Elementos Estructurales

 

CACJCER ERK] K] C]R C]R_SMRS _SMRS_HAC] _HAC] CACJC T_CGHO_LM T_CG HO_LMHBK] HBK] (Hv (Hvhemc) hemc)

Cspcmlhaêz mlhaêzhetc hetc ]cac ]cacmtlvh mtlvh =, JHRC_LH6 Cspc

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Blscøk bc Cacjcetk Blscøk Cacjcetkss Huxla Huxlalhrcs lhrcs Trcghorlmhbks •

BKMCERC6 Cerlquc Bêhz Jkrcek

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N_HBK/N_STK/RS_EK6

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0vk/H/J

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HASJEK(])6 •

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Auls Gcrehebk @creèebcz Jhmlhs Nckvheel Hacfhebrk Nucvhrh Tualbk.

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_hyjuebk Mhstrk Mkrkeha

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Cbuhrbk _kbkagk Wlaahscøkr Thblaah

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SRCN N HJÌ_ HJÌ_LMH] LMH] C]MSCAH6 SRC

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Gcm`h6 48/4=/?4??

 

Cacjcetks cstrumturhacs prcghorlmhbhs

 

Ahs cstrumturhs prcghorlmhbhs bc `krjlnýe sc `he tcrjlehbk ljpkelcebk ce mkestrummlkecss bkebc ah glholalbhb y rlnurlbhb mkestrummlkec ce tìrjleks bc pahzks bc cfcmumlýe y mketrka bc mkstcs cs hoskauthjcetc hoskauthjcetc ljprcsmlebloac, mkjk cs ca mhsk bc aks cblglmlks lebustrlhacs, aknêstlmks, mkjcrmlhacs, bcpkrtlvks, ctm. ce quc ah kpmlýe quc `h tcrjlehbk pkr ljpkecrsc cs ca `krjlnýe prcghorlmhbk.

 

Wlnhs Cacjcetks mkakmhbks ce pkslmlýe `krlzketha quc cstèe skjctlbks prlemlphajcetc h csgucrzks bc gacxlýe. Ahs vlnhs prcghorlmhbhs gkrjhe phrtc bc ahs cstrumturhs phrh trhesjltlr ahs mhrnhs cetrc ktrhs phrtcs bc ah cstrumturh, scrvlr bc hpkyk phrh cacjcetks bc gkrfhbk, mhehakecs, ctm. ]u ghorlmhmlýe sc aacvh h mhok ce jkabcs, ncecrhajcetc jctèalmks, quc ce jum`ks mhsks sc tlcece quc hfusthr pkr mkeslbcrhmlkecs bc prkycmtk (

 

Mahslglmhmlýe •

Bletcacs6 cacjcetks blspucstks `krlzkethajcetc k mke pkmh pceblcetc bc hthbk cetrc ktrks cacjcetks bc ah cstrumturh k bca mcrrhjlcetk cxtcrlkr, muyh guemlýe prlemlpha cs ah trhesjlslýe bc csgucrzks9 ▦

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Fèmcehs6 cacjcetks alechacs quc trhohfhe prlemlphajcetc ce gacxlýe y hmkstujorhe h lr hpkyhbhs skorc jìesuahs k mhoczhs bc plahrcs. ]u prlemlpha guemlýe cs ah bc hpkyk bc aks cacjcetks bc gkrfhbk, mkjk ske ahs pahmhs havckahrcs. ]ucace aacvhr ca cstrlok shalcetc phrh hscnurhr ca csgucrzk rhshetc ce mhsk bc quc sc mkjpactc ah scmmlýe rcslstcetc mke `krjlnýe vcrtlbk ce korh pkstcrlkrjcetc.

 

Rlpks bc vlnhs •

Wlnhs ce L6 sc trhth bc cacjcetks ncecrhajcetc bc `krjlnýe prctceshbk, huequc thjolìe pucbce csthr hrjhbhs. Rlcece scmmlýe mkesthetc, publcebk lemkrpkrhr ce sus hpkyks ce guemlýe bc jhmlzhbks ahs skalmltubcs bc prkycmtk

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Wlnhs ce BR6 Ssks prlemlphacs mkjk  fèmceh bc hpkyk hpkyk bc cacjcetks bc gkrfhbk gkrfhbk (pahmhs havckahrcs), vlnh mhrrla bc pucetcs nröh, ctm. Wlnhs R6 Wlnhs prctceshbhs k hrjhbhs mke pkslolalbhb bc blstleths scmmlkecs phrh utlalzhmlýe ce pýrtlmks `hstlhacs (vlnhs pløýe), cetrcpaheths bc gkrfhbk, muolcrths mke pahmh havckahr, mhrrlacrhs phrh pucetc nröh, ctm.

 

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Wlnh rcmthenuahr6 mke hem`urhs bcsbc 34 mj y mhetk vhrlhoac `hsth 884 mj. ]u hpalmhmlýe prlemlpha cs ah bc scrvlr bc hpkyk h gkrfhbks bc pahmhs havckahrcs. Wlnhs ce ‑A‚6 Cstc tlpk bc vlnhs blscøhbhs prlemlphajcetc phrhcstèe ca hpkyk bc

pahmhs havckahrcs ce uek bc sus ahbks k mkjk vlnh bc aks pýrtlmks `hstlhacs. Wlnh bkoac ecrvlk6 thjolìe mkekmlbhs mkjk vlnh ‑twle‚ (bca lenaìs, lena ìs, ncjcahs) k pahmh RR, RR, ske cacjcetks bc scmmlýe mkesthetc mke bkoac ecrvlk ce R levcrtlbk. Ca bkoac ecrvlk prkpkrmlkeh ha gkrfhbk ueh cacvhbh rlnlbcz bc tkrslýe ueh ýptljh blstrloumlýeueh trhesvcrsha trhesvcr shaybc mhrnhs. _cprcscethe ouceh skaumlýe mkestrumtlvh ce ah rchalzhmlýe bc nrhebcs gkrfhbks, huequc thjolìe sc utlalzh ce pucetcs bc bctcrjlehbhs bljceslkecs.

 

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Wlnh ‑kjcnh‚6 su nckjctrêh mkeslnuc

hpkrthr ah rcmknlbh bc ahs hnuhs pauvlhacs, hsê mkjk mkegkrjhr pkr sl jlsjh nrhe phrtc bc ah muolcrth bca cblglmlk, mke ah quc sc hamhezhe aumcs jèxljhs bc ?3 j •

Wlnh ce ‑y‚6 mkekmlbh thjolìe mkjk ‑ypslake‚ (l nrlcnh), cs ueh vlnh bc nrhe

mhetk (cetrc 8 y 8,>3 j hprkx.) quc sc utlalzh prlemlphajcetc mkjk cacjcetk skpkrtc bc ah muolcrth, pkr su jhykr cstholalbhb y ah nrhe mhphmlbhb bc cvhmuhmlýe bc hnuhs pauvlhacs, publcebk aacvhr ca hnuh h aks cxtrcjks bc ah ehvc bkebc cstèe uolmhbhs ahs ohfhetcs.

 

Mkeslbcrhmlkecs bc ghorlmhmlýe Ahs vlnhs sc prcghorlmhe prcghorlmhe ce jkabcs mketleuks, publcebk scr jkabcs glfks (jhykr rcetholalbhb ha ek tcecr quc jkblglmhraks) k rchalzhbks hb-`km phrh ueh korh k prkycmtk bctcrjlehbks (jkabcs cspcmlhacs). ]havk ah mhrh alorc, ca rcstk bc ahs mhrhs sc `krjlnkehe mketrh ca jkabc rcsuathebk ueh supcrglmlc alsh. Blm`h mhrh alorc pucbc ghorlmhrsc phrh bkthrac bc mlcrth runkslbhb supcrglmlha quc jcfkrc ah hb`crcemlh pkstcrlkr mke ca cacjcetk bc hpkyk.

 

mkeslbcrhmlkecs pucsth ce korh bc Ce vlnhs bc `krjlnýe hrjhbk, y ce ahs quc trhohfce mkjk scjlrrcslstcetcs, scjlrrcslstcetcs, prcvlhjcetc h su mkakmhmlýe cs ecmcshrlk blspkecr ueks mkaahrlecs ce ah mhoczh bc aks plahrcs, mkevcelcetcjcetc hpuethahbks. @horè quc pkecr cspcmlha htcemlýe ce ca hpuethahjlcetk bc csths vlnhs.

 

Wcethfhs _cetholalbhb bcjkstrhbh6 bcjkstrhbh6 rcbummlýe bc jhek bc korh y jcblks huxlalhrcs (puethacs, cemkgrhbks, hebhjlhfcs, ctm.)

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Hmhohbk pcrgcmtk, alstk phrh plethr sl gucsc ecmcshrlk.

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Jhykr aljplczh bc korh, huscemlh bc csmkjorks.

 

Tlahrcs Rhjolìe mkekmlbhs mkjk mkaujehs, sc trhth bc ue cacjcetk bc skpkrtc vcrtlmha, skjctlbk prlemlphajcetc h mkjprcslýe. Aks plahrcs prcghorlmhbks prcghorlmhbks gkrjhe phrtc bc ahs cstrumturhs phrh trhesjltlr ahs mhrnhs bc ktrhs phrtcs bc ah cstrumturh h ah mljcethmlýe. Ncecrhajcetc tlcece scmmlýe mkesthetc quc ksmlah ksmlah cetrc aks 24 y 8?4 mj, bc nckjctrêhs muhbrhbh, rcmthenuahr, bkoac R, mlrmuahr k scjlmlrmuahr y ghorlmhbhs mke `krjlnýe hrjhbk.

 

Rlpks Aks plahrcs pkbcjks mahslglmhraks scnöe ca tlpk bc uelýe quc prcscetce phrh ah mkecxlýe mke vlnhs, phecacs bc mcrrhjlcetk y/k mljcethmlýe, lemausk phrh hpkyk bc ahs vlnhs mhrrla bc aks pucetcs nröh6 •

Selkecs plahr ” mljcethmlýe9

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Selkecs plahr ” plahr9

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Selkecs vlnh ” plahr.

 

Hanuehs mkeslbcrhmlkecs bc ghorlmhmlýe Aks plahrcs sc ghorlmhe ce jkabcs mketleuks, ncecrhajcetc jctèalmks, y ce pkslmlýe ncecrhajcetc `krlzketha, publcebk scr jkabcs glfks k rchalzhbks bc gkrjh cspcmêglmh phrh ueh korh. Lnuhajcetc, trcs bc ahs muhtrk mhrhs sc `krjlnkehe mketrh ca jkabc rcsuathebk ueh supcrglmlc alsh. Ah mhrh alorc rcqulcrc ah jlsjh paheclbhb, phrh tcecr ue hmhohbk `kjknìeck mke ahs ktrhs trcs supcrglmlcs.

 

Hanuehs mkeslbcrhmlkecs pucsth ce korh bc ]ke cacjcetks quc sc mkakmhe h ueh vcakmlbhb ekthoac pkr ak quc aks rcebljlcetks bc cfcmumlýe ske juy cacvhbks. Mkjk prcsmrlpmlkecs, sc bcoc prcsthr cspcmlha mulbhbk h ah uelýe mke ah mljcethmlýe, ca hpakjhbk y cvlthr muhaqulcr nkapc lebcschbk burhetc ah jhelpuahmlýe.

 

Wcethfhs •

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Nceìrlmhs6 mhalbhb, rhplbcz bc cfcmumlýe, burholalbhb, rcslstcemlh rcslstcemlh ha gucnk, ctm. Cspcmêglmhs6 rcbummlýe bc jhek bc korh y jcblks huxlalhrcs, hmhohbks pcrgcmtk, pcrgcmtk, aljplczh bc korh, ctm.

 

Týrtlmks Cstrumturh mkjpucsth bc bks k jès cacjcetks alechacs (vlnhs y plahrcs) uelbks phrh scr csthoacs. ]u usk jès `holtuha `h slbk ce ehvcs hnrêmkahs y nhehbcrhs, nhehbcrhs, aacnhebk h hamhezhr `hsth =4 j bc auz.

 

Rlpks •

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H bks hnuhs6 Tucbce csthr gkrjhbks pkr trcs plczhs bc `krjlnýe hrjhbk (bks plahrcs ahtcrhacs y ueh vlnh ce muolcrth) uelbhs cetrc sê ce aks puetks bc jkjcetk gacmtkr euak y cjpktrhbhs ce ah mljcethmlýe. Bc phrcs y tlrhetcs6 Seh vhrlhetc bca pýrtlmk scemlaak pcrk høhblcebk ue tlrhetc `krlzketha quc hrrlkstrh hrrl kstrh trhesvcrshajcetc aks plahrcs cegrcethbks y bks k jès jkethetcs vcrtlmhacs. vcrtlmhacs. Ek cs ueh skaumlýe juy cstìtlmh, pcrk cs cmkeýjlmh y cglmlcetc

 

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Mcrm`hs6 Týrtlmk gkrjhbk pkr bks plahrcs pla hrcs y ueh cstrumturh supcrlkr ce mcaksêh. Ah mcaksêh pucbc scr tkthajcetc bc `krjlnýe hrjhbk k mketcecr ue mkrbýe legcrlkr prctceshbk phrh mketrhrrcsthr mketrhrrcsthr ah gacm`h. Cstc tlpk bc cstrumturhs pcrjltc muorlr jhykrcs aumcs. . Ce hrmk6 Ah cstrumturh cstè mkjpucsth pkr vlnhs bc muolcrth ce hrmk, publcebk aacnhr h aumcs bca bc mkjk =4 j. hrmks Ekrjhajcetc sc krbce cfcmuthe trlhrtlmuahbks, ghorlmèebksc ce bks jlthbcs uelbhs ce korh y mke aks plahrcs

 

Wcethfhs Ha scr ue cacjcetk mkjpucstk pkr vlnhs y plahrcs, pkbrêh høhblrsc ah rcbummlýe bc uelkecs.

 

Rlpks •

]cmmlýe vlnucth6 Cstc tlpk bc mkrrchs tlcece ahs jlsjhs mhrhmtcrêstlmhs quc ahs vlnucths utlalzhbhs phrh aks gkrfhbks. Tucbce scr bc `krjlnýe hrjhbk k prctceshbk

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]cmmlýe `ucmh k tuouahr6 Ahs mkrrchs bc scmmlýe `ucmh k tuouahr ske phrcmlbhs h ahs pahmhs havckahrcs, pcrk mke ue skak havckak (k bks h ak sujk) y pkr thetk bc hem`k jcekr. ]c utlalzhe phrh skpkrthr ca pcsk bc muolcrths mke aumcs bc `hsth 80 j hprkx.

 

Wlbh ötla

3¼ høks

?3¼ høks

34 høks

>3 høks

844 høks

]ucaks ehturhacs ek hatcrhbks

4.44

4.=4

4.74

4.3

8.34

?.?3

=.44

prcghorlmhbks Rhoah 86 Tìrblbh bc cspcskr

lebustrlhacs ]ucaks hnrcslvks (phetheks, turohs, jhrlsjhs)

4.?4

8.44

8.>3

?.34

=.?3

pkr mkrrkslýe phrh plaktcs jctèalmks ce sucaks (jj), mke k

_caaceks ek mkjphmthbks¿, ek hnrcslvks

4.80

4.>4

8.?4

8.>4

?.?4

sle elvca grcètlmk, CE 8