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CONTENIDO
www.electronicayservicio.com
Fundador
Ciencia y novedades novedades tecnológicas tecnológicas ..... .......... .......... ....... 5
Prof. Francisco Orozco González Dirección general
Prof. J. Luis Orozco Cuautle (
[email protected]) Dirección editorial
Lic. Felipe Orozco Cuautle (
[email protected])
Perfil tecnológico Opciones de alta velocidad para acceso acce so a Intern Internet et .................... ......................................... ....................... 8 Leopoldo Parra Reynada
Subdirección técnica
Prof. Francisco Orozco Cuautle (
[email protected]) Subdirección editorial
Juana Vega Parra (
[email protected])
Buzón del fabricante Caracter Cara cterísti ísticas cas físicas físicas del MiniDis MiniDisc c ............ 18 Ing. Publio D. Cortés, Sony Corp. of Panama
Asesoría editoria l
Ing. Leopoldo Parra Reynada (
[email protected]) Administ ración y mercadotecnia
Lic. Javier Orozco Cuautle (
[email protected])
Administración moderna de un centro de servicio Uso productivo productivo del teléfono teléfono ..... .......... .......... .......... ....... .. 27 Prof. Francisco Orozco Cuautle
Relaciones Relacione s internacionale internacionales s
Ing. Atsuo Kitaura Kato (
[email protected]) Gerente de distribución
Ma. de los Angeles Orozco Cuautle (
[email protected]) Gerente de publicidad
Rafael Morales Molina (
[email protected])
Servicio técnico Productos químicos que se usan en el trab trabajo ajo elec electróni trónico co ..................... .............................. ......... 30 Alvaro Vázquez Almazán
Isabel Orozco Cuautle
Mantenimiento preventivo a sistemas sistema s mecánicos .... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ....... 34
Editor asociado
Alvaro Vázquez Almazán
Directora de comercialización
Lic. Eduardo Mondragón Muñoz Colaboradores en este número
Prof. Armando Mata Domínguez Ing. Leopoldo Parra Reynada Prof. Alvaro Vázquez Almazán Prof. Francisco Orozco Cuautle Ing. Javier Hernández Rivera Ing. Publio D. Cortés Diseño gráfico y pre-pre pre-prensa nsa digital
D.C.G. Norma C. Sandoval Rivero (
[email protected]) D.G. Carolina Camacho Camacho Gabriel Rivero Montes de Oca Apoyo en fi guras
D.G. Ana Gabriela Rodríguez López Apoyo fotográ fico
Rafael Morales Orozco y Julio Orozco Cuautle
Averías provocadas por los motores de giro y desplazamiento en reproductores de CD ................... ........................................ ......................................... .................... 41 Alvaro Vázquez Almazán
Efecto cojín y geometría de cuadro en TV ..... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ....... .. 50 Leopoldo Parra, Armando Mata y Javier Hernández
La fuente de alimentación en televisores Toshiba .................... ..................................... ................. 62 Armando Mata Domínguez
Agencia de vent as
Lic. Cristina Godefroy Trejo Electrónica y Servicio es una publicación editada por México Digital Comunicación, S.A. de C.V., Diciembre de 2000, Revista Mensual. Editor Responsable: Felipe Orozco Cuautle. Número Certificado de Reserva de Derechos al Uso Exclusivo de Derechos de Autor 04-2000-071413062100-102. Número de Certificado de Licitud de Título: 10717. Número de Certificado de Licitud en Contenido: 8676. Domicilio de la Publicación: Norte 2 #4, Col. Hogares Mexicanos, 55040, Ecatepec, Estado de México. Salida digital: FORCOM, S.A. de C.V. Doctor Atl No. 39, Int. 14, Col. Santa María la Ribera, Tel. 55-6667-68 y 55-35-79-10 55-35-79-10.. Impresión: Impresos Publicitarios Mogue/José Luis Guerra Solís, Vía Morelos 337, Col. Santa Clara, 55080, Ecatepec, Estado de México. Distribución: Distribuidora Intermex, S.A. de C.V. Lucio Blanco 435,
Proyectos y laboratorio Ahuyentador electr electrónico ónico de mosquitos ... 45 Leopoldo Parra Reynada
Electrónica y computación
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ACUERDO ESTRATEGIC ESTRATEGICO O Centro Japonés de Información Electróni Electrónica ca
Escuela Mexicana Mexicana de Electricidad Electric idad
El día 28 de Noviembre de 2000 se firmó un acuerdo de cooperaci cooperación ón estrat égi gica ca ent ntrre l a Es Escue cuella M exi xi-cana ca na de El Ele ect ctrri ci cida dad, d, Ce C ent ntrro Ja Japonés de I nf nfor ormamación Electrónica y la revista Electrónica y Servicio, el cual contempla el uso de las instalaciones de esta prestigiada institución, para impartir conferencias y seminarios de actualización técnica en las distintas áreas de la electrónica y la informática. Los ejecutivos firmantes fueron, por la Escuela M exi xica cana na deEl Ele ect ctrri ci cida dad: d: Li c. Pe Pedr dro o Camarena Camarena Calero (Director General), Ing. Omar Argüello García (Coordinador Académico) y Lic. Roberto Ruiz H ernánde nández z (D i rect ctor or de de Re Recursos cursos H umanos umanos); ); por Centro Japonés de Información Electrónica: Ing. Ats At suo Ki Ki t aur ura aKat o (Pres (Presi de dent nte e); y por Ele Electr ctróni ónica cay Servicio: Prof. José Luis Orozco Cuautle (Director General).
De izquierda a derecha: Ing. Atsuo Kitaura Kato, Prof. José Luis Orozco Cuautle, Lic. Pedro Camarena Calero e Ing. Omar Argüello García.
Una de la las i nt nte enci nciones onesde es est os ej ecut cutii vos vos,, es ampliar posteriormente el acuerdo para editar lecciones impresas, videos y CD-ROM multimedia, dirigidos a otros sectores de la capacitación para el trabajo, Los ejecutivos en la firma del acuerdo como: mecánica y electrónica automotriz, electricidad y automatización. Son áreas técnicas que demandan atención inmediata, considerando los fuertes cambios que se avecinan en el mercado de trabajo, como resultado de la globalización económica; de hecho, se pretende dirigir estos servicios de capacitación a todos los países de habla hispana, aprovechando recursos como Internet y la presencia en España, Centro y Sudamérica de revistas como Electrónica y Servicio. Cabe señal ñala ar que que la Es Escue cuella M exi xica cana na deEl Ele ect ctrri ci cidad, dad, esun una a pr pre est i gi gia ada i nsti nstitt uci ución ón de deenseñanzacon más de 60 años años de vida vida act ctii va va;; fue f ue fun unda dada da por el Ing. I ng. Pedr dro o Camar Camarena M. M . En l a act ctuali ualida dad d cuent cuenta a con dos
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CIENCIA Y NOVEDADES TECNOLOGICAS
Sony diseña la cámara digital más pequeña del mundo Lo s lectores regulares de esta Los esta sección se habrán percatado percat ado del enorme desarrollo que han tenido las cámaras digitales, al grado que algunos analistas predicen que en pocos años podrían llegar a desplazar a las cámaras fotográficas convencionales. Una cámara digital posee múltiples ventajas, entre las que tenemos: • Las imágenes imágenes no se imprimen en una película, películ a, sino que se almacenan temporal mente en en una memoria. Esto significa que si en un momento dado alguna de las fotos no no s gusta, gusta, sim-
mediato; y, obviamente, es posible aplicarlas a cualquier documento electróni electrónico. co. • Y otras muchas ventajas innumerables. A pesar de todo todo ello, ell o, las cámaras que ya ya se comercializan suelen tener una forma bastante convencional; quizá para evitar que el público en general tenga que volver a aprender a usar un aparato de estos. Sin embargo, debido a sus características característic as tan especiales, las cámaras digitales pueden miniaturizarse miniaturiz arse a niveles realmente realmente increíbles. Y la compañía compañí a japonesa Sony se ha propuesto demostrar al público el nivel al que pueden pueden llegar estos instrumentos, presentando una cámara de
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Figura 1
¡A un lado MPEG3! Llega MPEG4 ¿Hasta dónde llegará el grado de compresión de imágenes en en movimiento? En los primeros años año s de existencia existencia de los formatos digitales de almacenamiento de imágenes, se requería de enormes espacios para guardar una secuencia de apenas unos cuantos minutos; por ejemplo, a principios de los noventa se comercializaba un aparato capaz de guardar cinco minutos de video, pero que para ello necesitaba un disco de 500MB casi completo (lo que significa un promedio med io de 100MB/ 100MB/ minuto) minuto).. Pero como est esta a enorme cantidad de información digital saturaba saturaba rápidamente los medios de almacenamiento (un CD de datos sólo podía guardar seis minutos y medio de video), era obvia la necesidad de desarrollar desarroll ar sistemas de
nos inconvenientes; por ejemplo, para almacenar una película de hora y media se requiere de aproximadamente 4.7GB (la capacidad de un DVD de una cara, una capa). Pensando precisamente en solucionar este problema, hace poco fue liberada al público la versión 4 del formato de compresión MPEG. De esta est a manera es posible guardar una película de hora y media en un CD de datos datos normal, no rmal, sin afectar la calidad de las imágenes obtenidas. Generalmente el el público no aprecia ninguna ni nguna diferencia significativa entre MPEG3 y MPEG4, cuando emplea como reproductor al lector de CD-ROM convencional; y gracias a esto, la distribución de películas digitales puede llegar a abaratarse mucho. Ahora le tenemos dos noticias, una buena y otra mala. La mala, es que el procesamiento procesamiento de la enorme cantidad de información infor mación que se necenecesita para descomprimir descomprimir en tiempo real los lo s datos grabados grab ados en MPEG4, MP EG4, implica el uso de un microprocesador de 50 500MHz 0MHz o más, 128MB 128MB de RAM RA M y un lector de CD- ROM de alta velocidad; velocidad; y, y, naturalmente, ralmen te, esto esto deja “fuera de la jugada” a un buen número de co mputa mputadoras doras ya instaladas. La buena, es que prácticamente todas las máquinas nuevas cumplen tales exigencias.
¿No recuerda una dirección de Internet? ¡Pregúntele a su gato! Si alguna vez tiene dudas sobre cierto producto recién adquirido y desconoce la dirección de Internet del del fabricante, no se preocupe. La com-
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Figura 2
rreo electrónico todas sus dudas (lo (lo cual, cual , fácil y rápidamente, le permitirá tener contacto directo con el fabricante). Para mayor información info rmación sobre este este producto, diríjase a la página w ww ww.ge .getcat tcat.com. .com.
Los premios Nobel del año 2000, dedicados a la tecnología electrónica
Figura 3
en capas se le ha llamado “hetero-estructura semiconductora”). Sin embargo, se ha otorgado un tercer premio premio al legendario Jack S. S . Kilby Ki lby (figura (figura 3), quien desarrolló por primera vez el circuito integrado cuando trabajaba para los laboratorios rio s de Texas Texas Instruments (una de las marcas más reconocidas de semiconductores en el mundo). El descubrimiento de Kilby fue el que marcó el formidable formi dable progreso progreso de la tecnología de inte-
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OPCIONES DE ALTA VELOCIDAD PARA ACCESO A INTERNET Leopoldo Leopo ldo Parr a R ey eynada nada Internet “A Peter le gustaba aprender... Hacía sus estudios con la cons ola que tenía tenía en casa, conecta conectado do con las bibliotecas y las bases de datos (de todo el mundo).” Orson Scott Card: El juego de Ender
Introducción
A n te un u n m er cad cado o poten p oten ci al tan enorme como es es I nte nterr net net,, nu merosas compañí as en todo el mundo están
¿Cuántas veces hemos escuchado que Internet es “la súper-carretera de la información”? Seguramente, muchas veces ha encontrado esta expresión en revistas, periódicos, conversaciones
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Con tal velocidad de transferencia de información, la l a descarga descarga de un archivo grande de de la red puede consumir varios minutos e incluso horas; y en en términos prácticos, práctico s, esto esto significa signif ica que a través de In Internet ternet no convi ene tratar de transferir archivos de gran tamaño. Sin embargo, el concepto de Internet es fabuloso desde cualquier punto de vista, dadas las oportunidades oportun idades tan amplias que se abren para que el público usuario consulte desde su hogar millones millo nes de páginas de información; para que pueda hacer compras y transacciones bancarias, enviar y recibir correo electrónico, “conversar” en tiempo real a través de los “chats” o los grupos de discusión, “bajar” programas de prueba, software diverso y hasta sistemas sistema s operat o perativos ivos de distribución grat gratuita. uita. Luego entonces, sería ideal contar con un método más veloz para obtener y enviar datos desde y hacia Internet. Veamos qué hay en el panorama.
La tecnología ISDN o RDSI Desde hace algunos meses, en México se ha dado dado mucha publicidad a un método que permite al usuario conectarse a velocidades de hasta 128kbps 128 kbps (más del doble de lo que ofrece o frece un módem convencional). Para ofrecer este servicio, se aprovecha la tecnología ISDN (Integrated Ser vi vices ces D i g ital N et etw w or orkk ) o RDSI (Red Digital de Servicios Integrad Integrados), os), que básicamente elimina la transferencia analógica de informació n desde la central hasta la casa del usuario; y para ello, a su vez, se utiliza la misma infraestructura telefónica ya existente.
Se ha demostrado que el par de cables de cobre que llega a la mayoría de hogares con servicio telefónico en todo el mundo, tiene una capacidad de transferencia de información muy superior a los 56kbps a que están limitados los módems actuales. Pero este límite depende de la compatibilidad con las subestaciones telefónicas, que convierten la información análoga (que viene desde el teléfono) en datos digitales (que se transmiten a las estaciones centrales). Veamos esto esto un poco más de cerca. Cuando usted hace una llamada telefónica, su voz (que es convertida convertida en señal análoga gracias al micrófo no del aparato aparato telefónico) viaja a través de los cables de cobre hasta una pequeña subestación,, en donde, subestación don de, a una tasa de 7,000 7,000 muestras de 8 bits, es convertida en datos digitales (figura 1). Obviamente, una frecuencia de muestreo de apenas 7kHz implica impli ca que el ancho de banda efectivo que queda para la conversación telefónica es muy reducido. De hecho, antes de que la voz del usuario sea convertida convertida en información informació n digital, pasa a través través de un filtro fi ltro que limita li mita su frecuencia a tan sólo 3kHz; y esta esta es la razón principal de que la voz de las personas person as se escuche un poco extraña ext raña a través de la línea lí nea telefónica. Ahora bien, 7,000 muestras de 8 bits dan un total de 56,000 56,000 bits por segundo, que es el lí mite teórico de los módems modernos (figura 2). 2). Y la manera en que puede incrementarse notablemente esta esta velocidad, consiste en colo car en la la línea del usuario usuario un convertidor A/ D especial especial que maneja un ancho de banda superior superior a los l os 56kbps; mas como es de esperarse, la compañía telefó-
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Figura 2 Con una conexión ISDN, se consigue superar el límite de 56 kbps de un módem convencional
Conversión A/D D/A 128 kbps
Proveedor de servicio telefónico y de acceso a Internet
nica cobra co bra una tarifa significativamente más alta por este tipo de servicios. Porr otra parte, Po parte, en vista de que dicha conexión conexi ón se encuentra íntimamente ligada ligada al servicio telefónico en sí, es la misma compañía la que funge proveedor oveedor de ser vi vi-como ISP I SP (siglas en inglés de pr cios de In te tern rn et ) y la que vende o renta el módem ISDN;; y por todo ello, ISDN ello , cobra prácticamente lo que quiera. No obstante, las ventajas ofrecidas por los servicios ISDN valen la pena; cuando por ejemplo desee navegar por Internet, podrá go-
nes; si, por ejemplo, con un módem de este tipo, tipo, usted quisiera “bajar” desde la red el sistema operativo Linux, tendría que invertir varias horas para hacerlo (pues suponiendo que Linux midiera alrededor de 500MB, con una tasa de transferencia de 7kbps habríamos de estar casi 20 horas conectados para obtener obtener todos los l os archivos que requiere la instalación completa; y con un enlace ISDN, el lapso se reduciría a 9 horas). De manera que como el avance proporcionado por el ISDN I SDN todavía no es suficiente para para satisfacer las necesidades necesi dades actuales y ya se visl vislumumbra su crecimiento a futuro, hoy se están realizando realizan do diversas investigacion investigaciones es para aumentar aún más el ancho de banda que llega a los hogares. Veamos algunas de las opciones que ya están disponibles.
Internet por TV-cable En el mundo de la televisión, donde son comunes los anchos de banda banda de 6MHz o más, hablar de una tasa de transferencia de 128kbps es cosa de risa. Pero por desgracia, el espectro electromagnético ya está bastante saturado; por tal
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Figura 3 Arquitectura de una red híbrida fibra-coaxial C Un centro de datos regional guarda copias en caché de las páginas de la red, solicitadas con más frecuencia y otros contenidos locales; también gobierna los servidores de correo electrónico y de noticias.
Internet global
B El centro de operaciones de red (COR) supervisa la condición de la red, valiéndose de los datos que aportan los módems de cable.
A Los contenidos se transfieren de Internet a la red doméstica del proveedor de servicios por fibra óptica.
Red doméstica tendido de fibra
COR CO R
D La información se retransmite por fibra óptica a las cabeceras, que a su vez se encargan de muchos nodos de fibra.
F En casa, un módem de cable descodifica del tráfico informático los datos del usuario
G Una oficina doméstica puede comprender un divisor que mande la señal de televisión
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Otra ventaja de la conexión por cable, es que es un enlace que siempre está vivo; aunque no se esté utilizando, la conexión a Internet permanecerá abierta. En el instante en que deseemos consultar con sultar algo, sólo habrá que encender encender el equipo para dar inicio inmediato a la navegación; se acabaron los molestos lapsos de espera, los interminables in terminables intentos para conectarse en en horas pico (como sucede con los l os enlaces telefótelefónicos). Todo est esto o es es muy importante importante,, en espe especial cial por los lo s proyectos que para Internet se tienen a futuro; se prevé que, que, en algunos alguno s años, varios vari os de nuestros aparatos caseros (refrigerador, equipo de audio, televisor, etcétera) estarán conectados permanentemente a la red. Sin embargo, esta aproximación aún tiene un problema: como podemos ver en la figura 3, el ancho de banda de más de 500kbps 500kbps realmente corresponde correspo nde al cable coaxial en sí, y se distribuye entre todos los suscriptores suscri ptores que comparten una acometida aco metida desde la central del proveedor; de modo que si por ejemplo a dicho cable están conectados unos 20 usuarios, y todos quieren utilizar el módem al mismo tiempo, los 50 500kbps 0kbps se convierten convierten en algo así como 25 25kbps kbps (todavía (todavía más de lo que ofrece
de hace más de 100 años, posee un ancho de banda superior a 56kbps (que, como vimos, es una limitación limi tación impuesta por por razones razo nes de compacompatibilidad). Pero gracias a nuevos experimentos, ha podido demostrarse que el cableado telefónico es capaz de manejar un ancho de banda muy superior, en el rango r ango de 0.5 a 1M 1M bps (siempre y cuando cuando la longitud l ongitud del cable transmisor transmisor no no sea excesiva). Fruto de estas investigaciones, se ha desarrollado lo que se conoce como DSL (Di gi tal Suscription Lin e) o línea digital por suscripción. El usuario sólo tiene que solicitar a su proveedor telefónico te lefónico que active esta esta característica en su l ínea, y le será proporcionado un módem especial; la compañía telefónica también modificará el circuito de recepción recepción de datos datos de dicha lí nea en su central, a fin de conseguir velocidades de de transferencia que actualmente están en un promedio de 800kbps (15 veces más de lo que o frece la línea telefónica convencion al, figura 4). 4). Pero esta aproximación también tiene un problema: como se dijo antes, es preciso preciso que la lonl ongitud del cable que transmite los datos no sea excesiva; por ahora se tiene un límite práctico de aproximadamente 4km a la redonda de la
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Figura 4 Transmisión de datos y voz con gran ancho de banda por línea telefónica mediante ADSL B En la oficina central, un multiplexor de acceso a la DSL combina los datos del usuario con una señal de voz de la conexión telefónica usual.
Internet
A Los datos de Internet se transmiten por fibras ópticas hasta la “oficina central“ de la compañía telefónica en las inmediaciones del usuario.
Toma de voz
Multiplexor Microfiltro
D Un módem ADSL traduce los datos para la PC del usuario; un microfiltro traslada la señal de voz al teléfono.
C Los datos y la voz se envían a t ravés de la misma línea telefónica ordinaria ( un “ par trenzado“ de cobre) al usuario, hasta una distancia de cinco o seis kilómetros, en función de la calidad de la línea.
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Figura 5 Creación de conexiones de Internet mediante satélites A Por una red de fibra óptica, un proveedor de servicios de Internet envía un mensaje a una estación en Tierra de un operador de satélites.
Internet
D Para cubrir distancias mayores, puede haber sistemas conectados por repetidores que se pasen la señal entre ellos antes de retransmitir retransmitirla. la.
C Esta transmisión B El mensaje, cifrado en una radioonda, se transmite a los satélites en órbita.
es recibida por satélites de “tubo acodado”, que amplifican la señal y la devuelven directamente a Tierra.
F
E Una antena de tejado recibe las transmisione transmisiones s de los satélites, procesando sólo las codificadas con la dirección de Internet correcta.
El cableado doméstico lleva la señal hasta un ordenador personal. Las respuestas pueden radiarse hacia los satélites y enviarse por repetidores hasta el proveedor de servicios de Internet.
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Figura 6 Una manera menos costosa de llevar la fibra óptica hasta el hogar
A El proveedor de servicios codifica los datos en luz láser. Los datos para una comunidad formada por 16 a 32 casas se mandan por fibra óptica hasta un divisor de potencia óptica, ubicado en las inmediaciones.
Divisor óptico de potencia
B El divisor de potencia óptica reparte equitativamente la señal de luz entre las fibras que llegan hasta los usuarios.
C Los transceptores ópticos de cada casa convierten los datos recibidos en señales eléctricas que se despachan al ordenador del usuario y a otros dispositivos.
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¡¡SORPRESA!! año 2001
s e r v i c i o
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Recibe m m o o c c . . o o i i c c
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Con los primeros 12 números de la revista ÓNICA Y SERVICIO,
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CARACTERISTICAS FISICAS DEL MINIDISC
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Figura 1 Con el auge de la tecnología digital y la llegada del CD, era necesaria la invención de un sistema de audio digital que sustituyera a los casetes analógicos. El formato MiniDisc llegó para ofrecer las ventajas de acceso aleatorio del CD y la versatilidad en el manejo de los casetes digitales.
A
B C
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bién eran capaces de reproducir los todavía populares casetes casetes analógicos convencionales. En ninguno de los formatos de casetes que acabamos de mencionar, pueden realizarse eficientemente las operaciones básicas del acceso aleatorio (ent (entre re ellas la l a grabación) que permite el disco compact co mpacto. o. El hecho obedece a las limitaciones limi taciones mecánicas que impone la grabación en casete, y a que éste sólo puede ser regrabado
Formato físico externo del MiniDisc El medio de grabación de los equipos de audio MiniDisc es de dos tipos: discos pregrabados y discos grabables, los cuales tienen una cubierta protectora semejante a la de los l os disquetes de 3.5 pulgadas empleados en las computadoras (producidos tambien por Sony) So ny).. Las L as especificaciones especificaciones visibles de ambos tipos de discos se muestran
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diferencia externa más notoria que tiene con respecto al disco grabable). Por su parte, en el procedimiento de grabación de los discos graba grabables bles es necesario tener acceso a sus dos lados. Así que poseen una compuerta en cada lado, que los descubre (vea la portezuela indicada en la figura 2).
Pr ote otecc ccii one oness
Figura 3 Disco del MD fuera de su cartucho 64 mm Plato de sujeción
1.2 mm
Lugar de
11 mm
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Figura 5 Capa protectora
Carátula superior Ondulaciones de la canalización
Reflectora Dieléctrica Capa MO
Plato de sujeción Sustrato Disco MO
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G r ab abac acii ón magné agnéti ti ca Tales inn innovacion ovaciones es permiten grabar mediante cambios de magnetización. Este método método se funfun damenta dament a en el fenómeno fenó meno físico físi co que experimentan algunas aleaciones cuando se someten a cierta temperatura excesiva, conocida como la temperatura de Curie. Cuando se alcanza dicha temperatura, el material se hace magnéticamente susceptible;
Figura 7 Magnetización de la capa MO
A
Capa MO previamente magnetizada Patrón de magnetización original
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Figura 8 Elementos de la grabación magneto-óptica en el MD Cabeza magnética Señal de los datos que se escriben
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Figura 9
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Las ondulaciones o ndulaciones de esta esta canalización canaliz ación surg surgen en
BPCLK
Figura 11
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de su inseguridad. Ubíquese mentalmente en el
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cobertura de nuestro negocio, también puede ser ser
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parámetros PIN, parámetros PI N, notamos la ausencia de los ajustes o presets; entonces intentamos realizar los ajustes a través del modo de servicio; y a pesar de que modificamos los parámetros numéricos, la falla fall a aún estaba presente presente;; como último recurso, se determinó determinó sustituir la l a memoria. Comentarios: Siempre que tenga que cambiar una memoria memori a de este este tipo, utilice una un a pieza exactamente igual; así no tendrá que hacer ningún tipo de ajuste, pues estas memorias vienen de fábrica con los parámetros programados. programados.
Falla No. 3 Equipo: Televisor So ny ny.. Modelo: KV29L42/ KV29L42/ 5. Síntoma: El telev televisor isor prese presenta nta el efecto barril. Pruebas realizadas: Tomando en cuenta que se trata de un modelo model o reciente, recien te, al darnos darno s cuenta de la falla lo primero pri mero que descartamos descartamos fue un daño en la memoria. Tras revisar los demás componentes del equipo, encontramos que ninguno estaba dañado; así que intentamos eliminar la falla mediante un ajuste por por el modo mo do de servicio de los parámetros relacionados con el efecto corrector de imagen; observamos observamos que los lo s datos grabados eran correctos, excepto el parámetro P AMP, que tenía un parámetro alterado (35). Se procedió a introducir el valor valor correcto P AM P18, indicado en el manual man ual de servicio, y el problema quedó resuelto. Comentarios: El parámetro parámetro P A M P es el que más efecto efect o tiene en la l a generación generación de la señal correcco rrectora del barrido de línea. lí nea. Cuando se presente una falla fall a en esta esta secció sección, n, es conveniente verifi verificar car los datos almacenados en la memoria.
Falla No. 4 Equipo: Televisor So ny ny.. Modelo: KV2970M Síntoma: Líneas horizontales sobre la imagen, la cual no n o aparece en la parte superior de la pantalla. Pruebas realizadas: Inici almente pensamos pensamos que
normales; luego se inspeccionó cada una de las secciones, y no observamos ningún componente dañado. Entonces intentamos corregir los parámetros de ajuste a través del modo de servicio, pero no pudimos eliminar la falla; por tal motivo, se decidió sustit sustituir uir la l a memoria IC102 IC102.. Comentarios: En esta memoria se guardan todos los parámetros de ajuste del televisor, mismos que si son alterados provocan también la alteración del funcionamiento del mismo. En nuestro caso, no sólo había un desajuste en la imagen sino que también estaba presente una falla que aparentemente era provocada por algún otro circuito cir cuito.. De tal tal suerte, siempre es recomendable revisar revisar los circuitos ci rcuitos de manera individual.
Falla No. 5 Equipo: Televisor Zenith. M odelo: 5Y276 5Y27685 85.. Síntoma: Presenta efecto efecto cojín. cojí n. Pruebas realiz realiz adas: Se procedió a revisar el circuito formado por los transistores Q3203 y QX320 QX 3201, 1, que con constituyen stituyen el amplificador amplifi cador corrector PIN. El filtro de entrada se encontraba en buenas condiciones; pero al verificar las señales de polarización en los transistores, descubrimos que estaban alteradas; procedimos entonces a retirar ambos transistores, para su verificación por separado; y aprovechamos esto esto para hacer mediciones de resistencias, encontrando abierta la resistencia resi stencia R3212 (ubicada a la salida del amplificador). amplifi cador). Esta resistencia, resistencia, que interviene en la retroalimentación de la polarización de corriente directa directa y de la señal dinámica (estabilización de la parábola de corrección de barrido), fue sustituida; y luego de colocar los transistores,, la falla transistores fall a fue finalmente eliminada. Comentarios: Recuerde que la efectividad de la polarización en un circuito depende mucho de los divisores de tensión formados por las resistencias comunes; así que al dañarse una de ellas, normalmente se alteran o abren lo s voltajes de
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LA FUENTE DE ALIMENTACION EN TELEVISORES TOSHIBA A r m an do M ata D om í n g u ez
Estructura de la fuente de alimentación resonante
E n el pr pr ese esente nte ar ar tículo analizaremos analizaremos la oper oper ación de la fuen fuente te de alimen ta tación ción del tele televis vis or modelo CL29G 50/ C L29G 30 de la firma Toshi ba, la cual cual es una fuente r eg ulada del del tipo reson ante ante,, encarr g ad enca ada a de proporcion ar los volttajes necesa vol necesarr ios ( 20 , 32 y 135 voltios) para el funcionamiento g en ener er al del d el equ eq u i po po.. P ar a su su r ef eferenci erenci a, el diag r ama de est este e
Las fuentes reguladas del tipo resonante ofrecen la ventaja de operar con un consumo mínimo de energía, además de que por lo general emiten emite n muy poco rui do. El diagrama básico de la fuente regulada del tipo resonante se muestra en la figura 1. Observe que sus partes principales son: • Un circuito de entrada, formado por el cable de línea, un fusible fusi ble y algunos circuitos de absorción. • Un circuito ci rcuito de rectificació rectificación n que incluye diodos y un capacitor de la red de filtro.
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Figura 1 Diagrama general de la fuente de alimentación utilizada en los televisores Toshiba CL29G50 / CL29G30
SR81
T801
3
2
D801
T862
F860 +
F801
+20V
R O D A M R O F S N A R T
OSCILADOR
4 +32V R101
D101
+125V
F470
R883
5V-1 Q843 SW
Q862
5 Q830 SW
2 1 2
T840
Q840
DETECTOR DE FALLAS Q471 Q472
D471
+5V1
D840
1
1 2 3 4 5
Circuito de entrada Circuito de rectificación Circuito de conmutación Circuito de voltaje secundario Circuito de retroalimentación
• Un circuito ci rcuito de retroalimentación, retroalimentación , en el que desdestaca la presencia de un optoacoplador como elemento principal para la regulación de los voltajes proporcionados por la fuente de alimentación. Para comprender de la mejor manera posible la operación e importancia de cada uno de estos circuitos circ uitos (y, (y, por consiguien con siguiente, te, de la fuente de ali ali-mentación resonante), remítase a las siguientes explicaciones.
1. Circuito de entrada a) En el circuito ci rcuito de la figura 2, observe al fusible F801 , el cual se abre cada vez que hay un con sumo excesivo de energía causado por un corto total o parcial en la l a circuitería del tele-
ON / OFF
do el voltaje vo ltaje de línea de corriente alterna alterna (CA) aumenta drástica y repentinamente. c) En combinación co mbinación,, el capacitor C801 y el transformador T80 T 801 1 se emplean emplean como co mo redes de filtro de oscilación ano rmal o de ruido y sirven para suprimir l os “transitorios” “transitorios” que se producen cuando el equipo es encendido o apag apagaado; así se eliminan elimin an las interfere in terferencias ncias que haya en la imagen del televisor televisor o en cualquier otro equipo conectado a la misma línea de CA. d) En las líneas lí neas de alimentación alimentación de CA se conectan los capaci tores C812, C812, C813 y los llamados ll amados g ap, que son sistemas de protección. e) Dado que estos elementos también quedan conectados a chasis, actúan como dispositivos auxiliares del filtro de oscilación; y de acuerdo con ello, eliminan las interferencias de radiofrecuencia que pudieran pudieran dañar la l a ca-
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Figura 2 Circuito de entrada y circuito de rectificación
L901
C813
F801 D899
Salida rectificador
D801
C8 0 1
+
Termistor
C810 R810
Surge
T801 +5V-1
C812
Q830
Microprocesador encendido
GDP Q843
SR81
Q840 1
0 4 8 C
2
+5 V (microprocesador VCC) 5
3
4
Reset
+ C842
T840
2. Circuito de rectificación
D840
C843
el cual produce una corriente directa de 160 voltios voltio s que es rectificada hasta quedar con un porcentaje de rizo mínimo.
Este circuito, localizado inmediatamente después del del circuito ci rcuito de entrada, entrada, tiene la funció n de producir corri corriente ente directa (CD) (CD) a partir de los 120 VCA que recibe de de la línea lín ea de alimentación alimentación (vea la figura fi gura 2):
3. Circuito de conmutación
a) El diodo rectificador D801 y el condensador C810 llevan a cabo una rectificación plana, mientras que el resistor R810 amortigua los cambios irregulare i rregulares s de corriente corri ente que ocurren cuando el televisor es encendido. b) El transformador de potencia de alerta T840 genera gene ra CA de bajo valor, la cual es rectificada rectificada por el diodo D840 para generar CD de 12V. Este voltaje se emplea para alimentar al relevador relevad or de encendido y al regulador de cinco voltios vol tios Q840; est este e último proporcio na una alimentación de +5V al microprocesador. c) El circuito ci rcuito de RESET, que se aloja en el regulador Q840, suministra la orden de reinicio al
Figura 3
a) Cada vez que se oprime la tecla de encendido, el microprocesador envía un nivel alto de voltaje (5 voltios) a la l a base del transistor Q830 y hace que el el transistor Q 84 843 3 conduzca hacia la bobina bobin a del relevador de encendi encendido. do. De esta manera empieza empieza a funci onar la l a fuente principrincipal (figura 3). Observe que esta fuente es de
Q801 Circuito de conmutación + O S C
E X C I T A D
-B
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Figura 4 Circuito integrado Q801
Q801 STR-Z2753C n i V
D N G
88.2 2
T N O C
4
5
3.2
0
1
T C
3
1 1 J G
TEM2011 GJ10 +
VCA
D801
) 2 V 7 N 9 8 E 1 ( D P O 2 0 6 2 8 8 C M
F860 125V2.5A
6 6 8 D
I R D
O L
C O
8
9
10
11
R861 1R10K L805 TLN3427
F µ 7 4 5 0 8 7 V 0 1 5 9 6 6 4 6 2 6 + 8 C
1 6 .5 µ 1 . 2 . 0 2 M V 0 0 2 6 9 7 6 8 8 C C
RB RD27ESA.B3 RC MTZJ27C
D876 UZ2785C
C860 500VB0.01
M O C
2
7
+
c c V
7 .0
0 .1
R862 1/2R22 2 2 O M 3 7 8 C
P 0 7 0 6 8 8 6 C 8
RA UZ2785C
D804
2
6
4.5 N E P O
D C
4.6
5.3
164
G861
s s C
or RD27ESAB3 or MTZJ27C
12 0
T U O
81.8
D862 E024
14
B V
15
C863 MO.1
97.3
D875 MTZJ12B IZ12BSB RD12ESAB2
L862 TEM2011
R871 1/2R82
T861
2 ) 3 N V 7 E 9 8 P 1 ( D O
C871
C868 25V100µ
D864 E02A
3
2KVR1 1000P
D803
4 C865 2RVR1
R810 5W 1.1 +
C810 200V220m
R864 1/2R1K
R870 1/2R270 R872 1R100KΩ 24382104S
R866 1/2R47
C874 500V22OP 24435221A
5 C870 400V0. 068
Q862 L806 TRF92530
3.1
0
tipo conmutado de corri ente resonante resonante y dispone de una bobina y un capacitor en serie. El voltaje en esta sección se regula mediante la modificación modifi cación de la frecuencia de trabajo. trabajo. b) Entonces, cada vez que el televisor es encendido, la fuente conmutada conmutada empieza a o perar
d) Cada vez que sucede la conmutación de los transistores de salida, la bobina primaria de T862 genera un voltaje de corriente alterna en sus devanados devanados secundarios. Dicha Dich a conmutación es determinada por los circuitos lógicos y oscilador, alojados en el circuito inte-
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suave de la fuente conmutada, misma que, después de originarse la corriente de los MOSFET, comienza a operar con su frecuencia de trabajo trabajo normal. no rmal.
4. Circuito de voltajes secundarios a) De las terminales 6 a 10 del transformador T862 (figura 5) se ubican los deva devanados nados secundarios; los cuales, junto con los diodos rectificadores rectifi cadores D885 D 885,, D886, D883 y D884 D884 y los capacitores C889 C889 y C884, C884, proporcionan la alial imentación mentació n de 135, 12 y 33 voltios que qu e el televisor requiere para operar. b) La función funció n antes mencionada se complementa con algunos devanados del fly- back , que suministran los l os siguientes voltajes: • 200V para los amplificadores de color de salida de video, localizados locali zados en la l a tarjeta tarjeta de circuito impreso i mpreso de la base base del cinescopio. Figura 5 Circuito de voltajes secundarios
C885 500V470P
• 27V para el circuito de salida vertical • 12V para el circuito procesador de video; en esta línea de 12V se conecta un regulador de tres terminales, para generar 9V que se suministran a los circuitos de video y audio.
5. Circuito de retroalimentación a) Los cambios de voltaje que en las líneas secundarias son provocados por una variación de consumo o por variaciones del voltaje de línea, lín ea, pueden pueden corregirse de inmediato; y todo, gracias a que las mismas variaciones modifican la corri ente del del fotodiodo ubicado dentro del optoacoplador Q 86 862 2 (figura 6). b) Dichos cambios de conducción modifican el comportamiento del fototransistor, ubicado también tamb ién dentro del optoacoplador. Esto hace que se modifique el voltaje de la terminal 5 CONT (control) del circuito integrado Q801, lo cual, cual , a su vez, de inmediato cambia la frecuencia frecuenci a de tratrabajo de conmutación y, como resultado, resultad o, provoca el reajust reajuste e de los voltaje vol tajes s secundarios. 135 V
+13V
6. Circuitos complementarios
F889 125V1.6A 23144776F
10
L886 TEM2011Y OR TEM2011
9
D885 EU2A
C889 25V 2200u 24795222S
33 V
C886 500V 470P L888
+
D886 EU2A
C898 100P
(URA) R897
Con el fin de proteger al televisor contra un sobreconsumo de corriente, incrementos de voltaje o sobrecalent sobrecalentamiento, amiento, en su circuito integrado de
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comienz a a actuar. Esta prevención comienza prevención tiene razones de sobra, pues tal incremento puede llegar a dañar algún componente del televisor. b) Cada vez que se presenta el incremento, el devanado ubicado en las terminales 2 y 3 del transformador T862 proporciona más vol taje de corriente corri ente alterna; y este este voltaje, al ser rectificado y filtrado por el diodo D864 y el capacitor C868, C868, incrementa la tensión de la terminal 8 V SS del regulador Q801
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ye debido a que disminuye también la carga del capacitor C867. Esto habilita al circuito interno OCP O CP,, lo cual, a su vez, provoca que se bloquee el circuito oscilador y que se apague apague el televisor. e) Cada vez que se registra un aumento de temperatura perat ura en el circuito integra integrado do Q80 Q 801, 1, el circuito de protección de detección térmica (TSD), ubicado dentro de él, se encarga de apagar al televisor; así se evita que el regulador sea dañado. El circuito TSD permite el
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SEMINARIO COATZACOALCOS, VER. 8 y 9 de diciembre 2000 Hotel "Terranova" Blvd. Río Calzadas Km. 7.5
MEXICO, D.F. 12 y 13 de enero 2001 Auditorio de la Escuela Mexicana de Electricidad Revillagigedo No. 100, Centro (a una cuadra del metro Balderas)
TAPACHULA, CHIS. 19 y 20 de enero 2001 Auditorio CTM Informes en 3a. Oriente No. 1-3 Centro. Tel. (0196) 21 69 01
LAZARO CARDENAS, MICH. 9 y 10 de febrero 2001 Informes: Priv. de Virgo No. 17 Infonavit Nuevo Horizonte Tel. (0175) 37 12 78
MERIDA, YUC. 2 y 3 de marzo 2001 Hotel "B.W. María del Carmen" Calle 63 No. 550 X 68 Centro
TOLUCA, MEX. 26 y 27 de marzo 2001 Hotel "San Francisco" Rayón Sur No. 104 Centro
MORELIA, MICH.
n ó i c a p i c i t r a p e d a m o l p i D o c i t c á d i d o y o p a e d l a u n a m n U e t e s a c o e d i v n U o r b i
METODOS AVANZADOS PARA EL SERVICIO A TELEVISORES DE NUEVA GENERACION Respaldado por Centro Japonés de Información Electrónica y la revista "Electrónica y Servicio"
Instructor: Profr. J. Luis Orozco Cuautle Considerando la amplia variedad de marcas y modelos de televisores, así como la necesidad de continuar profundizando en las técnicas de servicio a secciones críticas, se ha preparado este seminario que complementa y actualiza al de "Técnicas Modernas de Servicio a TV Color". Para ello, se han incluido temas no estudiados anteriormente, entre los que destacan: los nuevos modos de servicio en televisores Sanyo, Broksonic, Mitsubishi, Philips, Sharp y Sony Wega; localización de fallas en sintonizadores, AFT, AFT, barrido vertical, sistema de control y circuito jungla; nuevos tips para r eparar fuentes de alimentación conmutadas; la tendencia moderna de las compañías de distribuir sus manuales de servicio en CD-ROM, y cómo obtener el mayor provecho de la computadora en el taller. Cabe señalar que para para asistir a este seminario, NO se requiere que que usted haya estudiado estudiado el anterior, pues no son seriados, sino complementarios. Principales temas: 1. Fallas en sintonizadores de canales y su reparación (receptores RCA, General Electric y Sony). Inyectando señales de RF. RF. 2. Reparación del módulo de FI (fallas en AFT y procedimientos de solución). 3. Localización de averías en el sistema de control (microprocesador). 4. Operación del circuito jungla y métodos de aislamiento de fallas. Inyectando señales de video. 5. Medición de señales de video, Data, Clock, Latch, salida horizontal y vertical con osciloscopio y multímetro. 6. Método para localizar fallas en la sección de barrido vertical. 7. Cómo convertir un televisor convencional en un valioso instrumento para el servicio d e TV. 8. Nuevos tips para reparar fuentes de alimentación conmutadas. 9. Las más modernas técnicas para retirar dispositivos de montaje de superficie y reparar pistas de circuito impreso. 10. Los nuevos modos de servicio en te levisores Sanyo, Broksonic, Mitsubishi, Philips, Sharp, Sony Wega. 11. Consejos para simplificar el servicio a televisores. 12. La tendencia moderna de las compañías de distribuir sus manuales de servicio en CD-ROM, y cómo obtener el mayor provecho de esta información. 13. Conectando el osciloscopio y el multímetro a la computadora 14. Procedimientos de reparación de módulos de audio estéreo de Sony. 15. Sustitución del IC STK563 ó STK-583 regulador de Sony con
Costo: $500.00 Duración: 12 horas. Horario : 14 a 20 hrs. Primer día y 9 a 15 hrs. Segundo día.
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S E M I NARIO REPARACION DE SISTEMAS DE COMPONENTES DE AUDIO AIW AI WA, SONY Y PANASONIC Respaldado por Centro Japonés de Información Electrónica y la revista "Electrónica y Servicio" Instructor: Profr. Armando Mata Domínguez
PRINCIPALES TEMAS: Equipos Aiwa:
Los objetivos de este seminario son: hacer un repaso de la estructura y funcionamiento de los sistemas de componentes de audio de nueva generación; exponer exponer un método general de localización de fallas; mostrar soluciones prácticas a los problemas críticos que se presentan en estos equipos; enseñar técnicas diversas que apoyan el servicio; comentar fallas específicas y brindar una lista de transistores sustitutos para dichos equipos. Para cubrir los temas, se toman como referencia aparatos de la marca Aiwa, estableciendo puntos comunes y diferencias con modelos Sony y Panasonic. Se considera que si el t écnico conoce las averías y soluciones de los aparatos de estas tres marcas (las que más se reciben en el taller), podrá cubrir satisfactoriamente el servicio en general a sistemas de componentes de audio, pues sus circuitos y diseños son representativos.
1) Estructura general de un sistema de componentes de audio. 2) Método secuencial de localización de fallas. 3) Rutinas de servicio al módulo reproductor de CD. 4) Reparación de la fuente de alimentación. 5) Modo de encendido y guía de f allas. 6) Mét odo para aislar fallas en el microprocesador. microprocesador. 7) Proceso de reparación cuando el equipo se apaga (incluso el display). 8) Operación y fallas en el amplificador de potencia con transistores discretos. 9) La sección del amplificador de audio con circuito int egrado. 10) Teoría Teoría para el servicio de los diferentes sist emas de protección y métodos para resolver f allas. 11) Proceso de reparación en el Deck (reproductor de casetes) .
: b e n i c r e
e s e n t t s s c o i c i s i á c t s a d d o o i l d n t e y o c i ó ó d o s T o l i b r o c a s e e a p o i p a p o c c n t i U v i d d e u a l d a r t U n m a n d e p a U n l o o m p p i D
Equipos Sony y Panasonic: 1) Particularidades de los sistemas de componentes de audio Sony y Panasonic. 2) Análisis de secciones específicas de modelos Sony y Panasonic: mecanismo, amplificador de potencia y fuente de alimentación.
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NUEVAS CARACTERISTICAS DE WINDOWS MILLENNIUM Leopoldo Leopo ldo Parr a R ey eynada nada
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copiar un archivo por ejemplo, el usuario sólo tenía que arrastrarlo arrastrarlo con co n el ratón desd desde e la posición en que estaba hasta el sitio deseado), el estándar PC se vio presionado para desarrollar algo que emulara este modo de manejo de la computadora. comput adora. Y a finales fin ales de los 80 Microsoft hizo el lanzamiento lanz amiento de su ambiente ambiente gráfico gráfico Window s, el cual se populariz ó rápidamente debido debido a que combinaba una forma fo rma amigable de trabajar trabajar con los bajos costos que desde entonces han caracterizado a la plataforma PC. Pero Window s era en en realidad una aplicación más que se ejecutaba ejecutaba por encima enci ma del DOS, DO S, y que, que, por consiguiente, compartía muchas de sus limitaciones; por ejemplo, los n ombres de los archivos sólo sól o podían tene tenerr ocho caracte caracteres res de exextensión, la memoria estaba muy limitada, la interacción entre programas no era muy fluida, etcétera etcé tera.. Lo L o peor de todo era una caracte característica rística poco conocida por el usuario en general, pero del dominio de los expertos expertos en cómputo: si bien desde años atrás ya se estaban produciendo microprocesadores de 32 bits (el primero fue el célebre 386 386 de Intel), Intel), el DOS DO S y Window s seguían siendo aplicaciones de 16 bits; así, gran parte del potencial de los microprocesadores era des-
cantes de software a desarrollar nuevos programas prácticamente desde cero. A su vez, esto permitió a Microsoft establecer algunos parámetros de diseño que a la larga se traducirían en un trabajo más sencillo para el usuario; por ejemplo, ejemp lo, la l a interacción de programas se ha visto muy favorecida con el modo de multitarea característico de Win95 (el cual permite mantener abiertos varios programas al mismo tiempo, para que intercambien datos). También fue mejor mejorada ada la for forma ma en que el usuario navega por Internet, haciendo mucho más sencilla la co nfiguración de este tipo tipo de conexiones. Y se facilitó considerab con siderablemente lemente la adición de nuevo hardware, gracias a las características PnP de este ambiente de trabajo; las siglas PnP son por Plug and Play o “conecte y use”,, lo cual significa use” signifi ca que el propio ambiente de de trabajo trab ajo reconoce cuándo se ha colocado un nuevo elemento de hardware, solicita los controladores adecuados, adecuados, se configura con figura a sí mismo y permite que el usuario disfrute de su nuevo dispositivo prácticamente sin problemas (adiós a las interminables configuraciones donde había que de dete terminar rminar una dirección dirección I/ O, un IRQ y un DM A, cuida cuidando ndo que no interfiriera interfiriera con nin-
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rias mejoras con respe respecto cto a la versión anterior; por ejemplo, era posible posi ble usar eficientemente discos más grandes (FAT-32) y había una un a mayor inin tegración de Internet con el escritorio, entre otras. Hasta la fecha, hay quienes aseguran que esta versión de Window s es una de las más estables estables y menos exigente de recursos (Win96 funciona perfectamente en una 486 con 8MB de RAM y un disco duro de 400MB, lo cual lo hace ideal para oficinas oficin as u hogares que cuenten cuenten con un equipo de capacidad limitada). limitada). Sin embargo, M icrosoft siguió desa desarroll rrollando ando su ambiente de trabajo trabajo y un par de años después presentó una nueva versión: Windows 98. En realidad, las diferencias entre Win96 y Win98 son muy escasas; incluso hubo críticos que aseguraban que el nombre de Win 98 era era incorrecto, y que mejor debería haberse bautizado como la tercera versión de Win95 . Win98 incluía cluí a ciertas mejoras mejoras para aumentar la veloci velocidad dad de ejecución de programas, algunas aplicaciones adicionales (como el Imaging para manejo de imágenes), imágenes), una mejor integ in tegració ración n a la red con la inclusión incl usión del explorador de Internet en el mismo ambiente de trabajo, trabajo, ¡y casi nada más! M as
Figura 2
para OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer o fabricantes de equipo original). Esto no constituye una desventaja, porque, en su mayoría, los usuarios usuario s que adquieren este paquete paquete poseen una máquina con Win95 ó 98 ya cargado; así que en realidad, lo único que hacen hacen es actualizar su sistema operativo. Cuando el CD de WinME es introducido en el sistema,, Window sistema Win dows s reconoce que se trata de una nueva versión versió n del ambiente de trabajo y sugiere al usuario que proceda a hacer la actualización
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tos mínimos míni mos del siste si stema ma en que desea instalarse WinM E; de una PC en adelante, adelante, la máquina debe tener: • Microprocesador de sexta generación, de por lo menos 400MHz. • 32 MB de RA M (pre (preferiblement feriblemente e 64MB). • Disco duro de 2GB (entre más tenga, mejor). • Monitor SVGA o superior. superior. • Tarjeta gráfica capaz de expedir una resolución de 800x600 con una profundidad de colores de 16.7M. • Lector de CD-ROM de 24X o más. • Tarjeta de sonido (no es absolutamente necesaria, pero sí recomendable) recomendable).. • Módem de 56kbps para aprovechar las características de Internet. Con los l os sistemas nuevos nuevos no hay problema algualguno, pues todos –o casi todos– reúnen tales características. Pero cuando desee cargar WinME en un sistema un poco atrasado, asegúrese de acondicionarlo primero; si no lo hace, puede encontrarse con la sorpresa de que el sistema operativo trabaje con suma lentitud o que definitivamente no funcione.
Win95 ó 98, sólo para comprobar co mprobar que el usuario efectivamente posee esta esta versión anterior, y que así se cumpla el requisito de actualización. Así que no se deshaga de su disco Win95-98 sólo porque ya ya cambió a WinM Wi nM E; en caso de que posteriormente te riormente quiera hacer una instalación desd desde e cero lo necesita necesitará. rá. Veamos ahora las principales pri ncipales novedades novedades que presenta WinME.
Novedades en Windows ME Lo que en primer lugar salta a la vista, es que el aspecto aspe cto del escritorio ha cambiado ligerament ligeramente; e; pero los iconos que encontramos son los mismos que ya conocemos (Mi PC, Papelera de reciclaje, Mis documentos, Mis sitios de red, El explorador de Internet, etcétera), etcétera), como se muesmu estra en la figura 4. De hecho, este escritorio es prácticamente idéntico al de Windows 2000, del cual ya hablamos en un número n úmero anterior de esta revista. revist a. Entre estos iconos, icon os, sin embarg embargo, o, hay un valor agregado: el Reproductor de Win Window dows, s, que es precisamente una de las novedades en este sistema operativo.
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Figura 5
(uno de los reproductores de MP3 más usados en el mundo); mundo ); o sea que recupera el concepto con cepto de sk i ns o carát carátulas ulas (y el mismo ambiente Windows
Figura 7
Si explora las cortinas de “programas” del botón INICIO, IN ICIO, encontrará enco ntrará otra de las novedades novedades de WinME: WinM E: la inclusión inclusi ón de un programa que que perper-
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Figura 9
(figura 9). Por lo demás, la utilización de estos iconos es exactamente la misma que usted ya
Otra característica realmente útil, es la recuperación pera ción de la configuración co nfiguración ante anterior rior (figura 10). 10). Esto resulta especialmente importante, en caso de que usted cargue un nuevo programa que modifique la configuración confi guración de Window s (ya (ya que de ser así, la próxima vez que arranque el sistema observará que algo ya no trabaja bien). Hasta Win98, esto esto obligab obli gaba a a un rastre rastreo o manual de las modificaciones modifi caciones efectuadas efectuadas o a la recarga total del sistema operativo; con WinME, en cambio, cada vez que se haga haga una modificación modificaci ón imi mportante en el sistema operativo, el ambiente guardará una copia de su estado anterior; de modo que si hay incompatibilidades o problemas entre un sistema operativo operativo y otro, lo único que debe hacerse es ordenar al sistema que regrese gres e a su condición condici ón anterior (y a final de cuentas es mínima la pérdida de tiempo).
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tengan problemas para ejecutarlas adecuadamente bajo WinME. Algunas pruebas rápidas efectuadas por el autor muestran, por ejemplo, que resultó imposible hacer funcionar bajo este entorno juegos tan clásicos como K een Commander Commander 4, Jill of the Jun g le , Knights of Xentar , el emulador para SúperNintendo SNES, etc. (figura 11). 11). Por lo tanto, si una de sus prioridades como usuario de computadoras es el acceso a la l a mayor cantidad de juegos posible, el sistema operativo WinME queda descarta descartado do como opción. Para empeorar la situación, la “ayuda “ayuda de Window s” no proporpro porcionó ninguna solución factible al problema, prácticamente prácticame nte diciendo que teníamos que cambiar de programa o buscar si en el sitio web de M icro icrosoft soft ya se encon encontraba traba algún parche que corrigiera la falla (el cual por cierto ci erto aún no existe).
Figura 11
bamos acostumbrados, acostumbrados, ya que al no exist existir ir una un a base DOS tan evidente, algunos de los progra-
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P u b li li c a c i o n e s d e
V DE A ETE
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