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www.centrojapones.com
Fundador
Prof. Francisco Orozco González Dirección editorial
Lic. Felipe Orozco Cuautle (
[email protected]) Dirección técnica
Prof. J. Luis Orozco Cuautle (
[email protected]) Subdirección técnica
Prof. Francisco Orozco Cuautle (
[email protected]) Subdirección editorial
Juana Vega Parra (
[email protected]) Asesoría editoria l
Ing. Leopoldo Parra Reynada (
[email protected]) Administ ración
Lic. Javier Orozco Cuautle (
[email protected]) Relaciones Relacione s internacionale internacionales s
Ing. Atsuo Kitaura Kato (
[email protected])
CONTENIDO Ciencia y novedades novedades tecnológicas tecnológicas ..... .......... .......... ....... 5 Qué es y cómo funciona Bloques principales de una videocám vide ocámara. ara. Tegund Tegunda a y última parte ......... 9 Ing. Jorge Gutiérrez e Ing. José Sáenz Sony Corp. of Panama
Proyectos y laboratorio El laborat laboratorio orio de elect electrónic rónica a ..................... ....................... .. 17 Oscar Montoya Figueroa
Construya un transmisor de audio y vide video o ...................... ........................................... .......................... ..... 73 Leopoldo Parra Reynada
Gerente de distribución
Ma. de los Angeles Orozco Cuautle (
[email protected]) Gerente de publicidad
Rafael Morales Molina (
[email protected]) Gerente de división seminarios
Profr. Patricia Rivero Rivero (
[email protected]) Gerente de Club CLASE
Isabel Orozco Cuautle (
[email protected]) Editor asociado
Lic. Eduardo Mondragón Muñoz Colaboradores en este número
Prof. Armando Mata Domínguez Ing. Leopoldo Parra Reynada Prof. Alvaro Vázquez Almazán Ing. Aurelio Canto Valenci Valencia a Prof. Francisco Orozco Cuautle Ing. Camilo Martínez Lozano Diseño gráfico y pre-pre pre-prensa nsa digital
D.C.G. Norma C. Sandoval Rivero (
[email protected]) D.G. Carolina Camacho Camacho Gabriel Rivero Montes de Oca Apoyo en fi guras
D.G. Ana Gabriela Rodríguez López Apoyo fotográ fico
Rafael Morales Orozco y Julio Orozco Cuautle Agencia de vent as
Servicio técnico Recuperación de aparatos de audio Aiwa que no enci encienden enden ...................... ............................... ......... 26 Armando Mata Domínguez
Rutinas de servicio y calidad en equipos de audio audio y televis televisión ión ..... .......... .......... ......... .... 34 Alvaro Vázquez Almazán
Sistema de autodiagnóstico en televisores Wega .................... ......................................... ..................... 43 Armando Mata Domínguez
Análisis de fuentes conmutadas de televisores televis ores Sony. Sony. Tercera Tercera y última última parte .. 52 Ing. Camilo Martínez Lozano. Sony Corp. of Panama
Administración moderna de un centro de servicio Pensamiento Pensamien to estratégico ..... .......... .......... .......... .......... ....... .. 64 Ing. Aurelio Canto Valencia y Prof. Francisco Orozco Cuautle
Lic. Cristina Godefroy Trejo Electrónica y Servicio es una publicación editada por México Digital Comunicación, S.A. de C.V., Octubre de 2000, Revista Mensual. Editor Responsable: Felipe Orozco Cuautle. Número Certificado de Reserva de Derechos al Uso Exclusivo de Derechos de Autor 04-2000-071413062100-102. Número de Certificado de Licitud de Título: 10717. Número de Certificado de Licitud
Electrónica y computación Software para localizar sustitutos de fly-backs de televisores y monitores de
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FF U U SS II M M EE X X SU MARCA DE CONFIANZA CENTRO DE ACTUALIZA ACTU ALIZACION CION ELECTRONICA
Memorias EEPROM Líquido flux Líquido limpiador para lentes de CD y cabezas de video Líquido pulidor de CD Llaves Allen Grasa para mecanismos electrónicos Kit de reparación para fuente conmutada
FUSIMEX CRECE Y POR ELLO SOLICITA DISTRIBUIDORES
VENDA CALIDAD, VE V ENDA FUSIM IME EX
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CIENCIA Y NOVEDADES TECNOLOGICAS
Una computadora de pulsera Los avances que en miniaturización ha obtenido la electrónica, están llegando a niveles insospechados; por ejemplo, en la actualidad podemos encontrar fácilmente radios que se pueden pued en llevar como un reloj, relo j, e incluso te televisolevisores miniatura que para fines prácticos tienen la apariencia de un reloj grande. Por otra parte, desde hace algunos años los investigadores en distintas ramas de la electrónica electrónica y la informática están tratando de aprovechar estos mismos
nen el tamaño de un libro de bolsillo y sin embargo pueden ejecutar versiones reducidas de procesadores de texto, hojas de cálculo y agendas, por citar sólo algunas de sus posibilidades. Los sistemas más conocidos y populares de este movimiento tecnológico, son sin duda los de Palm Computers; Co mputers; se trata trata de máquinas capaces de comunicarse comunicarse con una un a PC normal no rmal a través de rayos rayos infrarro in frarrojos jos y de recono reconocer cer letra manuscrita, entre otras funciones. Pero si piensa que con este diminuto y poderoso conjunto conj unto se quedarán tranquilos los diseñadore diseñadores, s, déjenos déjenos dec decirir-
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una memoria tipo flash; además, como sistema operativo emplea una variante de Linux que IBM adaptó especialmente especialmente para tal aplicación aplicació n (lo cual demuestra demuest ra la versatilidad versatil idad de dicho sistema si stema operativo, ya que IBM piensa adaptarlo adaptarlo tambié también n para su línea más poderosa de computadoras). Naturalmente Naturalme nte que por ahora es un dispositivo tan sólo sól o de tipo experimental, aunque de hecho IBM no tiene la intención de ponerlo a la venta vent a en un futuro cercano. cercano. M as no dude que que si la demanda popular es lo suficientemente elevada, pronto lo encontraremos en los escaparates. La descripción de un sistema tan avanzado como el que acabamos de ver, nos permite vislumbrar las posibilidades po sibilidades a futuro en materia de miniaturización; y es muy probable que, pese a todo, el equipo que finalmente usemos dentro de 5 ó 10 años no se parezca en nada a este sistema.
Llega OGG... ¿adiós al MP3? Los usuarios de computadoras y de Internet conocen la enorme popularidad que en este momento tiene el formato de compresión de audio MP3, el cual permite almacenar música digital con una calidad cali dad casi igual a la de un CD convencional, pero a razón de aproximadamente 1MB por minuto (contra los casi 10MB por minuto que requiere requie re el formato formato CD-A). CD- A). Tanto ha sido el furor furor despe despertado rtado por el el MP3, que en la red mundial se encuentran muchísimos sitios si tios especialmente dedicados dedicados al intercam-
podría hacernos pensar –al menos en primera instancia– que su supervivencia por mucho tiempo está garantiz garantizada. ada. Sin embargo, recientemente ha surgido un enem enemigo igo insospecha i nsospechado. do. Al formato MP3 MP 3 le está está sucediendo sucediendo lo mismo mi smo que al popular formato GIF GI F para almacenamienalmacenamiento de imágenes, el cual durante mucho tiempo, gracias a su alta taza de compresión y a que aparentemente era de uso libre, gozó de la preferencia del público; pero unos años después de permanece perm anecerr así en el medio, la compañía Unisys U nisys habría de comprar la patente del algoritmo de compresión compresió n del formato GIF y, y, por lo tanto, quienes quisieran seguir usando imágenes comprimidas en este formato tendrían que pagar una regalía. Esto impulsó a desarrollar otros métodos de compresión que fueran de uso libre, y hasta la fecha el el más popular po pular de los disponibles parece ser el formato JPG; mas el TIFF comprimido lo sigue muy de cerca. El público públi co en general general no n o supo que el el formato MP3 nunca fue de uso libre, sino que tenía un par de dueños perfectamente identificados: su diseñador, el instituto alemán Fraunhofer IIS, y la firma Thompson Multimedia, misma que adquirió la licencia de la patente. Y ahora que el M P3 se ha convertido convertido en el formato fo rmato mundial de intercambio de archivos musicales, musical es, ambas compañías “salen a escena” para anunciar que comenzarán a cobrar regalías por prácticamente todos los conceptos que rodean a este tipo de archivos; se cobrará una licencia li cencia a quien diseñe un programa que comprima en MP3, a quien diseñe un programa para reproducir reproducir M P3, a quie-
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Figura 1 Pantallas del sitio mp3.com (uno de los más populares en la red) y de Vorbis, firma que ha desarrollado un nuevo formato de compresión de audio, que distribuye gratuitamente.
dundar en el almace al macenamiento namiento y transmisión de archivos que lleven lleven implícito implí cito su sonido soni do ambiental. Aunque este sistema de compresión de música todavía se encuentra en su etapa Beta, se
can los lo s circuitos integ i ntegrados; rados; incluso, que supera supera por mucho al nivel de limpieza de las más avanzadas salas de operaciones. Cabría pensar entonces, que en un ambiente tan escrupulosamente cuidado cualquier agente biológico quedaría neutralizado desde las primeras etapas del proceso; pero algo que pocas personas saben, es que existe un tipo de bacteria que soporta tales condiciones y que además se ha convertido en un verdadero “dolor de cabeza” para las compaco mpañías fabricantes fabrican tes de de semicon semiconductores ductores avanzados. En efecto, existe un tipo de bacteria que se puede adherir adherir al estrato de silicio silici o puro, puro , y que es capaz de formar una “concha” en la cual se introduce para esperar esperar por tiempo indefinido indefini do a que las condiciones ambientales mejoren y entonces comenzar comenzar a reproducirse. reproducirse. Ni siquiera con los lo s métodos más agresivos, ha sido posible erradicarlas; por ejemplo, ejemplo, se les l es ha colocado colo cado en el vacío, se les ha aplicado calor extremo, se les ha sometido a temperaturas de varios grados bajo cero, se les han aplicado ácidos, sustancias y radiaciones diversas, y todo ha sido en vano. El problema consiste en que la “concha protectora” de este este diminuto organismo o rganismo está hecha hecha con un material semiconductor; por lo l o tanto, puede ocasionar cortocircuitos entre las líneas del del circuito inte in tegrado grado y arruinar por completo co mpleto un “chip” “chip” muy costoso. Sin embargo, recientes descubrimientos parecen indicar que este problema podría ser aprovechado aprovechado de una forma útil. Robert Baier, investigador de la Universidad Estatal de Nueva York, ha estudiado esta bacteria desde hace años. Aunque inicialmente estu-
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Figura 2 Se ha descubierto que cuando ciertas bacterias reciben luz, liberan algunos electrones; esto puede aprovecharse para disparar un biotransistor , con m ltiples aplicaciones en la optoelectr optoe lectr nica. Luz
C ps psul ula a Bacteria
N
Canal
Sustrato de silicio
N
al de las mejores fotoceldas que se construyen en la actualidad; así que Baier especula que si se pudiera controlar la ubicación de estas bacterias en la estructura de un circuito integrado, fácilmente podrían emplearse para crear dispositivos de respuesta óptica muy superiores a los que hoy se producen. Un descubrimiento de esta
índole podría revolucionar el campo de las comunicaciones por fibra óptica y el de los dispositivos de conmutación de alta eficiencia, entre entre muchos otros. Este nuevo nuevo dispositivo di spositivo (al que Baier ha denominado “biotransistor”) aún está en su fase de planeación teórica, pero parece ser que la Universidad de NY ya está está dedicando fondos fon dos para la construcción de los primeros prototipos funcionales. Otra enorme ventaja de esta propuesta, es que sólo sólo obliga a observar algunas modificaciones en los procesos de fabricación ya existentes; a decir verdad, lo único que habría que hacer es reemplaz reemplazar ar una de las etapas de dopado químico por un “dopado “dopado biológico”. bio lógico”. Si esta nueva rama de la tecnología resulta ser tan efectiva como promete serlo, no le extrañe que en un futuro cercano estemos comprando microprocesadores de “N millones de bacterias de potencia”. potencia”. ¿Suena ridículo ridí culo?? Recuerde que cosas más extrañas han sucedido en la historia de la tecnología.
pone a sus órdenes diagramas y refacciones originales VIDEO SERVICIO
TENEMOS LOS LOS
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BLOQUES PRINCIPALES DE UNA VIDEOCAMARA Tercera yy última última parte parte Tercera I ng . Jorg Jorg e G utiérr ez e I ng . JJosé osé Sáe Sáenz nz Son S onyy C or p. of P an anam ama a
Entendiendo el concepto de “fase”
E n esta cola colaboración boración de Son y, se
Volviendo al caso de las formas de la luna, tal vez nos interese saber en qué parte de su ciclo estará cierto día del mes; y al consultar consul tar el calendario,, sabremos que quiz dario quizá á se encontrará en cuarto menguante; así, por consiguiente, deduciremos también qué parte de su ciclo ya se ha
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Matemáticamente, se dice que al completar una vuelta hemos recorrido recorri do 360 grados. Los Lo s grados sirven para especificar con mayor exactitud la posición posició n o fase dentro dentro de un ciclo. ciclo . Imagínese un aprendiz de mecánico a quien el supervisor le pide que haga girar un tornillo un cuarto de vuelta; esto esto lo puede hacer el aprendiz fácilmenfáci lmente. Pero suponga que el supervisor superviso r quiere que se gire menos de un cuarto de vuelta el tornillo; ¿cómo se lo indica al aprendiz? Pues sabemos que una vuelta completa co mpleta representa 360 360 grados; así que un cuarto de vuelta será 90 grados (360 dividido entre 4). 4). Por tal motivo, girar un cuarto de vuelta es lo mismo que girar 90 grados; de modo que el supervisor le puede decir que gire 30 ó 45 grados, etc. En este caso es más fácil decir 30 grados que 1/ 12 (un doceavo) de vuelta. vuelta. Los grados se utilizan mucho en la navegación aérea y marítima, para establecer cambios en el rumbo de la nave que de otra manera serían muy difíciles de especificar. Conviene tener en cuenta lo siguiente:
Figura 28
1 vuelta = 360 grados = 1 ciclo 3/ 4 de vuelta = 270 grados grados = 3/ 4 de ciclo 1/ 2 vuelta = 180 grados = 1/ 2 ciclo
Figura 30
90 grados
Nivel de reposo del agua Cuarto de ciclo Un ciclo
Un ciclo
Un cuarto de ciclo (90 grados)
Figura 29 180 Grados
Nivel de reposo del agua Medio ciclo Un ciclo
Tres cuartos de ciclo
Un ciclo
Media vuelta o ciclo (180 grados)
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Figura 32
Figura 33 11
12
12
1
11
2
1
+B
2
10
10 3
9 8
4 7
6
5
3
9 8
Voltaje DC
CIRCUITO OSCILADOR
-
4 7
6
+
5
serve que cada segundero segundero en un momento dado lleva una fase diferente. En el ejemplo, la fase del primer reloj está medio ciclo separada de la del segundo reloj; por lo tanto, la diferencia de fase entre los segunderos es de medio ciclo o 180 grados. grados. La L a diferencia de fase se mide genegeneralmente en grados. En el caso de los seg segunderos, underos, la diferencia de fase puede deberse a que uno empezó a girar primero que el otro. Cuando ambos llevan la misma fase, se dice que van en fase. Vemos entonces que para defini definirr la fase debemos debemos primero pri mero definir cuál es la posición de comienzo en un ciclo; y para encontrar la diferencia de fase entre dos ciclos, hay que comparar la fase de uno con la del otro. A veces la diferencia de fase es indeseable,
Voltaje AC
1 Cicl Ciclo o (1 osci oscilaci laci n)
Los osciladores más utilizados se clasifican de acuerdo con la forma del voltaje que producen. Pero el oscilador que más nos interesa estudiar en este momento, es el senoidal (figura 34). Observe que la forma del voltaje producido es igual a la forma que tenía la onda on da que se producía en el agua. Los osciladores oscil adores senoidales senoidales se utilizan en los procesos de modulación y de demodulación. Entre las características más importantes que debe tener un oscilador, están la frecuencia y la amplitud máxima del del voltaje vol taje producido. producido. A mbas deben ser constantes.
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Figura 35
Figura 37 +B
Voltaje DC
+B
CIRCUITO OSCILADOR
R
CIRCUITO OSCILADOR
+ C -
+B Voltaje DC
CIRCUITO OSCILADOR
Diferencia de fase de medio ciclo o 180 grados
lleva medio ciclo. ciclo . A final fi nal de cuentas, entre el el volvol taje del oscilador A y el del oscilador B habrá siempre una diferencia de fase de medio ciclo o 180 grados. Los circuitos RC, RL y RLC pueden alterar la fase del voltaje al tono producido por un oscilador. En la figura fi gura 36, observe que al cerrar el SW, el voltaje vol taje de la batería no aparecerá apar ecerá inmediatamente en las terminales del condensador. Esto se debe a que el condensador necesita un poco de “tiempo” “t iempo” para cargarse hasta el voltaje vol taje de la batería.
Diferencia de fase debida al tiempo que toma el condensador para cargarse
Figura 38
SW
L
+ VOLTAJE DC
CORRIENTE
R
-
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Figura 40
Figura 43 Oscilador A +B
Suma o combin combinaci aci n R
CIRCUITO OSCILADOR
1.5 1.0 0.5
L C
Oscilador B
R -0.5
Suma de dos ondas senoidales La suma de dos ondas senoidales senoidal es produce, produce, como es de esperarse, una onda senoidal (figura 41). Veamos los siguiente siguientess casos:
Figura 41 OSCILADOR A
+
3. D os ond ondas as se seno noii dale aless de desfa sfasa sad das cualquier ángulo Observe que la onda resultante estará también desfasada con respecto a la de los osciladores. Es más, la diferencia de fase de la onda on da senoidal resultante dependerá de la "amplitud" y fase de las ondas senoidales de los osciladores (figura 44).
Figura 44
+B
Suma o combinacion
OSCILADOR B
Oscilador A
-
-2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5
Oscilador B
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90¡
Figura 45
Figura 47 Flecha de oscilador B
R A B
1.5 1.0 0.5
180…
B
A
R
Giro Flecha del oscilador A 270¡ En fase
do 360 grados; así que hemos marcado los grados que corresponden a cada cuarto de vuelta (0, 90, 180 y 270 grados). Como vemos en la figura 45, la flecha del oscilador B se ha colocado a 90 con respecto a la flecha del oscilador A, A , porque entre entre ellos ellos hay una "diferencia de fase de 90 grados". Ahora podemos sumar ambas flechas de la siguiente manera: por medio de puntos, proye pro yeccte la cabeza de la flecha del oscilador A y trace la flecha resultante desde el centro hasta la intersección de las líneas punteadas (como se muestra en la figura 46).
Figura 46
A R
B
1.5 1.0 0.5
A R
-0.5 -1.0 -1.5
B
180¡ Fuera de fase
Circuito codificador (encoder)
E n el bloque bloque de del co codi dififi ca cado dorr se r eali zan las si gu guii entes op oper ac acii one nes: s: a) Modulación de las señales de R-Y y B-Y con una portadora de 3.58 3.58 MHz
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Figura 49
1 Ciclo
Se al de 3.58 MHz MHz
Se al de 3.58 MHz MHz Retrasada 1/4 de ciclo
1/4 de ciclo
La bobina bobin a L2 produce un retraso sobre la señal de Burst, con lo cual hace variar la relación de tiempo entre esta misma y las portadoras de R-Y y B-Y (figura 50). De manera que como el Burst es la referencia, referencia, al variar L2 cambia la tonalidad de los colores en la pantalla del televisor cuando se demodulan R-Y y B-Y. La señal de Burst Flag (B.F.) es un pulso que activa al amplifi ampl ificador cador de Burst, para que éste deje pasar solamente los 8 ciclos de la señal de 3.58 M Hz (figura 51). 51).
Figura 51 f) Mezcla final de la señal de luminancia con la señal de croma para conformar la señal de video. En la figura 48 se muestra el diagrama simplifi-
Se al de BURST FLAG
Se al de
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fc = 1/ 2 x 455 x fh = 3.58 MHz M Hz
Figura 53 1 cic ciclo lo 2 cic ciclo lo 3 ciclo
Esto quiere qui ere decir decir que hay 227.5 227.5 ciclos de la señal de 3.58 MHz en una línea (1H), y que cada uno genera en el televisor en blanco y negro negro un par de puntos (uno blanco y uno neg n egro). ro). Estos puntos claros y oscuros sobre un fondo claro, con una disposición tipo tablero de ajedrez, son difíciles de distinguir claramente por el ojo humano; entonces, se minimiza minimiz a la influencia de la señal de color. Esta disposición de tablero tablero de ajedrez ajedrez se logra cuando la frecuencia es un múltiplo impar de 1/ 1/ 2fh, para que siempre en una línea (1H) quequede medio medio ciclo cicl o al final (figura 53). 53). Para que se minimice la influencia entre el audio y el color, colo r, la diferencia entre entre la portadora
1/2 ciclo 226 ciclo 227 ciclo
Como los l os receptores antiguos tenían tenían por po r fuera los controles de horizontal y vertical, el propio cliente podía reajustar reajustar el equipo.
Temporizador (timing generator) El temporizador es el circuito que se encarga de producir las señales que harán que todos los
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EL LABORATORIO DE ELECTRONICA Oscar M ont ontoy oya a Fi g ueroa
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Figura 1 Requerimientos m nimos sugeridos Requerimientos sugeridos para una mesa de trabajo Contactos
Diagrama esquem tico 30cm
SW1
F1
30cm
Foco piloto
80cm
b
Switch
Madera
CL1
L1
C1
C2
C3
C4
Metal Clavija de conexi con exi n
rrar el piso con hule neg n egro ro no n o conduct con ductor; or; recuerrecuerde que fácilmente puede conseguirse en el mercado el tipo de recubrimiento más adecuado a
en el laboratorio de electrónica, y que permiten el buen desarrollo de las aplicaciones en cuestión:
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Termofit Para aislar eléctricamente la unión de dos cables conductores, con ductores, se emplea de manera generageneralizada la cinta de aislar plástica o de tela. Mas cuando los conductores y las conexiones son muy pequeños, esta cinta se vuelve impráctica por su tamaño relativamente grande. Su sustituto ideal i deal en tales tal es casos, caso s, es justamente justamente el termofit; termofit; es un tubo de material aislante plástico de diferentess calibres rente cali bres (figura 3).
Figura 4 Soldadura Centro de resina Plomo y esta esta o
Figura 3 Aplicacii n de termofit Aplicac termofit
de los circuitos; cir cuitos; una un a de ell ellas, as, es precisamente el alcohol industrial. Este líquido también sirve para limpiar manchas sobre la superficie de gabine-
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Si no se tuviera flux para soldar los componentes de montaje superficial, habría que emplear herramientas especializadas y costosas.
Pinzas de corte
Herramientas manuales
áng ulo: Se utili • Pin zas con punta en áng utilizan zan una vez que el el dispositivo se ha soldado al circuito impreso y la distancia entre él y la tablilla es pequeñísima. ancha: Permiten • Pin zas con punta ancha Permiten realizar realiz ar cor-
Las herramientas manuales funcionan bajo el principio de cualquier otra máquina simple; es decir, operan gracias a la fuerza física propor-
En electrónica se utilizan utiliz an básicamente básicamente dos tipos de pinzas de corte (figura 6B):
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Llaves Allen
Figura 7 Sierra caladora
Con el propósito de que los aparatos electrónielectrónicos no puedan ser desensamblados por el usuario, los fabricantes utilizan tornillos especiales de cabeza cabeza redonda con una hendidura hexagonal en el centro; para retirarlos retirarlos o colocarlo co locarlos, s, se emplean las llamadas llaves Allen (figura 9). Sólo hay que in insertar sertar la llave que corresponda correspon da con el tamaño tama ño de la hendidura del del tornillo, torni llo, y girarla ha-
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Figura 10 Pistola térmica de silicón
Figura 11 Minitaladro de banco
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Figura 12
Tipo pistola o de calentado rápido
trol desconecta descon ecta la resistencia hasta que la temperatura se haya reducido; y si la temperatura desciende hasta un valor por debajo del punto de operación, entonces el control conecta la alimentación hacia la l a resistencia. resistencia. Una ventaja de que estos cautines utilicen un transformador reductor, es que proporcionan aislamiento eléctrico contra descargas no deseadas a los componentes co mponentes que se están están soldan-
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placa de circuito impreso. Existen dos tipos de desoldadores (figura 13): • Desoldador manual de vacío: Está compuesto por un tubo metálico, metálico, una un a punta de teflón, teflón, un resorte, un botón y un pistón. Este último se desplaza desp laza dent dentro ro del tubo (como un émbolo en las jeringas), impulsando el aire hacia el interior o el exterior; exterior; cuando se desplaza desplaza en direc-
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Figura 1
Circuito detector de sobrecarga (canal izquierdo)
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Figura 2
Diagrama a bloques de la fuente de poder
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Figura 3
R247 56K
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FUENTE DE DC VARIABLE
VOLTIMETRO
Figura 37
VARIAC 1 4 0
0
VOLT S
2 0 0
0 2 1
AMP ERES
4 0
VOLTAGE
0 0 1
0 8
6 0
COARSE
CURRENT
FINE
T603 FUENTE
11
CONMUTADA
GND
CN114 CHASIS AA-1 TRANSFORMADOR AISLADOR Atención
No conecte conecte todav todav a los 115V/60Hz, hasta que se le indique.
a=1
Coloque el televisor en la funci funci n "VIDEO" "VIDEO" y no inyecte inyecte se al por el conector "VIDEO IN"
115V 60Hz Entrada de AC
guientes pasos (si no procede así, con mucha precaución, puede causarle severos daños a la máquina):
Este método le será útil para colocar la fuente conmutada en un punto de regulación regulació n fijo fij o y, y, me jor aún, para repararla repararla con mayor mayor facilidad.
1. Sobre el ánodo del diodo de prueba “Dp”, aplique un voltaje vo ltaje DC de 5.2 voltios (ver figura 37). 37). 2. Prepare el “variac”, para que entregue 80 voltios AC. (El transformador aislador aún no se ha conectado a la red de entrada AC). 3. Conecte el transformador aislador ai slador a la red AC. 4. Ejecute Ejecute la función POWER. 5. Eleve lentamente el voltaje de la fuente DC, hasta que llegue a 5.6 voltios. 6. Espere 20 minutos, para que la fuente se estabilice térmicamente. 7. Controle lentamente el voltaje de salida del “variac”, y verifique que se cumpla la información mostrada en en la l a tabla 3. Jamás permita que la línea de 135 VDC se sobrepase.
Tabla 3 Lí nea de 135 VDC cuando la terminal 11 de T603 es fijada a 6.5 voltios de DC Salida del variac
Lí nea de 135 VDC
Frecuencia del oscilador
80 VRMS
90 ± 5 Vdc
= 74 Khz
103 ± 5 Vdc
= 73 Khz
117 ± 5 Vdc
= 72 Khz
129 ± 5 Vdc
= 72 Khz
90 VRMS 100 VRMS 110 VRMS
(Para la tercera columna, utilice un frecuencímetro conectado entre la terminal 9 de T604 y )
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SEMINARIO
Nuevo Seminario
AGUASCALIENTES, AGS.
16 y 17 de octubre 2000 Hotel "Real del Centro" Blvd. Jos Jos Ma. Ch vez No. 3402 3402 Cd. Industrial LEON, GTO.
18 y 19 de octubre 2000 Hotel "San Francisco" Blvd. A. L pez Mateos No. 2715 Ote. Barrio Guadalupe QUERETARO, QRO.
20 y 21 de octubre 2000 Hotel "Flamingo Inn" Constituyentes No. 138 esq. Tecnol Tecnol gico, Centro MEXICO, D. F.
27 y 28 de octubre 2000 Centro Japon Japon s de Informaci Infor maci n Electr nica Uruguay Nß 22, 2ß Piso Centro. GOMEZ PALACIO, DGO.
15 y 16 de noviembre 2000 Hotel "Villa lla Jard n" Blvd. Miguel Alem n y Czda. Agust Agust n Castro Div. Div. Cd. Lerdo y G. Palacio MONTERREY, N. L.
17 y 18 de noviembre 2000 Hotel "B. W. Safi" Pino Su rez No. 444 Sur, Centro Centro TUXTLA GUTIERREZ, CHIS.
4 y 5 de diciembre 2000 Hotel "Mara "Mar a Eugenia" Eugenia" Av. Central oriente No. 507 Centro VILLAHERMOSA, TAB.
6 y 7 de diciembre 2000 Hotel "Maya Tabasco" Av. Adolfo Ruiz Cort nez No. 907 Ent. Gil. I. S enz y Fco. J. Mina
n i c a p i c i t r a p e d a m o l p i D o c i t c d i d o y o p a e d l a u n a m n U e t e s a c o e d i v n U o r b i l n U : n e b i c e r s e t n e t s i s a
METODOS AVANZADOS PARA EL SERVICIO A TELEVISORES DE NUEVA GENERACION Respaldado Respalda do por Centro Centro Japon Japon s de Informaci Informaci n Electr nica y la revista revista "Electr nica y Servicio" Servicio"
Instructor: Profr. J. Luis Orozco Cuautle Considerando la amplia variedad de marcas y modelos de televisores, televisores, as como la necesidad de continuar profundizando en las t cnicas de servicio a secciones secciones cr ticas, se ha preparado este seminario seminario que complementa y actualiza al de "T cnicas Modernas de Servicio a TV Color". Para ello, se han incluido temas no estudiados anteriormente, entre los que destacan: los nuevos modos de servicio en televisores Sanyo, Broksonic, Mitsubishi, Philips, Sharp y Sony Wega; localizaci n de fallas en sintonizadores, AFT AFT, barrido vertical, sistema de control y circuito jungla; nuevos tips para reparar fuentes de alimentaci n conmutadas; la tendencia tendencia moderna de las compa as de distribuir sus manuales manuales de servicio en CD-ROM, y c mo obtener el mayor provecho provecho de la computadora en el el taller. Cabe se alar que para asistir a este seminario, NO se requiere que usted haya estudiado el anterior, pues no son seriados, sino complementarios.
Principales temas: 1. Fallas en sintonizadores de canales canales y su reparaci n (receptores RCA, General Electric y Sony). Inyectando se ales de de RF. RF. 2. Reparaci n del m dulo de FI (fallas en AFT y procedimien procedimientos tos de soluci solu ci n). 3. Localizaci n de aver as en el sistema de control control (microprocesador). (microprocesador). 4. Operaci n del circuito jungla jungla y m todos de aislamiento aislamiento de fallas. fallas. Inyectando Inyectand o se ales de video. video. 5. Medici n de se ales de video, video, Data, Clock, Latch, Latch, salida horizontal horizontal y vertical con osciloscopio osciloscopio y mult metro. 6. M todo para localizar localizar fallas en la secci n de barrido vertical. 7. C mo convertir un televisor convencional convencional en un valioso instrumento instrumento para el servicio de TV. 8. Nuevos tips para reparar fuentes de alimentaci alimentaci n conmutadas. conmutadas. 9. Las m s modernas t cnicas para retirar retirar dispositivos de montaje montaje de superficie y reparar pistas de circuito impreso. 10. Los nuevos modos de servicio en televisores Sanyo, Broksonic, Mitsubishi, Philips, Sharp, Sony Wega. Wega. 11. Consejos para simplificar el servicio a televisores. 12. La tendencia tendencia moderna moderna de las compa compa as de distribuir distribuir sus manuales de servicio servicio en CD-ROM, y c mo obtener el mayor provecho de esta informaci informaci n. 13. Conectando Conectando el osciloscopio y el mult metro a la computadora 14. Procedimientos Procedimientos de reparaci n de m dulos de audio est reo de Sony. 15. Sustituci Sustituci n del IC STK563 STK-583 regulador regulador de Sony Sony con amplificador. 16. Sustitutos de transistores de Sony comunes. 17. C mo evitar que la humedad afecte el funcionamiento funcionamiento de los equipos (tropicalizado (tropicalizado). ). 18. C mo reparar los conectores conectores Pinflex. 19. C mo probar el cinescopio en el mismo televisor. televisor. 20. Fabrique un generador generador de se ales que produce pulsos pulsos de vertical y horizontal, para sustituir la jungla jungla y activar los sistemas sistemas de barrido. barrido. 21. C mo reemplazar los fly-back y uso del CD-ROM que se le entrega a cada participante.
Las exp lic licacione acione s del
Cos osto: to: $5 00 .00 Duración: Duraci ón: 1 2 horas horas.. Horario : 14 a 20 hrs. Primer día y 9 a 15 hrs. Segundo día.
Para mayores in formes diríjase a:
Norte 2 No. 4, Col. Hogares Mexicanos, Ecatepec de Morelos, Edo. de México, C.P. 55040 Tels. 57-87-9657-87-96-71 71 y 57-87-93-2 57-87-93-29, 9, Fax. 57-87-53-77 57-87-53-77.. www.centrojapones.com Correo electrónico: seminarios@centr
[email protected] ojapones.com Tienda: República de El Salvador Pasaje Pasaje 26 Local 1, Centro, D.F. Tel. 55-10-86-02
RESERVACIONES: Depositar en Bancomer Suc. 87 Cuenta 001-1762953-6 o Bital Suc. 1069 Cuenta 4014105399
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S E M I NARIO REPARACION DE SISTEMAS DE COMPONENTES DE AUDIO AIW AI WA, SONY Y PANASONIC Respaldado por Centro Japonés de Información Electrónica y la revista "Electrónica y Servicio" Instructor: Profr. Armando Mata Domínguez
Los objetivos de este seminario son: hacer un repaso de la estructura y funcionamiento de los sistemas de componentes de audio de nueva generación; exponer un método general de localización de fallas; mostrar soluciones prácticas a los problemas críticos que se presentan en estos equipos; enseñar técnicas diversas que apoyan el servicio; comentar fallas específicas y brindar una lista de transist ores sustitutos para dichos equipos. Para cubrir los temas, se toman como referencia aparatos de la marca Aiwa, estableciendo puntos comunes y diferencias con modelos Sony y Panasonic. Se considera que si el t écnico conoce las averías y soluciones de los aparatos de estas tres marcas (las que más se reciben en el taller), podrá cubrir satisfactoriamente el servicio en general a sistemas de componentes de audio, pues sus circuitos y diseños son representativos.
PRINCIPALES TEMAS: Equipos Aiwa:
1) Estructura general de un sistema de componentes de audio. 2) Método secuencial de localización de fallas. 3) Rutinas de servicio al módulo reproductor de CD. 4) Reparación de la fuente de alimentación. 5) Modo de encendido y guía de fallas. 6) Método para aislar fallas en el microprocesador microprocesador.. 7) Proceso de reparación cuando el equipo se apaga (incluso el display). 8) Operación y fallas en el amplificador de potencia con transistores discretos. 9) La sección del amplificador de audio con circuito integrado. 10) Teoría para el servicio de los diferentes sistemas de protección y métodos para resolver fallas. 11) Proceso de reparación en el Deck (reproductor de casetes) .
: b e n e c i r s n t e e t s s c o i c a s i c t i á s d d o l o d i n o s t e y o c i ó ó T o d l i b r o c a s e e a p o i p p a o c c n d i i e t U v i d d u a l a r U n m a n d e p m a U n l o p o D i p
Equipos Sony y Panasonic: 1) Particularidades de los sistemas de componentes de audio Sony y Panasonic. 2) Análisis de secciones específicas de modelos Sony y Panasonic: mecanismo, amplificador de potencia y fuente de alimentación. 3) Fallas específicas .
Temas generales: 1) Los sistemas Dolby Prologic y Dolby Digital. 2) Matrículas de sustitutos de transistores empleados comúnmente en sistemas de componentes audio. 3) Forma de comprobar t ransistores MOSFET y DARLINGTON .
Las explicaciones del instructor se apoyan en simulación interactiva por computadora, facilitando así el aprendizaje al estudiante (Método de Aprendizaje Lógico por Identificación de Soluciones)
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Para mayores infor mes diríjase a:
Norte 2 No.4, Col. Hogares Mexicanos, Ecatepec de Morelos, Edo. de México, C.P. 55040 Tels. 57-87-96 57-87-96-71 -71 y 57-87-9 57-87-93-29, 3-29, Fax. 57-87-53-77. www.centrojapones.com Correo electrónico:
[email protected] Tienda:
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PENSAMIENTO ESTRATEGICO A I C C A N I E L E C T R O N
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E s común que algu algu nos de los pequu eñ peq eños os o nu n u evo evoss em e m pr es esar ar i os llegu ll egu en a tomar tomar de decisi cisi ones de una maner a im pulsi va o poco poco adec adecuada; uada; como es es de im agi nar, un a situación situación así puede pu ede traer consecuencias cons ecuencias de diferentess mag ni tude diferente tudes. s. E n este ar ar tículo ponemos ponemos a su consideración alg alg un unas as premi sas de pen s am amii en ento to estr es tr atég i co, qu quee le auxi liar án en la toma toma de las las
Absolutamente todo es temporal y relativo Pensemos en una casa de ladrillo y concreto, como un ejemplo de algo que usualmente a todos nos no s parece definiti definitivo, vo, para siempre; pero pero no es así. Una casa puede ser derribada por un temblor, una explosión, o ser expropiada por el gobierno para construir el paso de una carretera o para buscar petróleo, entre otras muchas situaciones; así que es temporal. Y cuando le damos el concept concepto o de relativo,
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Entender y aceptar aceptar esta esta premisa, flexibiliz flexibil izará ará nuestro pensamiento y nuestras conclusiones, permitiéndonos adquirir un mayor criterio durante la planeación de un nuevo proyecto o la solución solució n de algún problema. problema.
La vida, un rompecabezas El ser humano por naturaleza tiende a organizar ideas, gente conocida, lugares, sabores, actividades, etc. a manera de mapas mentales o gigantescos rompecabezas, donde cada “ficha o pieza” ha ocupado gradualmente su lugar; el mover descuidadamente una ficha, puede causar que otras se desacomoden al mismo mismo tiempo, ocasionando ocasion ando un estrago en nuestros mapas o rompecabezas. Algo similar ocurre cuando decidimos invertir comprando instrumental muy costoso y de poca aplicación; esto puede resultar una mala inversión, ya que nos obliga obl iga a desviar dinero útil para el pago de gastos primordiales, hacia una inversión poco redituable al al corto plazo; plaz o; y lo que es peor, nos puede compromete con otros pagos. Tenga mucho cuidado al “jugar” sus piezas del rompecabezas. S E ER V R I V I C CI I O O
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Siempre existe más de una manera de hacer las cosas En la medida que nos liberemos de prejuicios, podremos desarrollar esta capacidad de pensamiento, que es por cierto una de las más importantes impor tantes con respecrespecto a la aplicación del pensamiento estratégico. Veamos esto mediante un ejemplo: ejemplo: si la hábil labor de convenconvencimiento de un ejecutivo de ventas de determinada compañía está a punto de motivarlo a promover su negocio por medio de llaveros y bolígrafos, pero usted no está plenamente seguro de los posibles alcances en eficiencia, costo final e impacto, quizá le l e convenconvendría ponerse a reflexionar un poco; pregúntese si es la única forma de lograrlo; seguramente descubrirá des cubrirá que ****** ***** * ic a c r i e c t r E l e Z U M
A RA G U R UG I NA NA U E I S E
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Desarrolle un plan alterno Siempre esté preparado para el éxito o el fracaso. De manera que cada decisión tomada, to mada, tenga tenga previsto un plan emerg emergente ente o alterno con co n el cual
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de negocios con el “corazón” (sentimentalmente) puede puede resultar contraproducente contrapro ducente para la economía no mía y funcion funci onalidad alidad de éste. Un ejemplo ejemplo típico típico es cuando se empiezan a crear plazas laborales para gente gente allegada allegada a nosotros, con co n el único úni co fin de “brindarles la oportunidad y ayudarlos a solucionar sus problemas”; con esto lo único que conseguimos es que de algún algún modo los problepro blemas se trasladen trasladen a nosotros. no sotros. En estos casos, caso s, usted debe debe evaluar si la necen ecesidad de contratación es real y la persona cuenta con el perfil y entrenamiento necesario para ello. De no ser así, es recomendable no dar el trabajo, es mejor mostrar mo strar el afecto ayudando ayudando de otra manera, que crear crear un compromiso.
Siempre hay un orden lógico para hacer las cosas Procure desarrollar un pensamiento lógico para hacer las cosas. Siempre es útil poner por escrito las ideas, agregando y ordenado las actividades a realizar para el buen fin de cualquiera de nuestros proyectos. Por ejemplo, si requiere cambiarse de local, A C A T R O N I C C T E L E C
ZU Z UM
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Proyecto: Cambio de Local Metas deseables: • Alta afluencia vehicular y visibilidad • Area de estacionamiento • Espacio Espacio idóneo a nuestros requerimientos. requerimientos. • Que disponga de servicios municipales y de comunicación. • Costo de renta acorde a nuestros ingresos i ngresos proyectados; etcétera. Una vez trazadas nuestras metas, puede iniciar el proyecto proyecto en el orden más lógico ló gico de las cosas. Retomando el ejemplo anterior, lo primero sería determinar las áreas de la ciudad que se consideren adecuadas para la instalación del negocio (dependiendo del mercado que pretendemos captar y nuestras posibilidades de inversión); visitar personalmente cada una de las áreas consideradas; buscar locales en renta de acuerdo a nuestras nu estras necesidades de espacio, trafico, visibilidad visi bilidad y estacionamiento; tomar datos de arrendatarios; solicitar información sobre costos de renta y servicios disponibles; etc. Una vez dec decidido idido el lugar, le sugerimos sugerimos realice una lista li sta de las actividades que desempeñará desempeñará durante el cambio de instalaciones: aviso a los clientes de equipos no reparados para que pasen a recogerlos; empaquetado de partes delicadas; cotiz cotización ación de mudanzas; fecha probable de mudanza; y un muy largo etcétera. Le invitamos invi tamos amigo lector a tratar de aplicar estas premisas del pensamiento estratégico en cada uno de sus proyectos profesionales y comenzará a corto plazo a observar los resulta-
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PODEROSO MULTIMETRO DIGITAL CON INTERFAZ A PC (consulte características)
OFERTA: a sólo $1,500.00 (incluye IVA y gastos de envío a toda la República Mexicana) El multímetro Protek 506 posee una interfaz serial RS-232C; los valores medidos se transfieren a la computadora a través de un cable especial y con el software para DOS o Windows suministrado. *Programa MS-DOS
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OFERTA: a sólo $2,600.00
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SOFTWARE PARA LOCALIZAR SUSTITUTOS DE FLY-BACKS DE TELEVISORES Y MONITORES DE COMPUTADORA R
AYUDA AL SERVICIO
Leopoldo Leopo ldo Parr a R eynad eynada a
HR -D ieme iemenn (ww w.HR die diemen. men.es es)) es una im portante compañí compañí a española española que por más de 30 años se ha dedicado a pr odu ci r su st stii tu tutos tos de flyf ly- bac backk s. N u es estr tr o dir ect ector or editor ial tuvo oportuni dad de conocer su moder na fábri fábri ca r obot obotizada izada en B arcel arcelona, ona, y de ent entende enderr porqué HR D iemen es líder líder m undial en la la
Localizando el fly-back que le hace falta Quien diariamente se desempeña en el servicio a aparatos electrónico electrónicos, s, sabe que una de las prinpri ncipales causas por las que un equipo no puede
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Figura 1
namiento inadecuado hasta el daño físico de grandes secciones del circuito del aparato. Por ello, uno de los objetivos del técnico en electróelectrónica es encontrar un proveedor confiable confiabl e de este tipo de repuestos; y es algo que suena simple, pero difícil de lograr. Además, los negocios es fly-back back s suelen comercializar pecializados en flysólo aquellos de las marcas y modelos de aparaaparatos más populares; popul ares; ¿pero ¿pero qué pasa cuando a usu sted le encomiendan la reparación de un televisor fabricado en China o Corea, de marca marca poco conocida? Lo más seguro es que le resulte muy difícill encontrar el transformador adecuado para difíci efectuar el reemplazo. Por fortuna, se ha establecido en México la
Figura 3
madores de alto voltaje, con los más altos estándares de calidad y con garantía de funcionamiento: HR-Diemen (figura 2), que durante más de 30 años se ha dedicado a surtir de partes partes electrónicas elect rónicas al merca mercado do mundial. Y justame justamente nte para facilitar el trabajo de búsqueda de sustitutos, esta compañía ha lanzado un catálogo de sus productos en un CD-ROM (figura 3), de cuyas característi características cas nos ocuparemos o cuparemos en este artíartículo. Cabe señalar señalar que los l os productos de HR-Diemen HR- Diemen no sólo só lo se orienta ori entan n a televisores, sino también también a computadoras. computad oras. Pero veamos cómo utilizar utiliz ar el programa que ofrece esta compañía: 1. Para instalarlo adecuadamente en la computadora, sólo hay h ay que que ejecutar ejecutar el el archivo SET SETUP UP que viene en el directorio raíz del CD. 2. Después de contestar algunas preguntas que el programa le hará, proceda a cargar archivos y finalmente encontrará entre los PRO-
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Figura 5
cante, modelo, número de parte, etcétera (figura 5). Veamos ahora un par de aspectos de este catálogo:
Consulta por marca y modelo
Figura 6
En caso de que usted conozca conoz ca la marca y modelo del aparato que está reparando, podrá entrar en la base de datos de HR; para ello, indíquele fly-back back que utili que desea desea encontrar encon trar el flyutiliza za el te te-levisor marca X modelo Y. Si por ejemplo ejemplo le l e enentregan un televisor Sony modelo KV-27HFR15 (aparato de 27 pulgadas que fue muy popular hace algunos años), empiece la búsqueda de la pieza que necesita desde los parámetros TV/ MONITOR (figura 6); elija la marca SONY, y localice el modelo KV-27HFR; K V-27HFR; encontrará que para toda esa línea lín ea de televisores televisores se puede utilizar utiliz ar el fly-back flyback de reemplazo HR6415 (figura 7). Y si est está á dando servicio a un monitor de de computadora marca Acer, modelo 7134T, en la base de datos datos del disco de HR-Diemen HR-D iemen encontrará que fly-back back adecuado el fly adecuado a instalar es el HR7764 (figura 8); 8); utilice esta nomencl nomenclatura atura para solicitarsolici tarlo a su proveedor autoriz autorizado. ado.
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Figura 9
visor Sony, basta que usted haga doble clic sobre el nombre del fly- back sustituto adecuado (o sea, sobre la nomenclatura HR6415), para que se despliegue en pantalla el contenido que se muestra en la figura 9; puede ver el diagrama fly-back back , con sus líneas interno del flylín eas de llegada llegada y de salida, las tensiones que normalmente hay en cada una de ellas e incluso una representación de pulsos de salida salida con su respectivo respectivo valor
Figura 10
Figura 12
en voltios (toda esta información es útil para fly-back back ). efectuar un rápido diagnóstico del flyAl hacer un solo clic sobre el botón de RASTER, RAST ER, se despleg desplegará ará una vista inferior del flyback , en donde se identifican sus terminales (figura 10); y al presionar el botón P. MECANICO, se nos mostrará un diagrama en el que se aprecian las l as dimensiones físicas del fly-back eleg elegido ido (figura 11). 11). Con sólo oprimir el botón ZOOM , las imágenes serán ampliadas en pantalla (figura 12); y hasta puede imprimirlas, para tenerlas a la mano cuando haga la reparación correspondiente (figura 13).
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Figura 14
mínima puede localizarse localiz arse un reemplazo reemplazo adecuado; para ello, simplemente vaya a la página inicial, solicite una consulta por REFERENCIA, introduzca troduz ca en la pantalla resultante el número del fly-back flyback ¡y listo!, ya encontró su equivalente. Para ejemplificar ejemplificar lo l o anterior, supongamos que recibe usted un televisor televiso r remarcado cuyo fly-back tiene el número de identificación 4-011-001; al introducir este número número en la página inicial, in icial, descubrirá que el equivalente HR de tal pieza es la HR7257; al hacer doble clic sobre este último número, se le mostrarán las características del transformador al que le pertenece (figura 14); y al oprimir el botón de UTILIZACIONES, se desplegará una lista de las marcas y modelos más comunes que emplean este dispositivo, lo que nos hace pensar que originalmente el televisor era de marca Panasonic (figura 15).
¿Y si no encuentro un sustituto adecuado?
televisor telev isor descub descubren ren que las piezas no correspon-
Una ventaja más de los sustitutos HR, es que su lista de partes se actualiza constantemente; de manera que si alguna vez no puede encontrar el fly- back adecuado para la marca y modelo de televisor o monito mo nitorr que esté esté reparando, siempre si empre
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CONSTRUYA UN TRANSMISOR DE AUDIO Y VIDEO Leopoldo Leopo ldo Parr a R eyna eynada da
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cercano al transmisor (en un radio de aproximadamente 20 metros) puede captar la señal y expedir en su pantalla la imagen y el sonido enviados por la videograbadora. videograbadora. Veamos esto ahora en el diagrama esquemático esquemático (figura (fi gura 2). En la parte inferior derecha del diagrama encontramos un recuadro, el cual indica que esta sección posee un blindaje que evita la interferencia de cualquier señal externa. Y en el el recuadro recuadro encontramos encontramos una bobina L3 en paralelo con un trimmer VC1, V C1, ambos ambos coneccon ectados en el colector de un transistor transisto r Q3. Seguramente recuerda que tal configuración es un oscilador tipo Colpitts; Co lpitts; y por los valores de L y C, deducimos que puede producir una frecuencia muy alta (como ya se mencionó, entre 220 y 250MHz 25 0MHz,, según según la posición posi ción de VC1) V C1).. Esta oscilación pasa por un C11 y se inyecta directamente a la base de Q2, el cual, al poseer como carga una bobina en su colector, se convierte en un duplicador de frecuencia; esto significa que en
Figura 1 Diagrama a bloques Antena AMP RF Q1
Mezclador Q4
Entrada de se al de de audio audio
Duplicador de frecuencia Q2 - 474MHz
Oscilador local Q3 - 237MHz
Entrada de se al de video
La señal de audio se inyecta inyecta a un mezclador, el cual la modula en FM en una banda de 4.5 4.5M M Hz; y antes de diri dirigirse girse a la etapa de salida (amplifi(ampli ficador de RF, a donde también llega la señal de video, misma que en en dicho amplificador se modula en AM), es aplicada a la portadora principal. Todo el conjunto conjunto es expe expedido dido al aire a travé travéss de una antena, y entonces cualquier televisor
Figura 2 AC110-220V
SW2
LP1 LAMP NEON
POWER SW
SW1 220V 110V
15V D3
7B12
D4 I
U1
O
7812
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el colector de Q2 encontraremo encontraremoss una frecuencia de entre 440 y 500MHz, misma que servirá de portadora general.
Seccci ón de Se de aud audii o Observe en el extremo derecho del diagrama, que dicha señal entra en la base de un transistor Q5; Q 5; éste ést e la amplifica, la hace pasar pasar por un control de volumen VR2 y finalmente la inyecta a la base de Q4. Por otra o tra parte, note que en el colector col ector de este este transistor existe existe una configuración resonante LC; la bobina está formada por el primario de un transformador de RF y el condensador es C18. Esto significa que el transistor produce una frecuencia de oscilación en su colect co lector; or; sin emb embarargo, debido debido a la señal de audio aplicada a la base de Q4, la frecuencia de esta oscilación no es
Tabla 1 Circuito transmisor Resistencias al 5%, 1/8 de watt (en ohms)
Capacitores (en picofaradios)
R1
68
C1, C2, C13
2
R2
4.3K
C3
22
R3, R9, R15
1K
C4, C8, C17
10,000 (103)
R4, R7
6.8K
C9, C10, C15, C20
1000 (102)
R5
2.2K
C21
100,000 (104)
R6
560
C11
3
R8
5.6K
C6
12
R10, R12
470
C23
470
R11
270K
C7
5
R13
100
C16, C18
47
R14, R17
10K
C14, C18
100
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Con esto, ha quedado descrita la forma en que se produce la frecuencia portadora, la forma en que se modula la señal de audio y la forma en que se modula la señal de video; o sea, hemos concluido el recorrido teórico por el circuito. Y en vista de de que que todo todo el bloque supe superior rior corresponde a una fuente regulada simple, no daremos mayores explicaciones sobre su funcionamiento.
4. Identifique Identifique los diodos di odos zener z ener,, y colóquelos en su sitio. Y al insert i nsertar ar los transistores, no olviol vide que la configuración de terminales de Q2 a Q4 es E-C-B, visto de frente (figura 3). 5. Coloque Q1 en su sitio, considerando con siderando que su configuración de terminales es B-E-C (visto de frente). frente). En la figura fi gura 4, vea una representación del transistor y un acercamiento acercamiento del dispositivo ya montado en la placa. Suelde.
Construcción del proyecto
Figura 4
Para este proyecto se requieren lo loss materiamateriales indicados en la tabla 1:
P r oc oced edii mi miento ento de ensamblado 1. Según Según el orden o rden indicado en la l a tabla, sobre la placa de circuito impreso del transmisor co-
Q1
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Figura 6
tos elementos); coloque también la resistencia y el interruptor interruptor 1P/ 2T 2T.. Suelde todo el con-
Figura 8
5. Realice una perforación en uno de los tableros negros n egros del gabinete, gabinete, de modo que por ella pase el cable de alimentación de AC (figura 7A). En el otro tablero, haga una perforación cuadrada para poder montar el interruptor de potencia con luz (figura 7B). Suelde el con-
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Figura 10 Cables de audio y video
Cable de alimentación
Una vez concluido el trabajo, el proyecto en general deberá tener tener un aspecto como co mo el que se
Figura 12
recibir esta señal (seguramente, en la pantalla y en las bocinas boci nas sólo se expe expedirá dirá ruido). 4. Coloque los pote potenciómetros nciómetros SVR1 y SVR2 SV R2 de
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APRENDE electrónica practicando con kits útiles y didácticos Multímetro analógico
PROXIMOS KITS: • Multímetro digital • Aleja-mosquitos • Alarma para coche o casa
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