pmcc, _pmcc Nious (Gttgoe), Pmoflikgloy. Pgcmlts gl` Gdhchthms2 _gvglt +? (Orgnt (mcmotrilhos), @mkichthils), trg`hthil (tmoflikgam), groglm spmohgchzgthil shaft, trg`hthil sehccs (@mkichthils, Tmsmgrof).  Zgtf﬇l`mr .44 rmvicvmr, Zissmsshils2  Zgtf﬇l`mr 40 riul`s, cgptip oikputmr whtf spmccs, vgrhius pmrsilgc htmks. Pmoflikgloy htmk (groglicmotrho ayrisoipm, arglts +4 dilus ti Gttgoe spmccogsthla ofmoes).

Chl Limccm Ahntm` whtf tfm ghry dmguty in fmr khxm` Nrmlof-Ofhlmsm fmrhtgam, gl` whtf pfmlikmlgc lgturgc gahchty, Chl‘s `rmgk wgs ti pmrnirk hl tfm Ohrqum `u _icmhc , dut hl fmr trghlhla gs g oiltirthilhst sfm dmogkm mlgkirm` whtf stgam kgaho. _fm fg` gl hllgtm tgcmlt nir gotugc kgaho gs wmcc, gl` wfml fmr kgahohgl tmgofmr driuaft fmr ti gl mxpmrt il ioouct kgttmrs, fm gsem` ti tmgof Chl fhksmcn. Dmchmvhla sfm wgs ahvml g kgahogc ahnt `hrmotcy dy tfm ]lsmml, fmr lmw tmgofmr, Tussmcc ^gl`mrsofkh`t, tiie Chl gs gl gpprmlthom, tmgofhla fmr ti usm fmr piwmrs whtfiut mkdrgohla tfm pfhcisipfy in tfm nmy. Nir tfm pgst shx ymgrs, Chl fgs film` ditf fmr kgahogc sehccs gl` fmr pmrnirkhla tgcmlts, dmoikhla quhtm tfm tgce in tfm Nrmlof mltmrtghlkmlt somlm. Gt Tussmcc‘s `hrmothil sfm fgs trgvmcm` ti Mlacgl`, Gkmrhog, gl` Ofhlg, hkkmrshla fmrsmcn hl fukgl oucturm gl` kgahogc trg`hthils. Chl fgs tgeml nrik tfhs trghlhla g `hvmrsm vhmw in ditf chnm gl` kgaho, gl` hl ditf fmr pmrnirkgloms gl` fmr spmccorgnt, sfm oikdhlms smvmrgc `hnnmrmlt oucturgc stycms nir trucy ulhqum rmsucts. @msphtm gcc in ^gl`mrsofkh`t‘s trghlhla, fiwmvmr, Chl sthcc fgs ilm trght hl oikkil whtf tfm nmy ‐ sfm hs ulsmml. Chl kystmrhiuscy vglhsfm` smvmrgc kiltfs gai, gl` lilm in g lukdmr in `hvhlgthils fgvm ciogtm` fmr ir fmr di`y. Hs sfm `mg`9 _mormtcy

oilthlum` nrik prmvhius pgam

Qfhrcwhl` Chaftlhla Nmrrmt Gssguct! Gttgoe 7:/Aml ? Prg`hthil2 Glhkm-hsk Prg`hthil2  Glhkm-hsk _pmccogsthla @O2 4? @O2 4? Tglam2 Piuof Tglam2  Piuof Pgramts2 ]p ti 7? tgramts hl g 4:-nt. rg`hus omltmrm` il yiu @urgthil2 Ilm @urgthil2  Ilm riul` _gvhla Pfriw2 Tmfflmx Pfriw2 Tmfflmx fgcn  _pmcc Tmshstglom2 X Tmshstglom2 Xms ms

Xiu ormgtm g kgsshvm durst in mlmray ‐ chaftlhla dicts tfgt rmsmkdcm piulohla nmrrmts ‐ `mgchla 7:`> pihlts in mcmotrhohty `gkgam ti up ti tfhrtmml tgramts whtfhl 4:-nt. in yiu. Hn yiu grml‘t fhtthla tfhrtmml tgramts, yiu ogl gcwgys strhem mcmotrilho `mvhoms gl` try ti sfirt tfmk iut. Pyphogccy yiu sormgk tfhs gttgoe‘s lgkm gs yiu ogst tfm spmcc.

Chl‘s _halgturm _pmccs _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Xms Xiu ofgram g pcgyhla ogr` (ir sfurheml tfgt hs sfgpm` chem g pcgyhla ogr`) whtf gl gttgoe spmcc. Gntmr yiu tfriw tfm ogr`, tfm ﬇rst idbmot ht tiuofms hs struoe nir 7`> pihlts in silho `gkgam.

Nmw hn gly itfmr spmccogstmrs oiuc` usm Chl‘s i`` stycm in kgaho, wfhof oikdhlms tfrmm `hnnmrmlt trg`hthils gt ilom. Gt fmgrt sfm hs g stgam kgahohgl, fiwmvmr, si sfm hs nil` in khscmg`hla spmccs. Dmogusm sfm gcwgys usms tfm Ocgsshogc Nmy trg`hthil, tfism wfi `i lit dmchmvm hl kgaho whcc usugccy lit smm fmr ogst fmr spmccs. _fm gcsi gcwgys usms fmr _tgam Kgaho trg`hthil, si sfm aghls g +4 dilus ti spmccogsthla ofmoes whtf Hccushils, g``s fmr @mxtmrhty ki`h﬇mr ti tfm sgvm @O ti rmshst hccushils, gl` aghls g +7 dilus ti gcc fmr spmccogsthla ofmoes dmogusm in trg`hthil spmohgchzgthil. Fmr Quxhg _iromry trg`hthil cmts fmr ogst g spmcc tfgt tgramts ilcy fmr  ‐ mvml g spmcc sfm ormgtms il tfm ffly, lit bust shalgturm spmccs ‐ gs g swhnt gothil hn sfm mxpml`s fmr kgahogc nious. Dmogusm in tfhs cgst gdhchty, sfm kghltghls g nious wfmlmvmr pisshdcm.

Amtgwgy Kiliciaum Kivm 7:/Aml 7  Zistki`mrl oikdhlgthil2 Prg`hthil2 Zistki`mrl Prg`hthil2 Ocgsshogc Nmy, _tgam Kgaho, Quxhg _iromry _pmccogsthla @O2 47 @O2 47 Tglam2 Zmrsilgc Tglam2  Zmrsilgc @urgthil2 Pml @urgthil2  Pml khlutms _gvhla Pfriw2 Lilm Pfriw2 Lilm _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Li Xiu ogl pcglm sfhnt ti Aghg ir Pmrrg ilm thkm `urhla tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil gs g kivm gothil. Ogsthla tfhs dmnirm oikdgt kgems ht mgsy nir yiu ti msogpm tfm kikmlt tfhlas stgrt ti ciie dg`.

Gu`hmlom Zgrthohpgthil Ofgrk 7:/Aml 4 Prg`hthil2 Zistki`mrl Prg`hthil2  Zistki`mrl oikdhlgthil2 Ocgsshogc Nmy, _tgam Kgaho, Quxhg _iromry _pmccogsthla @O2 4: @O2 4: Tglam2 Ocism Tglam2  Ocism (?: nt.)

Cmamr`mkghl _trhem Kivm 1/Aml 4 Prg`hthil2 Zistki`mrl Prg`hthil2  Zistki`mrl oikdhlgthil2 Ocgsshogc Nmy, _tgam Kgaho, Quxhg _iromry _pmccogsthla @O2 7 @O2 78 8 Tglam2 Km`huk Tglam2  Km`huk (7=: nt.)

Grmg2 7:-nt. Ilm rg`hus @urgthil2 Ilm @urgthil2 khlutm _gvhla Pfriw2 Qhcc Pfriw2 Qhcc lmagtms _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Xms Xiu sml` iut g sudtcm tmcmpgtfho oikkgl` ti ilm ir kirm ormgturms hl g 7:-nt. rg`hus, ahvhla tfmk `hrmothils tfm mquhvgcmlt in ilm ir twi smltmloms. Hn tfmy nghc tfmhr hlhthgc sgvm, tfmy `i lit rmomhvm nurtfmr sgvms, gl` whcc idmy tfm hlstruothils yiu agvm nuccy.

@urgthil2 Ilm @urgthil2  Ilm  Lilm khlutm _gvhla Pfriw2 Pfriw2 Lilm _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Li Xiu oiltric tmcmehlmtho nirom, gl` grm gdcm ti kglhpucgtm idbmots ir gttgoe up ti 7=: nt. gwgy. Qfml kglhpucgthla idbmots, tfm spmcc usms yiur sehcc ki`h﬇mrs, whtf g ‟7 pmlgcty pmr 7: nt. nir `hstglom. Qfml gttgoehla, tfm spmcc hs trmgtm` gs fgvhla g dgsm gttgoe dilus in +1, g _trmlatf gl` @mxtmrhty ki`h﬇mr in +:, gl` g +0 shzm dilus ti kglmuvmrs chem trhps, argppcms, gl` ducc rusfms. Xiu ogl phoe up idbmots whtf tfm nirom gl` gttgoe whtf tfmk, `mgchla li kirm tfgl `6 `gkgam5 kist suof htmks grm hkprivhsm` wmgpils gl` hlour g ‟0 pmlgcty ti yiur gttgoe ricc. Pfm spmcc ogl chnt up ti 7=: cds.

Agkdcmr‘s Agkdht Gttgoe 7/Aml : Prg`hthil2 Zistki`mrl Prg`hthil2  Zistki`mrl oikdhlgthil2 Ocgsshogc Nmy, _tgam Kgaho, Quxhg _iromry _pmccogsthla @O2 77 @O2 77 Tglam2 _pmohgc Tglam2  _pmohgc @urgthil2 Ilm @urgthil2  Ilm khlutm _gvhla Pfriw2 Tmfflmx Pfriw2 Tmfflmx fgcn 

oilthlum` il lmxt pgam

??  

il g khsshil ti nuc﬇cc ^gl`mrsofkh`t‘s pichthogc hltmrmsts9 Zrmpgrhla g lmw gl` stullhla kgahogc pmrnirkglom9 Ir fgs fmr dmguty shkpcy ogpthvgtm` glitfmr yiula kgl9 Fukgl Ngst Fmri 4/Ofgrhskgtho Fmri =/Kgam 4. Nmkgcm fukgl (40 ymgrs ic`)5 F@?: 4`6+1`>5 fp ?15 Kgs 7:5 HlhtOT +=585_p` nt.5 @mnmlsm 44, tiuof 44, fflgt-niitm` 7: (+1 ocgss, += @mx)5 DGD +05 Argp +?5 Gte +0 kmcmm (7`? mcmorhohty pcus @O 7= ir pgrgcyshs, stul aul wgl`) ir +74 rglam` (7, pcgyhla ogr` sfurheml)5 _G kgaho5 _^ Nirt +?, Tmn +74, Qhcc +>5 _tr 6, @mx 4:, Oil 7:, Hlt 7>, Qhs 7:, Ofg 70. Gothil Zihlts 7:. Qmgctf +7:. Tmputgthil +0. _tgrthla Iooupgthil2 G`mpt (ocgss sehccs ‐ Zmrnirk Zmrnirk).). _ehccs2   Dcunn +74, Oilomltrgthil +7:, @hpcikgoy +77, Msogpm Grthst +7:, Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) +6, Eliwcm`am

oilthlum` nrik prmvhius pgam

Khs`hrmothil Hccushil 1/Aml 0 Prg`hthil2 Zistki`mrl Prg`hthil2  Zistki`mrl oikdhlgthil2 Ocgsshogc Nmy, _tgam Kgaho, Quxhg _iromry _pmccogsthla @O2 47 @O2 47 Tglam2 Zmrsilgc Tglam2  Zmrsilgc  0:-nt. rg`hus Grmg2 0:-nt. Grmg2 @urgthil2 Ilm @urgthil2  Ilm khlutm _gvhla Pfriw2 Qhcc Pfriw2 Qhcc `hsdmchmvm _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Li Pfhs spmcc ormgtms g dmvy in oilnushla hccushils. Mvmry ormgturm hl tfm grmg in mnnmot hs oilomgcm` dy g oikpcmx hccushil tfgt kgems ht ciie gl` siul` chem glitfmr ormgturm hl tfm grmg. Xiu, fiwmvmr, grm oilomgcm` whtf gl hccushil ti kgem yiu hlvhshdcm, gl` g spgrm hccushil tfgt hs lit oillmotm` ti glyilm gppmgrs hl tfm grmg si tfgt pmipcm `i lit lithom yiur gdsmlom. Wuhoemr tfgl tfm Mym Ofgrk >/Hccushil 0/Aml 4 Prg`hthil2 Zistki`mrl Prg`hthil2  Zistki`mrl oikdhlgthil2 Ocgsshogc Nmy, _tgam Kgaho, Quxhg _iromry

kmkirhms in tfism griul` yiu si tfmy `i lit rmogcc tfm pgst khlutm. Ormgturms grm gcciwm` g Qhcc sgvm ti lmagtm tfm kmkiry ciss, dut `i lit gutikgthogccy rmomhvm g Qhcc sgvm ti `hsdmchmvm tfm hccushil. Dmogusm tfm spmcc hs sudtcm, ormgturms wfi nghc tfmhr hlhthgc sgvm gaghlst tfm kmkiry ciss grm lit gcciwm` ti kgem sgvms hl cgtmr riul`s. Pyphogccy tfhs spmcc hs usm` ti fmcp yiu amt iut in g sthoey shtugthil dy kgehla tfism griul` yiu niramt yiu wmrm mvml tfmrm. Gt tfm ml` in tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil, gnnmotm` ormgturms amt tfmhr kmkirhms dgoe. _tgam Zrmsmlom Hccushil 77/Aml 7 Prg`hthil2 Zistki`mrl Prg`hthil2  Zistki`mrl oikdhlgthil2 Ocgsshogc Nmy, _tgam Kgaho, Quxhg _iromry _pmccogsthla @O2 44 @O2 44  Zmrsilgc Tglam2 Zmrsilgc Tglam2 @urgthil2 Pml @urgthil2  Pml khlutms _gvhla Pfriw2 Qhcc Pfriw2 Qhcc `hsdmchmvm _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Li Nir tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil, yiur kgahogc gurg hs oilomgcm` whtf g rmgothvm hccushil.

_pmccogsthla @O2 44 @O2 44 Pyphogccy tfhs gcciws yiu ti gppmgr ti (ohvhos) +6, Zmrnirk (stgam kgaho) +70, fgvm li gurg gt gcc, dut tfm spmcc rmgots Tglam2 Zmrsilgc Tglam2  Zmrsilgc Tmg`/Qrhtm Cglaugam (Mlachsf, Nrmlof, gppriprhgtmcy ti tfm shtugthil gl` yiur Grmg2 4:-nt. Grmg2  4:-nt. rg`hus omltmrm` il yiu Ofhlmsm), _cmhaft in Fgl` +74, _pmge  Ilm khlutm `mshrms whtfiut yiu fgvhla ti oilomltrgtm @urgthil2 Ilm @urgthil2 Cglaugam (Mlachsf, Nrmlof, Ofhlmsm), ti `hrmot ht. Pfhs hs h`mgc nir kgahohgl stgam _gvhla Pfriw2 Qhcc Pfriw2 Qhcc pgrthgc (smm dmciw) _pmccorgnt +6. sfiws, si tfgt mvml kgaho-usmrs gkila _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Xms (smm dmciw) Kgahogc _ehcc rgles2   Gttgoe +4, Xiu oilomgc yiursmcn whtf g stgl`gr` tfm gu`hmlom whcc lit eliw wfmtfmr yiu‘rm vhsugc hccushil ti kgem yiursmcn hlvhshdcm, ushla kgaho hl yiur pmrnirkglom. Ofgrk +74, Hccushil +74, Kivm +74. gl` usm g sudtcm ofgrk spmcc ti mrgsm tfm Nmgts2 Groglm _ehccs, Ocgsshogc Nmy, @mnmlshvm Kgrthgc Grts, Mxitho Qmgpil Zri﬇ohmloy (sfurheml), Hril Qhcc, Chaftlhla Tmfflmxms, Tussmcc‘s _halgturm _pmccs Kivmkmlt _pmohgchzgthil (tmcmpirtgthil), Zihlt-Dcgle _fit, Zistki`mrl Kgaus, _tgam Kgaho, Quxhg _iromry. Gs Tussmcc ^gl`mrsofkh`t ogllit ogst spiltglmius kgaho, fm `ims lit fgvm shalgturm spmccs. Pgcmlts gl` Gdhchthms2 Mvgshil, Ngst-Pgce, Ngst-Pgce, @gzzcm (ricc `4:+1 gaghlst @O 7=, hn suoomssnuc, nim kgems Qhcc sgvm (@O 71) ir mcsm sunnmrs ‟4 pmlgcty ti gttgoe riccs, gdhchty ofmoes, sehcc ofmoes, nir rmsmgrof gl` spmcc orgnthla. gl` sgvhla tfriws nir = riul`s), trg`hthil spmohgchzgthil spmohgchz gthil (_tgam Gntmr nirty ymgrs‘ mxpmrhmlom `mgchla whtf `g lamrius gl` Kgaho), trg`hthil sehccs (Dcunn, _cmhaft in Fgl`). vhicmlt ormgturms gl` kgaho-usmrs, tfm gahla ^gl`mrsofkh`t ^gl`mrsofkh`t Zissmsshils2  _tul  _tul aul `hsauhsm` gs kgahohgl‘s wgl`, pgoe nmmcs fm ogl oil﬇`mltcy fgl`cm gly tfrmgt fm ngoms. Hn in =4 kgstmrorgnt (+? gttgoe) sfurheml tfgt ciie chem pcgyhla smrhiuscy ofgccmlam`, fm kmrmcy rmtrmgts ulthc fm ogl ciogtm ogr`s, kgp in Pmrrg o. ?: DO. ir rmsmgrof g pripmr rhtugc whtf wht f wfhof ti `mnmgt fhs nim. _kgrt Fmri 7:/@m`hogtm` Fmri 4.  4.  Kgcm fukgl (>= Tussmcc ^gl`mrsofkh`t ymgrs ic`)5 OT 745 F@ 74`>5 fp 045 Kgs 7:5 Hlht ‟45 _p` 4= Tussmcc ^gl`mrsofkh`t hs tii ic` ti phl fhksmcn `iwl whtf nt.5 @mnmlsm 4:, tiuof 7?, fflgt-niitm` 7= (+= ocgss, ‟4 @mx, +1 gccmhagloms gs fm `h` hl fhs yiutf. Pfiuaf gt thkms fm fgs kgstmrorgnt tgothogc vmst), +7 gaghlst kmcmm gttgoes5 DGD +>5 wirem` whtf ditf tfm Durmgu gl` tfm Elhafts in tfm Tiul`, Argp +>5 Gte +7: kmcmm (7`> kgstmrorgnt rgphmr)5 Nucc Gte fm fgs rmthrm` gl` liw niousms fhs mlmrahms tiwgr` tmgofhla +7:/+= (7`> kgstmrorgnt rgphmr)5 _G kgaho5 _^ Nirt +=, Tmn +7, kgaho hl vgrhius gog`mkhms hl _iutfgkptil, Cil`il, gl` Qhcc +745 _tr 77, @mx >, Oil 7:, Hlt 4:, Qhs 7>, Ofg 74. Gothil Mccshlatil. G stgulof suppirtmr in fukglehl`, ^gl`mrsofkh`t Zihlts 77. Qmgctf +?4. Tmputgthil +=. rmnusms ti cmgrl spiltglmius spmccogsthla, wfhof fm dmchmvms hs _tgrthla Iooupgthil2 Gog`mkho (ocgss sehccs ‐ Oikputmr

tghltm` whtf tfm hlfflumlom in tfm nmy. Hlstmg`, fm fgs dmoikm g kgstmr in rhtugc kgaho. Hl g``hthil ti tfm ful`rm`s in spmccs fm emmps il fhs pgck oikputmr, ^gl`mrsofkh`t fgs g vgst chdrgry

]sm, Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm), Tmsmgrof). _ehccs2   Dcunn +6*, Oikputmr ]sm +?7, Oilomltrgthil +8,  Bukp +8*, Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) +?>, Eliwcm`am (grt) +4:,

?0  

Eliwcm`am (fhstiry) +44, Eliwcm`am (tfmiciay gl` pfhcisipfy) +4:, Zrinmsshil +76, Tmg`/_pmge Cglaugams (Nrmlof, Agmcho, Amrkgl, Armme, Cgthl, Ic` Mlachsf, Tusshgl), Tmsmgrof +?7, _mlsm Kithvm +70, _pmccorgnt +4:, Pukdcm +1*. *Oriss ocgss sehcc.

Bmlly‘s _halgturm _pmccs G elhaft in tfm Durmgu, Bmlly ofiisms fmr shalgturm spmccs prhkgrhcy nir tfmhr vgcum hl tfm ofgccmlams sfm kist intml ngoms ‐ ulmgsy sphrhts tfgt smme ti pissmss, vhicmlt kilstmrs tfgt wglt ti gttgoe, gl` oilnusm` fukgls wfi lmm` ti dm ogckm` `iwl.

_gvhla Pfriw2 Qhcc Pfriw2 Qhcc lmagtms (fgrkcmss) _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Xms Tmshstglom2 Xms (fgrkcmss) Xiu arglt tfm tiuofm` ormgturm g +> mlfglomkmlt dilus ti GO gl` @T =/ kgaho.

_ehccs, Grofgho Qmgpil Nmgts2 Groglm Zri﬇ohmloy, Grkir Zri﬇ohmloy (chaft, km`huk), Oikdgt Mxpmrthsm, @mnmlshvm Kgrthgc Grts, M`uogtm` (groglm cirm, fhstiry), Mcushvm Pgramt, Hkprivm` @hsgrk, Hril Qhcc, Thtugc Kgam, Qmgpil Nious (rgphmr). Pgcmlts2 Mxpciht Qmgelmss (kivm gothil, usm Hlt dilus nir gttgoe riccs gaghlst ilm nim), Zcgl, _gvglt +7: (Oikputmr ]sm, Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm), Tmsmgrof), _ehcc Mkpfgshs (groglm cirm). Zissmsshils2   Kgstmrorgnt tgothogc vmst (+7 `mnmlsm), kgstmrorgnt rgphmr

Ogck tfm ]lmgsy _phrht Ofgrk >/Aml ?  Ofrhsthgl Fmgcmr Prg`hthil2 Ofrhsthgl Prg`hthil2 _pmccogsthla @O2 7 @O2 78 8 Tglam2 Ocism Tglam2  Ocism (?: nt.) Grmg2 4:-nt. rg`hus @urgthil2 Ilm @urgthil2  Ilm khlutm _gvhla Pfriw2 Qhcc Pfriw2 Qhcc pgrthgc _pmcc Tmshstglom2 X Tmshstglom2 Xms ms Ormgturms hl tfm grmg in mnnmot, ditf gchvm gl` ul`mg` (shlom Bmlly fgs tfm Oikkgl` ]l`mg` nmgt), fgvm tfmhr gtthtu`ms sfhntm` up ti niur stmps kirm nrhml`cy tiwgr` yiu. Pfism wfi suoomm` tfmhr sgvm fgvm tfmhr gtthtu`ms sfhntm` twi stmps kirm nrhml`cy nrhml`cy..

@mnml` =/Aml 4  Ofrhsthgl Fmgcmr Prg`hthil2 Ofrhsthgl Prg`hthil2 _pmccogsthla @O2 7 @O2 71 1 Tglam2 Piuof Tglam2  Piuof tg ramts hl g 7:-nt. rg`hus Grmg2 ]p ti 1 tgramts omltmrm` il yiu @urgthil2 Ilm @urgthil2  Ilm khlutm _gvhla Pfriw2 Qhcc Pfriw2 Qhcc lmagtms (fgrkcmss) _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Xms Tmshstglom2 Xms (fgrkcmss) ]p ti smvml ormgturms rmomhvm g diil tfgt arglts tfmk g += rmshstglom dilus ti Qhcc sgvms. Pfhs dilus cgsts mvml hn tfmy cmgvm tfm spmcc‘s grmg.

(+? gttgoe), pgck spmccdiie (oiltghls ful`rm`s in rhtugc spmccs), emy.

Ahr` tfm Di`y @mnml` 74/Aml : Prg`hthil2 Ofrhsthgl Prg`hthil2  Ofrhsthgl Fmgcmr _pmccogsthla @O2 44 @O2 44 Tglam2 Piuof Tglam2  Piuof  Ilm khlutm @urgthil2 Ilm @urgthil2

Bmlly Qhl`argvm

Ahr` tfm _iuc

Ai`‘s Dcmsshla  Ourm 74/Aml : Prg`hthil2 Ofrhsthgl Prg`hthil2  Ofrhsthgl Fmgcmr _pmccogsthla @O2 44 @O2 44 Tglam2 Piuof Tglam2  Piuof @urgthil2 Ilm @urgthil2  Ilm riul` _gvhla Pfriw2 Qhcc Pfriw2 Qhcc lmagtms (fgrkcmss) _pmcc Tmshstglom2 Xms Tmshstglom2 Xms (fgrkcmss) Xiu fmgc 4`> pihlts in `gkgam ti tfm ormgturm tiuofm`.

 Bmlly‘s ngkhcy fgs lmvmr chvm` il g rmsmrvgthil, dut fmr Lgthvm Gkmrhogl fmrhtgam fmcpm` fmr lgd g soficgrsfhp ti tfm _gvgllgf Grt & @mshal Hlsthtutm nir g Zmrnirkhla Grts `marmm. Fgvhla ariwl up hl ditf prhvgtm Ogtficho sofiics (wfmrm tfm hlvmlthvm stu`mlts lhoelgkm` fmr –Tullhla Firsm‛), gl` orukky pudcho sofiics (wfmrm fmr fhstiry tmgofmr fg` –Ziogfiltgs‛), sfm fg` fipm` gl grt oiccmam wiuc` fgvm mliuaf smcn-kg`m wmhr` pmipcm tfgt sfm wiuc` lit stgl` iut dmogusm in fmr rgom. Hlstmg`, sfm stii` iut dmogusm in fmr nghtf, pgrthoucgrcy dmogusm fmr kghl gothla mxpmrhmlom fg` dmml hl Zgsshil Zcgys. Gt _G@H, tfm ngot tfgt sfm wgs lit g cgpsm`  Ogtficho  Ogtficho ngsohlgtm` fmr nrhml`s. _fm lmvmr kglgam` ti ﬇lhsf fmr `marmm fiwmvmr, dmogusm hl tfm sukkmr dmnirm fmr cgst ymgr sfm gl` g nmw nmcciw stu`mlts wmrm gttgoem` dy g vgkphrm hl tfm strmmts in _gvgllgf. Qhtf tfm gh` in g Durmgu gamlt tfmy wmrm gdcm ti `mnmgt tfm kilstmr, dut Bmlly‘s dmchmns wmrm turlm` il tfmhr fmg`, nir `urhla tfm ﬇aft sfm wgs oiltgotm` dy Zgtgkgl, g afist in ilm in fmr glomstirs. _truaachla ti rmoilohcm tfm mxhstmlom in g sfgkgl‘s afist whtf fmr Ofrhsthgl nghtf, sfm bihlm` tfm Durmgu ti cmgrl kirm in tfm fh``ml wirc` in kgaho. Hl tfm pgst ﬇vm ymgrs sfm fgs oikm ti tmrks whtf g wirc` tfgt `hsgarmms sikmwfgt whtf fmr nghtf, wfhcm kglgahla ti dmoikm tfm

hlohtm` tfm ﬇aft tfgt tiie fhs chnm, gl` fm rmnusm` ti cmt fhksmcn pgss il ulthc fm fg` kglgam` ti pritmot g `msoml`glt nrik shkhcgr fgrk. Bmlly fgs lmvmr dmml gs niicfgr`y gs Zgtgkgl wgs, dut tfm wmgry sphrht sgw hl fmr fhs cgst ofglom ti sfgrm fhs whs`ik dmnirm tfm chlm in fhs `msoml`glts oikpcmtmcy gdgl`ilm` dmchmn hl tfm ic` wgys. Fukgl Ofgrhskgtho Fmri >/Ngst Fmri 4/_trila Fmri 4. Nmkgcm fukgl (4> ymgrs ic`)5 OT 7:5 F@ >`>+0`65 fp ?85 Kgs 7:5 Hlht ‟75 _p` ?: nt.5 @mnmlsm 47, tiuof 71, fflgt-niitm` 7? (+6 ocgss, +0 kgstmrorgnt cmgtfmr bgoemt, ‟7 @mx)5 DGD +>5 Argp +>5 Gte +1 kmcmm (7`>+7 kgstmrorgnt gamlt spmgr) ir +> rglam` (7`6 kgstmrorgnt gamlt oikpiul` diw)5 _G kgaho5 _^ Nirt +=, Tmn +0, Qhcc +>5 _tr 7:, @mx 6, Oil 7:, Hlt 74, Qhs 70, Ofg 4:. Gothil Zihlts 7:. Qmgctf +?. Tmputgthil +>. _tgrthla Iooupgthil2 Ormgthvm (ocgss sehccs ‐ @hsauhsm, @ hsauhsm, Eliwcm`am (grt), Zmrnirk (got)). _ehccs2   Dcunn +77, Orgnt (vhsugc grt) +?, @hpcikgoy +7>, @hsauhsm +7>, Hlthkh`gtm +70, Eliwcm`am (grt) +0, Eliwcm`am (tfmiciay gl` pfhcisipfy) +?, Zmrnirk (got) +7=, Th`m +:, _mlsm Kithvm +0*, _pmccorgnt +?*. *Oriss ocgss sehcc. Kgahogc _ehcc rgles2  Ofgrk  Ofgrk +6, Ourm +7?, @mnml` +74. Nmgts2   Glhkhsk, Grofgho Qmgpils Zri﬇ohmloy, Grkir

smoil` fhafmst-rglem` ﬇mc` gamlt hl _gvgllgf. Zgtgkgl wgs g yiula sfgkgl wfi `hm` ti tfm aul﬇rm in Ofrhsthgl smttcmrs hl tfm smvmltmmltf omltury. Zgtgkgl fg`

Zri﬇ohmloy (chaft), Ofrhsthgl Fmgcmr, Oikkgl` ]l`mg`, @mnmlshvm Kgrthgc Grts, Nrhaftnuc Zrmsmlom (@O 40), Armgtmr _phrhtdil`, Hril Qhcc, Tmliwl.

?=  

Pgcmlts2 Oiir`hlgtm, Hlsphrgthil, Armgtmr Hlsphrgthil, Mvgshil, Kmcmm _kgsf. Zissmsshils2   Kgstmrorgnt gamlt spmgr, kgstmrorgnt (+? `mnmlsm) cmgtfmr bgoemt, kgstmrorgnt gamlt oikpdiul` diw, grkpht ficstmr grriw quhvmr (mlofgltm` ti ormgtm grriws wfml lmm`m`). Grkir hlours g +4 hlormgsm ti spmccogsthla @Os.

Afists gl` _phrhts 

Kist fukgls wfi usm kgaho hl tfm FHAF  NGLPG_X smtthla aghl goomss ti kgaho dy dil`hla whtf g sphrht. G typhogc sphrht hs g fukgl afist tfgt dil`s whtf g chvhla pmrsil dmogusm ht dmchmvms tfm pmrsil whcc dm gdcm ti fmcp ht g``rmss wfgtmvmr pridcmks fgvm empt tfm sphrht nrik pgsshla il gntmr hts `mgtf. Hl kirm glomstirirhmltm` siohmthms, sphrhts sikmthkms dil` whtf tfm chvhla ti auh`m tfmk t fmk gl` pritmot tfmk. G pcgymr wfism ofgrgotmr dil`s whtf g sphrht sfiuc` wire whtf tfm agkm kgstmr ti `mvmcip tfm sphrht‘s pmrsilgchty gl` fhstiry. Fiwmvmr, `um ti tfm chkhtm` oillmothil dmtwmml tfm fukgl gl` fhs sphrht, tfm sphrht ogllit gnnmot tfm wirc` in tfm chvhla hl glytfhla dut tfm kist sudtcm wgys. Glhkgcs kgy sfy gwgy gt tfm prmsmlom in tfm sphrht, dut fukgls ogllit smm tfm sphrht whtfiut tfm gh` in kgaho. Pfm sphrht ogllit kivm idbmots ir strgy nrik tfm sh`m in tfm fukgl whtf wfik ht fgs dil`m`. Ht ogl ilcy smm wfgt tfm fukgl smms, si ht ogllit soiut. Fiwmvmr, ht ogl smm gl` spmge whtf itfmr sphrhts. Pfm sphrht hs mnnmothvmcy g vihom hl tfm ofgrgotmr‘s fmg`. _phrhts ogllit dm fgrkm`. Pfm ilcy spmccs tfgt ogl gnnmot tfmk grm Ofgrk spmccs ogst whtf tfm Oikkgl` ]l`mg` nmgt. ]sugccy tfhs hs usm` nir mxirohsks, wfhof hlvicvm ahvhla tfm sphrht tfm tmcmpgtfho oikkgl`, –Cmgvm fhk,‛ ir sikmtfhla shkhcgr. Pfm ofgrgotmr ti wfik tfm sphrht hs dil`m` usms fhs Qhcc sgvm ti rmshst tfhs oikkgl`. Hn fm nghcs, tfm sphrht cmgvms fhk gl` fm cisms gcc spmccogsthla gdhchty nir tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil.

Hn tfm spmcc hs kg`m pmrkglmlt, tfm sphrht usugccy pgssms il ti hts gntmrchnm. G sphrht mxhsts il tfm sgkm pcglm gs tfm pmrsil ti wfik ht hs dil`m`, gl` wfml g pmrsil trgvmcs dmtwmml Pmrrg Pmrrg gl` Aghg, fhs dil`m` sphrht trgvmcs whtf fhk. Il Aghg, sphrhts gppmgr gs whspy ﬇aurms, gl` grm gdcm ti trgvmc up ti ?: nmmt nrik tfmhr dil`m` Mvml il Aghg, fiwmvmr, sphrhts ogllit dmfukgl. fgrkm`. G ofgrgotmr ogl tgem tfm Armgtmr _phrhtdil` nmgt ti mlfglom tfm ogpgdhchthms in fhs dil`m` sphrht. Ofgrgotmrs ogl tgem tfm Armgtmr _phrhtdil` nmgt ti aghl g dil`m` sphrht mvml hn tfmy fgvm li spmccogsthla gdhchty.

 Kgah gl` @rgails  @rgails  Ofgrgotmrs whtf trg`hthil nmgts fgvm g ocism dil` ti kgaho, wfhof kgems tfmk vuclmrgdcm ti omrtghl `glamrs tfgt grm fgrkcmss ti kul`glm pmipcm. Pfm kist ngkius mxgkpcm in tfhs hs tfm kgahogc gurg in g `rgail. Ditf Mgstmrl gl` Qmstmrl `rgails grm ormgturms in hltmlsm kgahogc piwmr, gl` tfmhr kgahogc gurg hs si strila tfgt gly lil-`rgail kgaho-usmr tfgt oikms hl oiltgot whtf ht ogl dm `hsgdcm`. @rgails ogl supprmss ir rmlmw tfmhr gurg gs g nrmm gothil, gl` tfmy typhogccy supprmss ht wfml hltmrgothla whtf cmssmr ormgturms. G `rgail‘s kgahogc gurg `mtmots gs hn ht wmrm g spmcc in g cmvmc mqugc ti twhom hts fht `hom, kmglhla gly `rgail whtf > F@ rmahstmrs gs strila kgaho, gl` ilm in 74 F@ rmahstmrs gs ivmrwfmckhlacy piwmrnuc (smm tfm @hvhlm sehcc, pgam 01 ). Qfml tfm `rgail whtf 74 ir kirm F@ ofiisms ti ulcmgsf hts gurg, ht gnnmots g 7:nt. rg`hus pmr fht `hm, gl` gly kgaho-usmr hl tfm grmg whtf nmwmr fht `hom tfgl tfm `rgail kust suoomm` g Qhcc sgvm (@O 7: + » tfm `rgail‘s F@ + `rgail‘s Ofg ki`h﬇mr) ir dm stullm` nir ilm riul`. Hn tfm kgaho-usmr nghcs tfhs sgvm, fm cisms goomss ti gcc kgahogc piwmrs fm fgs. Mgof riul` tfm kgahousmr ogl gttmkpt glitfmr sgvhla tfriw, gl` hn fm suoomm`s fm rmaghls goomss ti fhs kgahogc piwmrs. Pfhs hs ilm rmgsil wfy trg`hthilgccy `rgail scgymrs wmrm gcc wgrrhirs, lit kgams. Hccustrgthil dy B. C. Bilms 

?>  

Pfhs ofgptmr `msorhdms tfm kgahogc sehccs gl` wfgt mnnmots yiu ogl ormgtm whtf tfmk. Pfmrm grm tml kgahogc sehccs2 sehcc s2  Gttgoe   Gttgoe 

 @hvhlm

 Ofgrk

 Hccushil

 Ormgtm  Ourm

 Kivm  _ukkil

 @mnml`

 Prglsnirk  Prglsnirk

Gcsi, _pmccorgnt, hl g``hthil ti hts kul`glm usms ti h`mlthny spmccs, ogl dm usm` gs g kgahogc sehcc ti `hspmc ir oiultmr spmccs. Gcc kgahogc sehccs ogl ilcy dm usm` trghlm`. Li gdhchty soirm ki`h﬇ms tfmk, gl` tfmy grm lit mchahdcm nir nmgts ir gdhchthms chem _ehcc Mkpfgshs tfgt mlfglom sehccs. Pfm ilcy wgy ti aghl g dilus ti g kgahogc sehcc hs ti tgem ilm in tfm nmw trg`hthil nmgts tfgt arglt g dilus ti g kgahogc sehcc.

Ormgthla _pmccs  Gs g dgsmchlm, gcc spmccs fgvm tfm nicciwhla ofgrgotmrhsthos. Ogsthla Phkm2 _tgl`gr` Phkm2 _tgl`gr` gothil. @urgthil2 ]p @urgthil2  ]p ti ilm khlutm (@). Xiu ogl fic` g ofgram` spmcc gntmr ogsthla ht, wghthla ti rmcmgsm hts mnnmot, dut tfm `urgthil hs sthcc trgoem` nrik tfm kikmlt ht hs `ilm dmhla ogst. Tglam2 Piuof.  Pgramt2  Pgramt2 G  G ormgturm, idbmot, ir pihlt hl spgom.  Grmg in Mnnmot2 ]p Mnnmot2 ]p ti ilm =-nt. squgrm.  Gnnmothla Pgramts2 gramts2   Qfml yiu ogst yiur spmcc, ofiism g ormgturm, idbmot, ir pihlt-hl-spgom whtfhl rglam. Pfhs hs tfm omltmr in tfm grmg in mnnmot. Hn yiu ofiism g ormgturm ir idbmot, tfm spmcc hs glofirm` ti ht, gl` tfm grmg in mnnmot kivms wfmrmvmr ht kivms. Hn yiu ofiism g pihlt hl spgom, tfm grmg in mnnmot hs stgtho gl` ulkivhla. Gcsi, hlstmg` in g =-nt. grmg, yiu kgy ofiism nir tfm spmcc

ti shkpcy gnnmot ilm ormgturm ir idbmot. Pfus, hn yiur nrhml` gl` gl mlmky grm argppchla gl` hl tfm sgkm squgrm, yiu oiuc` tgramt g Ofgrk spmcc ti gnnmot ilcy tfm mlmky, hlstmg` in g =-nt. grmg. _pmohgc Pgramthla2 Xiu ogl ofiism ti ofgram tfm spmcc hlti gl idbmot tfgt hs whtfhl rglam, gl` tfm ﬇rst ormgturm ir idbmot ht tiuofms dmoikms tfm glofir in tfm spmcc. Hn yiu ofgram gl idbmot tfhs wgy, yiu ogl tfml ogst kirm spmccs whtfiut ogushla tfm ofgram` spmcc ti ml`. Tmkmkdmr, tfiuaf, tfgt tfm `urgthil hs rullhla gs siil gs yiu ogst tfm spmcc, si hn li ilm tiuofms tfm ofgram` idbmot, tfm spmcc hs wgstm`. Ilm mxgkpcm in tfhs hs ofgrahla grriws whtf Gttgoe spmccs si tfmy mxpci`m wfml tfmy fht. Mlfglomkmlts2 Kgahogc sehccs fgvm mnnmots `mpml`hla il tfm spmcc‘s cmvmc, gl` wfml ormgthla g spmcc, g ofgrgotmr dgshogccy ofiisms mlfglomkmlts tfgt hlormgsm tfm spmcc‘s cmvmc. Mgof kgahogc sehcc fgs hts iwl chst in mlfglomkmlts. G``hthilgccy, gly spmcc ogl usm amlmrgc mlfglomkmlts ti hkprivm tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil, rglam, ir grmg in mnnmot. Nir mxgkpcm, whtf gl Gttgoe spmcc, 7`> pihlts in `gkgam hs g 7st-cmvmc mnnmot, wfhcm =`> hs g =tf-cmvmc mnnmot. G ofgrgotmr oiuc` gcsi ofiism tfm cila rglam mlfglomkmlt, wfhof hlormgsms tfm spmcc‘s cmvmc dy +0, gcciwhla fhk ti `mgc =`> pihlts in `gkgam ti g ormgturm whtfhl 6:: nt. gs g 8tf-cmvmc spmcc. Fm oiuc` gcsi ofiism ti ahvm tfm spmcc g 4:-nt. rg`hus, hlormgshla tfm spmcc‘s cmvmc dy +4, ormgthla g fhafcy vhshdcm mxpcishil ir g vmry sudtcm `rghlhla in chnm mlmray gt cila rglam. Pfhs wiuc` dm gl 77tf-cmvmc spmcc. Qfml `msorhdhla spmccs, chst tfmhr typm gl` tfm lukdmr in cmvmcs in mlfglomkmlts nrik tfgt typm, tfml hlocu`m g chsthla in fiw kgly cmvmcs in amlmrgc mlfglomkmlts tfm spmcc fgs. Pfm 4:-nt. rg`hus vmrshil in tfm mxgkpcm spmcc gdivm wiuc` dm chstm` gs Gttgoe =/Aml >. Mlfglomkmlts grm chstm` hl tfm nicciwhla nirkgt. Lgkm in Mlfglomkmlt (+x cmvmc hlormgsm nir spmcc). Pfm spmcc). Pfm mnnmot in tfm mlfglomkmlt.

Hccustrgthil dy Bml _tgrchla 

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Amlmrgc Mlfglomkmlts 

G`vglom` _pmccogsthla 

Pfm nicciwhla grm amlmrgc (Aml) mlfglomkmlts, gvghcgdcm ti gly spmcc. Tglam (^grhms). Pfm spmcc fgs g rglam armgtmr tfgl Piuof. Tglam, _firt (+7). Pfm spmcc fgs g rglam in ?: nt., ir amlmrgccy tfm shzm in g skgcc

Ht hs pisshdcm ti oikdhlm twi typms in kgaho hlti ilm spmcc. Nir mxgkpcm, yiu khaft ogst g spmcc tfgt ormgtms o rmgtms pcgtm grkir il gl gccy (Ormgtm 6) gl` arglts

kmcmm Tglam,oikdgt. Km`huk (+4). Pfm spmcc fgs g rglam in 7=: nt., ir amlmrgccy tfm shzm in gly ocism- ti km`huk-rglam aul﬇aft. Tglam, Cila (+0). Pfm spmcc fgs g rglam in 6:: nt., ir amlmrgccy ngr mliuaf ti rmgof pmipcm wfi ogl smm yiu, gt gdiut tfm chkht in ocmgr vhshil. Tglam, Qirc` (+4:). Pfm (+4:). Pfm spmcc fgs g rglam tfgt rmgofms glywfmrm hl tfm wirc` gl` hlti fhaf irdht. Hn yiu `i lit fgvm tfm Kivmkmlt _pmohgchst (tmcmpirtgthil) nmgt, hlormgsm tfm oist in tfhs mlfglomkmlt ti +4=. Xiu ogl ilcy tgramt sikmwfmrm tfgt yiu ogl smm, tfiuaf chvm tmcmvhshil

fhk g +0 mlfglomkmlt dilus ti GO (@mnml` 0), cgsthla nir tml khlutms (Aml 7). Pfm spmcc wiuc` dm chstm` gs Ormgtm 6/@mnml` 0/Aml 7, gl` wiuc` dm g 7?tf cmvmc spmcc. Qfml ogsthla rhtugc oikdhlm` spmccs, tfmrm grm li spmohgc rucms. Qfml ogsthla g spiltglmius oikdhlm` spmcc, yiu grm sthcc chkhtm` ti fgvhla li kirm cmvmcs hl g shlacm spmcc tfgl fiw kgly rgles yiu fgvm hl tfm gppriprhgtm sehcc, gl` tfm spmcc‘s titgc cmvmc ogllit dm fhafmr tfgl yiur rgles hl wfhofmvmr kgahogc sehcc yiu fgvm tfm kist rgles hl tfgt tfm spmcc usms. Xiu usm wfhofmvmr sehcc hs ciwmst il yiur sehcc ofmoe gaghlst tfm spmcc‘s @O. Oilthluhla tfm gdivm mxgkpcm, yiu oiuc` ogst tfm spmcc gs cila gs yiu fg` gt cmgst 6 rgles hl Ormgtm gl` 0 rgles hl @mnml`, gl` gt cmgst 7? rgles hl ilm in tfism twi sehccs. Hn yiu fg` 7? rgles hl Ormgtm gl` 0 rgles hl @mnml`, yiu wiuc` ricc `4:+0 gaghlst @O 76. Hn yiu fg` 6 rgles hl Ormgtm gl` 0 rgles hl @mnml`, yiu oiuc` sthcc ogst tfm spmcc, dut yiu‘` dmoikm ngthaum` ulcmss yiu spmlt gl gothil pihlt.

Pfmsm rucms gcciw g`vglom` tmoflhqums, hn tfm agkm kgstmr hs whcchla ti gcciw g chttcm kirm oikpcmxhty hlti fhs agkm.

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nmm`s ir rmkitm vhmwhla qugch﬇ms.  Grmg (^ (^grhms). grhms). Pfm spmcc gnnmots gl grmg armgtmr tfgl ilm =-nt. squgrm.  Grmg, Tg`hus (+7). Pfm (+7). Pfm grmg in mnnmot fgs g 7:-nt. rg`hus. Pfm sfgpm in tfm grmg kust dm shkpcm gl` oilthauius, suof gs g ﬇ccm` ohrocm, g ficciw rhla, g oriss, ir gl _-sfgpm, dut yiu ogllit ofiism g kirm oikpchogtm` sfgpm. Pfus, yiu ogllit ofiism ti tgramt niur rgl`ik squgrms whtf mlmkhms dut gvih` tfism whtf gcchms. Nir mvmry 7 g``hthilgc cmvmc spmlt il tfhs mlfglomkmlt, hlormgsm tfm rg`hus dy 7: nmmt.  Grmg, Ciogc (+74). (+74).   Pfm spmcc‘s grmg in mnnmot hs gl 6::-nt. rg`hus.  Grmg, ^gst (+4:). Pfm (+4:). Pfm spmcc‘s grmg in mnnmot hs g 7-khcm rg`hus.  Grmg, Tmahilgc (+?:). Pfm (+?:). Pfm spmcc‘s grmg in mnnmot hs g 7::-khcm rg`hus.  Grmg, Qirc` Qirc` (+0:). Pfm (+0:). Pfm spmcc‘s grmg hs gl mlthrm wirc`. Oilthlamloy (^grhms). Qfml yiu ogst tfm spmcc, yiu ofiism gcc tfm spmcc‘s mnnmots, dut tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil `imsl‘t dmahl ulthc g omrtghl trhaamr yiu smt ioours. Pfm trhaamr kust dm ocmgr, gl` kust dm sikmtfhla g typhogc fukgl oiuc` lithom. Litm tfgt tfm trhaamr oil`hthil kust dm sikmtfhla •

Oikdhlm` _pmccs

Mnnmots tfgt Grml‘t Fmrm Hn yiu wglt ti ormgtm gl mnnmot tfgt hsl‘t ocmgrcy mxpcghlm` hl tfmsm rucms, ht hs up ti yiu gl` tfm agkm kgstmr ti `mtmrkhlm wfgt kgahogc sehcc hs gppriprhgtm, gl` wfgt cmvmc tfm kgaho sfiuc` dm. Nir mxgkpcm, hn yiu wglt ti sml` g tmcmpgtfho kmssgam ti gl gccy fgcn-wgy griul` tfm wirc`, tfm agkm kgstmr khaft `moh`m tfgt wiuc` dm g oikdhlgthil @hvhlm (ti ﬇l` yiur nrhml`) gl` Ofgrk (nir tfm tmcmpgtfy). Hn yiu wglt ti mkucgtm g spmcc nrik tfm oirm rucms, gs g riuaf auh`mchlm, `iudcm tfm spmcc‘s cmvmc hl tfm oirm rucms, tfml g`` 7 ti `mtmrkhlm hts cmvmc hl tfhs systmk. Nir fmgchla spmccs, hlstmg` trhpcm tfm spmcc‘s cmvmc hl tfm oirm rucms, tfml g`` 7. Nir mxgkpcm, tfmrm grm li ocmgr rucms hl tfm Prglsnirk spmcc nir gctmrhla ilcy pgrt in yiur di`y, dut hn yiu wgltm` ti mkucgtm ocgws in tfm dmgr  (g  (g 4l`cmvmc pshilho piwmr), g aii` aumss wiuc` dm g =tf-cmvmc spmcc hl Kytfho Mgrtf.

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tfgt tgems pcgom whtfhl ?: nt. in tfm spmcc‘s grmg, gl` tfm agkm kgstmr kgy `hsgcciw hlgppriprhgtm trhaamrs. G Ormgtm spmcc tfgt

Tmstrhotm` ir Hkprivm` _pmccs Ilm spmcc khaft arglt `gkgam rm`uothil, dut ilcy gaghlst rglam` gttgoes. Glitfmr khaft turl yiu hlvhshdcm ti nmy ormgturms, dut cmgvm yiu vhshdcm ti lirkgc fukgls. Gctmrlgtmcy, g spmcc khaft ormgtm g durst in fflgkm, dut lit fgrk hlglhkgtm pcglts, wfhcm glitfmr khaft fmgc g wiul` dut ogusm tfm wiul` ti rmipml hn tfm fmgcm` ormgturm gttgoes yiu. Tmstrhothils gl` hkprivmkmlts suof gs tfmsm fgvm si kgly pisshdhchthms tfgt tfhs diie ogllit hlocu`m tfmk gcc, si ht hs up ti tfm agkm kgstmr ti hlormgsm ir `mormgsm tfm spmcc‘s cmvmc dy gl gppriprhgtm gkiult. Pfm dgsm auh`mchlm hs ti hlormgsm ir `mormgsm dy 7 cmvmc, dut shalh﬇oglt mnnmots ogl gctmr g spmcc‘s cmvmc dy gs kuof gs 0. Pfhs oist ofglam sfiuc` kist intml dm usm` whtf rhtugc spmccs, wfhof grm wrhttml `iwl gl` fgvm i`` quhres ti tfmk. Ofgrgotmrs ogl ogst spiltglmius spmccs whtf spmohgc gctmrgthils mvmry ilom hl g wfhcm, dut tfm agkm kgstmr sfiuc` mloiurgam pcgymrs ti oikm up whtf ilm ir twi spmohgc trhoes gl` sthoe whtf tfmk.

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siul`s gl gcgrk hn glyilm mltmrs tfm grmg in mnnmot hs nghr, dut gl Gttgoe spmcc tfgt ﬇rms gt tfm tfhr` ormgturm whtfiut hom rmshstglom ti tgce hl tfm grmg in mnnmot hs tii oikpchogtm`. Xiu ogl ilcy fgvm ilm trhaamrm` spmcc wghthla gt gly ahvml thkm5 hn yiu ogst glitfmr trhaamrm` spmcc dmnirm tfm ﬇rst trhaamrs, tfm mgrchmr ilm fgs li mnnmot. •

@hspmcchla Kgaho  Gly spmccogstmr ogl gttmkpt ti `hspmc kgaho, ml`hla kgahogc mnnmots dy gppchogthil in fhs iwl kgaho. Pfmrm grm twi wgys ti `hspmc kgaho. Pfm ﬇rst usms g kgahogc sehcc ti oiultmr gppchogthils in tfm sgkm kgahogc sehcc. Pfm smoil` usms _pmccorgnt ti oiultmr tfm mnnmots in gly kgahogc sehcc. Nir mhtfmr kmtfi`, yiu kust purofgsm amlmrgc mlfglomkmlts nir

Oilthlamloy, (+7).`hsshpgtms. (+7).    Hn tfm trhaamr `imsl‘t ioour nir 7: khlutms,_firt tfm spmcc Oilthlamloy, Km`huk (+4). Gs (+4). Gs gdivm, mxompt tfm spmcc ogl chm hl wght nir up ti ilm fiur. Oilthlamloy, Cila (+0). Gs (+0). Gs gdivm, mxompt ilm `gy. Oilthlamloy, Kiltf (+7:).  (+7:).  Gs gdivm, mxompt tfhrty `gys. Oilthlamloy, Qmme (+1). Gs (+1). Gs gdivm, mxompt smvml `gys. Oilthlamloy, Xmgr (+70). Gs (+70). Gs gdivm, mxompt ilm ymgr. @hsomrlhla (+7). Qhtf (+7). Qhtf tfhs mlfglomkmlt, tfm spmcc ilcy gnnmots ormgturms ir idbmots in yiur ofihom hl tfm grmg in mnnmot. Xiu Xiu ogl ofiism g kgxhkuk lukdmr in tgramts mqugc ti tfm spmcc‘s titgc cmvmc. Nir mxgkpcm, Bmlly ogsts Ourm ?/Aml ? ti gnnmot g 4:-nt. rg`hus ohrocm tfgt oiltghls ditf gcchms gl` mlmkhms, whtf tfm @hsomrlhla mlfglomkmlt.

rglam hn tfm spmcc hsgrm litlit ocism mliuafIlom ti tiuof, `urgthil gl`tgramtm` grmg in mnnmot lmomssgry. g spmccdut hs `hspmccm`, ht ml`s gs hn hts `urgthil fg` rul iut. Pyphogccy `hspmcchla hs ilcy gttmkptm` hn yiu fgvm h`mlth﬇m` wfgt typm in kgaho g spmcc hs dy kgehla g _pmccorgnt ofmoe (@O 7= + » spmcc cmvmc wfhcm spmcc hs dmhla ogst, ir @O 4: + » spmcc cmvmc hn tfm spmcc hs gcrmg`y hl mnnmot), dut yiu ogl gcwgys aumss gl` fipm tfgt yiur `hspmc gttmkpt hs gppriprhgtm. @hspmcchla hs g stgl`gr` gothil. Xiu ogl gcsi rmg`y gl gothil ti `hspmc g spmcc gs ht hs dmhla ogst. Pfhs hs ogccm` oiultmrspmcchla. Hn yiu oiultmr g spmcc, tfm spmcc lmvmr tgems mnnmot hl tfm ﬇rst pcgom. Kgahogc _ehcc @hspmcchla2 Xiu @hspmcchla2 Xiu ogl usm g kgahogc sehcc ti lmagtm kgaho in tfm sgkm typm. Fiwmvmr, yiu ogl gcwgys try ti dchl`cy `hspmc, gl` hn yiu aumss wrila tfm typm ir piwmr in

_fm ogl ofiism up ti shx gcchms hl tfm grmg in mnnmot si tfgt tfmy whcc dm gnnmotm`, dut li mlmkhms wiuc` dm. Gctmrlgtmcy, yiu ogl ofiism up ti ilm =-nt. squgrm pmr spmcc cmvmc ti dm ulgnnmotm` dy tfm spmcc. Gcsi, yiu ogl ofiism ti fgvm tfm spmcc glofir hl`hvh`ugccy ti mgof ormgturm hl tfm grmg in mnnmot. Pfhs wgy, ormgturms hl tfm grmg in mnnmot wfml tfm spmcc hs ogst grm gnnmotm`, gl` rmkghl gnnmotm` mvml hn tfmy cmgvm tfm grmg in mnnmot. Fiwmvmr, hn ormgturms mltmr tfm grmg in mnnmot gntmr tfm spmcc hs ogst, tfmy grm lit gnnmotm`. Pfus, tfm grmg in mnnmot ilcy rmgccy kgttmrs wfml tfm spmcc hs ﬇rst ogst. Kist Ofgrk spmccs usm tfhs mlfglomkmlt si tfgt tfm kgam `imsl‘t fgvm ti gcwgys stgy whtfhl rglam in tfism fm ofgrks. @urgthil (^grhms). Pfm spmcc‘s `urgthil hs sikmtfhla itfmr tfgl ilm khlutm. @urgthil, Oilomltrgthil (+:). Pfm (+:). Pfm spmcc‘s `urgthil hs ilcy gs cila gs yiu kghltghl oilomltrgthil. @urgthil, Drhmn (+:). Pfm (+:). Pfm `urgthil hs ilcy ilm riul`. Fiwmvmr, tfm spmcc ilcy tgems g swhnt gothil ti ogst, chem g quhoemlm` spmcc. Pfhs `urgthil ogllit dm ofisml nir g spmcc wfmrm tfm rm`uom` `urgthil hs chttcm ir li `rgwdgoe, suof gs kist Gttgoe ir Fmgc spmccs. @urgthil, _firt (+7). Pfm (+7). Pfm `urgthil hs 7: khlutms. @urgthil, Km`huk (+?). Pfm (+?). Pfm `urgthil hs ilm fiur. @urgthil, Cila (+6). Pfm (+6). Pfm `urgthil hs ilm `gy. @urgthil, Zmrkglmlt (+?:). Pfm (+?:). Pfm spmcc cgsts ulthc yiu whcc ht ti ml`, ir ulthc ht hs `hspmccm`.

spmcc, yiur `hspmc `ims litfhla. Xiu kust ogst g spmcc tfgt fgs tfm sgkm lukdmr in cmvmcs in tfm gppriprhgtm kgahogc sehcc(s) gs tfm tgramtm` spmcc, lit oiulthla amlmrgc mlfglomkmlts (si ti oiultmr g _ukkil =/ Aml 4 spmcc, yiu kust ogst g _ukkil = spmcc, gl` tfm ilcy amlmrgc mlfglomkmlt yiu lmm` hs sun﬇ohmlt rglam). Dmogusm yiu grm ormgthla gl mlthrm spmcc, tfm `hspmc gttmkpt tgems ilcy g stgl`gr` gothil, lit twi nucc riul`s. Hn yiur spmcc nulothils, yiu `hspmc tfm tgramtm` spmcc. Mxgkpcm 72 @urhla g dgttcm hl _gvgllgf‘s Dilgvmlturm Omkmtmry, gl mvhc sfgkgl pcgoms g oursm il Pgahl, ogushla fhk ti dm pgrgcyzm` whtf wrgoehla pghls (Ofgrk =/Aml 7). Pgahl  ngccs ti tfm ariul` gkh` tfm sfgkgl‘s di`yaugr`s, si Pgahl‘s gccy Bmlly gttmkpts ti `hspmc tfm oursm. _fm nghcs ti h`mlthny tfm spmcc tfm sfgkgl ogst, dut sfm fgs 6 rgles hl Ofgrk, si sfm tgems g aumss gl` trhms ti `hspmc ht. _fm ogllit rmgof Pgahl, si sfm ogsts Ofgrk 1/Aml 7 gs g `hspmc gttmkpt. _hlom sfm fgs gt cmgst gs kgly cmvmcs in Ofgrk gs tfm tgramtm` spmcc, gs cila gs sfm suoomm`s fmr spmccogsthla ofmoe, Pgahl Pgahl whcc dm nrmm`. _pmccorgnt @hspmcchla2  @hspmcchla2  Xiu ogl usm tfm _pmccorgnt sehcc ti lmagtm gly sirt in kgaho, tfiuaf yiu fgvm g cmss smourm ofglom in suoomss. Xiu ogl ilcy gttmkpt ti `hspmc whtf tfm _pmccorgnt sehcc hn yiu fgvm suoomssnuccy h`mlth﬇m` tfm spmcc yiu y iu grm tryhla ti `hspmc. Pfiuaf lirkgccy _pmccorgnt hs lit g kgahogc sehcc, wfml usm` ti `hspmc yiu kgem g spmccogsthla ofmoe chem gly itfmr kgahogc sehcc. Pfm ofmoe hs ki`h﬇m` ilcy dy yiur rgles hl _pmccorgnt, lit dy yiur Hltmcchamlom ki`h﬇mr ir gly itfmr gdhchty mxompt tfism tfm spmoh﬇ogccy sgy tfmy gsshst `hspmc gttmkpts.

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Xiu kgem g kgahogc _pmccorgnt ofmoe (@O 7= + tfm tgramtm` spmcc cmvmc, lit oiulthla amlmrgc mlfglomkmlts). Hlormgsm tfm @O dy +7 hn tfm tgramt hs whtfhl _firt rglam, +4 hn ht hs

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Km`huk rglam, gl` +0 hn ht hs hl Cila rglam. Xiu ogllit `hspmc tgramts dmyil` Cila rglam. Hn yiu fgvm = rgles ir kirm hl tfm kgahogc sehcc yiu grm tryhla ti `hspmc, yiu aghl g +4 dilus ti yiur _pmccorgnt ofmoe nrik sehcc sylmray. Hn yiu suoomm`, tfm spmcc hs `hspmccm`. Tmagr`cmss in wfmtfmr yiur `hspmc gttmkpt suoomm`s, tfm gttmkpt hs hllgtmcy glth-kgahogc, si yiu tgem g ‟7 pmlgcty ti spmccogsthla nir tfm rmstfgs in tfm Mxgkpcmgttmkpts 42 G Durmgu gamlt dmml`gy. kmltgccy `ikhlgtm` dy g tmcmpgtf, gl` hs tryhla ti sfiit Nhlgacm. Nhlgacm `imsl‘t wglt ti ehcc tfm gamlt, dut fm `ims lit eliw Ofgrk. Fiwmvmr, fm suoomm`s fhs _pmccorgnt ofmoe ti h`mlthny tfm spmcc tfgt hs oiltricchla tfm gamlt (Ofgrk 1/Aml ?). Fm `moh`ms ti try ti `hspmc tfm `ikhlgthil, wfhof rmquhrms g _pmccorgnt ofmoe (@O 44). Pfm gamlt hs twmlty nmmt nrik Nhlgacm, si tfm rglam hlormgsms tfm @O ti 4?. Fm fgs 8 rgles hl _pmccorgnt, si fm riccs `4:+8 gaghlst @O 4?.

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purm nirom) ir mlmray (goh`, oic`, `mgtf, mcmotrhohty, ﬇rm, kmltgc, gl` silho). Hn yiu ricc g lgturgc 4: il yiur spmccogsthla ofmoe ti ogst gl Gttgoe spmcc, gnnmotm` ormgturms sunnmr g ‟0 pmlgcty ti tfmhr sgvms ti rmshst. Gttgoe spmccs tfgt `i lit arglt sgvms grm ulgnnmotm`. Xiu kgy ofiism ilm typm in Gttgoe `gkgam nir mgof kgahogc trg`hthil yiu fgvm, si yiu khaft dm gdcm ti ogst mcmotrhogc Gttgoe spmccs whtf tmoflikgloy gl` ﬇rm Gttgoe spmccs whtf stgam kgaho. Fiwmvmr, yiu ogllit ogst Gttgoe spmccs tfgt `mgc `mgtf `gkgam ulcmss yiur trg`hthil mxpchohtcy stgtms yiur Gttgoe spmccs `mgc `mgtf `gkgam. Zfyshogc `gkgam, suof gs dy strhehla whtf idbmots ir hltglahdcm nirom, hs pritmotm` nrik dy `gkgam rm`uothil, dut tfm spmcc hs kgahogc, si ht dypgssms @T gs hn ht wmrm g kgaho wmgpil. Mlmray `gkgam oikms hl smvml typms ‐ goh`, oic`, `mgtf, mcmotrhohty, ﬇rm, kmltgc, gl` silho. Ht hs up ti tfm agkm kgstmr ti `mtmrkhlm wfml ilm typm in mlmray khaft dm kirm ir cmss mnnmothvm, dut usm tfm nicciwhla gs auh`mchlms. Goh` chlamrs gntmr strhehla, `mgchla gl mxtrg 7 pihlt in `gkgam nir 7`> riul`s ulcmss wgsfm` inn. Oic` `gkgam hs mspmohgccy fgrknuc ti ﬇mry ormgturms, suof gs `rgails, `mgchla fgcn gaghl gs kuof `gkgam. @mgtf `gkgam arglts goomss ti tfm Gnfflhothil •

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mlfglomkmlts dmciw. Gttgoe spmccs tfgt `mgc `mgtf `gkgam gcciw Nirthtu`m sgvms hlstmg` in Tmfflmx sgvms. Mcmotrhohty `gkgam ogl sfirt iut mcmotrilhos, gt tfm agkm

_ilho mgshcy.hlGsilho ormgturm tfgt kust tgems kirm `gkgam tfgl hts sfgttmrs `gkgam acgss tfrmsfic` `gkgam kgem g Nirthtu`m sgvm (@O 7=) ir dm `mgnmlm` nir ilm khlutm.

Gttgoe Mlfglomkmlts Mlfglomkmlts •

 Gttgoe  Pfm Gttgoe kgahogc sehcc hs usm` ti fgrk nims, mhtfmr whtf `gkgam, ir whtf pfyshogc ghckmlts. Gttgoe spmccs ogl `mgc `hnnmrmlt typms in `gkgam2 pfyshogc (hkpgots, wmgpils, gl`

kgstmr‘s `hsormthil. Nhrm `gkgam smts tfhlas il ﬇rm gl` `mgcs fgcn gaghl gs kuof `gkgam ti hoy ormgturms. Kmltgc `gkgam hs lilcmtfgc, gl` ht ogllit dm usm` ti arglt tfm Mlfglom` Gttgoe mlfglomkmlt. Gttgoe spmccs tfgt `mgc kmltgc `gkgam gcciw Qhcc sgvms hlstmg` in Tmfflmx sgvms.

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Mlfglom` @gkgam (+?). Zcgom (+?). Zcgom tfhs spmcc il g ormgturm ir htmk (ir ilm smt in gkkulhthil, suof gs up ti 4: sfurheml, g shlacm ochp in duccmts, ir up ti 4: grriws). ]lgrkm` gl` lgturgc gttgoes kg`m dy tfgt ormgturm ir wmgpil gttgoes kg`m whtf tfgt htmk `mgc +7`> pihlts in `gkgam whtf g suoomssnuc fht. Xiu kgy ofiism tfhs mlfglomkmlt up ti 4 thkms nir gly ahvml `gkgam typm. Mlfglom` Gttgoe (+4). Zcgom (+4). Zcgom tfhs spmcc il g ormgturm ir htmk. ]lgrkm` gl` lgturgc gttgoes kg`m dy tfgt ormgturm ir wmgpil gttgoes kg`m whtf tfgt htmk fgvm g +7 mlfglomkmlt dilus ti gttgoe gl` `gkgam riccs. Xiu kgy ofiism tfhs mlfglomkmlt up ti = thkms. @hrmot @gkgam (+7). Pfm spmcc `mgcs 7`> pihlts in `gkgam ti gnnmotm` ormgturms. Pfism ormgturms grm gcciwm` g Tmfflmx sgvm nir fgcn `gkgam. Mvml tfiuaf spmccs lirkgccy fgvm g `urgthil in ilm khlutm, tfm `gkgam hs `mgct hkkm`hgtmcy, gs siil gs tfm spmcc tgems mnnmot. Xiu kgy ofiism tfhs mlfglomkmlt gly lukdmr in thkms.  Gnfflhothil. Pfmsm  Gnfflhothil.  Pfmsm mlfglomkmlts ogl ilcy dm ofisml hn yiur kgahogc trg`hthil cmts yiu `mgc `mgtf `gkgam. Ofiism ilm in tfm nicciwhla gnfflhothils. Xiu gnfflhot ormgturms whtf tfgt oil`hthil. G suoomssnuc Nirthtu`m sgvm fgcvms gdhchty `gkgam gl` lmagtms itfmr gnfflhothils.  Gdhchty @gkgam (+0). (+0).   Gnnmotm` ormgturms tgem 7`> pihlts in tmkpirgry gdhchty `gkgam ti tfm gdhchty soirm in yiur ofihom. Pfm `gkgam fmgcs gt tfm lirkgc rgtm. Xiu kgy ofiism tfhs mlfglomkmlt kucthpcm thkms. Dchl`lmss/@mgnlmss (+=). Xiu (+=). Xiu dchl` ir `mgnml gnnmotm` ormgturms nir tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil. @hsmgsm (+6).  (+6).  Xiu hlnmot gnnmotm` ormgturms whtf g `hsmgsm in yiur ofihom. Mxfgusthil (+=). Xiu (+=). Xiu mxfgust gnnmotm` ormgturms. Ngthaum (+?). Xiu (+?). Xiu ngthaum gnnmotm` ormgturms. •

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Zgrgcyshs (+1). Xiu pgrgcyzm gnnmotm` ormgturms nir tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil.

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Ofgrk

tfm tgramt in yiur ofihom. Drgvmry2 Drgvm Drgvmry2  Drgvm ormgturms aghl g +7 kirgcm dilus ti gttgoe riccs. Pfm spmcc gcsi gots gs g Ogck spmcc gaghlst nmgr mnnmots ilcy. Ogck.   Gnnmotm` ormgturms halirm kgahogc wmge Ogck. mkithil mnnmots nir tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil. Ki`mrgtm mkithil mnnmots grm rm`uom` ti wmge, gl` strila

Pfm Ofgrk kgahogc sehcc hs usm` ti hlfflumlom mkithils, oiltric g ormgturms‘ gothils, gl` gnnmot ormgturms‘ khl`s. Gcc Ofgrk spmccs gcciw g Qhcc sgvm ti lmagtm tfm mnnmot. Mvml hn g ormgturm nghcs hts hlhthgc sgvm, mgof riul` tfmrmgntmr ht hs gcciwm` g lmw sgvm ti drmge nrmm gl` ml` tfm spmcc‘s mnnmot. G``hthilgccy, gt gly thkm g ofgrgotmr ogl spml` gl gothil pihlt ti drmge nrmm

mkithil mnnmots grm rm`uom` ti ki`mrgtm. Oilsuct Pgdcm 0-7 ti smm wfhof mkithils grm rmcgtm`. Oilnushil. G Oilnushil.  G oilnusm` ormgturm tgems rgl`ik gothils. Ticc 7`7: mgof riul`2 72 fflmm gt tip spmm` ti smme sgnmty, 4‟>2 `i litfhla nir ilm riul` mxompt pmrfgps `riic ir dgddcm, 1‟82 gttgoe tfm lmgrmst ormgturm nir 7 riul`, 7:2 got lirkgccy nir 7 riul`. Gly oilnusm` ormgturm wfi hs gttgoem` gutikgthogccy gttgoes hts gttgoemr il hts lmxt gothil. @gzm`2   @gzm` ormgturms tgem @gzm`2 li gothils, dut `mnml` tfmksmcvms lirkgccy. Fgpphlmss. Gnnmotm` ormgturms fgvm

nrik tfm spmcc tmkpirgrhcy, gcciwhla fhk ti halirm tfm Ofgrk nir 7 riul`. Hn yiu ricc g lgturgc 4: il yiur spmccogsthla ofmoe ti ogst g Ofgrk spmcc, gnnmotm` ormgturms sunnmr g ‟0 pmlgcty ti tfmhr sgvms ti rmshst. Ofgrk spmccs tfgt `i lit arglt sgvms grm ulgnnmotm`.

Ofgrk Mlfglomkmlts •

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Ofgrhskg (+7).  (+7).  Ofiism g Ofgrhskg-dgsm` sehcc. Gnnmotm` ormgturms aghl g +4 mlfglomkmlt dilus ti ofmoes whtf tfgt sehcc. Xiu kgy ofiism tfhs mlfglomkmlt mlfglomkml t kucthpcm thkms. Mkithil (^grhms).  (^grhms).  Pfm nicciwhla mlfglomkmlts gctmr tfm mkithilgc stgtm in gnnmotm` ormgturms, rmpcgohla tfmhr ourrmlt mkithilgc stgtm hn ht hs oiltrg`hotiry. Ormgturms gnnmotm` dy mkithil-ofglahla kgaho `i lit rmgchzm tfmhr mkithilgc stgtm hs ulusugc `urhla tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil. Hn g ormgturm suoomm`s g sgvm gaghlst g _trila mkithil mnnmot, fm hlstmg` sunnmrs tfm mnnmot in tfm rmcgtm` Ki`mrgtm mkithil. Hn fm suoomm`s g sgvm gaghlst g Ki`mrgtm mkithil, fm sunnmrs g Qmge mkithil. Gl` hn fm rmshsts g Qmge mkithil, fm sunnmrs li mnnmot. Hn tfm ormgturm suoomm`s hts sgvm dy = ir kirm, ht sunnmrs li mkithil mnnmot gt gcc, rmagr`cmss in tfm irhahlgc piwmr cmvmc in tfm spmcc.

Mkithil, Qmge (+7). Gnnmotm` ormgturms grm gnnmotm` dy ilm in tfm nicciwhla mkithils.  Glamr. Gnnmotm` ormgturms fgvm tfmhr gtthtu`m

tfmhr gtthtu`m tiwgr` sfhntm` twi `marmms kirm nrhml`cy. Gtthtu`ms rglam nrik fmcpnuc ti nrhml`cy ti hl`hnnmrmlt ti ulnrhml`cy ti fisthcm. Pfm ofglam hl gtthtu`m hs ilcy whtf rmagr` ti tfm ormgturm in yiur ofihom (tfhs ormgturm lmm` lit dm whtfhl rglam in tfm spmcc). Kucthpcm gppchogthils `i lit stgoe. _fgeml2   G sfgeml ormgturm sunnmrs g ‟4 kirgcm _fgeml2 pmlgcty il gttgoe riccs, wmgpil `gkgam riccs, gl` sgvhla tfriws. Mkithil, Ki`mrgtm (+?). Gnnmotm` ormgturms grm gnnmotm` dy ilm in tfm nicciwhla mkithils. Ogckmr.   Gnnmotm` ormgturms halirm kgahogc wmge Ogckmr. gl` ki`mrgtm mkithil mnnmots nir tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil. _trila mkithil mnnmots grm rm`uom` ti wmge. Oiurgamius.   Oiurgamius ormgturms aghl g +7 Oiurgamius. kirgcm dilus ti gttgoe riccs, `gkgam riccs, gl` sgvms ti rmshst Ofgrk mnnmots. Pfm spmcc gcsi gots gs g Ogckmr spmcc gaghlst nmgr mnnmots ilcy. Nrhaftmlm`2 G Nrhaftmlm`2  G nrhaftmlm` ormgturm fflmms gs wmcc gs ht ogl nrik mvml tfm schaftmst `glamr. Hn ulgdcm ti fflmm, tfm ormgturm kgy ﬇aft. Ht sunnmrs g ‟4 kirgcm pmlgcty il gttgoe riccs, wmgpil `gkgam riccs, gl` sgvhla tfriws. Cguafhla2 Pfm Cguafhla2  Pfm ormgturm hs ﬇ccm` whtf armgt fukir, gl` ogllit tgem gly gaarmsshvm gaarmsshv m gothil. Gctmrlgtmcy, yiu ogl sfhnt g ormgturm‘s gtthtu`m niur stmps kirm nrhml`cy. Tgam2   Pfm ormgturm gots gs hn hl g dmrsmremr Tgam2 rgam, aghlhla g +4 kirgcm dilus ti _trmlatf gl` Oilsthtuthil, gl` g ‟4 pmlgcty ti GO. ]lchem dgrdgrhgl

tiwgr` sfhntm` twi `marmms kirm fisthcm. Gtthtu`ms rglam nrik fmcpnuc ti nrhml`cy ti hl`hnnmrmlt ti ulnrhml`cy ti fisthcm. Pfm ofglam hl gtthtu`m hs ilcy whtf rmagr` ti

rgam, tfm ormgturm hs lit ngthaum` gt tfm ml` in tfm rgam, gl` lir `ims ht aghl g dilus ti Qhcc sgvms. _tullm`2 _tullm` ormgturms `rip wfgtmvmr tfmy

Pgdcm 0-72 Mkithil Cmvmcs Glamr  Ogck Oilnushil Oiurgam @gzm Nmgr  Fgpphlmss

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Qmge Glamr Ogck Oilnushil Drgvmry @gzm` _fgeml Fgpphlmss

Ki`mrgtm Tgam Ogckmr l/g Oiurgamius _tullm` Nrhaftmlm` Cguafhla

_trila   Nrmlzy Ogckmst l/g Fmriho   Fmcpcmss Zglhoem` Civm

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grm fic`hla, ogl‘t got, cism gly @mxtmrhty dilus ti GO, gl` sunnmr g ‟4 pmlgcty ti GO. Mkithil, _trila (+=). Gnnmotm` ormgturms grm gnnmotm` dy ilm in tfm nicciwhla mkithils. Ogckmst.   Gnnmotm` ormgturms halirm kgahogc Ogckmst. mkithil mnnmots nir tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil. Nrmlzy2 Armgtmr Nrmlzy2  Armgtmr tfgl g rgam, tfm ormgturm aghls g +0 kirgcm dilus ti _trmlatf gl` Oilsthtuthil, gl` sunnmrs g ‟0 pmlgcty ti GO. @urhla tfm nrmlzy, tfm ofgrgotmr ogl tgem li rgthilgc gothils, gl` shkpcy gttgoes `hrmotcy gaghlst tfm lmgrmst mlmky. Hn tfmrm grm li mlmkhms ti ﬇aft, tfm nrmlzhm` ormgturm stgrts gttgoehla nrhml`s. Fmcpcmss2   Fmcpcmss ofgrgotmrs grm gwgrm in tfmhr Fmcpcmss2 surriul`hlas, dut ogl tgem li gothils. Pfmy grm fmcpcmss. Civm2   Gnnmotm` ormgturms ngcc gaarmsshvmcy hl civm Civm2 whtf glitfmr ormgturm in yiur ofihom, wglthla litfhla kirm tfgl ti dm whtf tfgt ormgturm gl` got hl wfgtmvmr wgy tfmy dmchmvm dmst `hspcgys tfmhr civm. Zglhoem`2 G Zglhoem`2  G pglhoem` ormgturm sunnmrs g ‟4 kirgcm pmlgcty ti sgvhla tfriws gl` kust fflmm. G pglhoem` ormgturm fgs g =:% in `ripphla wfgt ht‘s fic`hla,

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ofiisms hts pgtf rgl`ikcy (gs cila gs ht‘s amtthla gwgy nrik hkkm`hgtm `glamr), gl` fflmms itfmr `glamrs tfgt oilnrilt ht. Hn oirlmrm`, g pglhoem` ormgturm oiwmrs. Oikkgl`s ‐ Cglaugam gl` Pmcmpgtfho (^grhms).  (^grhms).  Pfm nicciwhla mlfglomkmlts nirom ormgturms ti idmy yiur oikkgl`s. Cglaugam oikkgl`s gcciw ormgturms ti `hstirt yiur hltmlt, shlom tfmy grm ilcy rmquhrm` ti idmy tfm cmttmr in yiur oikkgl`, lit hts sphrht. Pmcmpgtfho oikkgl`s hkprmss yiur whcc `hrmotcy upil g ormgturm, si ht kust idmy tfm sphrht in yiur oikkgl`, mvml hn tfm ormgturm `ims lit ul`mrstgl` yiur cglaugam. Pfm lgturm in tfm kgaho `ims lit gcciw yiu ti shkpcy oikkgl` g ormgturm, –Idmy km.‛ Xiu kust ahvm tfm ormgturm spmoh﬇o oikkgl`s, tfiuaf tfm kirm piwmrnuc tfm spmcc tfm kirm oikpcmx tfmy ogl dm. Hn yiu whsf ti oiltric gcc in tfm ormgturm‘s gothils, yiu kust usm tfm Pmcmpgtfho @ikhlgthil mlfglomkmlt. Fiwmvmr, tfm oikkgl`, –Lmvmr rmshst ky spmccs,‛ hs g vgch` wgy ti amt g ormgturm ti nicciw rmpmgtm` oikkgl`s. Ormgturms gnnmotm` dy oikkgl`s rmgchzm tfmy grm lit gothla in tfmhr iwl nrmm whcc. Hn g oikkgl` wiuc` nirom g ormgturm ti gothvmcy fgrk g ocism gccy ir pfyshogccy ml`glamr htsmcn, tfm ormgturm hs gcciwm` g lmw Qhcc sgvm ti drmge nrmm, tfiuaf hn yiu shkpcy oikkgl` g ormgturm ti pritmot yiu gl` ht ofiisms ti dm gaarmsshvm gaghlst hts gcchms, ht `ims lit rmomhvm g lmw sgvm. Hn g oikkgl` wiuc` nirom g ormgturm ti gckist omrtghlcy ehcc htsmcn, tfm ormgturm drmges nrmm in tfm oikkgl`. Cglaugam Oikkgl`, _hkpcm (+7). Pfm (+7). Pfm tgramt kust dm •

gdcm ti fmgr gl` ul`mrstgl` yiu. Xiu ahvm tfm tgramt g ilm- ir twi-wir` oikkgl`, wfhof ht idmys. Ilom ht oikpcmtms tfm oikkgl`m` tgse, tfm spmcc ml`s nir ht.

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Cglaugam Oikkgl`, _tgl`gr` (+?). Gs (+?). Gs gdivm, mxompt tfgt tfm oikkgl` ogl dm ilm ir twi smltmloms cila, `mtghchla g shlacm schaftcy oikpcmx tgse. Ilom yiu ﬇lhsf ogsthla tfm spmcc, yiu kust sthcc ahvm tfm tgramt tfm oikkgl`, si yiu khaft lmm` ti rusf hn tfm tgramt hs tfrmgtmlhla yiu. Cglaugam Oikkgl`, Oikpcmx (+=). Gs (+=). Gs gdivm, mxompt tfgt tfm oikkgl` ogl dm gs cila ir oikpcmx gs yiu wglt. Pfm kirm oikpcmx tfm oikkgl`, intml tfm kirm mgshcy tfm tgramt ogl `hstirt hts hltmlthil, dut tfm kghl Hccustrgthil dy B. C. Bilms 

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chkhthla ngotir hs fiw kuof thkm yiu ogl spml` ahvhla tfm oikkgl`.  Pmcmpgtfho  Pmc mpgtfho Oikkgl`, _hkpcm (+0). (+0). Xiu  Xiu hkprmss yiur whcc upil tfm tgramt, ahvhla tfmk tfm mquhvgcmlt in g ilm- ir twi-wir` oikkgl`, wfhof ht idmys ti tfm nucclmss in hts gdhchthms, idmyhla tfm hltmlt in yiur oikkgl`.

nir hltmrmsthla hlnirkgthil. Driwshla nir amlmrgc hlnirkgthil lirkgccy agrlmrs litfhla vmry uramlt ir smormthvm ulcmss tfm ormgturm wgs rmomltcy tfhlehla gdiut ht, dut ahvms yiu g drig`mr smlsm in tfm ormgturm‘s khl`. Tmg`hla g khl` cmts yiu kgem Eliwcm`am ofmoes ushla tfm sehccs tfm ormgturm pissmssms, dut yiu amlmrgccy lmm` ti ciie nir tfm rhaft hlnirkgthil ti ﬇l`

 Pmcmpgtfho Oikkgl`, _tgl`gr` (+1).  Pmcmpgtfho (+1). Gs  Gs gdivm, mxompt tfgt tfm oikkgl` ogl dm tfm mquhvgcmlt in ilm ir twi smltmloms cila, `mtghchla g shlacm schaftcy oikpcmx tgse. Xiu hkpgrt tfhs oikkgl` gs yiu ogst tfm spmcc5 ulchem g vmrdgc oikkgl` gdivm, yiu `i lit fgvm ti spml` thkm gotugccy ahvhla tfm oikkgl`.  Pmcmpgtfho  Pmc mpgtfho Oikkgl`, Oikpcmx (+7:). (+7:).   Gs gdivm, mxompt tfgt tfm oikkgl` ogl dm gs cila ir oikpcmx gs yiu wglt.  Pmcmpgtfho  Pmc mpgtfho @ikhlgthil (+7?). (+7?). Nir  Nir tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil, yiu kgy oikkgl` tfm ormgturm wfmlmvmr yiu wglt, whtf gly cmvmc in oikpcmxhty. Pfm spmcc `ims lit ml` ilom tfm ormgturm nuc﬇ccs tfm oikkgl`. Xiu ogl ahvm tfm ormgturm g lmw oikkgl` in gly cmvmc in oikpcmxhty ilom pmr riul` gs g kivm gothil, gs cila gs tfm ormgturm

ht. Xiu ogl ilcy driwsm ilm ormgturm gt g thkm, dut hn tfmrm grm kucthpcm ormgturms hl tfm grmg, yiu ogl ciie nir spmoh﬇o hlnirkgthil hl gcc in tfmk gt ilom. Khl` _ogl (+7). Dy (+7). Dy oilomltrgthla, yiu ogl –ivmrfmgr‛ tfm tfiuafts in tfm tgramt ormgturm. Hn tfmrm grm kucthpcm ormgturms hl tfm grmg, yiu ogl nious il ilm gt g thkm, ir try ti `mohpfmr iut tfmhr tfiuafts gcc gt ilom, chem fmgrhla ilm pmrsil hl g oriw`m` riik. Pfhs `ims lit ahvm yiu tfm gdhchty ti ul`mrstgl` tfm ormgturm‘s cglaugam, dut yiu ogl oikprmfml` mkithils gl` shkpcm `mshrms chem nmgr ir fulamr rmagr`cmss in cglaugam. _udtcm Ofgrk (+?). Pfm (+?). Pfm ormgturm `ims lit rmomhvm g lmw sgvm mgof riul` ti rm`uom tfm mnnmots in tfm Ofgrk. Ormgturms gnnmotm` dy oikkgl`s grm lit gwgrm tfgt tfmhr gothils grm lit tfmhr iwl. Fiwmvmr, g ofgrgotmr ogl sthcc

hs whtfhl tfm spmcc‘s rglam. Khl` Tmg`hla (^grhms). Pfm (^grhms). Pfm nicciwhla mlfglomkmlts ‐ Niramt, Khl` Tmg`, gl` Khl` _ogl ‐ cmt yiu rmg` gl` gctmr tfm tfiuafts gl` kmkirhms in gnnmotm` ormgturms. Niramt (^grhms). Gnnmotm` Gnnmotm`  ormgturms niramt rmomlt mvmlts. Xiu ogl fgvm tfm ormgturms niramt sikm mvmlts dut lit itfmrs5 tfmy `i lit rmgchzm tfgt tfmy‘rm khsshla kmkirhms ulthc sikmtfhla prikpts tfmk ti try ti rmkmkdmr, tfiuaf hn yiu hlocu`m g stgl`gr` ir oikpcmx oikkgl` mlfglomkmlt yiu ogl tmcc tfmk ti rmkmkdmr sikmtfhla mcsm hlstmg`. Qfml tfm spmcc ml`s, tfmy rmaghl tfmhr kmkirhms. Niramt, _tgl`gr` (+?).  (+?).  Xiu ogl gnnmot up ti ilm khlutm wirtf in kmkiry kmkiry.. Niramt, _firt (+0). Gs (+0). Gs Niramt, mxompt yiu ogl gnnmot up ti 7: khlutms wirtf in kmkiry. Niramt, Km`huk (+>).  (+>).  Gs Niramt, mxompt yiu ogl gnnmot up ti gl fiur wirtf in kmkiry. Niramt, Cila (+77).  (+77).  Gs Niramt, mxompt yiu ogl gnnmot up ti g `gy wirtf in kmkiry. Niramt, Oikpcmtm (+7?).  (+7?).  Gs Niramt, mxompt yiu ogl gnnmot up ti gcc in tfm ormgturms‘ kmkirhms. Khl` Tmg` (+0).  (+0).  Dy oilomltrgthla, yiu ogl `mmpcy rmg` tfm khl` in tfm ormgturm. •

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Mgof riul`, yiu ogl mhtfmr smgrof nir spmoh﬇o hlnirkgthil (m.a., tfm lgkm in g spy, tfm ciogthil in fh``ml trmgsurm, tfm agtm pgsswir`) ir shkpcy driwsm

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gt gly thkm spml` gl gothil pihlt ti tmkpirgrhcy drmge nrmm nrik tfm spmcc, gcciwhla gcc iwhla fhk ti halirm tfm Ofgrk nir 7 riul`.

Ormgtm  Pfm Ormgtm kgahogc sehcc ormgtms idbmots. Idbmots ogl lmvmr dm ormgtm` hl suof g wgy gs ti dm hkkm`hgtmcy `glamrius ‐ yiu ogllit ormgtm g stmmc pcgtm ivmr g ormgturm ti orusf ht, tfiuaf yiu oiuc` ormgtm prippm` up il tfm ariul`, tfml try ti thp ht ivmr. Xiu ogllit ormgtm idbmots il ulwhcchla ormgturms. Hn yiu gttmkpt ti trgp g ormgturm hlsh`m g cgram ormgtm` idbmot chem g ogam, ht rmomhvm g Tmfflmx sgvm ti gvih` dmhla trgppm`. Hn tfm idbmot hs fuam, chem g ogam tfm shzm in g fiusm, tfm ormgturm hs lit gcciwm` g rmfflmx sgvm ulcmss ht hs lmgr tfm m`am in tfm grmg. Hn yiu ricc g lgturgc 4: il yiur spmccogsthla ofmoe ti ogst g Ormgtm spmcc, gnnmotm` ormgturms sunnmr g ‟0 pmlgcty ti tfmhr sgvms ti rmshst. Ormgtm spmccs tfgt `i lit arglt sgvms grm ulgnnmotm`.

Ormgthil Chkhtgthils gl` Ipthils Xiu ogl ormgtm sudstgloms gl` mlmray hlstmg` in sich` idbmots. @mtmrkhlm tfm oist in ormgthla tfmsm tfhlas dy ﬇l`hla tfm oist in gl idbmot tfgt oiuc` ormgtm tfmk. Nir mxgkpcm, g dmgk in chaft oiuc` dm pri`uom` dy g fflii` fflgsfchaft (Zurofgsm @O >), si Ormgtm 0 oiuc` ormgtm g dmgk in chaft. Pfm skmcc in chcgos oiuc` dm ormgtm` dy g ogl`cm (Zurofgsm @O 4), gl` g cgram ﬇rm oiuc` dm ormgtm` dy g schoe sc hoe in ihc gl` g kgtof (Zurofgsm @O 0).

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Ormgtm ir Prglsnirk9 Pfm Ormgtm kgahogc sehcc hs usm` ti kgem idbmots gl` sikmthkms mlmray. Pfm Prglsnirk kgahogc sehcc hs usm` ti gctmr tfm nirks in ormgturms. Mvml hn yiu wglt ti trglsnirk ilm idbmot hlti glitfmr, tfhs hs g Ormgtm spmcc, lit g Prglsnirk spmcc. Hn yiu wgltm` ti turl gl idbmot hlti g ormgturm, tfgt wiuc` usugccy dm g _ukkil spmcc. Hl ditf ogsms, gttml`m` idbmots gl` kgaho htmks rmomhvm g Nirthtu`m sgvm ti rmshst.

kust fgvm gt cmgst sikm pfyshogc gspmot (yiu ogl ormgtm wgtmr, g swir`, `hk chaft, ﬇rm, ir tfm skmcc in chcgos, dut lit ‖aii`lmss‘). ]sm tfm nicciwhla tgdcm ti `mtmrkhlm fiw mxpmlshvm in gl htmk yiu ogl ormgtm. @mtmrkhlm tfm htmk‘s purofgsm @O gs hn yiu fg` gcc tfm lmomssgry chomlsms. Pgdcm 0-42 Ormgtm Oists Zurofgsm @O 7* 4 ?‟0 =‟1 6‟7: 77‟7? 70‟7> 71‟78 4:‟44 4?‟4= 4>‟46 48‟?7 ?4‟?= ?>‟?8 +0

Xiu ogl ormgtm idbmots tfgt ogllit lirkgccy mxhst whtfiut kgaho, gs cila gs g riuafcy mquhvgcmlt idbmot oiuc` dm ormgtm`. Pfus gl ghrpcglm kg`m in pgpmr sfmmts wiuc` dm gs mgsy ti ormgtm gs g lirkgc pcglm, gl` g wgcc in ﬇rm ﬇ rm wiuc` dm gs mgsy ti ormgtm gs g oikpcmx grrgy in fflgkm-tfriwmrs ghkm` ti ormgtm g dgrrhmr. Fiwmvmr, tfhs spmcc `ims lit gcciw tfm ormgthil in kgaho htmks gt gcc (h.m., yiu ogllit usm Ormgtm ti dypgss tfm lmm` nir itfmr spmccs). Mcmotrilho `mvhoms grm gcsi ulgvghcgdcm, ulcmss g spmoh﬇o trg`hthil mxpchohtcy sgys itfmrwhsm. _ikm trg`hthils ogllit mvml ormgtm kmofglhogc `mvhoms kirm oikpchogtm` tfgl wgails. Ormgtm` htmks vglhsf wfml tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil ml`s. Hn ormgtm` nii` wgs oilsukm`, ormgturms su``mlcy dmoikm fulary, gl` hn ormgtm` lghcs wmrm usm` ti fic` tiamtfmr g struoturm, tfm struoturm whcc chemcy ngcc gpgrt. Idbmots ormgtm` pmrkglmltcy whtf tfm Orgnt Zmrkglmlt _pmcc nmgt ogl dm usm` gs nii`, hltmagtm` hlti itfmr idbmots, mto., bust gs hn tfmy wmrm lirkgc idbmots.

Idbmots Qhtfiut Zurofgsm @Os _ikm idbmots `i lit fgvm Zurofgsm @Os, gl` fgvm oists tfm gvmrgam pmrsil hs ulngkhchgr whtf. Nir mxgkpcm, ormgthla g stmmc ogam ti trgp sikmilm, ir g zhp chlm ti swhla `iwl, ir gl ghr ousfhil ti cgl` il wfml yiu bukp inn g duhc`hla gcc grm usmnuc htmks, dut fgvm rmcgthvmcy idsourm oists. Amlmrgccy gssukm kist idbmots fgvm g dgsm kgtmrhgc oist in Zurofgsm @O 4, gl` glytfhla in strila kmtgc fgs g dgsm Zurofgsm @O =. Hlormgsm tfhs dy +7 hn tfm htmk hs _kgcc, +? hn hts Km`huk, +1 hn Cgram, gl` +7= ir kirm hn Fuam ir cgramr. Pfus, g cgram stmmc ogam wiuc` fgvm g Zurofgsm @O in 74, g 0:-nt. zhp chlm wiuc` dm tfm mquhvgcmlt in Zurofgsm @O 8 hn oihcm` up, ir Zurofgsm @O 71 hn yiu wgltm` ht strula up gl` rmg`y ti usm, gl` g fuam ghr ousfhil ti drmge yiur ngcc khaft fgvm g Zurofgsm @O in 4?.

Ormgtm Mlfglomkmlt •

Cmvmc Oist +7 +4 +? +0 += +> +1 +6 +8 +7: +77 +74 +7? +70 G``hthilgc +7

* Li rmgc htmks fgvm Zurofgsm @O 7. Pfhs shkpcy rmprmsmlts nrmm htmks hl skgcc quglththms li cgramr tfgl g niit goriss, chem g phmom in wii` ir g skgcc rioe.

Pi ormgtm kucthpcm htmks, tgem mgof pghr in twi htmks whtf g Zurofgsm @O whtfhl 4 in mgof itfmr gl` trmgt tfmk gs ilm htmk whtf g Zurofgsm @O 4.= fhafmr tfgl tfm kirm mxpmlshvm in tfm irhahlgc pghr. Ilom yiu fgvm oikdhlm` gs kgly chem-oistm` htmks gs pisshdcm, g`` up ti +7 ti tfm fhafmst Zurofgsm @O hn tfmrm grm gly htmks whtfhl 4 pihlts in tfm fhafmst Zurofgsm @O, tfml riul` up. Gctmrlgtmcy yiu ogl usm tfm prhom auh`mchlms nir Zurofgsm @Os ti `mtmrkhlm fiw kuof tfm titgc in gcc tfm htmks wiuc` oist, gl` tfml ﬇aurm iut wfgt hs gl gppriprhgtm Zurofgsm @O nir tfgt oist. Nir mxgkpcm, yiu wglt shx auls whtf Zurofgsm @Os in 70, 7=, 76, 76, 78, gl` 44. Oikdhlm tfm 70 gl` 7= hlti g shlacm 71.=, gl` oikdhlm tfm twi 76s hlti g 4:.=. Pfhs cmgvms yiu whtf 71.=, 78, 4:.=, 44. Oikdhlm tfm 71.= gl` 78 hlti g 47.=, gl` oikdhlm tfm 4:.= gl` 44 hlti g 40.=. Pfgt cmgvms yiu whtf 47.= gl` 40.=. Pfm 47.= hs kirm tfgl 4 pihlts gwgy nrik tfm 40.=, si yiu g`` litfhla. Tiul` up tfm 40.= ti amt tfm ﬇lgc mnnmothvm Zurofgsm Zurofgsm @O in 4=.

Ourm 

Ormgtm Idbmot (+7 ir kirm).  kirm).   Xiu ogl ormgtm ilm ir kirm idbmots ir mnnmots tfgt oiuc` dm ormgtm` dy idbmots. Ormgtm` idbmots grm idvhiuscy kgahogc5 nir mxgkpcm, tfmy

Pfm Ourm kgahogc sehcc ogl ourm gnfflhothils, fmgc wiul`s, gl` mvml drhla dgoe tfm `mg`. Fmgchla kgaho `mgcs `gkgam mqugc ti fiw kuof ht wiuc` fmgc ti ormgturms in lmagthvm

kgy thlacm ti tfm tiuof ir aciw schaftcy. Pfmy ogl dm li kirm `hrmotcy `gkgahla tfgl lgturgc ﬇rm (yiu ogl‘t ormgtm gl mxpcishil, dut yiu ogl ormgtm `ylgkhtm), gl`

mlmray, chem ul`mg`. ]lwhcchla ormgturms grm gcciwm` g Qhcc sgvm ti lmagtm. Hn yiu ricc g lgturgc 4: il yiur spmccogsthla ofmoe ti

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ogst g Ourm spmcc, gly lukmrhogc mnnmots in fmgchla fht pihlt `gkgam ir gdhchty `rghl ir `gkgam grm `iudcm`, mnnmothvmcy g ourgthvm ‖orhthogc fht.‘

Ourm Mlfglomkmlts •

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Ourm Gnfflhothil (^grhms). Pfm (^grhms). Pfm nicciwhla oil`hthils ogl dm ourm`. •

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 Gdhchty @gkgam (+?). (+?).   Pfm spmcc ourms 7 pihlt in tmkpirgry gdhchty `gkgam ti tfm gdhchty soirm in yiur ofihom.  Pfm spmcc ourms 7 pihlt in pmrkglmlt  Gdhchty @rghl (+6). (+6). Pfm gdhchty `rghl. Ht ogllit rmstirm Oilsthtuthil ciss `um ti `mgtf.  Gdhchty Zmlgcty (+=). (+=).   Hn tfmrm grm gly kgahogc mnnmots rm`uohla ilm in tfm sudbmot‘s gdhchty soirms, tfm mnnmot hs `hspmccm`. Pfhs `ims lit ourm gdhchty `gkgam ir pmrkglmlt gdhchty `rghl, dut ht ogl sidmr g `rule pmrsil whtfiut ahvhla tfmk g fglaivmr. Mxfgusthil (+0).  (+0).  Pfm spmcc rm`uoms mxfgusthil ti ngthaum. Mxfgusthil ogusm` dy ogsthla

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gl ivmrpiwmrm` spmcc ogllit dm fmgcm` whtf g Ourm spmcc. Ngthaum (+4).  (+4).  Pfm spmcc mchkhlgtms ngthaum. Ngthaum ogusm` dy ogsthla gl ivmrpiwmrm` spmcc ogllit dm fmgcm` whtf g Ourm spmcc. Cmvmc @rghl (+7:).  (+7:).  Pfm spmcc rmstirms ilm cmvmc ti g ormgturm tfgt fgs sunnmrm` g cmvmc `rghl, gs cila gs tfm cmvmc `rghl ioourrm` whtfhl tfm pgst wmme. Ht ogllit rmstirm g cmvmc cist c ist `um ti `mgtf. Lgusmg (+4).  (+4).  Pfm spmcc mchkhlgtms tfm lgusmgtm` oil`hthil. Lmagthvm Cmvmc (+>).  (+>).  Pfm spmcc lmagtms ilm lmagthvm cmvmc il tfm gnnmotm` ormgturm(s). Ht `ims lit rmstirm cmvmc `rghl. Zihsil, Lmagtm (+7:). Pfm (+7:). Pfm spmcc lmutrgchzms pihsil hl tfm grmg. Gly pihsil tfgt mltmrs tfm grmg `urhla tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil hs lmutrgchzm`. Ormgturms whtf lgturgc pihsil gdhchthms tfgt suoomm` tfmhr sgvhla tfriw ogl emmp tfmhr pihsil stirms gl` usm tfmhr pihsil ti fgrk ormgturms iutsh`m tfm grmg in mnnmot. Zihsil, _ciw (+?).  (+?).  Nir tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil, pihsil hl tfm grmg in mnnmot fgs li mnnmot. Ilom tfm spmcc mcgpsms, pihsil tgems hts usugc oiursm. _tul (+?). Pfm spmcc rmkivms tfm stullm` oil`hthil nrik g ofgrgomr. Mlfglom Prmgt Hlbury (+7).  (+7).  Gnnmotm` ormgturms aghl g

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+4 dilus ti Prmgt Hlbury ofmoes. Xiu ogl ofiism tfhs mlfglomkmlt kucthpcm thkms. Mlfglom Oilsthtuthil (^grhms).  (^grhms).  Gnnmotm` ormgturms aghl

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gl mlfglomkmlt dilus ti Oilsthtuthil. Oilsuct Pgdcm 0-? ti `mtmrkhlm dy fiw kuof tfm gdhchty soirm hs mlfglom`. Fmgc, Armgtmr (+7:).  (+7:).  Gnnmotm` ormgturms fmgc 7`> pihlts in `gkgam. Nir mgof g``hthilgc

Pgdcm 0-?2 Gdhchty _oirm Dilus Cmvmc +? += +1 +7: +7? +7> +4:

Dilus +4 +0 +> +6 +7: +74 +70

4 cmvmcs, ormgturms fmgc gl g``hthilgc 7`> pihlts in `gkgam. Fmgc, Cmssmr (+0). Gnnmotm` (+0). Gnnmotm` ormgturms fmgc 7`0 pihlts in `gkgam, gs hn fmgcm` whtf tfm Prmgt Hlbury sehcc. G ormgturm ogl ilcy dmlm﬇t ilom mgof `gy nrik tfhs typm in fmgchla, wfmtfmr ht oikms nrik kgaho ir g kul`glm sehcc. _tgdhchzm (+7). Gnnmotm` (+7). Gnnmotm` ormgturms tfgt grm `yhla stgdhchzm, dut rmkghl uloilsohius.

Khrgoucius Fmgchla  Pfm nicciwhla Ourm mlfglomkmlts oist Orgnt Zihlts ti ogst. Pfmsm grm gots in khrgoucius fmgchla ngr dmyil` wfgt kist ormgturms ogl fmgc lgturgccy. Hn tfm spmcc nghcs, (nir mxgkpcm, hn yiu gttmkpt gl ivmrpiwmrm` spmcc ir rhtugc spmcc gl` nghc), tfm Orgnt Zihlts grm lit wgstm`. Qhcchla ormgturms ogl `ilgtm gothil pihlts ti ﬇cc yiur Orgnt Zihlt piic. Hn yiu gttmkpt ti rmvhvm g `mg` ofgrgotmr gl` `i lit fgvm mliuaf Orgnt Zihlts, tfm ormgturm whcc drhmffly rmturl ti chnm, gl` hn ht fgs mliuaf gothil pihlts ti `ilgtm ti pgy nir tfm oist in hts rmsurrmothil, tfm ormgturm rmkghls gchvm. Itfmrwhsm ht sunnmrs g drhmn, pghlnuc kikmlt in lmgr-chnm, pmrfgps bust cila mliuaf ti pgss il g ﬇lgc kmssgam, dmnirm `yhla gaghl.

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Ourm Mlfglomkmlts2 Khrgoucius Fmgchla  •

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Ourm Dchl`lmss/@mgnlmss (+6). Pfm (+6). Pfm spmcc ourms sudbmot‘s dchl`lmss ir `mgnlmss. Pfhs mlfglomkmlt oists 6:: 6 :: Orgnt Zihlts. Ourm @hsmgsm (+6). Pfm (+6). Pfm spmcc ourms gcc `hsmgsms gnfflhothla tfm sudbmot. Pfhs mlfglomkmlt oists 6:: Orgnt Zihlts. Ourm Zgrgcyshs (+7:).  (+7:).  Pfm spmcc ourms gly pfyshogc pgrgcyshs gnfflhothla tfm sudbmot. Hn tfm ormgturm‘s _trmlatf ir @mxtmrhty fg` dmml `rghlm`, tfmy grm rmstirm` ti gt cmgst 7. Pfhs mlfglomkmlt oists 7,::: Orgnt Zihlts. Tmamlmrgtm (^grhms). Pfm spmcc rmamlmrgtms cist di`y pgrts. Tmamlmrgtm, Armgtmr (+76). Pfm (+76). Pfm spmcc rmamlmrgtms cist di`y pgrts gs cgram gs g khsshla khss hla chkd. Pfhs mlfglomkmlt •

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oists 76:: Orgnt Zihlts. Tmamlmrgtm, Cmssmr (+74).  (+74).  Pfm spmcc rmamlmrgtms cist di`y pgrts li cgramr tfgl g ﬇lamr ir mym. Pfhs

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mlfglomkmlt oists 74:: Orgnt Zihlts. Tmamlmrgtm, Ki`mrgtm (+7=).  (+7=).  Pfm spmcc rmamlmrgtms cist di`y pgrts li cgramr tfgl g fgl` ir niit. Pfhs hs pripirthilgc ti tfm ormgturm dmhla fmgcm`, gl` ogl o gl fmgc g ahglt gs mgshcy gs g fgcfflhla. Pfhs mlfglomkmlt oists 7=:: Orgnt Zihlts. Tmvhvm (^grhms). Pfm rmvhvm usgams in Ourm fgvm tfm sgkm

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mnnmot gs rmsurrmothil  hl  hl tfm oirm rucms, rmsucthla hl g cmvmc ciss ir g ciss in g pihlt in Oilsthtuthil. Gcsi, bust chem hl tfm oirm rucms, hn tfm siuc hs ulwhcchla ti rmturl, tfm ormgturm stgys `mg`. Pfm rmkghls in tfm ormgturm ti dm rmvhvm` kust dm whtfhl rglam. Hloikpcmtm di`hms kust dm rmpghrm` ﬇rst, ir mcsm tfm ormgturm whcc rmturl ti chnm khsshla pitmlthgccy emy di`y pgrts. Pfhs spmcc ogllit rmstirm ti chnm ormgturms tfgt `hm` in ic` gam, gl` gly `hsmgsms ir pihsils tfm ormgturm fg` kgy sthcc dm gothvm gl` lmm` ti dm ourm` smpgrgtmcy. Ormgturms rmturl ti chnm whtf : fht pihlts. Hn tfm ormgturm `hm` hl tfm pgst 7: khlutms, ht sthcc fgs tfm sgkm goomss ti kgahogc piwmrs (suof gs usms in spmcc-chem gdhchthms) gs ht `h` dmnirm `yhla, mxompt nir gly ht khaft fgvm cist `um ti cishla g cmvmc. Hn tfm ormgturm `hm` kirm tfgl 7: khlutms gai, ht kust rmst ti rmaghl hts piwmrs. Tmvhvm, Mpho (+0=). Pfm (+0=). Pfm spmcc rmstirms ti chnm g ormgturm tfgt fgs `hm`, rmagr`cmss in fiw cila ht fgs dmml `mg`, gs cila gs ht `h` lit `hm in ic` gam. Pfhs mlfglomkmlt oists 0=:: Orgnt Zihlts. Tmvhvm, Armgtmr (+?:). Pfm (+?:). Pfm spmcc rmstirms ti chnm g ormgturm tfgt fgs `hm` hl tfm pgst ymgr. Pfhs mlfglomkmlt oists ?::: Orgnt Zihlts. Tmvhvm, Cmssmr (+7=).  (+7=).  Pfm spmcc rmstirms ti chnm g ormgturm tfgt fgs `hm` hl tfm pgst tml khlutms. Pfhs mlfglomkmlt oists 7=:: Orgnt Zihlts. Tmvhvm, Ki`mrgtm (+44).  (+44).  Pfm spmcc rmstirms ti chnm g ormgturm tfgt fgs `hm` hl tfm pgst `gy. Pfhs mlfglomkmlt oists 44:: Orgnt Zihlts.

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Tghshla tfm @mg`, Fmgchla tfm _hoe  @hsmgsm, hlbury, gl` `mgtf grm vmry tiuofy sudbmots, kirmsi hl g ki`mrl agkm tfgl hl g stgl`gr` ngltgsy smtthla. _ikm agkm kgstmrs kgy dm uloiknirtgdcm gcciwhla suof kgaho ti dm hl tfm fgl`s in pcgymr ofgrgotmrs, ir tfmy kgy wil`mr wfy, hn suof kgaho hs pisshdcm, tfmrm wiuc` lit dm stirhms in khrgocm fmgcmrs. Pfm agkm kgstmr hs in oiursm nrmm ti sgy tfgt suof kgaho hs ulgvghcgdcm, ir tfgt ht fgs g spmohgc oist ti kgem rmturlhla sikmilm ti chnm pmrfgps kirm nrhaftmlhla tfgl cmgvhla tfmk `mg`. Fiwmvmr, tfm kgaho in Kytfho Mgrtf fgs dmml `mshalm` whtf tfm gssukpthil tfgt nmw ofgrgotmrs hl ki`mrl agkms grm gdivm 7:tf cmvmc, gl` si wfhcm nrhaftmlhlacy piwmrnuc kgaho hs gvghcgdcm, ht hs rgrm gl` `hn﬇ouct ti kgstmr. Prum, g 1tf cmvmc ofgrgotmr spmohgchzhla hl fmgchla oiuc` pitmlthgccy drhla sikmilm dgoe nrik tfm `mg`, dut ilcy hn `mgtf wgs quhtm rmomlt. Pfhs gdhchty hs lit ngr dmyil` tfm ogpgdhchthms in gl mkmramloy `m﬇drhccgtir usm` oirrmotcy hl tfm rhaft ohroukstgloms. Ourhla `hsmgsms gl` rmstirhla cist chkds whcc gcwgys dm `hn﬇ouct, gl` tfiuaf suof fmgchla hs whtfhl tfm piwmr in g sehccm` kgam, mgof kgam whcc lmm` ti `moh`m nir fhksmcn wfmtfmr fm nmmcs g `uty ti fmgc, ir hn tfm gttmlthil ht wiuc` hlmvhtgdcy drhla wiuc` dm tii armgt g rhse.

 Glthkgaho (+0). Pfm grmg in mnnmot dmoikms sunnusm` whtf glthkgaho.  glthkgaho.  Ogsthla g spmcc hl tfm grmg rmquhrms g ogstmr cmvmc ofmoe gaghlst _pmcc Tmshstglom 7:. Ilaihla kgaho mnnmots tfgt mltmr tfm grmg grm gnnmotm` gs hn

sehcc. Pfm grmg in mnnmot dmoikms sunnusm` whtf glthkgaho tgramtm` gaghlst tfgt typm in spmcc. Ogsthla g spmcc in tfgt typm hl tfm grmg rmquhrms g ogstmr cmvmc ofmoe gaghlst _pmcc Tmshstglom 7:. Ilaihla kgaho mnnmots in tfgt typm tfgt mltmr tfm grmg grm gnnmotm` gs hn tfmy t fmy tiie 7: il tfmhr ogstmr cmvmc ofmoe. Mgof 7 g``hthilgc cmvmc hlormgsms tfm _T dy 7.  Grkir Ocgss (+4). (+4).   Gnnmotm` ormgturms aghl g +7 mlfglomkmlt dilus ti grkir ocgss. Pfhs mlfglomkmlt ogl dm hkprivm` dy 7 nir mgof mxtrg spmcc cmvmc, ti g kgxhkuk in += gt >tf cmvmc. @gkgam Tm`uothil (+4). Gnnmotm` ormgturms aghl @T 7/kgaho, kmglhla tfgt tfm `gkgam rm`uothil ogl ilcy dm dypgssm` dy gttgoes whtf gt cmgst g +7 kgahogc mlfglomkmlt dilus. Mgof 7 g``hthilgc cmvmc hlormgsms tfm @T dy 7. Nir 4 g``hthilgc cmvmcs, tfm @T ogl ilcy dm dypgssm` dy sikm itfmr, cmss idvhius sudstglom, chem shcvmr ir wii`. @mfflmothil (+?). Gnnmotm` ormgturms aghl g +7 `mfflmothil dilus ti grkir ocgss. Pfhs mlfglomkmlt kgy dm ofisml up ti = thkms. Mlmray Dunnmr (+7). Ofiism gl mlmray typm ‐ goh`, ooic`, ic`, `mgtf, mcmotrhohty, ﬇rm,

tfmy tiie 7: il tfmhr ogstmr cmvmc ofmoe. Mgof 7 g``hthilgc cmvmc hlormgsms tfm _T dy 7.  Glthkgaho,  Glthkgah o, Pgramtm` (+7).  (+7).  Ofiism ilm typm in kgahogc

kmltgc, ir silho. Zrmvmlt tfm ﬇rst = pihlts in `gkgam in tfgt mlmray typm `mgct ti mgof gnnmotm` ormgturm. Pfhs ivmrcgps (`ims lit stgoe whtf) mlmray

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@mnml` 

Pfm @mnml` kgahogc sehcc privh`ms pritmothils. ]lwhcchla ormgturms ogl rmshst whtf g Qhcc sgvm, dut tfmrm grm li `mtrhkmltgc mnnmots nrik kist @mnml` spmccs.

@mnml` Mlfglomkmlts •

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rmshstglom. Pfhs mlfglomkmlt ogl dm ofisml gly lukdmr in thkms, gppcyhla ti tfm sgkm ir `hnnmrmlt mlmray typms. Mlmray Tmshstglom (+4). Gnnmotm` ormgturms aghl mlmray rmshstglom = gaghlst g ofisml mlmray typm ‐ goh`, oic`, `mgtf, mcmotrhohty, ﬇rm, kmltgc, ir silho ‐ prmvmlthla tfm ﬇rst = pihlts in `gkgam in tfgt mlmray typm mgof riul`. Pfhs mlfglomkmlt ogl dm ofisml up ti niur thkms nir mgof mlmray typm. _gvhla Pfriws (+7). Gnnmotm` (+7). Gnnmotm` ormgturms aghl g +7 rmshstglom dilus ti ilm sgvhla tfriw ‐ Nirthtu`m, Tmfflmx, ir Qhcc. Pfhs mlfglomkmlt kgy dm ofisml up ti = thkms. Nir gl g``hthilgc 7 cmvmc, tfhs dilus gppchms ti gcc tfrmm sgvhla tfriws (si ahvhla +? ti tfrmm sgvms rmquhrms 0 cmvmcs). _pmcc Tmshstglom (+0). Gnnmotm` ormgturms aghl _T 7:. Mgof 7 g``hthilgc cmvmc hlormgsms tfm _T dy 7. _pmcc Tmshstglom, Pgramtm` (+7).  (+7).  Ofiism ilm typm in kgahogc sehcc. Gnnmotm` ormgturms aghl _T 7: gaghlst spmccs in tfgt sehcc. Mgof 7 g``hthilgc cmvmc hlormgsms tfm _T dy 7.

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@hvhlm  Pfm @hvhlm kgahogc sehcc ahvms yiu eliwcm`am, in tfm prmsmlt, pgst, gl` pisshdcm nuturm. @hvhlm spmccs lirkgccy arglt eliwcm`am ti yiu, dut yiu oiuc` ofiism ti fgvm tfm eliwcm`am dm ahvml ti glyilm whtfhl rglam. Hn yiu ricc g lgturgc 4: il yiur spmccogsthla ofmoe, tfm hlnirkgthil yiu rmomhvm hs kirm ocmgr gl` prmohsm, tfiuaf tfhs hs sthcc sudbmot ti tfm agkm kgstmr‘s `hsormthil.

@hvhlm Mlfglomkmlts •

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•

•

@iwsm (+7). Ofiism (+7). Ofiism sikm typm in idbmot ir sudstglom, suof gs wgtmr, aic`, kgaho, ir mvhc, ir g drig` ariup in ormgturms, chem fukgls ir ogts. Nir tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil yiu ogl oilomltrgtm nir ilm riul` ti `mtmrkhlm tfm `hrmothil ti tfm lmgrmst shalh﬇oglt quglthty in tfgt sudstglom (wfgt oiults gs ‖shalh﬇oglt‘ `mpml`s il tfm sudstglom), rmagr`cmss in rglam. Hn tfmrm grm smvmrgc `hnnmrmlt tfhlas in tfm ofisml typm whtfhl >: nt., yiu grm gwgrm in riuafcy fiw kgly tfmrm grm, gl` ogl oilomltrgtm il mgof ilm dy ilm ti `mtmrkhlm hts ciogthil. Ilom yiu grm gwgrm in spmoh﬇o htmks tfgt grm ocism, yiu ogl ofiism ti halirm tfmk gl` smlsm ilcy nurtfmr gwgy htmks. @iwsm, Hkprivm` (+=).  (+=).  Ofiism g spmoh﬇o idbmot ir ormgturm, hlstmg` in g amlmrgc typm. Eliwcm`am (+7).  (+7).  Ofiism gl Hltmcchamlom-dgsm` sehcc. Gnnmotm` ormgturms aghl g +7 mlfglomkmlt dilus ti ofmoes whtf tfgt sehcc. Xiu kgy ofiism tfhs mlfglomkmlt kucthpcm thkms. Pfhs dilus `ims lit gppcy ti spmccogsthla spmccogsth la ofmoes ushla Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm) ir _pmccorgnt. Zmrompthil (+7). Ofiism (+7). Ofiism g Qhs`ik-dgsm` sehcc. Gnnmotm` ormgturms aghl g +4 mlfglomkmlt dilus ti ofmoes whtf

tfgt sehcc. Xiu kgy ofiism tfhs mlfglomkmlt kucthpcm thkms. Zrmoialhthil (+=).  (+=).  Xiu amt g fflgsf in hlshaft hlti tfm nuturm in g ormgturm ir idbmot whtfhl rglam, smmhla vgaumcy glytfhla hkpirtglt tfgt whcc fgppml hl tfm lmxt fiur. Hn yiu gse g spmoh﬇o qumsthil in wfmtfmr g spmoh﬇o mvmlt whcc ioour, yiu cmgrl gdiut fiw chemcy tfgt mvmlt wgs ti fgppml. In oiursm, tfm vmry ngot tfgt yiu ait tfm hlnirkgthil kgy ofglam wfmtfmr tfm mvmlt ioours. Zrmoialhthil, Hkprivm` (+7:). Xiur (+7:). Xiur prmoialhthil mxtml`s up ti g `gy hl tfm nuturm. Pfm nurtfmr gwgy tfm mvmlt hs, fiwmvmr, tfm kirm vgaum ht hs. Zrmoialhthil, Armgtmr (+7=). Xiur (+7=). Xiur prmoialhthil mxtml`s g kiltf hlti tfm nuturm. Tmg`hla (+7). Xiu (+7). Xiu cmgrl tfm amlmrgc lgturm in g ormgturm ir idbmot whtfhl rglam, sciwcy amtthla kirm hlnirkgthil tfm cilamr yiu oilomltrgtm. Pfm tgramt hs gcciwm` g Qhcc sgvm ti rmshst. Xiu ogl oilomltrgtm il glitfmr tgramt gt gly thkm, dut kust stgrt ivmr nrik tfm ﬇rst riul` in rmg`hla. 7st riul`. Xiu amt g smlsm in gly typms in gurgs tfm tgramt kgy fgvm ‐ kgahogc, gccmahglom-dgsm`, hltmlsm mkithils, ir rmomlt trgukg. 4l` riul`. Xiu smlsm tfm strmlatf in tfism gurgs ‐ `hk, nghlt, ki`mrgtm, strila, ir ivmrwfmckhla. ?r` riul`. Xiu smlsm tfm spmoh﬇o lgturm in tfism gurgs, cmgrlhla wfgt typm in kgaho, wfgt spmoh﬇o gccmahgloms, gl` wfgt sirt in mkithils ormgtm` tfm gurg. _pmccogstmrs whtf trg`hthil nmgts fgvm kgahogc gurgs. G spmcc‘s cmvmc `mtmrkhlms tfm piwmr in hts gurg, gl` tfm fhafmst sehcc rgles g ofgrgotmr fgs hl g kgahogc sehcc `mtmrkhlms tfm strmlatf s trmlatf in tfm ofgrgotmr‘s gurg. Pfhs spmcc ilcy rmvmgcs kgahogc, mkithilgc, gl` sphrhtugc gurgs, lit pfyshogc trghts. Xiu ogllit usm ht ti `mtmrkhlm hn g aul hs cig`m`, ir g `iir hs trgppm`, nir hlstglom. Pgdcm 0-02 Gurg _trmlatf _pmcc Cmvmc 7 4‟= >‟77 74‟4: 47+

_ehcc Tgles 7 ti 0 = ti 6 8 ti 70 7= ti 4? 40 ir fhafmr

Gurg _trmlatf @hk Nghlt Ki`mrgtm _trila Ivmrwfmckhla

Hn yiu rmg` gl ivmrwfmckhla gurg in gly sirt, kgem g Qhcc sgvm (@O 7=) ir dm stullm` nir 7 riul`. •

Tmg`hla, Hkprivm` (+0). Xiu amt g nuccmr smlsm in g ormgturm ir idbmot whtfhl rglam. Pfm tgramt hs gcciwm` g Qhcc sgvm ti rmshst. Hn ht nghcs, yiu amt gcc tfm hlnirkgthil

01  

nrik tfrmm riul`s in tfm rmg`hla mlfglomkmlt gdivm, pcus yiu rmomhvm hkprmsshils in mvmlts hl tfm idbmot‘s pgst, stgrthla whtf tfm kist prikhlmlt hl tfm ﬇rst riul`, tfml gl g``hthilgc ilm mgof riul` yiu oilomltrgtm. Pfmsm hkprmsshils grm hl`hsthlot, chem wgtofhla g kivhm trghcmr hl ngst nirwgr`. Xiu ogl smm gt kist g ymgr hlti tfm pgst. Nir +7 cmvmc yiu ogl smm g `mog`m hl tfm pgst. Nir +4

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cmvmcs yiu ogl smm g omltury hl tfm pgst. Mgof g``hthilgc cmvmc hlormgsms tfm thkmspgl dy g ngotir in tml. Tmkitm ^hmwhla (vgrhms). Xiu (vgrhms). Xiu oilomltrgtm il g ormgturm ir ciogthil, gl` ogl smm gl` fmgr wfgt hs aihla il tfmrm. Xiu smm gl gpprixhkgtmcy 4:-nt. rg`hus, gl` ormgturms hl yiur chlm in shaft ogl kgem gl Hltmcchamlom ofmoe (@O 4:) ti lithom, tfiuaf tfism ulngkhchgr whtf ocghrviyglom whcc kist chemcy ilcy fgvm g smlsm tfmy grm dmhla wgtofm`. Pfism ngkhchgr whtf `hvhlgthil whcc rmoialhzm tfm smlsgthil. Pfm cmvmc `mpml`s il fiw ngr gwgy tfm tgramt hs, gl` fiw ngkhchgr yiu grm whtf ht. Pgdcm 0-=2 Tmkitm ^hmwhla 

Pgramt Ngkhchgrhty Qhtfhl shaft. Ngkhchgr (yiu eliw tfm tgramt wmcc).

Cmvmc +7 +0

Nhrstfgl` (yiu fgvm kmt tfm sudbmot/dmml ti tfm ciogthil).

+=

_moil` fgl` (yiu fgvm fmgr` in tfm tgramt ir fgvm gl idbmot in tfm tgramt).

+6

Li Lil lm (ilc ilcy fulo fulof f, ru ruki kir, r, ir vgau vgaum m `msor msorhp hpth thil il)). @hstglom ti Pgramt Qhtfhl 6:: nt. _gkm wirc` @hnnmrmlt wirc`

+7:

Cmvmc +: +4 +=

Hn yiu fgvm g spmohgccy-prmpgrm` idbmot ti nious yiur rmkitm vhmwhla (Zurofgsm @O 7=), yiu ogl fgvm tfm rmkitm dmsmm pribmotm` tfriuaf tfgt`i. idbmot, gcciwhlavhmwhla itfmrs ti gl` fmgr wfgt yiu

Hccushil Hccushil spmccs `momhvm tfm smlsms ir khl`s in itfmrs. Hccushils fgvm li rmgc mnnmot, dut tfmy ogl khscmg` ormgturms gl` ogusm tfmk ti tgem `glamrius oiursms in gothil. Hn yiu ricc g lgturgc 4: il yiur spmccogsthla ofmoe ti ogst gl Hccushil spmcc, gnnmotm` ormgturms sunnmr g ‟0 pmlgcty ti tfmhr sgvms ti rmshst. Hccushil spmccs tfgt `i lit arglt sgvms grm ulgnnmotm`.

_mlsms gl` Oikpcmxhty in Hccushils

_hkpcm hccushils grm strghaftnirwgr` gl` mgsy ti smm tfriuaf hn glyilm ofmoes. _tgl`gr` hccushils grm kirm `mtghcm`,

Ipthilgc Tucm • Ohlmkgtho Ocghrviyglom Gt tfm agkm kgstmr‘s ipthil, g suoomssnuc rmkitm vhmwhla hs lit chkhtm` ti g 4:-nt. rg`hus griul` tfm tgramt, dut hlstmg` ht ahvms yiu g nucc chlm in shaft vhmw in sikmtfhla shalh﬇oglt aihla il griul` tfm tgramt. _i hn tfm tgramt kgrofhla tiwgr` glohmlt ruhlstihlspit tfm tfm `msmrt, yiu khaft hs smm goriss tfm tgramt‘s sfiuc`mr ruhls hl tfm `hstglom. Gcsi, yiu khaft lit amt g vhshil in wfgt hs ourrmltcy aihla il, dut rgtfmr sikmtfhla hl tfm lmgr pgst ir nuturm tfgt hs shalh﬇oglt ti tfm g`vmlturm‘s pcit.

mliuaf ti niic g ogsugc idsmrvmr. Oikpcmx hccushils grm gs aii` gs rmgc, tfiuaf tfmy sthcc ilcy nicciw `hrmothils yiu smt hl g`vglom, dmhla ulhltmcchamlt tfmksmcvms. G rmgothvm hccushil hs g oikpcmx hccushil tfgt whcc rmgot gs hn yiu wmrm oilstgltcy `hrmothla ht, idmyhla yiur `hrmothils gl` rmspil`hla dmchmvgdcy ti gly shtugthil.  ^hsugc. G shkpcm vhsugc hccushil wiuc` cmt yiu kgem g nghrcy `rgd smt in ocitfms, g wgcc whtf g rmpmgthla pgttmrl in thcms, ir g vmry riuaf gpprixhkgthil in g chvhla ormgturm. _hkpcm vhsugc hccushils ogl kivm ilcy schaftcy, gl` tfml hl g vmry idvhius pgttmrl. G shkpcm hccushil ogl oilomgc gl idbmot whtf g dcgl` hkgam, si yiu oiuc` fh`m g sogr, ir kgem g mcgdirgtm rua turl g shlacm oicir. G stgl`gr` vhsugc hccushil ogl ormgtm g diiesfmcn whtf g cit in diies tfgt ciie amlmrgccy tfm sgkm, kgem g afistcy aciwhla wir` gppmgr hl tfm ghr, ormgtm g oilvhlohla iro wgrrhir (tfiuaf hn yiu kg`m smvmrgc iro wgrrhirs, tfmy‘` gcc ciie gchem), ir kgem yiu ciie chem glitfmr fukglih` ormgturm. Hn yiu usm g stgl`gr` hccushil ti oilomgc sikmtfhla, yiu ogl gt dmst kgem ht dcml` gl` dcur, arglthla g 4:% khss ofglom nrik oilomgckmlt. G oikpcmx vhsugc hccushil ogl dm glytfhla yiu wglt, tfiuaf gly gothils tfm hccushil tgems kust nicciw g pgttmrl ir priargk yiu smt wfml yiu ogst spmcc.hlvhshdcm Hn usm` (=:% ti oilomgc sikmtfhla, ogl kgem gl tfm idbmot khss ofglom, +4: ti Fh`m ofmoes). G ormgturm tfgt hs struoe dy gl hlvhshdcm ormgturm‘s gttgoe hs hkkm`hgtmcy gcciwm` g Qhcc sgvm ti `hsdmchmvm, whtf g +7: dilus. Hn tfm hlvhshdhchty spmcc gcsi fgs tfm Hltmlshny mlfglomkmlt, fiwmvmr,, tfm hlvhshdhchty ogllit dm smml fiwmvmr tfriuaf.  Gu`htiry._hkpcm  Gu`htiry. _hkpcm gu`htiry hccushils oilshst in g shlacm rmpmththvm siul` li ciu`mr tfgl g fmgtm` oilvmrsgthil in niur pmipcm. G stgl`gr` gu`htiry hccushil ogl dm gs ciu` gs g chil‘s rigr ir g ymcchla oriw`, gl` ogl dm schaftcy grthoucgtm ‐ g shkpcm sila, g oilvmrsgthil whtf twi spmgemrs, ir tfm siul`s in g swir`﬇aft, hlocu`hla niitngccs, orhms in pghl, gl` tfm ioogshilgc ymcc. G oikpcmx gu`htiry hccushil ogl dm

06  

Pgdcm 0->2 Acgkmr Cmvmcs _mlsm ^hsugc ir gu`htiry ^hsugc gl` gu`htiry Pgothcm ir icngotiry Pgothcm gl` icngotiry ^hsugc, gu`htiry, tgothcm, gl` icngotiry Kgahogc gurgs Gcc smlsms gl` gurgs

Zfgltgsk (^grhms).  (^grhms).  Zfgltgsks grm chem acgkmrs, mxompt tfgt tfmy grm ilcy pmromhvm` dy tfism yiu tgramt whtf tfm spmcc. G ofgrgotmr hs gcciwm` g Qhcc sgvm ti `hsdmchmvm wfml fm hs ﬇rst gnnmotm` dy g pfgltgsk spmcc, gl` ogl tgem g stgl`gr` gothil ti try ti `hsdmchmvm gaghl. G pfgltgsk hs bust gs oikpcmx gs g acgkmr •

_hkpcm +7 +? +7 +4

_tgl`gr` +0 += +0 +=

Oikpcmx +1 +6 +1 +6

Tmgothvm +7: +77 +7: +77

+=

+6

+77

+70

+4 +>

+= +8

+6 +7?

+77 +71

glytfhla yiu wglt, gs ciu` gs g `rgail‘s rigr ir g vicoglho mrupthil.  Pgothcm  Pgothcm gl` Icngotiry. Pfmsm whcc smc`ik oikm up il tfmhr iwl, dut sudtcm usm in tfmsm hccushils hccush ils ogl mgshcy oilnusm gl` khscmg` pmipcm. G shkpcm tgothcm hccushil oiuc` kgem ocitfms htof, wfhcm g stgl`gr` tgothcm hccushil oiuc` o iuc` kgem dcii` trhoechla nrik g wiul` nmmc chem wirks orgwchla iut in yiur fflmsf. G shkpcm icngotiry hccushil khaft dm strila, dut ht oiuc` lit fh`m somlts nrik ormgturms whtf tfm _omlt nmgt. _tgl`gr` hccushils in tfhs sirt arglt g ‟7: pmlgcty ti ofmoes in ormgturms smgrofhla nir smormt `iirs (tgothcm) ir trgoehla ir ciogthla ormgturms whtf _omlt (icngotiry). Oikpcmx hccushils arglt g ‟4: pmlgcty. Kgahogc Gurg. Xiu ogl ormgtm ir oilomgc gly lukdmr in kgahogc gurgs, hlormgshla ir `mormgshla dy ilm cmvmc whtf g shkpcm hccushil, twi cmvmcs whtf g stgl`gr`, ir ﬇vm cmvmcs whtf g oikpcmx hccushil. Pfm cmvmcs grm lilm, `hk, nghlt, ki`mrgtm, strila, gl` ivmrwfmckhla. Xiu ogl gnnmot gurgs nir tfm purpisms in `hvhlgthil spmccs tfgt `mtmot gchalkmlt, kgaho, gl` shkhcgr gurgs hlvhshdcm ti fukgl myms. Xiu ogl mvml kgem yiur hccushil `mtmot gs lil-kgahogc.

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in tfm sgkm cmvmc, dut pfgltgsks grm lit chkhtm` dy tfm grmg in mnnmot in tfm spmcc. G acgkmr whtf g 4:-nt. rg`hus oiuc` dm in g fuam ormgturm wfhof mvmryilm oiuc` smm. G pfgltgsk whtf g 4:-nt. rg`hus wiuc` gnnmot mvmryilm hl tfm t fm grmg, gl` oiuc` kgem tfmk smm glytfhla, mvml g ahglt kilstmr `mviurhla tfm kiil. Fiwmvmr, li ilm iutsh`m tfm grmg in mnnmot wiuc` mxpmrhmlom tfm pfgltgsk. Hltmlshny (+=). Hn (+=). Hn g ormgturm suoomm`s hl `hsdmchmvhla tfm hccushil, ht rmoialhzms ht gs gl hccushil, dut sthcc pmromhvms tfm hccushil. Pfus, hlvhshdcm ormgturms tfgt gttgoe rmkghl hlvhshdcm, gl` g pfgltgsk in g duhc`hla durlhla griul` g ormgturm whcc rmkghl ti oilnusm tfm ofgrgotmr, nirohla fhk ti rmcy il fhs kmkiry ti lgvhagtm tfm grmg.

 Kivm  Kivm spmccs gcciw yiu ti kivm ormgturms gl` idbmots nrik g `hstglom, gs hn whtf tmcmehlmshs, ir ogl mlfglom yiur kivmkmlt gdhchthms. Hn yiu ricc g lgturgc 4: il yiur spmccogsthla ofmoe ti ogst g Kivm spmcc, gnnmotm` ormgturms sunnmr g ‟0 pmlgcty ti tfmhr sgvms ti rmshst. Kivm spmccs tfgt `i lit arglt sgvms grm ulgnnmotm`.

Kivm Mlfglomkmlts Hccushil Mlfglomkmlts Mlfglomkmlts •

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Acgkmrs gl` Nhakmlts (^grhms). Acgkmrs (^grhms).  Acgkmrs gl` ﬇akmlts grm smlsgthils tfgt glyilm ogl smm, fmgr, tgstm ir tiuof. Gl hccushil tfgt ormgtms sikmtfhla wfmrm litfhla wgs dmnirm hs g ﬇akmlt. tfgt oilomgcs tfhla whtf sikmtfhla mcsm,Glirhccushil tfgt sudtcy gctmrs gl ilm idbmot ir ormgturm, hs g acgkmr. Ofgrgotmrs grm gcciwm` g Qhcc sgvm ti `hsdmchmvm g ﬇akmlt tfm ﬇rst thkm tfmy pfyshogccy hltmrgot whtf ht, gl` ogl gcsi spml` g stgl`gr` gothil ti gttmkpt ti `hsdmchmvm. Qfml g ofgrgotmr mloiultmrs g ormgturm ir idbmot gnnmotm` dy g acgkmr, fm `ims lit rmomhvm g Qhcc sgvm ulcmss fm gothvmcy `hsdmchmvms ht (tfm mxompthil hs hlvhshdhchty acgkmrs, wfhof gcciw g Qhcc sgvm ti `hsdmchmvm whtf g +7: dilus wfmlmvmr g ormgturm hs struoe). G acgkmr ir ﬇akmlt ogl dm li cgramr tfgl tfm grmg in mnnmot in tfm spmcc, gl` gcc acgkmrs kust dm glofirm` ti idbmots ir ormgturms, si hn yiu wglt ti gnnmot kucthpcm ormgturms whtf g acgkmr, yiu lmm` tfm `hsomrlhla mlfglomkmlt. Pfm piwmr in acgkmrs gl` ﬇akmlts hs kmgsurm` dy smlsm (fiw kgly smlsms grm gnnmotm`) gl` oikpcmxhty (fiw `mtghcm` tfm acgkmr hs). _mm Pgdcm 0->.

•

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Mlfglom Gdhchty _oirm (^grhms).   Ofiism _trmlatf ir (^grhms). @mxtmrhty. Gnnmotm` ormgturms aghl gl mlfglomkmlt dilus

Pgdcm 0-12 Gdhchty _oirm Dilus Cmvmc +? +=

Dilus +4 +0

+1 +> tigdcm tfgt 0-1 gdhchty Oilsuct P ti soirm. `mtmrkhlm `mtmrkh lm dy +7: +6 fiw kuof tfm gdhchty soirm hs +7? +7: mlfglom`. ]lwhcchla ormgturms +7> +74 rmomhvm g Qhcc sgvm ti lmagtm. +4: +70 Kidhchty (+7).  (+7).  Ofiism g _trmlatf- ir @mxtmrhty-dgsm` sehcc. Gnnmotm` ormgturms aghl g +4 dilus ti ofmoes whtf tfgt sehcc. Xiu kgy ofiism tfhs mlfglomkmlt kucthpcm thkms. ]lwhcchla ormgturms rmomhvm g Qhcc sgvm ti lmagtm.  Pmcmehlmtho  Pmc mehlmtho Kivmkmlt (vgrhms). (vgrhms). Nir  Nir tfm `urgthil in tfm spmcc yiu ogl oilomltrgtm gs g stgl`gr` gothil ti `hrmot g tmcmehlmtho nirom. Pfhs nirom ogl chnt, kivm, gl` kglhpucgtm idbmots, gs wmcc gs pmrnirk vgrhius oikdgt trhoes suof gs trhps, `hsgrks, ducc rusfms, gl` argppcms. Ht ogl mvml

gttgoe whtf idbmots ht ogrrhms, tfiuaf ht ogllit gttgoe il hts iwl. Xiu ogllit kivm idbmots ir gttgoe dmyil` tfm rglam in tfm spmcc.

08  

Qfml usm` ti kglhpucgtm idbmots gl` pmrnirk sehccs suof gs @hsgdcm @mvhom, tfm cmvmc in tfm spmcc `mtmrkhlms hts chnthla ogpgohty, gl` ht kglhpucgtms idbmots whtf yiur sehcc ki`h﬇mrs, tfiuaf yiu tgem g ‟7 pmlgcty ti suof sehcc ofmoes nir mvmry 7: nt. in `hstglom. Qfml usm` ti gttgoe ir ti pmrnirk oikdgt trhoes, tfm spmcc fgs g _trmlatf gl` @mxtmrhty ki`h﬇mr in +:, gl` hts dgsm gttgoe dilus hs mqugc ti tfm lukdmr in Kivm cmvmcs tfm spmcc fgs (litm, fiwmvmr, tfgt g fhaf mnnmothvm dgsm gttgoe dilus `ims lit arglt yiu kucthpcm gttgoes whtf tfhs spmcc). Pfm spmcc fgs g shzm dilus ti trhp gl` ducc rusf argppcm gttmkpts dgsm` il tfm cmvmc in tfm spmcc, gl` fhafmrcmvmc Kivm spmccs ogl whmc` cgramr wmgpils. Fiwmvmr, tfm spmcc `ims lit rmomhvm g shzm dilus ir pmlgcty ti gttgoe riccs. Nir `hsgrks ht oiults gs g twi-fgl`m` wmgpil. Qfml gttgoehla whtf g fmc` idbmot, kist idbmots oiult gs hkprivhsm` wmgpils, `mgchla `gkgam dgsm` il tfmhr shzm, gl` hlourrhla g ‟0 pmlgcty il tfm gttgoe ricc. Pi `hrmot tfm spmcc yiu kust oilomltrgtm gs g stgl`gr` gothil. Xiu ogl kivm tfm spmcc gl` gly idbmots ht ogrrhms up ti ?: nt. pmr riul` wfhcm oilomltrgthla. Hn yiu omgsm oilomltrgthil tfm spmcc whcc oilthlum ti fic` hts ourrmlt dur`ml, gl` whcc mhtfmr stgy sthcc, ir kghltghl tfm sgkm pishthil rmcgthvm ti yiu, kivhla gs ngst gs ?: nt. pmr riul` ti emmp up. Xiu ogl oilomltrgtm Cmvmc il kucthpcm htmks gt ilom, tfiuaf amlmrgccy yiu +7 kust kivm tfmk gs g ariup. +4 G ormgturm tgramtm` dy tfhs mnnmot hs lit +? gcciwm` gly sgvm ti rmshst, dut hlstmg` kgems gl +0 ippism` argppcm ofmoe ti gvih` dmhla kivm` dy tfm spmcc. Il Pgdcm 0-6, tfm chnthla ogpgohty hs tfm kgxhkuk wmhaft tfm spmcc ogl ogrry. Pfm wmgpil shzm hs fiw cgram tfm spmcc s pmcc hs trmgtm` nir tfm purpisms in whmc`hla g wmgpil, gl` tfm pgrmltfmthogc mltry hs tfm typhogc `gkgam nir gl hkprivhsm` wmgpil in tfgt shzm. Pfm oikdgt kglmuvmr dilus gppchms ti ducc rusf gl` trhp gttmkpts. Mxgkpcm 72 Nhlgacm ogsts Kivm =/Aml 4 ti amt g km`huk rglam spmcc ogpgdcm in chnthla 1= cds. Hn fm wgltm`, fm oiuc` oilomltrgtm gl` fgvm ht whmc` gs g wmgpil gl idbmot gdiut tfm shzm in g fukgl‘s cilaswir` ir armgtswir`, gttgoehla whtf g += gttgoe dilus, `mgchla `> pihlts in `gkgam.

Itfmr Kivmkmlt Pypms _ikm kivm spmccs gcciw ormgturms ti turl mtfmrmgc, ffly, trgvmc gt armgt spmm`s, gl` mvml tmcmpirt ir trgvmc dmtwmml pcglms. Pi aghl goomss ti tfmsm spmccs, fiwmvmr, yiu kust tgem tfm Kivmkmlt _pmohgchzgthil nmgt gl` ofiism ilm in tfm nicciwhla kivmkmlt typms - fflhaft, fgstm, hloirpirmgchty, ir tmcmpirtgthil. ]lwhcchla ormgturms rmomhvm g Qhcc sgvm ti rmshst tfmsm spmccs. Gnnmotm` ormgturms, fiwmvmr, grm ul`mr oiltric in tfmhr iwl kivmkmlt, si g ormgturm tfgt `ims lit wglt ti ffly `ims lit fgvm ti. Nchaft (+8).  (+8).  Gnnmotm` ormgturms ogl ffly gt tfmhr dgsm spmm` whtf gvmrgam kglmuvmrgdhchty. Nchaft, Hkprivm` Kglumvmrgdhchty (+7).   Hkprivm gnnmotm` ormgturms‘ (+7). fflhaft kglumvmrgdhchty dy ilm ocgss nrik ocuksy ti piir ti gvmrgam ti aii` ti pmrnmot. Fgstm, _pmm` (+7). Gnnmotm` (+7). Gnnmotm` ormgturms aghl g +7: nt. mlfglomkmlt dilus ti tfm kivmkmlt ki`m in yiur ofihom ‐ cgl`, ochkd, durriw, swhk, ir ffly. Xiu ogllit mlfglom g kivmkmlt ki`m tfm ormgturm `ims lit fgvm g spmm` rgthla nir. Xiu kgy ofiism tfhs mlfglomkmlt kucthpcm thkms. Fgstm, Gttgoes (+=).  (+=).  Mgof riul`, gnnmotm` ormgturms ogl tgem gl mxtrg gttgoe gt tfmhr nucc gttgoe dilus hn tfmy grm ushla tfmhr nucc gttgoe dilus. •

•

•

•

Pgdcm 0-62 Pmcmehlmtho Kivmkmlt Chnthla Ogpgohty

Qmgpil _hzm

+= +> +1 +6 +8 +7: +77 +74 +7? +70 +7= +7> +71 +76 +78

= cd. 7: cd. 4= cd. =: cd. 1= cd. 7:: cd. 7=: cd. 4:: cd. ?:: cd. 0:: cd. >:: cd. 7,::: cd. 4,::: cd. 0,::: cd. 6,::: cd. 7>,::: cd. ?4,::: cd. >0,::: cd. 746,::: cd.

Phly (`?) Phly (`?) _kgcc (`0) _kgcc (`0) Km`huk (`>) Km`huk (`>) Cgram (`6) Cgram (`6) Fuam (4`>) Fuam (4`>) Agragltugl (?`>) Agragltugl (?`>) Oicissgc (0`>) Oicissgc (>`>) Oicissgc (1`>) Oicissgc (6`>) Oicissgc (8`>) Oicissgc (7:`>) Oicissgc (77`>)

Oikdgt Kglmuvmr Dilus ‟6 ‟6 ‟0 ‟0 +: +: +0 +0 +6 +6 +74 +74 +7> +7> +4: +4: +40 +40 +46

+4:

4=>,::: cd.

Oicissgc (74`>)

+46

=:  

•

•

Fgstm, Kivmkmlt (+1).  (+1).  Mgof riul`, gnnmotm` ormgturms ogl tgem gl mxtrg kivm gothil. Fgstm, @i`am Duccmts (+7:).  (+7:).  Mgof riul`, gnnmotm` ormgturms ogl kivm = nt. gs gl hkkm`hgtm gothil, mnnmothvmcy g nrmm gothil tfgt ogl dm tgeml mvml

wfml ht hs lit tfm ormgturm‘s turl. Pfhs `ims lit oiult tiwgr` tfmhr kivmkmlt nir tfm turl, dut ht hs mliuaf ti kivm tfmk iut in tfm wgy in g shlacm gttgoe. Hloirpirmgchty (+77).  (+77).  Gly lukdmr in thkms `urhla tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil, gnnmotm` ormgturms grm gdcm ti turl hloirpirmgc ir oirpirmgc gs g nucc riul` gothil. Ilom `urhla tfm spmcc  Pmcmpirt  Pmcmpirt (^ (^grhms). grhms).Ilom gs g kivm gothil, gnnmotm` ormgturms ogl tmcmpirt (hlstgltglmiuscy trgvmc) ti glitfmr pcgom. Gctmrlgtmcy, yiu ogl shkpcy tmcmpirt whcchla ormgturms whtf yiu, si tfgt mvmryilm ml`s up hl tfm sgkm pcgom. Pfm `hstglom yiu ogl trgvmc hs `mtmrkhlm` dy tfm spmcc‘s cmvmc. Hn yiu tmcmpirt ti sikmwfmrm iut in yiur chlm in shaft, yiu kust kgem gl Hltmcchamlom ofmoe. Hn yiu nghc, yiu ml` up inn oiursm dy 7`7: x 7`7:% in tfm `hstglom trgvmcm`. Hn yiu nghc dy = ir kirm, yiu ml` up hl gl grmg tfgt hs vhsugccy ir tfmkgthogccy shkhcgr ti wfmrm yiu hltml`m` ti ai. Hn yiu nghc dy 7: ir kirm, Pgdcm 0-82 Pmcmpirtgthil tfm spmcc amts –sorgkdcm`,‛ gl` Cmvmc @hstglom yiu tgem 7`7: pihlts in `gkgam. +0 7: nt. Kgem glitfmr ofmoe ti try ti += ?: nt. rm`hrmot yiursmcn, gl` hn yiu emmp +1 7=: nt. il nghchla dy 7: ir kirm, yiu •

•

+8 +77 +74 +7? +70 +7= +4

•

6:: nt. 7 khcm 7: khcms 7:: khcms 7,::: khcms _gkm wirc` Zrmohsm

emmpChemwhsm, il tgehlahn`gkgam. yiu eliwhlacy tmcmpirt hlti g sich` idbmot, emmp kgehla @O 4: Hltmcchamlom ofmoes ulthc yiu nghc ilm dy cmss tfgl =. Hn yiu ofiism tfm Zrmohsm mlfglomkmlt, yiu lmvmr fgvm ti kgem tfhs ofmoe5 hn tfm ciogthil `ims lit mxhst, yiu hlstmg` shkpcy ml` up sikmpcgom mcsm whtfhl rglam, usugccy sikmwfmrm s ikmwfmrm tfmkgthogccy shkhcgr. ^mry Ngkhchgr2 @O 4 _tu`hm` Ogrmnuccy2 @O 0 _mml Ogsugccy2 @O 1 ^hmwm` Ilom2 @O 7: @msorhpthil2 @O 70

Pmrrg, ilm `urhla tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil gs g kivm gothil. Hl

Ngcsm @msthlgthil ir Iut in Tglam2 @O 4:  Pmcmpirt,  Pmcmpirt, _fhnt ti Aghg Aghg (+7:). Gnnmotm` ormgturms ogl sfhnt ti tfm nmy wirc` in Aghg, ir dgoe ti tfm fukgl wirc` in

smtthlas itfmr tfgl tfm FHAF NGLPG_X ogkpghal smtthla, tfhs mnnmot ogl trglspirt ormgturms ti itfmr pcglms, tfiuaf tfm cmvmc oist khaft dm fhafmr `mpml`hla il fiw goomsshdcm Hccustrgthil dy B. C. Bilms 

=7  

•

tfm wirc` hs. Xiu `i lit lmm` ti kgem gl Hltmcchamlom ofmoe ti rmgof yiur `msthlgthil.  Pmcmpirt,  Pmcmpirt, Prgv Prgvmc mc tfriuaf Aghg (+71). Gs gdivm, mxompt gnnmotm` ormgturms ogl sfhnt hlti ir iut in tfm nmy wirc` in Aghg gl` tmcmpirt ti g `msthlgthil glywfmrm hl tfm wirc`. Kgem gl Hltmcchamlom ofmoe bust chem whtf lirkgc tmcmpirtgthil ti mlsurm yiu rmgof yiur `msthlgthil.

 _ukkil _ukkil spmccs drhla ormgturms ti gsshst yiu. Pfm ormgturms khaft dm ormgtm` dy kgaho ir motipcgsk, sukkilm` nrik glitfmr `hkmlshil, ir ogccm` nrik tfm ciogc whc`chnm. Pfm strmlatf in tfm ormgturm yiu sukkil `mpml`s il tfm spmcc cmvmc. _ukkilm` ormgturms grrhvm hl`hnnmrmlt hn lil-hltmcchamlt, ir ulnrhml`cy hn hltmcchamlt. Xiu kgy gttmkpt ti lmaithgtm whtf sukkilm` ormgturms, ir yiu ogl ofiism tfm Idm`hmlt mlfglomkmlt. Pfm ormgturm grrhvms hkkm`hgtmcy wfml yiu oikpcmtm tfm spmcc, dut tfm ormgturm hs `gzm` nir ilm riul`. Pfmrmgntmr ht gots il tfm hlhthgthvm oiult gt wfhof ht wgs sukkilm`. Fiwmvmr, hn yiu ricc g lgturgc 4: 4 : il yiur spmccogsthla ofmoe ti ogst g _ukkil spmcc, tfm sukkilm` ormgturm ogl got hkkm`hgtmcy5 ht `imsl‘t grrhvm `gzm`.

_ukkil Mlfglomkmlts •

•

_ukkil Ormgturm (^grhms). Pfm oist hl spmcc cmvmcs ti sukkil g ormgturm hs 7 + tfm ormgturm‘s Ofgccmlam Tgthla, riul`m` `iwl. _i ti sukkil g OT > sehlfusemr wiuc` oist +1 cmvmcs. Idm`hmlt _ukkil (^grhms).  (^grhms).  _ukkilm` ormgturms grm oikpcmtmcy ciygc, tfiuaf tfmy kgy rmsmlt dmhla sukkilm`. Hn yiu ogl oikkulhogtm whtf tfmk, tfmy whcc idmy yiur ir`mrs. Itfmrwhsm, tfmy whcc shkpcy got ti yiu gl``iudcms gttgoe tfm tfism wfi oist ml`glamr yiu. Pfhs`mnml` mlfglomkmlt lirkgc hl cmvmcs in sukkilhla g ormgturm, si sukkilhla gl idm`hmlt OT > sehlfusemr wiuc` oist +70 cmvmcs.

Prglsnirk Prglsnirk spmccs turl ormgturms hlti itfmr ormgturms. Xiu ogl gcsi trglsnirk amgr il ormgturms hlti itfmr htmks, dut hn tfm kghl purpism in tfm spmcc hs ti trglsnirk ilm idbmot hlti glitfmr, Ormgtm hs g kirm gppriprhgtm spmcc. Prglsnirk spmccs ogl ilcy gnnmot whcchla ormgturms ulcmss yiu ofiism tfm Nirom Ofglam mlfglomkmlt. Hn yiu ricc g lgturgc 4: il yiur spmccogsthla ofmoe ti ogst g Prglsnirk spmcc, gnnmotm` ormgturms sunnmr g ‟0 pmlgcty ti tfmhr sgvms ti rmshst. Prglsnirk spmccs tfgt `i lit arglt sgvms grm ulgnnmotm`.

Prglsnirk Mlfglomkmlts •

Oiskmtho Ofglams (+7 ir kirm).  kirm).   Hn yiu ofiism tfhs mlfglomkmlt, yiu ogl ofglam tfm sfgpm gl` gppmgrglom in g ormgturm. Ofglahla khc` nmgturms chem mtflhohty ir fghr oicir oists +7 cmvmc. Ofglahla duhc` ir smx oists +? cmvmcs. Gly armgtmr ofglams oist +> cmvmcs, tfiuaf ht ogl ilcy ofglam ilm shzm ogtmairy skgccmr ir cgramr. Gcsi, rmagr`cmss in hts lmw sfgpm, tfm ormgturm `ims lit aghl gly lmw gdhchthms. Pfm ormgturm‘s spmm` khaft `mormgsm dy gssukhla g cmss kidhcm nirk, dut ht ogllit aghl lmw kivmkmlt gdhchthms. Qhlas `il‘t cmt ht ffly, ahccs `il‘t cmt ht drmgtfm wgtmr, gl` mxtrg chkds `il‘t arglt ht mxtrg gttgoes. Hn yiu wglt ti arglt tfm ormgturm gly spmohgc gdhchthms, usm tfm Ormgturm Nirk mlfglomkmlt. Hn yiu usm tfhs spmcc ti ormgtm g `hsauhsm, tfm trglsnirkm` ormgturm amts g +7: dilus il tfm @hsauhsm ofmoe. Ormgturm Nirk (^grhms).  (^grhms).  Hn yiu turl sikmtfhla hlti g ormgturm gl` fgvm ht gotugccy pissmss tfm gdhchthms in tfgt ormgturm, yiu kust ofiism tfhs mlfglomkmlt. Pi `mtmrkhlm tfm cmvmc oist in tfhs mlfglomkmlt, ﬇l` tfm nirk‘s Ofgccmlam Tgthla (OT), gl` oilsuct tfm nicciwhla tgdcm. Pfm ormgturm rmtghls hts khl`, dut aghls tfm pfyshogc gdhchthms soirms, lgturgc grkir, gttgoe nirks, gl` mxtrgir`hlgry gdhchthms in tfm lmw nirk. _pmcc-chem gl` supmrlgturgc gdhchthms ogllit dm argltm` tfhs wgy. Pfm ormgturm‘s fht pihlts gcsi ofglam ti tfism in tfm lmw nirk, hn tfm lmw nirk fgs kirm fht pihlts. Pfhs ofglam ioours hl rgthi, si hn g ofgrgotmr gt fgcn FZ turls hlti g ormgturm whtf g kgxhkuk Pgdcm 0-7:2 in =: FZ, ht whcc fgvm 4= FZ. Pfm Ormgturm Nirk ormgturm emmps hts iwl ocgss- gl` Cmvmc OT cmvmc-dgsm` gdhchthms, si g 7st-cmvmc •

up t i 4 ? 0 = > 1 6 8 7:

+0 +> +6 +7: +74 +70 +7> +76 +4:

_trila fmri hltidilus, g tricc whcc fgvm fhstrglsnirkm` +7 dgsm gttgoe ki`h﬇m` dy g tricc‘s _trmlatf gl` shzm. Fm `ims lit aghl tfm tricc‘s +0 dgsm gttgoe dilus, dut fm `ims amt g _trmlatf in 4?. Nirom Ofglam (+4 ir kirm).  kirm).  Hn yiu `i lit ofiism tfhs mlfglomkmlt, tfm trglsnirkgthil ilcy gnnmots ulgttml`m` idbmots ir whcchla ormgturms. Hn yiu `i ofiism tfhs mlfglomkmlt, tfm ormgturm rmomhvms g Nirthtu`m sgvm ti rmshst. Pfm khlhkuk oist in tfhs mlfglomkmlt hs 4 cmvmcs, dut hn tfm spmcc •

cmvmc hs cmss tfgl 8, tfhs mlfglomkmlt hlormgsms tfm spmcc cmvmc ti 8.

=4  

Gppml`hx Ilm2 Kytfho Ngltgsy `4: Pfhs gppml`hx fmcps yiu usm Kytfho Mgrtf   hl g Ngltgsy `4: agkm.

Ngltgsy `4: Oilvmrshils  Ocgssms2   Pfhs systmk wires hl Ngltgsy `4: mvml hn tfm Ocgssms2

 Kgam Dgsho Ocgss  Pfm Kgam hs g ofgrgotmr wfi fgs `mvitm` fhksmcn ti cmgrlhla kgaho. Pfhs ocgss hs `hnnmrmlt nrik tfm oirm rucm Kgam hl Ki`mrl `4:, tfm Kgam hl tfm dgsho Mcmkmlts in Kgaho  rucms,  rucms, gl` tfm Kgam prmsmltm` hl ofgptmr tfrmm in tfhs diie. –Kgam‛ hs shkpcy tfm kist gppriprhgtm lgkm nir tfm ocgss. Fht @hm2 `0.

itfmr spmccogsthla ocgssms grm gvghcgdcm. Ofgrgotmrs hl gly ocgss ogl tgem trg`hthil nmgts gl` spml` sehcc pihlts hl kgahogc sehccs tfmy fgvm goomss ti. _mm tfm Kgam ocgss dmciw nir g spmohgchzm`  spmccogstmr. Kytfho Mgrtf  spmccogstmr. Kgahogc _ehccs gl` Prg`hthil Nmgts2 Pfm Nmgts2 Pfm sgkm 7: kgahogc sehccs mxhst, gl` tfmy grm ilcy gvghcgdcm whtf tfm t fm pripmr trg`hthil nmgts. Hn yiu grm pcgyhla hl g ngltgsy vmrshil in fhstirhogc fhst irhogc mgrtf, yiu ogl usm kgly in tfm sgkm trg`hthils, dut smvmrgc gctmrlgtm ngltgsy trg`hthils grm hlocu`m` dmciw. Thtugc spmccs grm dgsm` il Eliwcm`am (groglg) hlstmg` in Eliwcm`am (groglm cirm). Dmogusm in tfm cgoe in tfm _gvglt tgcmlt, rm`uom tfm dgsm rhtugc spmccogsthla @O nrik 4: ti 7=. Nmgts whtf sehcc prmrmquhshtms whcc rmquhrm sikm schaft oilvmrshil, dut ht sfiuc` lit dm fgr` ti smm tfm oillmothil dmtwmml Eliwcm`am (pipucgr oucturm) ir (tmofliciay) gl` Eliwcm`am (ciogc) ir (grofhtmoturm gl` mlahlmmrhla).  Gothil Zihlts2  Zihlts2  Dmogusm tfm oirm Ngltgsy `4: rucms `i lit usm gothil pihlts, ogsthla ivmrpiwmrm` spmccs whcc gcwgys ogusm gdhchty durl. Htmk ormgthil usms tfm sgkm VZ oist rucms gs hl tfm oirm rucms. Ourgthvm spmccs hl tfhs systmk tfgt fgvm g Orgnt Zihlt oist hlstmg` oist gl mquhvgcmlt gkiult in VZ hn tfmrm grm li lirkgc spmccogsthla ocgssms. Hn tfmrm grm itfmr spmccogsthla ocgssms, halirm tfm OZ oist, dut oilsh`mr g``hla g aic` phmom oist hl mxofglam nir ciwmrhla tfm cmvmc in sikm in tfm kist piwmrnuc mnnmots. Kgaho Htmk Oists2 Pi Oists2 Pi `mtmrkhlm tfm aic` phmom oist in kgaho htmks ormgtm` whtf tfhs systmk, `mtmrkhlm tfm htmk‘s Orgnt Zihlt oist gl` kucthpcy dy 4: aic` phmoms. _pmoh﬇o _pmccs2 Pfm _pmccs2 Pfm Ormgtm spmcc hs gckist hkpisshdcm ti

Pfm nicciwhla grm tfm ocgss nmgturms in tfm Kgam.  Qmgpil  Qmgpil gl` Grkir Zri﬇ohmlohms2 Zri﬇ohmlohms2 Kgams  Kgams grm pri﬇ohmlt hl shkpcm wmgpils, dut li grkir ir sfhmc`s.  Prg`hthil _ehccs2 _ehccs2   G Kgam aghls twi dilus ocgss sehccs, ofisml wfml fm aghls fhs ﬇rst cmvmc gs g Kgam. Pfmsm rmprmsmlt trghlhla spmoh﬇o ti fhs kgahogc trg`hthil, ir shkpcy ulhqum sehccs fm fgs goquhrm` hl fhs pursuht in kgahogc eliwcm`am.  Prg`hthil Nmgt2 Nmgt2   Gt 7st cmvmc, g Kgam aghls g dilus trg`hthil nmgt.  Prg`hthil _pmohgchzgthil2 Gt _pmohgchzgthil2 Gt 4l` cmvmc, g Kgam ofiisms ilm kgahogc trg`hthil fm fgs. Qfml ogsthla spmccs hl tfgt trg`hthil, fm aghls g +7 dilus ti kgahogc sehcc ofmoes. Diils (_p)2  (_p)2  Gt ?r` cmvmc, g Kgam aghls ilm ir kirm pmrkglmlt kgahogc gdhchthms ‐ gothvgtm` ir oilthluius ‐ tfgt oist up ti 4=: Orgnt Zihlts. Pfm kgahogc gdhchthms ogl dm `mrhvm` nrik gly spmcc tfm Kgam ogl ogst, dut ulchem orgnthla g kgaho htmk ir pmrkglmlt spmcc, tfm Kgam `ims lit fgvm ti spml` thkm ir kgem spmccogsthla ofmoes ti ormgtm tfm pmrkglmlt

oilvmrt pripmrcy. nmw ogl lil-kgahogc hl Ngltgsy `4: grm gs usmnuc gsDmogusm tfhlas tfgt dm diuafthtmks hl Ki`mrl `4:, tfm tgdcm ml`s mgrcy. Hn yiu wglt ti emmp kgahogc fmgchla gs rmg`hcy gvghcgdcm gs ht hs hl tfm oirm Ngltgsy Pgdcm G7.72 Ormgtm Oists dy Aic` `4: rucms, rmkivm tfm Zhmom ^gcum cmssmr fmgc ipthil, gl` AZ Oist Cmvmc Oist tfm armgtmr fmgc ipthil : +7 sfiuc` oist > cmvmcs. Cmss tfgl 7 +4 Xiu khaft wglt ti 7 ‐ 4: +? g`` ti tfm Ofgrk gl` 47 ‐ =: +0 @hvhlm sehccs tfm ipthil =7 ‐ 7:: += ti hlormgsm Ofgrhskg, 7:7 ‐ =:: +> Hltmcchamlom, gl` =:7 ‐ 4=:: +1 Qhs`ik tfm wgy Ourm

spmcc.Qhtf _mm pgam 7? 7? nir  nir hlnirkgthil il pmrkglmlt spmccs.gdhchthms tfm agkm kgstmr‘s pmrkhsshil, sikm in tfmsm oiuc` dm hl tfm nirk in htmks, dut typhogccy tfm piwmrs kglhnmst mxocushvmcy nir tfm Kgam fhksmcn. Hn tfm Kgam `ims lit spml` tfmsm Orgnt Zihlts, fm ogl emmp tfmk gl` spml` tfmk cgtmr, tfiuaf goomsshla g pmrkglmlt spmcc-chem gdhchty sfiuc` tgem gt cmgst mhaft fiurs in km`htgthil. Gt 1tf cmvmc, tfm Kgam amts 7,::: OZ wirtf in pmrkglmlt kgahogc gdhchthms. Gt 7:tf cmvmc fm amts 4,::: OZ, gt 7=tf cmvmc fm amts 0,::: OZ, gl` gt 4:tf cmvmc fm amts 6,::: OZ. Dilus Nmgt2 Gt 0tf, 6tf, 74tf, 70tf, 7>tf, gl` 76tf cmvmc, c mvmc, g Kgam aghls g dilus kgam ir trg`hthil nmgt. Gctmrlgtmcy, fm ogl ofiism ti rmpcgom tfhs dilus nmgt whtf Prg`hthil _pmohgchzgthil nir gl g``hthilgc trg`hthil.  Groglm _haft (_p)2  (_p)2  G =tf cmvmc Kgam hs gutikgthogccy

4=:7 ‐ 7:,::: 7:,::7 ‐ 7::,::: 7::,::7+

+6 +8 +7:

gl` Kivm ogl hkprivm Oilsthtuthil, @mxtmrhty, gl` _trmlatf.

Ocgss _ehccs Pfm Kgam‘s ocgss sehccs grm2 Oilomltrgthil (Ofg), Orgnt (gly) (Hlt), @mohpfmr _orhpt (Hlt), Eliwcm`am (gly) (Hlt), Zrinmsshil (Qhs), _pmge Cglaugam (lilm), _pmccorgnt (Hlt), gl` ]sm Kgaho @mvhom (Ofg). _ehcc Zihlts gt Mgof Cmvmc2 > Cmvmc2 > + Hltmcchamlom ki`h﬇mr.

Ocgss Nmgturms

gwgrm in kgahogc gurgs tfgt oikm whtfhl >: nt., gs cila gs tfmy grm hl fhs chlm in shaft. Fm eliws tfm lukdmr gl` ciogthil in kgahogc gurgs, gl` ogl oilomltrgtm il g shlacm gurg ti eliw

=?  

Pgdcm G7.42 Pfm Kgam

Cmvmc 7st 4l` ?r` 0tf

Dgsm Gttgoe Dilus +: +7 +7 +4

Nirt _gvm +: +: +7 +7

Tmn _gvm +: +: +7 +7

Qhcc _gvm +4 +? +? +0

=tf >tf 1tf 6tf 8tf 7:tf 77tf 74tf 7?tf 70tf 7=tf 7>tf 71tf 76tf 78tf 4:tf

+4 +? +? +0 +0 += += +> +> +1 +1 +6 +6 +8 +8 +7:

+7 +4 +4 +4 +? +? +? +0 +0 +0 += += += +> +> +>

+7 +4 +4 +4 +? +? +? +0 +0 +0 += += += +> +> +>

+0 += += +> +> +1 +1 +6 +6 +8 +8 +7: +7: +77 +77 +74

 _gkpcm Prg`hthil Prg`hthil Nmgts  Nmgts  _pmohgc Prg`hthil sehccs, trg`hthil nmgt Prg`hthil spmohgchzgthil Diil (4=: OZ) Dilus nmgt

Mkdrgom in tfm Wumml UPrg`hthil[ Xiu dmchmvm tfgt dy wirsfhpphla sph`mrs gl` tfmhr `mompthvm wgys, yiu aghl piwmr wfhof yiu ogl sciwcy wmgvm hlti yiur iwl

Groglm shaft Kgaho wmgpil Diil (7,::: OZ) Dilus nmgt Hkprivm` spmcc piwmr Diil (4,::: OZ) Armgtmr groglm shaft Dilus nmgt Armgtmr spmcc piwmr Dilus nmgt Diil (0,::: OZ) Dilus nmgt

‐ Dilus nmgt Grofkgam Diil (6,::: OZ)

hts hltmlshty. Pfhs gcsi gcciws fhk ti h`mlthny kgaho usmrs. _mm tfm @hvhlm sehcc (pgam ( pgam 01 ) nir kirm hlnirk hlnirkgthil. gthil. Kgaho Qmgpil (_u)2 G >tf cmvmc Kgam trmgts gcc gttgoes fm kgems gs kgaho wmgpils nir tfm purpism in dypgsshla `gkgam rm`uothil. Pfhs gppchms ti gcc gttgoes, hlocu`hla ulgrkm`, kmcmm wmgpils, gl` rglam` wmgpils. Hkprivm` _pmcc Ziwmr2  Ziwmr2  G 1tf cmvmc Kgam ogl ogst ivmrpiwmrm` spmccs tfgt grm up ti 7: cmvmcs fhafmr tfgl tfm lukdmr in rgles fm fgs hl tfm gppriprhgtm sehcc. Armgtmr Groglm _haft (_p)2 Gl 77tf cmvmc Kgam hs gutikgthogccy gwgrm in gcc spmccs gl` spmcc-chem gdhchthms tfgt oikm whtfhl >: nt., gs cila gs tfmy grm hl fhs chlm in shaft. Fm ogl il g shlacm gurg ti eliw hts mxgot cmvmc gl` wfgtoilomltrgtm mnnmots ht fgs. Armgtmr _pmcc Ziwmr2  Ziwmr2  G 7?tf cmvmc Kgam wfi ogsts gl ivmrpiwmrm` spmcc tgems 7 pihlt cmss in gdhchty durl pmr `hm in gdhchty `gkgam, si hn fm ogst g spmcc 6 cmvmcs fhafmr tfgl fhs sehcc rgle, fm‘` tgem 0`0‟0 pihlts in _trmlatf gdhchty durl.  Grofkgam2 G  Grofkgam2  G 78tf cmvmc Kgam ogl ogst gly spiltglmius spmcc gs hn ht wmrm g shalgturm spmcc, rmquhrhla g stgl`gr` gothil hlstmg` in twi nucc riul`s.

wmd in hlfflumlom. Zrmrmquhshtm2 Ofg 7?, Dcunn 0 rgles, _mlsm Kithvm 0 rgles, kust dm nmkgcm gl` mvhc. Dmlm﬇t2   Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Dmlm﬇t2 Gttgoe, Ofgrk, Ormgtm, Ourm, @mnml`, @hvhlm, Hccushil, gl` _ukkil gs ocgss sehccs. Qfmlmvmr yiu suoomm` g Dcunn ofmoe ippism` dy g _mlsm Kithvm ofmoe, dm ht ti `momhvm ir shkpcy nmhlt hl oikdgt, tfm ormgturm yiu dcunnm` dmoikms oguaft up hl yiur –wmd‛ nir ilm `gy. Pfhs wmd hs shkpcy yiur kmtgpfyshogc hlfflumlom upil tfm wirc`, gl` `ims lit lmomssgrhcy fgvm gly pfyshogc rmprmsmltgthil. Hn yiu ogst g spmcc wfism tgramts ilcy hlocu`m ormgturms oguaft up hl yiur wmd, yiu g`` yiur Ofgrhskg dilus ti yiur spmccogsthla ofmoe. Pfmrmgntmr, gcc ormgturms tgramtm` dy tfgt spmcc grm li cilamr hl yiur wmd, gl` dcun﬇la tfmk gaghl ogllit rmturl tfmk ti yiur wmd ulthc gt cmgst g `gy fgs pgssm`. Thtugcs2 Thtugc Thtugcs2  Thtugc spmccs intml hlvicvm tfm sgorh﬇om in g chvhla ormgturm, ir sikm itfmr innmrhla ti tfm Wumml. Intml, g rhtugc whcc rmquhrm g pcm`am ti tfm Wumml tfgt tfm spmcc whcc sikmfiw smrvm fmr5 hn ht `ims lit, yiu sunnmr g khsfgp. Ilom trgppm` hl tfm Wumml‘s wmd, yiu wiuc` dm g niic ti try ti msogpm. Khsfgps2   _ikm kgllmr in `mkil ir swgrk in sph`mrs Khsfgps2 gppmgrs gl` gttgoes, in g OT gpprixhkgtmcy fgcn in tfm nghcm` spmcc‘s cmvmc. Xiu Xiu ogl `mnml` yiursmcn gaghlst tfm `mkil, dut hn yiu fgrk tfm sph`mrs, glitfmr swgrk shkpcy gppmgrs. Xiu Xiu ogl

ilcy fflmm ir goompt tfmhr gttgoes. Mhtfmr tfrmgt vglhsfms gntmr mhtfmr ilm khlutm.

Kgam﬇rm UPrg`hthil[ Xiu dmchmvm yiu ogl gdsird kgahogc mlmray, tfml sfgpm gl` rmcmgsm ht whtf yiur whcc. Dmlm﬇t2   Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Gttgoe, Ourm, gl` Dmlm﬇t2 @mnml` gs ocgss sehccs. Xiu gcsi aghl Oilomltrgthil gl` _pmccorgnt gs ocgss sehccs. Xiu ogl ilcy ogst g spmcc hn yiu fgvm kgahogc nious (smm pgam 8 ), gl` yiu kust mxpml` tfgt nious ti ogst tfm spmcc whtf li vmrdgc ir sikgtho oikpilmlts mvmry thkm yiu ogst o gst g spmcc. Qfhcm yiu fgvm kgahogc nious (smm pgam 8 ), yiu ogl rmg`y gl gothil ti gdsird hloikhla kgaho. Pfhs hs chem oiultmrhla g spmcc whtf tfm _pmccorgnt sehcc (smm pgam 74 ), rmquhrhla g _pmccorgnt ofmoe (@O 7= + tfm tgramtm` spmcc‘s cmvmc, lit oiulthla amlmrgc mlfglomkmlts), dut ht ogl ilcy dm usm` gaghlst spmccs tfgt tgramt yiu ir tfgt hlocu`m yiu hl tfmhr grmg

=0  

in mnnmot. ]lchem lirkgc `hspmcchla whtf _pmccorgnt, yiu `i lit hlour g ‟7 spmccogsthla pmlgcty nir mhtfmr suoomss ir nghcurm. Hn yiu suoomm` tfm _pmccorgnt ofmoe, tfm spmcc hs oiultmrm` gl` yiu gdsird hts kgahogc mlmray. Qfml yiu gdsird kgahogc mlmray tfhs wgy, litm fiw kgly spmcc cmvmcs in mgof typm in kgahogc sehcc yiu gdsirdm`, lit oiulthla amlmrgc mlfglomkmlts. Hn yiu usm mlfglomkmlts

Hn fm fg` hlstmg` whsfm` ti fmgc gl gccy, fm oiuc` fgvm oilvmrtm` tfm gdsirdm` mlmray hlti = Ourm cmvmcs, gl` wiuc` hlvgrhgdcy fgvm tgeml 4 pihlts in `gkgam nrik tfm 4 cmvmcs fm wgs ulgdcm ti usm. Thtugcs2 Pfmrm Thtugcs2  Pfmrm grm li rhtugcs nir tfhs trg`hthil. Khsfgps2   Xiu cism tfm gdhchty ti vicultgrhcy nghc sgvms Khsfgps2 gaghlst kgaho, gl` wfmlmvmr yiu suoomm` g sgvm gaghlst g

in tfism spmcc typms hl tfm lmxt spmcc yiu ogst, yiu ogl halirm up ti tfm sgkm lukdmr in cmvmcs nir tfm purpism in `mtmrkhlhla tfm spmccogsthla @O. Xiu ogl gcsi oilvmrt gly twi cmvmcs hlti ilm cmvmc in gl Gttgoe spmcc, gl` gly niur cmvmcs hlti ilm cmvmc in Ourm ir @mnml`. Qfml ogsthla gl ivmrpiwmrm` spmcc tfhs wgy, yiu ogl ogst ivmrpiwmrm` spmccs = cmvmcs fhafmr tfgl yiur usugc chkht, gl` yiu halirm tfm ﬇rst twi `hom in gdhchty durl. Qfml yiu cism yiur kgahogc nious (gs yiu kust wfmlmvmr yiu ogst g spmcc whtf tfhs trg`hthil), yiu tgem 7 pihlt in `gkgam nir mvmry ulspmlt spmcc cmvmc yiu fgvm gdsirdm`. Hn yiu try ti swhtof trg`hthils, tfm gdsirdm` spmccs grm cist gl` `mgc `gkgam ti yiu gs hn yiu fg` cist yiur kgahogc nious. G``hthilgccy, gt tfm ml` in mgof riul` yiu fgvm kirm gdsirdm` spmcc cmvmcs tfgl yiur Fht @hom pcus yiur Oilsthtuthil ki`h﬇mr, yiu tgem 7 pihlt in `gkgam nir mgof mxomss spmcc cmvmc. Nir mxgkpcm, Armmldrglof, g >tf cmvmc Kgam whtf g +0 Oilsthtuthil ki`h﬇mr, fgs gdsirdm` 0 cmvmcs in Ofgrk, > cmvmcs in @hvhlm, gl` 74 cmvmcs in Gttgoe spmccs. Fm fgs 8 rgles in Gttgoe gl` 8 rgles in Ourm, gl` hn fm `ims lit spml` tfm gdsirdm` mlmray tfhs riul` fm whcc tgem 74 pihlts in `gkgam (fhs chkht hs 7:, gl` fm ourrmltcy fgs 44 spmcc cmvmcs gdsirdm`). Fm `moh`ms ti rmtgchgtm gaghlst fhs nim whtf gl Gttgoe spmcc. Pfhs trg`hthil cmts fhk ogst gl ivmrpiwmrm` spmcc up ti 78tf cmvmc, tfiuaf fm‘cc tgem ?`0 pihlts in _trmlatf _ trmlatf gdhchty durl. Fm ogl oilvmrt tfm 7: cmvmcs in lil-Gttgoe spmccs hlti = Gttgoe cmvmcs, gl` oikdhlm tfmk whtf tfm 74 gotugc Gttgoe cmvmcs. Armmldrglof ml`s up ogsthla gl Gttgoe 71/Aml 4 spmcc, gl` ilcy fgs ti kgem g @O 74 spmccogsthla ofmoe.

spmcc yiu tgem 7 pihlt in `gkgam pmr spmcc cmvmc. Pfhs cgsts gs cila gs tfm spmcc‘s hltml`m` `urgthil.

]lhty _ila UPrg`hthil[ Xiu dmchmvm tfm kusho yiu pmrnirk ogl gnnmot tfm khl`, sphrht, gl` sikmthkms mvml di`y in ormgturms. Dmlm﬇t2 Xiu Dmlm﬇t2  Xiu aghl tfm kgahogc sehccs Ofgrk, Hccushil, gl` Kivm gs ocgss sehccs. Hn yiu ogst Gttgoe spmccs, tfmy `mgc silho `gkgam (smm pgam 0: ). Xiu ogl spml` gl gothil pihlt ti ogst g spmccsila. Xiu kgem g Zmrnirk ofmoe nir yiur spmccogsthla ofmoe, hlstmg` in g kgahogc sehcc ofmoe. Xiu kust shla ir pcgy gl hlstrukmlt ti ogst g spmccsila. G spmccsila ogl fgvm mlfglomkmlts nrik gly kgahogc sehccs yiu fgvm gt cmgst » rgle hl, dut tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil hs spmohgc. Pfm spmcc cgsts gs cila gs yiu oilthlum pmrnirkhla, wfhof rmquhrms g kivm gothil mgof riul`. Pfhs hs gs `hn﬇ouct gs oilomltrgthla il g spmcc, nir purpisms in Oilomltrgthil ofmoes. Hn yiu ogst gl ivmrpiwmrm` spmcc gs g spmccsila, tfm gdhchty durl hs lit `mgct ulthc tfm spmcc ml`s. Xiu Xiu ogl smt g spmccsila gs g shalgturm spmcc, dut hn yiu `il‘t, tfm spmcc s pmcc tgems tfm usugc twi riul`s ti ogst. _pmccsila rhtugcs `i lit rmquhrm gl gothil pihlt ti ogst, gl` yiu kgem Zmrnirk ofmoes hlstmg` in Eliwcm`am (groglg) ofmoes. Thtugcs2   Xiu kust shla tfm rhtugc, rmquhrhla g Zmrnirk Thtugcs2 ofmoe (@O = + » spmcc cmvmc) mgof riul` hl g``hthil ti Eliwcm`am (groglg) ofmoes). Khsfgps2   Xiur spmmof hs `hstirtm`, ir yiu cism yiur Khsfgps2 fmgrhla, ir yiu tgem 7 pihlt in `gkgam mvmry riul` yiu fmgr sikmilm shla nir tfm spmcc‘s `urgthil.

==  

CMAGC HLNITKGPHIL Pfm nicciwhla tmxt hs tfm pripmrty in Qhzgr`s in tfm Oigst, Hlo. gl` hs Oipyrhaft 4::: Qhzgr`s in tfm Oigst, Hlo (–Qhzgr`s‛). Gcc Thafts Tmsmrvm`. 7. @m﬇lhthils2 (g)‛Oiltrhdutirs‛ kmgls tfm oipyrhaft gl`/ir trg`mkgre iwlmrs wfi fgvm oiltrhdutm` Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt5 (d)‛@mrhvgthvm Kgtmrhgc‛ kmgls oipyrhaftm` kgtmrhgc hlocu`hla `mrhvgthvm wires gl` trglscgthils (hlocu`hla hlti itfmr oikputmr cglaugams), pitgthil, ki`h﬇ogthil, oirrmothil, g``hthil, mxtmlshil, uparg`m, hkprivmkmlt, oikphcgthil, gdrh`akmlt ir itfmr nirk hl wfhof gl mxhsthla wire kgy dm rmogst, trglsnirkm` ir g`gptm`5 (o) –@hstrhdutm‛ kmgls ti rmpri`uom, chomlsm, rmlt, cmgsm, smcc, drig`ogst, pudchocy `hspcgy, trglskht ir itfmrwhsm `hstrhdutm5 (`)‛Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt‛ kmgls tfm agkm kmofglho gl` hlocu`ms tfm kmtfi`s, priom`urms, priomssms gl` riuthlms ti tfm mxtmlt suof oiltmlt `ims lit mkdi`y tfm Zri`uot H`mlthty gl` hs gl mlfglomkmlt ivmr tfm prhir grt gl` gly g``hthilgc oiltmlt ocmgrcy h`mlth﬇m` gs Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt dy tfm Oiltrhdutir, gl` kmgls gly wire oivmrm` dy tfhs Chomlsm, hlocu`hla trglscgthils gl` `mrhvgthvm wires ul`mr oipyrhaft cgw, dut spmoh﬇ogccy mxocu`ms Zri`uot H`mlthty. (m) –Zri`uot H`mlthty‛ kmgls pri`uot gl` pri`uot chlm lgkms, ciais gl` h`mlthnyhla kgres hlocu`hla trg`m `rmss5 grthngots5 ormgturms ofgrgotmrs5 stirhms, stirychlms, pcits, tfmkgtho mcmkmlts, `hgciaum, hloh`mlts, cglaugam, grtwire, sykdics, `mshals, `mphothils, chemlmssms, nirkgts, pisms, oilompts, tfmkms gl` argpfho, pfitiargpfho gl` itfmr vhsugc ir

1. ]sm in Zri`uot H`mlthty2 Xiu garmm lit ti ]sm gly Zri`uot H`mlthty, hlocu`hla gs gl hl`hogthil gs ti oikpgthdhchty, mxompt gs mxprmsscy chomlsm` hl glitfmr, hl`mpml`mlt Garmmkmlt whtf tfm iwlmr in mgof mcmkmlt in tfgt Zri`uot H`mlthty. Xiu garmm lit ti hl`hogtm oikpgthdhchty ir oi-g`gptgdhchty whtf gly Prg`mkgre ir Tmahstmrm` Prg`mkgre hl oilbulothil whtf g wire oiltghlhla Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt mxompt gs mxprmsscy chomlsm` hl glitfmr, hl`mpml`mlt Garmmkmlt whtf tfm iwlmr in suof Prg`mkgre ir Tmahstmrm` Prg`mkgre. Pfm usm in gly Zri`uot H`mlthty hl Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt `ims lit oilsthtutm g ofgccmlam ti tfm iwlmrsfhp in tfgt Zri`uot H`mlthty. Pfm iwlmr in gly Zri`uot H`mlthty usm` hl Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt sfgcc rmtghl gcc rhafts, thtcm gl` hltmrmst hl gl` ti tfgt Zri`uot H`mlthty. 6. H`mlth﬇ogthil2 Hn yiu `hstrhdutm Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt Xiu kust ocmgrcy hl`hogtm wfhof pirthils in tfm wire tfgt yiu grm `hstrhduthla grm Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt. 8. ]p`gthla tfm Chomlsm2 Qhzgr`s ir hts `mshalgtm` Gamlts kgy pudchsf up`gtm` vmrshils in tfhs Chomlsm. Xiu kgy usm gly gutfirhzm` vmrshil in tfhs Chomlsm ti oipy, ki`hny gl` `hstrhdutm gly Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt irhahlgccy `hstrhdutm` ul`mr gly vmrshil in tfhs Chomlsm. 7:. Oipy in tfhs Chomlsm2 Xiu K]_P hlocu`m g oipy in tfhs Chomlsm whtf mvmry oipy in tfm Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt Xiu @hstrhdutm.

gu`hi rmprmsmltgthils5 lgkmstmgks, gl` `msorhpthils in ofgrgotmrs, spmccs, mlofgltkmlts, pmrsilgchthms, pmrsilgs, chemlmssms gl` spmohgc gdhchthms5 pcgoms, ciogthils, mlvhrilkmlts, ormgturms, mquhpkmlt, kgahogc ir supmrlgturgc gdhchthms ir mnnmots, ciais, sykdics, ir argpfho `mshals5 gl` gly itfmr trg`mkgre ir rmahstmrm` trg`mkgre ocmgrcy h`mlth﬇m` gs Zri`uot h`mlthty dy tfm iwlmr in tfm Zri`uot H`mlthty,, gl` wfhof spmoh﬇ogccy mxocu`ms tfm Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt5 H`mlthty (n) –Prg`mkgre‛ kmgls tfm ciais, lgkms, kgre, shal, kitti, `mshals tfgt grm usm` dy g Oiltrhdutir ti h`mlthny htsmcn ir hts pri`uots ir tfm gssiohgtm` pri`uots oiltrhdutm` ti tfm Ipml Agkm Chomlsm dy tfm Oiltrhdutir (a) –]sm,‛ –]sm`‛ ir –]shla‛ kmgls ti usm, @hstrhdutm, oipy, m`ht, nirkgt, ki`hny, trglscgtm gl` itfmrwhsm ormgtm @mrhvgthvm Kgtmrhgc in Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt. (f) –Xiu‛ ir –Xiur‛ kmgls tfm chomlsmm hl tmrks in tfhs garmmkmlt. 4. Pfm Chomlsm2 Pfhs Chomlsm gppchms ti gly Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt tfgt oiltghls g lithom hl`hogthla tfgt tfm Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt kgy ilcy dm ]sm` ul`mr gl` hl tmrks in tfhs Chomlsm. Xiu kust gn﬇x suof g lithom ti gly Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt tfgt yiu ]sm. Li tmrks kgy dm g``m` ti ir sudtrgotm` nrik tfhs Chomlsm mxompt gs `msorhdm` dy tfm Chomlsm htsmcn. Li itfmr tmrks ir oil`hthils kgy dm gppchm` ti gly Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt `hstrhdutm` ushla tfhs Chomlsm. ?.Innmr gl` Goomptglom2 Dy ]shla tfm Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt Xiu hl`hogtm Xiur Xiur goomptglom in tfm tmrks in tfhs Chomlsm. 0. Arglt gl` Oilsh`mrgthil2 Hl oilsh`mrgthil nir garmmhla ti usm tfhs Chomlsm, tfm Oiltrhdutirs arglt Xiu g pmrpmtugc, wirc`wh`m, riygcty-nrmm, lil-mxocushvm chomlsm whtf tfm mxgot tmrks in tfhs Chomlsm ti ]sm, tfm Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt. =.Tmprmsmltgthil in Gutfirhty ti Oiltrhdutm2 Hn Xiu grm oiltrhduthla irhahlgc kgtmrhgc gs Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt, Xiu rmprmsmlt tfgt Xiur Oiltrhduthils grm Xiur irhahlgc ormgthil gl`/ir Xiu fgvm sun﬇ohmlt rhafts ti arglt tfm rhafts oilvmym` dy tfhs Chomlsm. >.Lithom in Chomlsm Oipyrhaft2 Xiu kust up`gtm tfm OIZXTHAFP LIPHOM pirthil in tfhs Chomlsm ti hlocu`m tfm mxgot tmxt in tfm OIZXTHAFP LIPHOM in gly Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt Xiu grm oipyhla, ki`hnyhla ir `hstrhduthla, gl` Xiu kust g`` tfm

77. ]sm in Oiltrhdutir Orm`hts2 X Xiu iu kgy lit kgremt ir g`vmrthsm tfm Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt ushla tfm lgkm in gly Oiltrhdutir ulcmss Xiu fgvm wrhttml pmrkhsshil nrik tfm Oiltrhdutir ti `i si. 74. Hlgdhchty ti Oikpcy2 Hn ht hs hkpisshdcm nir Xiu ti oikpcy whtf gly in tfm tmrks in tfhs Chomlsm whtf rmspmot ti sikm ir gcc in tfm Ipml Agkm Oiltmlt `um ti stgtutm, bu`hohgc ir`mr, ir aivmrlkmltgc rmaucgthil tfml Xiu kgy lit ]sm gly Ipml Agkm Kgtmrhgc si gnnmotm`. 7?. Pmrkhlgthil2 Pfhs Chomlsm whcc tmrkhlgtm gutikgthogccy hn Xiu nghc ti oikpcy whtf gcc tmrks fmrmhl gl` nghc ti ourm suof drmgof whtfhl ?: `gys in dmoikhla gwgrm in tfm drmgof. Gcc sudchomlsms sfgcc survhvm tfm tmrkhlgthil in tfhs Chomlsm. 70. Tmnirkgthil2 Hn gly privhshil in tfhs Chomlsm hs fmc` ti dm ulmlniromgdcm, suof privhshil sfgcc dm rmnirkm` ilcy ti tfm mxtmlt lmomssgry ti kgem ht mlniromgdcm. 7=. OIZXTHAFP LIPHOM Ipml Agkm Chomlsm v 7.:g Oipyrhaft 4:::, Qhzgr`s in tfm Oigst, Hlo. _ystmk Tmnmrmlom @ioukmlt Oipyrhaft 4:::‟4::?, Qhzgr`s in tfm Oigst, Hlo.5 Gutfirs Bilgtfgl Pwmmt, Kiltm Oiie, _ehp Qhcchgks, Thof dgemr, Gl`y Oicchls, @gvh` Liilgl, Thof Tm`kgl, Druom T. Oir`mcc, dgsm` il irhahlgc kgtmrhgc dy M. Agry Ayagx gl` @gvm Grlmsil. Ki`mrl _ystmk Tmnmrmlom @ioukmlt Oipyrhaft 4::4‟4::0, Qhzgr`s in tfm Oigst, Hlo.5 Gutfirs Dhcc _cgvhosme, Bmnn Arudd, Thof Tm`kgl, Ofgrcms Tygl, Mrho Ogacm, @gvh` Liilgl, _tgl!, Ofrhstipfmr Zmrehls, Ti`lmy Pfikpsil, gl` B@ Qhemr, dgsm` il kgtmrhgc dy  Bilgtfgl Pwmmt, Kiltm Oiie, _ehp Qhcchgks, Thofgr` Dgemr, Zmtmr G`ehsil, Druom T. Oir`mcc, Bifl Pylms, Gl`y Oicchls, gl` BB@ @ Qhemr. Mcmkmlts in Kgaho2 Kytfho Mgrtf, Oipyrhaft 4::=, ML Zudchsfhla. Mcmkmlts in Kgaho2 Cyomhgl Groglg, Oipyrhaft 4::0, ML Zudchsfhla. Mcmkmlts in Kgaho, Tmvhsm` M`hthil, Oipyrhaft 4::0, ML Zudchsfhla.

thtcm, tfm oipyrhaft `gtm, oipyrhaft lgkm ti yiu tfm OIZXTHAFP LIPHOM in gl` gly tfm irhahlgc Ipmlfic`mr‘s Agkm Oiltmlt @hstrhdutm.

Pfm in Kgaho, Oipyrhaft 4::4, Lgturgc 4: Zrmss ML@Mcmkmlts IN CHOML_M