Elaboracion de Cerveza Informe

 

[@LQK^YLDHD @HILG@HC DK IHMHEH^IH ALCLHC IHMHNHENH Ahiucthd dk ilk`ilhs hjrhrlhs Ksiukch hihdìelig Vrgakslg`hc dk L`jk`lkråh k` L`dustrlhs Hclek`thrlhs

TKEH=

 –KCHNG^HILÙ@ DK IK^QK]H H^TKYH@HC― A^[THY \ BG^THCL]HY 

I[^YG=

DGIK@TK=

^GD^ÅJ[K] CKÙ@ L@J. H@D^Ì ^GD^ÅJ[K] L@TKJ^H@TKY=    

M[CIH HIKQKDG, @H@D\TG VGCG IG^TKJH@H, \KT \GYKCL@ EH^X[K] JGLIBGIBKH, @G^QKC MKY[Y QLCCHCGNGY IHEVGY KCYH Y[YH@H.

ILICG=

 

QL

IHMHNHENH, DLILKEN^K DKC >68<

–KCHNG^HILÙ@ DK IK^QK]H H^TKYH@HC―

 

8. L@ L@T^ T^GD GD[I [IIL ILG@ G@ Bgy k` dåh skr igepktltlvg l`vgcuirh u`h skrlk dk ahitgrks k` ch iuhc `g ksthråh igepckth, sl ksth `g tuvlkrh ch c h agrehilù` prèitlih quk tgdg prgakslg`hc `kikslth, ks pgr ksth rhzù` quk sk rkhclzh` prgiksgs dk kchngrhilù` dk prgduitgs, k` kstk ihsg bkegs rkhclzhdg ksth prèitlih dk kchngrhilù` dk ikrvkzh hrtksh`hc  dk thc eh`krh quk hprk`dhegs h hslelchr cgs ig`gilelk`tgs tkùrligs hprk`dldgs k` kc trhsiursg dk `ukstrh agrehilù` hihdìelih y cg eès vhclgsg ks ch kxpkrlk`ilh hdqulrldh phrh kc dksk`vgcvlelk`tg k` kc ekrihdg chngrhc euy dlaåilc y igepktltlvg k` kstgs tlkepgs. Ch ikrvkzh ks u`h nknldh akrek`thdh y kspuegsh, k` iuyh ahnrlihilù` sk utlclzh` ehtkrlhs prlehs rlihs k` ihrngbldrhtgs igeg ehcth, iknhdh, trljg, hrrgz, ehåz dksk`jrhshdg, hceldù` dk trljg g dk ehåz, hzýihr, cýpucg y hjuh, h chs quk sk høhdk` ckvhdurhs. Kc hrtk dk ahnrlihr dk ikrvkzh y vl`g sk bh ldg dkshrrgcch`dg h cg chrjg dk ;.666-2.666 høgs. Kshs nknldhs hcigbùclihs rksucthnh` phrtliuchrek`tk htrhitlvhs phrh hqukccgs l`dlvldugs dk vldh pgig pchik`tkrh, k` iuh`tg quk prgduiåh` kuagrlh hcigbùclih. Gtrhs vk`thmhs, l`hprkilhdhs k` hqukccgs tlkepgs, krh` ch ekmgrh rkchtlvh dk ch dudgsh ihcldhd elirgnlgcùjlih dkc hjuh, k` vlrtud dk su nhmg pB y dk su ig`tk`ldg hcigbùclig, y su vhcgr `utrltlvg? hdkeès dk su kckvhdg vhcgr ihcùrlig y dk su rlqukzh k` susth`ilhs `ltrgjk`hdhs hslelchncks, sl ig`tk`åh` ckvhdurhs chs nknldhs k` iukstlù` prgpgrilg`hnh` vlthel`hs dkc igepckmg N. K` ch Kdhd Ekdlh ch kchngrhilù` dk ikrvkzh auk ig`sldkrhdh u` hrtk g u` elstkrlg, iuygs dkthccks krh` ikcgshek`tk juhrdhdgs pgr cgs ehkstrgs ikrvkikrgs y sus jrkelgs. \ ilkrthek`tk krh u` elstkrlg, pgrquk sk dksig`giåh` chs rhzg`ks quk  mustlalihnh` chs dlvkrshs dlvkrshs kthphs dkc prgiksg d dk k kchngrhilù`, ch ehygr ehygr phrtk dk cgs iuècks, igeg ch akrek`thilù`, aukrg` dksiunlkrths pgr ihsuhcldhd.  Hså, kc ehctkhdg ig`slståh k` k` ch l`ekrslù` dk ch iknhdh iknhdh k` hjuh y k` pkreltlrck jkrel`hrh, `gducik. sk ig`giåh chs rhzg`ks pgr chs quk ch iknhdh skquk hnch`dhnh y skpkrg bhiåh  H ig`tl`uhilù`, cks nrl`dhegs nrl`dhegs dkthccks dk cg quk auk kc dkshrrgccg dk ksth lepgrth`tk prèitlih dk kchngrhilù`  dk ikrvkzh hrtksh`hc.

 

>. GNMKTLQGY >. >.8. 8. GNMK GNMKTL TLQG QG JK JK@K @K^H ^HC C  Hprk`dkr h kchngrhr ikrvkzh dk eh`krh hrtksh`hc, hpclih`dg u` pr prgi giks ksg g prè rèiitli tlig y rèp èplldg dg,, tk`l tk`lk k`dg `dg k` iu iuk k`th `th dl dlvvkrs krsgs phrè ph rèek ektr trgs gs y ig` g`tr trgc gch` h`dg dg ilk lkrt rtgs gs ak`ù ak`ùek ek`g `gss qu quk k pu pukd kdh` h` pkrmudlihr su ihcldhd.   >.>.. GNMKT >.> GNMKTLQG LQGY Y KYV KYVKIÅ KIÅALI ALIGY GY 

  

Ig`gikr cgs l`suegs `kikshrlgs phrh kchngrhr ikrvkzh hrtksh`hc, y hjrkjhr gtrgs, phrh ekmgrhr su shngr y prksk`thilù`. Gntk Gn tk`k `krr u` pr prgd gdui uitg tg dk nu nuk` k`h h ih ihclcldh dhd, d, qu quk k iu iuep epch ch ig` ig` cg cgss rkqulsltgs phrh kc ig`sueg bueh`g. Bhikr quk `gsgtrgs cgs hcue`gs, `gs ahelclhrlikegs ig` kc usg y eh`k eh `kmg mg dk cgs cgs kqul kqulpg pgss y ehtk ehtkrl rlhc hcks ks h `l `lvk vkcc dk ch chng ngrh rhtg tgrl rlg g utlclzhdgs k` ch prèitlih h dkshrrgcchr.

9. EH^I EH^IG G TKÙ^ TKÙ^LI LIG G Ch ikrvkzh ks u`h nknldh hcigbùclih euy h`tljuh, dkshrrgcchdh pgr cgs pukncgs dk cgs lepkrlgs eksgpgtèeligs y pgr cgs kjlpilgs, rksucthdg dk akrek`thr cgs ikrkhcks jkrel`hdgs k` hjuh, k` prksk`ilh dk ckvhdurh.  Hu`quk kxlstk` k` kc ekrihdg ikrvkzhs dk trljg, elmg y hrrgz, ch eès bhnltuhc ks ch gntk`ldh h phrtlr dk ch akrek`thilù` dk ch iknhdh. Ch kc kchn hngr grhi hilù lù` ` dk ik ikrv rvkz kzh h sk dlvl dlvldk dk h jrh` jrh`dk dkss rhsj rhsjgs gs k` dg dgss prgi prgiks ksgs gs prl`ilphcks= kc prlekrg igrrkspg`dk h ch ig`vkrslù` dkc hceldù` dk u` ikrkhc k` hzýihrks akrek`thncks pgr hiilù` dk chs k`zlehs quk sk k`iuk`trh` k` ch ehcth y ch pgstkrlgrakrek`thilù` hcigbùclih dk cgs dk cgs elsegs pgr ch hiilg` dk duiilù ch ilù` ckvh ckvhdu Kstk Ks tk ks eìtg eìeuy tgdg dg,, slelch hu hu`q `quk tlkep k`k k ckhdg ig igeg egk`prl` prl`il phc gn gnmk mktltlvg vg dk ch prg prgdui ` durh dkrhikrvk ikr. vkzh, zh, sle lchr rukhc tlk` kepckh dg chilph kchngr kchc ngrhil hilù` ù` nknldhs thcks igeg kc shok, ch bldrgelkc y kc vl`g. Ch kchngrhilù` dk ch ikrvkzh tlk`k u`h euy chrjh blstgrlh, y chs kvldk`ilhs blstùrlihs dlik` quk yh krh kepckhdh pgr cgs h`tljugs kjlpilgs

L@J^KDLK@TKY VH^H KCHNG^HILG@ DK IK^QK]H Cgss skls Cg skls l`jr l`jrkd kdlk lk`t `tks ks nè nèsl slig igss qu quk k pg pgrr rkjc rkjch h jk jk`k `krh rhcc l` l`tk tkrv rvlk lk`k `k` ` k` ch kchngrhilù` dk ch ikrvkzh sg`=  Ehcth= ig`stltuyk u`g dk cgs kckek`tgs l`lilhcks dk ch kchngrhilù` dk ch ikrvkzh, ikrv kzh, ig`stltuld ig`stltuldh h prl`i prl`ilphcek lphcek`tk `tk pgr skel skelcchs cchs dk iknh iknhdh dh  qu quk k bh bh` ` jkrel`hdg durh`tk u` pkrågdg clelthdg, bhsth quk bh`y nrgthdg h u`gs dgs g trks ik`tåektrgs y pgstkrlgrek`tk sg` rktlrhdgs dkskihdgs. Ch

 











kchngrhilù` dk ch ikrvkzh sk pukdk bhikr ig` iuhcqulkr ikrkhc quk sk "ehctkh" (ks dkilr iuhcqulkr skelcch quk pgskh hceldù` y skh susikptlnck dk jkrel`hr)? ch iknhdh pgskk k`trk u` 16%-1;% dk hceldù`.Kc gnmktlvg dk kstk kstk phsg phsg ks ch pr prgd gdui uiil ilù` ù` dk he helclchs hsh h qu quk k sk skrè rè utlcl utlclzh zhdh dh phrh phrh dksigepg`kr kc hceldù`. Hjuh= gtrg gtrg kck kckek` ek`tg tg prl prl`il `ilphc phc,, l`t l`tkrv krvlk` lk`k k `g sù sùcg cg k` cgs egek`t egek`tgs gs l`lilhcks dk ekzichdg ig` ch ehcth, sl`g quk k` hcju`gs dk cgs alctrhdgs pgstkrlgrks, l`trgduik u` shngr ihrhitkråstlig (ks ahegsg kc dlibg quk dlik quk u`h plcsk`kr dk Dgrteu`d shnk dlakrk`tk dk u`h dk Eý`lib). K`trk kc 2; y % dk ch ikrvkzh ks hjuh. Cýpucg = Kc bueucus cupucus ks u` l`jrkdlk`tk rkchtlvhek`tk egdkr`g k` ch ikrv krvkz kzh h, sk tr trh hth dk u`h u`h pc pch h`th `th trkp trkphd hdg grh dk ch ahe ahelclclh lh dkc ih``hnls quk ks ch k`ihrjhdh dk prgpgrilg`hr hdkeès dk u` shngr  hehrjg ihrhitkråstlig, cckjh h ksthnlclzhr ch kspueh. Cgs cýpucgs sg` rkspg`shncks dk cgs hrgehs y cgs shngrks acgrhcks dk u`gs tlpgs dk ikrvkzh, kspkilhcek`tk chs dk cgs KK.[[. y dk L`jchtkrrh. Dk ksth pch`th sk utlclzh ch acgr bkenrh sl` akiu`dhr. Kstk l`jrkdlk`tk pgskk euibhs prgplkdhdks ekdlil`hcks k`trk kcchs chs trh`qulclzh`tks. 9 Gtrgs dk cgs au`dhek`tgs dk ch hdlilù` dk ch ehcth ks kc ark`hdg dk cgs prgiksgs k`zleètligs trhs kc prlekr alctrhdg. Ckvhdurh = sk dk`gel`h hså h cgs grjh`lsegs u`likcuchrks (dk thehøg ; h 86 elirhs elirhs)) quk quk trh trh`sa `sagre greh` h` ekdlh` ekdlh`tk tk akr akrek` ek`thi thilù` lù` cgs jcý jcýild ildgs gs y cgs cgs he hel` l`gè gèil ildg dgss dk cgs cgs ikrk ikrkhc hcks ks k` hc hcig igbg bgcc ktåc ktåcli lig g y dl dlùx ùxld ldg g dk ihrng`g (IG>). Kxlstk` dgs tlpgs dk akrek`thilù`= chakrek`thilù` hcth, quk igrrkspg`dk` h chs ckvhdurhs acgth`tks ( Yhiibhrgeyiks ikrkvlslhk), quk jk`krh ch ikrvkzh Hck y chakrek`thilù` nhmh quk igrrkspg`dk h chs ckvhdurhs quk sk vh` hc ag`dg durh`tk ch akrek`thilù` Yhiibhrgeyiks ihrcsnkrjk`sls quk slrvk phrh ch kchngrhilù` dk ch ikrvkzh Chjkr. Ch akrek`thilù` hcth rksucth k` shngrks haruthdgs y gtrhs ihrhitkråstlihs ht htåp åpli lihs hs dk ch chss ch chjk jkrs rs,, dknl dknldg dg h ch prgd prgdui uiil ilù` ù` dk ìstk ìstkrk rkss y gtrg gtrgss sunprgduitgs Jrlts= sg` dk høhakrek`thilù`. dldgs quk bhik` eès ksthnck ch kchngrhilù`, jk`krhcek`tk gtrg tlpg dk ikrkhcks, thcks igeg trljg, hvk`h, ehåz k l`icusg ik`tk`g. Hdkeès dk ch ksthnlclzhilù` dk kspueh, kstgs ikrkhcks høhdk` dlstl`tgs shngrks h ch ikrvkzh y huek`th` ch pkrilnldh 'dk`sldhd' dk ch nknldh elseh. Hzýihr = H vkiks, kc hzýihr sk høhdk durh`tk ch ahsk dk knucclilù` phrh huek`thr ch ih`tldhd dk hcigbgc k` kc prgduitg al`hc g l`icusg phrh dlculrcg.

KCHNG^HILG@ DK IK^QK]H H KYIHCH L@D[YT^LHC Kc prg prgiks iksg g dk Kch Kchngr ngrhil hilù` ù` dk Ikr Ikrvkz vkzh h ig` ig`sth sth dk trk trkss kth kthphs phs ich ichrhe rhek`t k`tk k dkal`ldhs, quk sg` Igilelk`tg, Akrek`thilù` y ^kpgsg chs iuhcks dkpk`dk`

 

kxicuslvhek`tk dkc tlpg dk ikrvkzh quk sk plk`sh kchngrhr, dknldg h quk skjý` ch ichsk dk ikrvkzh vhrlh ch ih`tldhd y tlpg dk Ehtkrlh Vrleh. Ksth ks u`h dk chs ihushs prl`ilphcks pgr chs iuhcks kxlstk` th`ths vhrlkdhdks dk ikrvkzh. Ylk`dg chs gtrhs kc º Tlpg y `hturhckzh d dk k Hj Hjuh iik krvkikrh º Tlpg y `hturhckzh dk dk ck ckvhdurh ik ikrvkikrh º Tlkepgs y Tkepkrhturhs k` Igilelk`tg º Tlkepgs y Tkepkrhturhs k k` `A Ak krek`thilù`

V^GIKYGY DK KCHNG^HILÙ@ IGILELK@TG= Tlk` Tlk`k k pg pgrr gn gnmk mktg tg kx kxtrh trhkr kr tg tgdg dgss cg cgss pr prl` l`il ilpl plgs gs ýtlck ýtlckss dk ch eh ehctcth h (kxt (kxtrh rhit itg g akrek`tkslnck), cýpucg (Hehrjgs y hikltks ksk`ilhcks) y suikdè`kgs g ehtkrlhs huxlclhrks phrh prkphrhr kc egstg ikrvkikrg. Igephrtk ; ahsks quk sg` = 8. Egclk`dh= Ch egclk`dh ig`slstk k` dkstrulr kc jrh`g, rkspkth`dg ch ièsihrh g k`vgcturh y prgvgih`dg ch pucvkrlzhilù` dk ch bhrl`h. ch ehcth ksigeprleldh k`trk dgs ilcl`drgs pkrg kvlth`dg dkstrulr ch ièsihrh cgek`gs pgslnck puks ìsth skrvlrè dk ckibg alctrh`tk k` ch gpkrhilù` dk alctrhilù` dkc egstg? h su vkz kc l`tkrlgr dkc jrh`g k` u`h bhrl`h cg eès al`h pgslnck. Ksths dgs ig`dlilg`ks, ièsihrh k`tkrh y bhrl bhrl`h `h al`h al`h `g pgdr pgdrè` è` rk rksp spkt kthr hrsk sk sl kc jrh` jrh`g g `g ks kstè tè sk skig ig (kxi (kxikp kpil ilù` ù` egclk`dh býekdh) y euy nlk` dkshjrkjhdg u`h tkrikrh kxljk`ilhks u` nuk` ihcln ih clnrh rhdg dg dk ch ehct ehcth. h. Ch eg egclk clk`d `dh h dk dknk nk sk skrr then thenlì lì` ` rkju rkjuch chdh dh sk skjý jý` ` kc igilelk`tg? sl sk utlclzh u` hctg pgrik`thmk dk jrh`gs irudgs g hdmu`tgs ks `kikshrlg egckr jrgskrhek`tk. Yå phrh ch alctrhilù` dkc egstg sk utlclzh u` alctrg prk`sh k` cujhr dk u`h iunh-alctrg g dk ahcsg ag`dg sk pukdk egckr ehs al`g puks k` kc alctrg prk`sh kc kspksgr dk ch ihph alctrh`tk dk grumg g harkibg ks euibg ehs dkcjhdh.

>. Vrgik Vrgiksg sg k` k ` Vhlchs Vh lchs Ahsk dkc prgiksg dg`dk sk kxtrhk` dk ch ehcth y kvk`tuhcek`tk dk cgs jrh`gs irudgs ch ehygr ih`tldhd dk kxtrhitg y dk ch ekmgr ihcldhd pgslnck k` au`ilù` hc tlpg dk ikrvkzh quk sk nusih ahnrlihr. Ch kxtrhiilù` sk cgjrh prl`ilphcek`tk pgr bldrùclsls k`zlehtlih, sgchek`tk u` 86% dk ch kxtrhiilù` ks dknldh h u`h slepck dlsgcuilù` quåelih. Chs helchshs dksdgnch` kc hceldù` k` dkxtrl`hs y ehctgs ehc tgsh h prl prl`il `ilphc phcek` ek`tk tk chs k`z k`zleh lehss prg prgtkg tkgcåtl cåtlihs ihs dks dksdgn dgnch` ch` chs prg prgtkå tkå`hs `hs igepckmhs k` ehtkrlhs `ltrgjk`hdhs sgcuncks, ch althsh dksdgnch ch altl`h k`

 

l` l`gs gsltg ltgcc y ag agsa saht htg, g,kt kti. i. Ksth Ksthss tr trh` h`sa sagr greh ehil ilg` g`ks ks k` k`zl zleh ehtltlih ihss bh bh` ` sl sldg dg yh kepkzhdhs durh`tk kc ehctkhdg h u` rlteg euibg ek`gs l`tk`sg dk kc quk suik su ikdk dkrè rè k` kc ig igil ilel elk` k`tg tg?? dg`d dg`dk k dknl dknldg dg h ch hi hiil ilù` ù` dk ch chss dl dlak akrk rk`t `tks ks tkepkrhturhs y ch jrh` ih`tldhd dk hjuh chs rkhiilg`ks suikdk` euibhs vkiks k` agreh kxpcgslvh. Iuh`tlthtlvhek`tk kc dksdgnchelk`tg dkc hceldù` k` hzuihrks y dkxtrl`hs ks kc ehs lepgrth`tk.Ch aùreuch nruth dkc hceldù` ks= (I1B86G; )`. Chs prl`ilphcks rkhiilg`ks quk giurrk` durh`tk kc igilelk`tg pgr hiilù` dk chs helchshs sg` agrehilù` dk dkxtrl`hs. (I1B86G;)` -----0 `( I1B86G; )`/x agrehilù` dk ehctctgs eh gsh h = (I (I1B 1B86 86G; G; )` + `/ `/> > B>G B>G ---------0 -0 `/>( `/>(I8 I8>B >B>> >>G8 G88) 8) \ k` ek ek`g `gr  r  prgpgrilù` agrehilù` dk jcuigsh (I1B86G;)` + ` B>G -----0 `(I1B8>G1) Kc hceldù hce ldù` ` ig`tlk ig`tlk`k `k dgs pg pgcls clshiè hièrld rldgs gs dlakrk dlakrk`tk `tkss = hel helcgs cgsh h y hel helcgp cgpìit ìitl`h l`h?? ch helcgsh ksth ig`stltuldh pgr ihdk`hs rkitlcl`khs dk jcuigsh ig` u`lg`ks h 8-4? ch helcgpìitl`h ksth ig`stltuldh pgr ihdk`hs rhelalihdhs dk u`lg`ks dk jcuigsh k` u`lg`ks h 8-4 y h 8-1 kxlstlk`dg thenlì` u`lg`ks dkc tlpg h 8-9. Vhrh dksdgnchr kc hceldù` sk `kikslth` vhrlhs helchshs slk`dg chs prl`ilphcks chs h y n helchshs. Chs ihrhitkråstlihs dk chs k`zlehs helcgcåtlihs dk ch ehcth sg`   = Ch n-helchsh igrth chs ihdk`hs rkiths dk hceldù` dk dgs k` dgs jcuigshs, ihdh phrkmh sk igenl`h igen l`h ig` u`h egcìi egcìiuch uch dk hjuh agreh` agreh`dg dg u`h egcìi egcìiuch uch dk ehctg ehctgsh sh , ksth k`zleh pukdk dk ksth eh`krh dksdgnchr k`tkrhek`tk chs ihdk`hs dk helchsh k` ehctgsh, sùcg ks dktk`ldh så kc `ýekrg dk jcuigshs dk ch ihdk`h ks lephr, agreh`dg agreh `dg u`h egcìi egcìiuch uch dk ehctg ehctg-trlgs -trlgsh h hc al`hc. Ch n-helchsh thenlì` hthih ch helcgpìitl`h pkrg sk dktlk`k tgthcek`tk k` chs zg`hs dg`dk kxlstk` k`chiks dkc tlpg h 8-1. h- helchsh = Tlk`k su ùptleg dk tkepkrhturh dk 1> h 1; ½i , sk dkstruyk så sk eh`tlk`k 96 el`utgs h 1; ½i rèpldhek`tk, y k`trk :6 h :; ½i l`ekdlhthek`tk. Yu VB ùptleg sk sltýh h ;.6, h u` VB supkrlgr dk ;.: su hiilù` dkicl`h aukrtkek`tk.. Ch h -he -helchsh ks thenlì` l`ihphz dk rgepkr cg cgss k`chiks h 8-1 dk ch helcgpìitl`h, elslù` ig`slstk igrthr k` u` cujhruchs iuhcqulkrh cgshk`chiks h 8-4. Tkùrlihek`tk Tkùrlihesu k`tk ch h -helc -helchsh hsh k` pgdråh pgdr åh agreh agrehr r egcìi egcìiuchs dk ehctgs ehctgsh igrth igrth`dg `dg chs ihdk`hs bhsth quk qukdk` dgs u`ldhdks dk jcuigsh, pkrg phrh cckjhr h ksgs kxtrkegs sk tk`dråh quk dkmhr rkhiilg`hr euibg tlkepg ch k`zleh. Yk gnskrvh puks quk pgr ch hiilù` igenl`hdh dk ksths > k`zlehs kc hceldù` skrè dksdgnchdg k` jrh` phrtk k` ehctgsh y dkxtrl`hs ks dkilr chs zg`hs dg`dk pgr  ch kxlstk`ilh dk k`chiks h 8-1 chs k`zlehs k` ek`ilù` `g bh` pgdldg hituhr? ksth ks thss zg`h zg`hss sg` sg` ig igep epuk ukst sths hs pgr pgr tr trks ks jc jcui uigs gshs hs igeg igeg eå eå`l `leg eg ks dkil dkilr  r  ehctgtrlgshs. h - Helc Helchs hshh = Tlk`k su ùptleg dk tkepkrhturh k`trk cgs :> y :; ½i , ks dkstruldh h 26 ½i, su VB ùptleg ks dk ;.1 h ;.2

Chs ihrhitkrlstlihs dk chs k`zlehs Vrgtkgcltlihs sg`=

 

Ig`trhrlhek`tk h cg quk phsh ig` kc hceldù` chs susth`ilhs `ltrgjk`hdhs kstè` ck ckmg mgss dk dlsg dlsgcv cvkr krsk sk ig igep epck ckth thek ek`t `tk k durh durh`t `tk k kc ig igil ilel elk` k`tg tg?? sk dl dlsu sukc kcvk vk` ` ehygrek`tk durh`tk kc ehctkhdg. Vkrg ks euy lepgrth`tk tk`kr k` iuk`th ch jrh` dlakrk`ilh kxlstk`tk k`trk cgs igepukstgs `ltrgjk`hdgs quk sk dlsukcvk` durh du rh`t `tk k kc eh ehctctkh khdg dg,, y cg cgss quk quk sk dlsu dlsukc kcvk vk` ` du durh rh`t `tk k kc ig igil ilelk elk`t `tg, g, cg cgss igepukstgs quk hquå sk agreh` sg` sgnrk tgdg cgs pìptldgs. Chs prgtkå`hshs kstè` k` su eèxleh hitlvldhd h ch tkepkrhturh dk 4; - ;6 ½i? h 16 ½i kstè kstè` ` hý hý` ` k` hitl hitlvl vldh dhd, d, pk pkrg rg ag agre reh` h`dg dg u`h u`h prgp prgpgr gril ilù` ù` hc hcth th dk igepukstgs `ltrgjk`hdgs igepckmgs? H :6 ½i chs prgtkå`hshs sg` rèpldhek`tk dkstruldhs? su VB ùptleg dk hiilù` ks dk 4.1 h ;.6 Kc ; h 1 % dk cgs sùcldgs dkc egstg sg` igepukstgs `ltrgjk`hdgs, y u` 46 h 4; % dk chs prgtkå`hs dk ch ehcth sg` sgcuncks. K` ihenlg cgs hdmu`tgs tlk`k 2 h 86 % dk prgtkå`hs, pkrg ch ihsl tgthcldhd dk ksths `g k`trh` k` sgcuilù` durh`tk kc ehikrhdg. Kc cýpucg ig`tlk`k 84 h 8; % dk prgtkå`hs. Dk chs prgtkå`hs quk sk sgcunlclzh` k` ch ehikrhilù` nuk`h phrtk dk kcchs sk rktlrh pgr ighjuchilù`, k` phrtk k` ch elseh ehikrhilù` y k` phrtk durh`tk ch knucclilù` dkc egstg. Ch hitlvldhd dk chs k`zlehs prgtkgcåtlihs durh`tk ch ehikrhilù` ks nhmh pgr quk chs ig`dlilg`ks dk VB `g sg` ùptlehs. K` kc egstg qukdh` igepukstgs `ltrgjk`hdgs h phrtlr  dk prgt agre reh h igcg igcgld ldhc hc,, ch chss prgt prgtkå kå`h `hss qu quk k `g sg` sg` prgtkg kgsh shss y pkpt pkptg` g`hs hs k` ag dkjrhdhdhs bhsth prgtkgshs y pkptg`hs sk ighjuch` pgr dks`hturhclzhilù` dknldh hc ihcgr y suikdk durh`tk ch knucclilù` dkc egstg. Chs prgtkgshs y pkptg`hs `g sg` ighjuchdhs, sl`g quk pkreh`kik` k` agreh igcgldhc, pukdk` igenl`hrsk phrilhcek`tk ig` th`l`gs prgvk`lk`tks dk ehcth y cýpucg y nuk`h phrt ph rtk k dk hq hquk ukccccgs gs pr prki kilp lpltlth` h` iuh uh`d `dg g kc eg egst stg g ks k` k`ar arlh lhdg dg du durh rh`t `tk k ch akrek`thilù`.

Tkepkrhturhs y Tlkepgs trhdlilg`hcks dk ehikrhilù`= Ihdh ikrvkikråh utlclzh kc slstkeh dk ehikrhilù` quk eès ck ig`vlk`k skjý` chs ehtkrlhs prlehs y cgs kqulpgs dk quk sk dlspg`k, y skjý` ch ikrvkzh quk sk dkskh kchngrhr. Vhrh cgjrhr kstg sk nusih ahvgrkikr dktkrel`hdhs rkhiilg`ks k`zleètlihs dkmh`dg chs. ehshs tkepkrhturhs durh du rh`t `tk k hcjý hcjý` ` tlke tlkepg pg Kst stk k htlk tlkdktkrel`hdhs ep epg g quk quk durh ur h ch eh ehssh h dk dktk tkre rel` l`hd hdh h tk tkep epkr krht htur urh h sk ck cche ccheh h dksi dksih` h`sg sg.. Cg Cgss dksi dksih` h`sg sgss eè eèss ig igeu eu`k `kss k` cg cgss dlakrk`tks slstkehs dk ehikrhilù` sg`= Dksih`sg dk Bldrhthilù` ( 9; ½i ) Ks u` dksih`sg quk vhrlh k`trk >6 h 16 el`utgs, y sk rkhclzh iuh`dg sk dksihrjh chs bhrl`hs dk ehcth k` kc hjuh ikrvkikrh ig` kc hjlthdgr dk ch phlch au`ilg`h`dg. Ksth th tkep tkepkr krht htur urh h ks ùptl ùptleh eh ph phrh rh ch Dksi Dk sih` h`sg sg dk Vrg Vrgtk tkgc gcls lsls ls ( 4; ½i ) Ks hitltlvvld hi ldh hd dk ch pìptldhsh, ks dk dkil ilrr ph phrh rh ch agre agrehi hilù lù` ` dk he hel` l`gè gèil ildg dgss y pìptld pìp tldgs gs sle slepck pcks, s, the thenlì nlì` ` bhy hitlv hitlvldh ldhd d dk ch alth althsh sh (42 ½i) quk hitlvh ch trh`sagrehilù` dk cgs igepukstgs grjè`ligs dkc aùsagrg. Kstk dksih`sg sk ig`gik thenlì` igeg dk pkptg`lzhilù`. y pukdk vhrlhr dk 86 h 16 el`utgs.

Dksih`sg dk agrehilù` dk hzuihrks (;; - 1>.; ½i ) Tkepkrhturh ùptleh phrh ch agrehilù` dk ehctgsh g skh phrh ch hitlvldhd dk ch n helchsh vhrlh`dg k`trk

 

; h >6 el`utgs, hquå hý` bhy hcjg dk hitlvldhd prgtkgcåtlih y hcjg dk hitlvldhd dk ch h -helchsh. Dksih`sg agrehilù` dk dkxtrl`hs (1: - :>.; ½i )  H ksth tkepkrhturh sk tlk`k ch eèxleh eèxleh hitl hitlvld vldhd hd dk ch h - helc helchs hshh prgduilì`dgsk u`h jrh` ih`tldhd dk dkxtrl`hs, ig` u` tlkepg quk vhråh k`trk cgs ; y 96 el`utgs. Dksih`sg dk ig`vkrslù` (:6 - :4 ½i ) Kstk dksih`sg ch ehygråh dk vkiks ks ldì` ldì`tltlig ig hc h` h`tk tkrl rlgr gr,, pkrg pkrg slrv slrvk k ph phrh rh ig igep epck ckth thrr tgdh tgdhss ch chss hi hitltlvl vldh dhdk dkss k`zleètlihs, k` kstk dksih`sg qukdh` shièrldgs dk hirgdkxtrl`hs bhilh hnhmg. Ig` u`h durhilù` eèxleh dk 96 el`utgs. Dksih`sg ksthnlclzhilù` dk ehsh (:4 - ::.; ½i ) Yk rkhclzh phrh l`hitlvhilù` tgthc dk chs k`zlehs, bhy u`h cljkrh hitlvldhd dk ch h - helchsh, pkrg sk vh dkstruyk`dg. Ig` kstk dksih`sg sk tkrel`h ch ehikrhilù`, pgstkrlgrek`tk sk phshrè ch ehsh h ch phlch dk alctrhilù` g alctrg prk`sh phrh skphrhr cgs harkibgs. Kstk dksih`sg ig` u` prgekdlg dk durhilù` k`trk ; h 86 el`utgs ks lepgrth`tk phrh rkjuchr ch vlsigsldhd dkc egstg durh`tk ch alctrhilù`. Ylstkehs dk Ehikrhilù`= Dkpk`dk dk chs ehtkrlhs prlehs, dkc tlpg dk ikrvkzh quk sk dkskh kchngrhr y dk cgs kqulpgs quk sk dlspg`k . hituhcek`tk sk prhitlih` trks slstkehs slk`dg kstgs slstkehs cgs quk dh` grljk` h ch vhrlkdhd dk ikrvkzhs k` kc eu`dg y sg` cgs sljulk`tks = L`auslù` Dg`dk kc huek`tg dk ch tkepkrhturh sk bhik prgjrkslvhek`tk k` tgdg kc ig`mu`tg.h ig` kc hjlthdgr dk ch c h phlch au`ilg`h`dg. Dkigiilù` Ch kckvhilù` dk ch tkepkrhturh sk bhik ý`lihek`tk bhilk`dg bkrvlr  u`h dk chs phrtks dkc igilelk`tg y ekzich`dg.gtkgcåtlih y hcjg dk hitlvldhd dk ch h -helchsh. Dgnck ehsh g Elxtg Tåplig phrh ch utlclzhilù` dk hdmu`tgs, slk`dg kc ehs kepckhdg k` `ukstrg ekdlg, y sk pukdk dkilr quk ks u`h ekzich dk cgs dgs h`tkrlgrks. 9.  Alct  Alctrhil rhilù` ù` dk Egstg E gstg Bhnlk`dg yh dlsukctg chs ehtkrlhs `kikshrlg skphrhr kc egstg dk ch phrtk l`sgcuncksgcuncks cchehdh pgr grumgkcgigilelk`tg harkibg. Ch ks gpkrhilù` sk rkhclzh k` dgs ahsks prlekrg kc acumg dkc egstg y cukjg ch gpkrhilù` dk chvhdg dkc kxtrhitg quk ig`tlk`k kc grumg. Kc egstg y kc hjuh dk chvhdg dknk` skr  ichrgs puks sl sk hpgrth durh`tk ch gpkrhilù` dkehslhdhs susth`ilhs ehc dlsukcths, ch ichrlalihilù` dk ch ikrvkzh skrè dkehslhdg dlaåilc. Ch ihcldhd dk ch ikrvkzh pudk skr thenlì` hctkrhdh pgr u` chvhdg dk grumg ig` hjuh hcihcl`h puks cgs pgclak`gcks y susth`ilhs hehrjhs dk ch ièsihrh dk ch ehcth sk dlsukcvk` euy aèilcek`tk k` hjuh hcihcl`h hý` eès sl sk tlk`k k` iuk`th quk kc chvhdg sk bhik k` hjuh h u`h tkepkrhturh eèxleh dk :; ½i? h prgpùsltg dk ch tkepkrhturh ks euy lepgrth`tk `g kxikdkrsk dk :; ½i puks sk igrrk kc rlksjg dk dlsgcvkr hceldù` prksk`tk hý` k` kc grumg, cg quk hihrkhråh prgnckehs dk turnlkdhd y akrek`thilù` pgstkrlgrks. Kxlstk` dgs tlpgs dk hphrhtgs dg`dk sk

 

rkhclzh` ch alctrhilù` y pgstkrlgrek`tk kc chvhdg dkc grumg = Iunh alctrg y Alctrg prk`sh. Iunh Alctrg Ch vhrlhilù` dk ig`ik`trhilù` dkc grumg `g lepclih dlrkithek`tk k` kc vgcuek` dk ch iunh, pudlk`dg skr kc kspksgr dk >; h ;6 ie. Igeg dksvk`thmh ch prgpgrilù` dk hdmu`tg ks dk >; %. Gtrh vk`thmh ks ch ek`gr eh`g dk gnrh, pkrg kc tlkepg dk alctrhilù` ks ehygr. Alctrg Vrk`sh Yk pukdk alctrhr u` egstg eès dk`sg, ig` u`h alctrhilù` eès rèpldh y u`h prgpgrilù` dk hdmu`tgs ehygr dkc :; %. Igeg dksvk`thmhs kc egstg ks ek`gs nrlcch`tk, bhy ehygr ih`tldhd dk èildgs jrhsgs l`shturhdgs, y kc trhnhmg ks eès kxljk`tk. 4. Knuc Knuccli cli lù` dk d k Egstg Egst g Ch al`hcldhd dk ch knucclilù` ks Ksthnlclzhr k`zleètlih y elirgnlgcùjlihek`tk kc egstg, nusihr ch ighjuchilù` dk chs prgtkå`hs. Ch dkstruiilù` dk chs k`zlehs ks rkhclzhdh phrh kvlthr quk sljh` dksdgnch`dg h cg chrjg dk ch akrek`thilù`, ch chss helc helch hsh shss pgdrå gdråh h` skju kjulr dks dksdg dgnc nch h`d `dg g ch chss dkx kxtr trl` l`hs hs y ìs ìsth thss sk trh`sagrehråh` k`tkrhek`tk k` hcigbgc. Ch kstkrlclzhilù`  dkc egstg ks gntk`ldh pgr slepck knucclilù`, puks su rkhiilù` ks cljkrhek`tk èildh. Ch ighjuchilù` dk chs ehtkrlhs prgtkå`lihs dknk bhikrsk c g ekmgr pgslnck, puks sl sunslstk` k` kc egstg gihslg`hråh` prgnckehs k` ch akrek`thilù` y prgvgih`dg aèilcek`tk turnlkdhd k` ch ikrvkzh kengtkcchdh. Ch kstkrlclzhilù` y ch dkstruiilù` dk chs k`zlehs ks aèilc dk rkhclzhr, u` iuhrtg dk bgrh dk knucclilù` ks jk`krhcek`tk sualilk`tk suali lk`tk.. Ch ighjuchi ighjuchilù` lù` dk prgtkå`hs prgtkå`hs ks euib euibg g eès dlaåilc, sk rkhcl rkhclzh zh pgr  kt kthp hphs hs,, ch prle prlekr krh h ks ch dks` dks`ht htur urhc hclz lzhi hilù lù` ` qu quk k ig`s ig`sls lstk tk k` ch rupt ruptur urh h dk puk` pu k`tk tkss dk bldr bldrùj ùjk` k`g g k` ch egcì egcìiu iuch ch dk prgt prgtkå kå`h `h,, ph phsh sh`d `dg g dk dkcc ksth ksthdg dg bldrhthdg hc dksbldrhthdg, eh`tk`lì`dgsk k` suspk`slù` ý`lihek`tk pgr su ihrj ih rjh h kcìi kcìitr trli lih? h? cu cukj kjg g dk ch dk dks` s`ht htur urhc hclz lzhi hilù lù` ` sk prgd prgdui uik k ch ig ighj hjuc uchi hilù lù` ` prgplhek`tk dlibh pgr hjruphilù` dk elikclgs dksbldrhthdgs? ks hquå dg`dk kc VB mukjh u` phpkc lepgrth`tåsleg puks ch ighjuchilù` skrè kalilk`tk sl sk rkhclzh k` kc pu`tg lsgkcìitrlig? igeg kxlstk` euibhs prgtkå`hs k` kc egstg sk bh gpthdg pgr kc VB ;.9 igeg ìc ehs ig`vk`lk`tk. Ch vlgck`ilh dk ch knucclilù` l`acuyk thenlì` k`grhilù chilù` ighjuchilù` `g ch dks`hturhclzhilù`. Durh`tk ch knuccli knu cclilù` lù`. . Ch igc igcgrh ` thenlì thenlì` ` eès hue huek`t k`th hk`sgn sgnrk rk tgd tgdg g pgr ch agr agrehi ehilù` lù` dk ekch`g ekc h`gldl ldl`hs `hs,, the thenlì nlì` ` pgr gxldh gxldhilù ilù` ` dk th`l`g th`l`gs, s, kst ksths hs dg dgss rkh rkhiil iilg` g`ks ks sg` ahvgrkildhs pgr kc VB kckvhdg. Vgr ýctleg h cg chrjg dk ch knucclilù` sk agreh` prgduitgs rkduitgrks quk ig`trlnuyk` h ch ihcldhd y ksthnlcldhd dk ikrvkzh. Kc Cupuchdg dkc egstg sk rkhclzh trhdlilg`hcek`tk durh`tk ksth gpkrhilù`, ks dkilr k` ch phlch dk knucclilù`. Kc hehrjgr ks gntk`ldg pgr lsgekrlzhilù` dk cgs èildgs y dkc cýpucg? ksth lsgekrlzhilù` ks l`igepckth dknldg prl`ilphcek`tk hc VB dkc egstg, kc VB ùptleg dk lsgekrlzhilù` ks 6 ½i . Durh`tk kc k`arlhelk`tg u` `ukvg prkilp prk ilplth lthdg dg dk pg pgclak clak`gc `gcksks-prg prgtkå tkå`hs `hs sk agreh, agreh, pgr u` chd chdg g pgr k`c k`chi hiks ks dk bldrùjk`g y thenlì` pgr ch ahcth dk sgcunlcldhd dk chs prgchel`hs. Ch prksk`ilh dk kstk `ukvg prkilplthdg mukjh u` rgc ksk`ilhc sgnrk ch agrehilù` dk B >Y pgr  ch ckvhdurh. Kc egstg k`arlhdg, k` prl`ilplg kstìrlc, dknk skr hlrhdh h`tks dkc l`lilg dk ch akrek`thilù`, dk `g skr hlrhdh ch thsh dk egrthcldhd ckvurlh`h huek`thråh h thc pu`tg quk ch ckvhdurh `g pgdråh skr rkutlclzhdh? ch gxljk`hilù` dkc egstg h`tks dkc l`lilg dk ch akrek`thilù` pkreltk h ch ckvhdurh sl`tktlzhr èildgs jrhsgs l`shturhdgs (gckåigs, cl`gckåigs, y cl`gcì`ligs), k` husk`ilh dk kstgs èildgs jrhs jrhsgs gs ch ph phrk rkd d ikcu ikcuch chrr ksth ksth sumk sumkth th h hc hctk tkrh rhil ilg` g`ks ks cg iu iuhc hc cg bh bhik ik eè eèss pkrekhnck h cgs ìstkrks igrrkspg`dlk`tks h cgs hcigbgcks supkrlgrks quk kcch elseh agreh. Ch igepgslilù` dkc egstg ks euy vhrlhnck k` au`ilù` hc tlpg dk ikrvkzh ahnrlihdh, su dk`sldhd pukdk vhrlhr k`trk > h >6 ½V (jrhdgs Vchtg) ks dkilr quk pukdk ig`tk`kr dk > h >6 jr dk sgcutg pgr 866 jrs dk cåquldg? h su vkz pukdk skr rlig g `g k` hel`gèildgs y pìptldgs k` au`ilù` dk ch lepgrth`ilh dk ch prgtkùclsls y dk ch prgpgrilù` dk hdmu`tgs utlclclzzhdgs. Ch rkchilù` ehctgsh/dkxtrl`hs ks ljuhcek`tk vhrlhnck dk hiukrdg hc eìtgdg dk igilelk`tg ksigjldg. Dk eh`krh jk`krhc sk pukdk dkilr quk kc egstg ks u` ekdlg l`igepcktg, `grehcek`tk ihrk`tk dk hel`gèildgs y èildgs jrhsgs l`shturhdgs puks ks lepgslnck gntk`kr u` irkilelk`tg rèpldg y igepcktg dk ckvhdurh? igsh quk `g suikdk sl sk trhthrh dk u` ekdlg sl`tìtlig h nhsk dk kxtrhitgs dk ckvhdurh. AK^EK@THILG@= Ch akrek`thilù` mukjh u` rgc ksk`ilhc k` ch ihcldhd dk ch ikrvkzh, k` phrtliuchr  jrhilhs h cgs prgduitgs skiu`dhrlgs igeg cgs hcigbgcks supkrlgrks y ìstkrks? ks thenlì` ch kthph dk ch ahnrlihilù` eès dlaåilc dk ig`trgchr. Ch ckvhdurh quk ks rkutlclzhdh dk u`h akrek`thilù` h gtrh `g tlk`k u` ekthngclseg ksthnck? kcch dkjk`krh. Ksth dkjrhdhilù` ks dknldh h u`h l`akiilù` pgr prksk`ilh dk gtrgs elirggrjh`lsegs, `l bhnltuhcek`tk thepgig dknldg h u`h euthilù`? dknldg h egdlalihilg`ks prgjrkslvhs dk ch ekenrh`h ikcuchr y dk ch hitlvldhd k`zleètlih dk ch ckvhdurh. Chs akrek`thilg`ks sg` egdlalihilg`ks dkc ekthngclseg ikcuchr, ks dkilr kc ig`mu`tg dk egdlalihilg`ks nlgquåelihs y aåslihs. Kstk ekthngclseg igeprk`dk kc ihthngclseg y h`hngclseg. Yk bh prkphrhdg u` cåquldg igepckmg y sk bh purlalihdg iuldhdgshek`tk bhsth kc egek`tg dk hjrkjhr ch ckvhdurh ikrvkikrh phrh prgduilr su akrek`thilù`. Hc al`hc dk ksth iuh`dg cgs hzuihrks

 

bh` sldg trh`sagrehdgs bhsth hcigbgc y jhs ihrnù`lig sk tk`drè ch ikrvkzh. Dkspuìs dk ch akrek`thilù` ch ikrvkzh ks skphrhdh dk ch ckvhdurh,ch iuhc pukdk skr utlclzhdh phrh akrek`thr ehs egstg,pgstkrlgrek`tk. Ch ikrvkzh sk dkmh dk mh u` dk dktk tkre rel` l`hd hdg g tltlke kepg pg k` rk rkpg pgsg sg durh durh`t `tk k kc iu iuhc hc sk alalmh mh` ` il ilkr krth thss iuhcldhdks y sk ichrlalih `hturhcek`tk? dkspuìs ks alctrhdh. Kc prl`ilphc prgduitg gntk`ldg durh`tk ch akrek`thilù` ks kc hcigbgc ktåclig pkrg sk ig`gik dgs tlpgs dk ak akre rek k`t `thi hilg lg`k `kss k` ikr krvvkikr kikråh åh ch ak akre rek` k`th thil ilù ù` dk supkr upkralaliilk y ch akrek`thilù` dk ag`dg. Akrek`thilù` dk supkralilk.- Yk ush ckvhdurh quk vh h ch supkralilk dkc cåquldg dkspuìs dk alctrhr ch akrek`thilù`. Ig` kstk slstkeh sk bhik` ikrvkzhs tlpg  Hck, Vgrtkr, Chenli. Akrek`thilù` dk ag`dg.- Yk kepckh u` tlpg dk ckvhdurh quk qu k sk skdl skdlek ek`t `th h hc ag ag`d `dg g dk ch tltl`h `h dk dksp spuì uìss dk bh bhnk nkrr kaki kakitu tuhd hdg g ch ak akre rek` k`th thil ilù` ù` dkc dkc egst egstg g ig ig` ` kc kcch ch sk bhik bhik` ` ik ikrv rvkz kzhs hs tltlpg pg Ch Chjk jkr. r. K` ch chss ikrvkikråhs `hilg`hcks sk kepckh kstk tlpg dk akrek`thilù`. Dksirlpilù` dkc prgiksg= Yk hjrkjh hc egstg aråg , ckvhdurh k` u`h ih`tldhd ihciuchdh, phrh quk qukdk k` kc egstg dk 2 h 86 elccg`ks dk iìcuchs pgr ii. Vhrh ch akrek`thilù` dk egstg ig`ik`trhdg, sk ush u` elccù` dk iìcuchs pgr ii pgr ihdh jrhdg pchtg dkc egstg. Ch ih`tldhd dk ckvhdurh prkvlhek`tk dktkrel`hdh sk dlcuyk k` kc egstg y cukjg sk l`ykith h ch cå`kh dk egstg aråg durh`tk kc k`arlhelk`tg. Ch ih`tldhd tgthc dk ckvhdurh quk sk l`ykith sk ihciuch tk`lk`dg kc iuk`th kc vgcuek` dk egstg quk vh ig`tk`kr ch tl`h dk akrek`thilù`. Ch tkepkrhturh l`lilhc dk ak akre rek` k`th thil ilù` ù` pukd pukdk k vh vhrl rlhr hr k`tr k`trk k 1 h 86 ½I . [` [`h h vk vkzz qu quk k sk l` l`li lilh lh ch akrek`thilù` sk hprkilh` igeg ihenlgs `gtgrlgs, kc dksik`sg dkc kxtrhitg, ch prgd prgdui uiil ilù` ù` dk jh jhss ih ihrn rnù` ù`li lig g y kc dk dksp sprk rk`d `dlel lelk` k`tg tg dk ih ihcg cgr? r? du durh rh`t `tk k ch akrek`thilù` sk ig`trgch kc dksik`sg dk ch dk`sldhd rkjuch`dg ch tkepkrhturh ig` htkepkrhdgrks (skrpk`tl`ks g ibhqukths), pgr cgs iuhcks ilriuch hjuh aråh g shceukrh g hjuh jcligchdh h tkepkrhturhs quk gsilch` k`trk 8 h >½I phrh kc ihsg dkc hjuh y dk -; h -86½I. phrh kc ihsg dk ch shceukrh g kc hjuh jcligchdh. Vhrh Vh rh rkig rkigck ckit ithr hr kc jh jhss ihrn ihrnù` ù`li lig g qu quk k sk dk dksp sprk rk`d `dk k dk ch akre akrek` k`th thil ilù` ù`,, igeý`ek`tk kstèyig`kithdg supkrlgr ig` dgs tunkråhs? u`h quk vh h kc ch th`quk l`tkepkrlk ch gtrh qukpgr vhchh phrtk ch pch`th dk purlalihilù` dk jhs ihrnù`lig. K` ch pch`th dk jhs ihrnù`lig, ìstk ks purlalihdg y cliuhdg ig` kc al` dk l`ykithrcg pgstkrlgrek`tk h ch ikrvkzh. Iuh`dg sk hcih`zh kc kxtrhitg cåeltk g skh bhsth dg`dk sk ck vh h dkmhr akrek`thr sk hnrk kc aråg phrh ig`skjulr  k`arlhr ch ikrvkzh y phrh quk ch ckvhdurh sk hclek`tk. Yk ig`sljuk k`arlhr ch ikrvkzh bhsth ;½I. y sk suspk`dk kc k`vlù dk jhs ihrnù`lig h ch pch`th, cukjg sk ngenkh ch ikrvkzh h cgs th`quks dk ehdurhilù` y sk rkiupkrh ch ckvhdurh.  H ch ih`tldhd dk ckvhdurh gntk`ldh k` ihdh akrek`thilù` sk ck dk`gel`h igskibh dk ckvhdurh , cg `grehc ks gntk`kr 4 vkiks ch ih`tldhd dk ckvhdurh hjrkjhdh. EHD[^HILG@= Ig` kc `genrk dk ehdurhilù` sk dlstl`juk ch kthph sljulk`tk h ch akrek`thilù` y igeprk`dk tgdg kc tlkepg hquk durk ch ikrvkzh k` cgs th`quks h nhmh

 

tkepkrhturh h`tks dk skr alctrhdh. Igeý`ek`tk sk dlvldk k` dgs kthphs quk sg` sg ` rkpg rkpgsg sg y hihn hihnhd hdg, g, k` k`trk trk kc rk rkpg pgsg sg y kc hihn hihnhd hdg g pu pukd kdk k bh bhnk nkrr u` u`h h prkalctrhil prkal ctrhilù`, ù`, prkk`arlhe prkk`arlhelk`tg lk`tg y prkihrng`h prkihrng`hthilù thilù`. `. Ch ehdu ehdurhilù rhilù` ` sk pukd pukdk k bhikr = Dgs kthphs ^kpgsg y hihnhdg y durh`tk kc rkpgsg bhikr u`h skju`dh akrek`thilù`, k` kc phsg dk rkpgsg h hihnhdg ch tkepkrhturh ks dk > h 9½I. y k` hihnhdg sk pukdk k`arlhr h -8½I. Akrek`thr bhsth kc kxtrhitg cåeltk Kstk slstkeh ks hekrlih`g y k` kc phsg dk akrek`thilù` h rkpgsg sk kakitýh kc k`arlh k`a rlhelk elk`tg `tg y k`t k`trk rk rkpgsg rkpgsg y hih hihnhd nhdg, g, prk prkihr ihrng ng`ht `hthil hilù`, ù`, prk prkalct alctrhi rhilù` lù` y prkk`arlhelk`tg y durh`tk ch alctrhilù` al`hc sk bhik thenlì` k`arlhelk`tg. Cgs gnmk gn mktltlvg vgss dk ch eh ehdu durh rhil ilù` ù` sg sg` ` hi hiue ueuc uchr hr g hc hceh ehik ik`h `hrr ikrvk krvkzh zh,, dk dkmh mhr  r  skdlek`thr k` agreh `hturhc ch ehtkrlh hegrah y ch ckvhdurh quk hý` tlk`k ch ikrvkzh, rkal`hilù` dkc shngr pgr kclel`hilù` dk chs susth`ilhs vgcètlcks quk ihush` kc shngr vkrdk, skphrhilù` pgr prkilplthilù` dk cgs igepukstgs quk sk agreh` hc skr k`arlhdh ch ikrvkzh, ks euy lepgrth`tk ig`sldkrhr quk ch ikrvkzh sk k`turnlh hc skr k`arlhdh dkspuìs dk bhnkr sldg alctrhdh, gtrg dk cgs gnmktlvgs ks igepckthr ch htk`uhilù` cåeltk quk `g bh sldg hcih`zhdh k` ch akrek`thilù` y thenlì` sk nusih ihrng`hthr ch ikrvkzh. Hc rkilnlr ch ikrvkzh k` u` th`quk dk ehdurhilù` ks `kikshrlg ig`trhprkslg`hr phrh kvlthr ch shcldh dk jhs y ch agrehilù` dk kspueh. Ks u` ahitgr quk pukdk ig`trlnulr h ch dkalilk`ilh dk kspueh. Durh`tk ch ehdurhilù` ch ikrvkzh dknk eh`tk`krsk nhmg prkslù` dk 6.9 h 6.; hteùsakrhs phrh kvlthr ch gxldhilù` y ahilclthr ch ichrlalihilù` (ch ckvhdurh ig` prkslù` tlk`dk h skdlek`thrsk y ehs ig` aråg) y sk kvlth kc kxiksg dk purjh. Hc rkilng ch ig`trhprkslù` pukdk skr ig` hlrk g ig` jhs ihrnù`lig. Dkspuìs sk dkmh nhmhr ch prkslù` ig` kc gnmktg dk kakituhr purjh y kclel`hr hlrk k` ch phrtk vhiåh dkc th`quk. Cukjg sk ilkrrh y sk sgstlk`k hcjg dk prkslù` pgrquk sl `g , bhy kclel`hilù` dk euibhs susth`ilhs vgcètlcks y sk hakith kc hrgeh dk ch ikrvkzh. Kc th`quk `g sk cck`h igepckthek`tk Yl ch ehdurhilù` ks euy chrjh g prgcg`jhdh kc shngr sk suhvlzh dkehslhdg, plkrdk iukrpg, plkrdk hehrjg y qukdh euy slepck hphrtk dk quk ks euy igstgsg tk`kr ehdurhilg`ks chrjhs, puks sk `kikslth` euibgs th`quks.jk`krhcek`tk th`quks.jk`krhcek`tk sk dkmh u` > h ; % dk ièehrh clnrk. h ch tkepkrhturh dk ikrvkzh k` ehdurhilù` sk kspkilalih k`trk -> Ig` rkspkitg y 6.½I. sl sk bhik skju`dh ehdurhilù` sk phsh h ch kthph dk rkpgsg dk > h 9½I. y iuh`dg sk phsh hc hihnhdg sk k`aråh h ->½I. Yl ks ehygr dk 6½I.pukdk prksk`thrsk hutùclsls dk ch ckvhdurh quk phsh h ehdurhilù` hakith`dg kc shngr, sk prksk`th` ighjuchilg`ks dk chs susth`ilhs quk prkilplth` k` aråg (prgt kgshs g pk pkpt ptg` g`hs hs - th th`l `l`g `gs) s) y pg pgrr th th`t `tg g sk gn gntltlk` k`k` k` ik ikrv rvkz kzhs hs qu quåe åeli lihe hek` k`tk tk l` l`ks ksth thnc ncks ks,, th then enlì lì` ` pgr pgr ksth ksth tk tkep epkr krht htur urh h hc hcth th `g sk gn gntlk tlk`k `k u`h u`h nu nuk` k`h h ichrlalihilù` y pgr cg th`tg ikrvkzhs euy turnlhs hc al`hc dk ch ehdurhilù` quk ihush` prgnckehs k` ch alctrhilù`. Hc sunlr ch tkepkrhturh sk pukdk huek`thr kc kakitg dk ch gxldhilù`. K` rkakrk`ilh hc tlkepg dk ch ehdurhilù` iuh`dg sk bhik k` u`h sgch kthph sk dkmh dk > h 9 skeh`hs. Iuh`dg ks k` dgs kthphs kc tlkepg dk ch prlekrh kthph durh igeý`ek`tk > skeh`hs y kc tlkepg dk hihnhdg g skju`dh kthph durh hprgxlehdhek`tk u`h skeh`h. Ch prgduiilù`

 

dknk skr prgjrhehdh dk thc eh`krh quk ch ikrvkzh tk`jh u`h ehdurhilù` u`lagrek. Yl kc tlkepg ks igrtg ek`gs dk 8; dåhs ks pgslnck quk sk gntk`jh u` shngr sh ngr vkr vkrdk, dk, `g prk prkilp ilpltk ltk` ` chs susth` susth`ilh ilhss qu quk k ih ihush ush` ` ksthnl ksthnlcld cldhd hd quå quåeli elih h dkalilk`tk, `g sk ichrlalquk nlk` ch ikrvkzh grljl`h`dg prgnckehs dk alctrhilù`.  Hc al`hc dk ch ehdurhilù` igeg sk vh h cckvhr h ihng u`h alctrhilù` y pgr cg th`tg u`h kclel`hilù` dk ch ckvhdurh sk tk`drè quk prgtkjkr ch ikrvkzh hjrkjè`dgck h`tlgxldh`tks phrh quk sk igenl`k` ig` kc gxåjk`g y kvlthr quk sk igenl`k ig` ch ikrvkzh pudlì`dgsk kepckhr èildg hsiùrnlig g nlsucaltg dk sgdlg g pgthslg y phrh ekmgrhr ch ichrlalihilù` dk ch ikrvkzh sk kepckh` ichrlalih`tks quk pukdk` skr jkchtl`h, vlruth y u`h ekzich dk nk`tg`lth ig` èildg tè`lig. Ch ichrlalihilù` `grehc dk ch ikrvkzh k` ehdurhilù` ks hakithdh pgr ehcths euy arksihs sl` kc dknldg tlkepg dk rkpgsg, tkepkrhturhs hcths k` ehdurhilù`, hctg kxtrhitg akrek`thnck rkslduhc, pgig tlkepg dk ehdurhilù`, ahcth dk prkslù` pgsltlvh k` cgs th`quks dk ehdurhilù` y thenlì` pgr ehcths ehc egdlalihdhs g ig` u` hctg ig`tk`ldg dk nkth jcuih`gs. Vhrh prgtkjkr ch ikrvkzh ig`trh ch tu turn rnlk lkdh dhd d alal`h `h g pg pgrr ar aråg åg sk ke kepc pckh kh` ` ks ksth thnl nlclclzzhdgr hdgrks ks qu quk k sg sg` ` k` k`zzle lehs hs prgtkgcåtlihs dk grljk` vkjkthc igeg ch phphl`h dk ch phphyh g ch nrgekcl`h dk ch pløh. Kc kakitg dk cgs ksthnlclzhdgrks ig`trh ch turnlkdhd pgr aråg ks dkjrhdhr  prgtkå`hs, prgtkgshs y pkptg`hs bhsth pgclpìptldgs phrh quk `g sk igenl`k` ig` cgs h`tgilh`ùjk`gs y `g sk agrek` chs prgtkå`hs th`l`gs quk gihslg`k` turnlkdhd, kstgs sk hjrkjh` pgr cg jk`krhc h`tks dk ch alctrhilù`.

KCHNG^HILG@ DK IK^QK]H H^TKYH@HC

 

KX[LVGY VH^H CH KCHNG^HILG@ DK IK^QK]H Kqulpgs `kikshrlgs phrh ch kchngrhilù` dk ikrvkzh hrtksh`hc           

Egcl`g h rgdlccgs Xukehdgrks (hdkiuhdgs h cltrhmks k` IHC/B) Gcch dk hjuh ihclk`tk Gcch dk ehikrhilù` (ig` ahcsg ag`dg g alctrg rktk`ilù`) Gcch dk bkrvgr  Ngenhs dk trhsphsg K`arlhdgr ig`trhigrrlk`tk (L`tkrihenlhdgr dk ihcgr) Akrek`thdgr  Cck`hdgrh dk ngtkcchs Thphdgrh dk ngtkcchs  Hiiksgrlgs vhrlgs

V^GIKYG DK KCHNG^HILÙ@ DK IK^QK]H H^TKYH@HC Kc prgiksg dk kchngrhilù` dk ikrvkzh hrtksh`hc ig`sth dk u`h skrlk dk kthphs quk dkthcchrkegs h ig`tl`uhilù`. Vudlk`dg vhrlhr skjý` rkikth g ehkstrg ikrvkikrg. Egckrr ch ehct ehcth h prka prkakr krk` k`tk tkek ek`t `tk k k` eg egclcl`g `g h EGCL EG CLDG DG DK CH EH EHCT CTH= H= Egck rgdlccgs. Egckr ih`tldhd `kikshrlh skjý` cltrgs h kchngrhr. IHCK@TH^ HJ[H DK EHIK^HILÙ@= Ihck`thr kc hjuh phrh kc ehikrhdg h u`h tkepkrhturh hprgxlehdh dk :2¶I. KEVHYTK=  Ekzichr k` kc ehikrh rhd dgr ch ehct cth h egcld ldh h ig` kc hjuh prkvlhek`tk ihck`thdh. Ch tkepkrhturh dk ch ekzich sk ksthnlclzh k` 1;¶I hprgxlehdhek`tk. ^KIL^I[CHDG= ^kilriuchr kc egstg, shclk`dg dksdk ch phrtk l`akrlgr dk ch gcch dk ehikrhilù` y vgcvlk`dg h l`jrkshr pgr ch phrtk supkrlgr dk ch elseh. Ig` Ig ` ks kstg tg cg cgjr jrhe hegs gs bg bgeg egjk jk`k `klz lzhr hr ch dk`s dk`sld ldhd hd dk ch ekzi ekzich ch (egs (egstg tg)) ahvgrkilk`dg h ch kxtrhiilù` dk hzuihrks akrek`thncks. KRT^HIILÙ@/CHQHDG= Kxtrhkr kc egstg y dlrljlrcg h ch gcch dk bkrvgr. Yk l`igrpgrh hjuh h ::¶I hprgxlehdhek`tk hc ehikrhdgr h ekdldh quk sk qulth kc egstg dkc elseg. Kxtrhyk`dg ch ehygr ih`tldhd dk kckek`tgs akrek`thncks hc chvhr kc jrh`g, bhsth cgjrhr dk`sldhd dkskhdh dkc egstg. BK^QG^= Ihck`thr k` gcch dk bkrvgr bhsth cgjrhr knucclilù`. Eh`tk`kr pgr  u` tlkepg hprgxlehdg dk 16 el`utgs. C[V[CHDG= hjrkjhr kc :6% dkc cýpucg hc igek`zhr kc bkrvgr, skrè kc rkspg` rks pg`shn shnck ck dkc shn shngr gr hehrjg hehrjg ihrhit ihrhitkrå kråstl stlig ig dk ch ikrvkz ikrvkzh. h. Hc al`hcl al`hclzhr  zhr  bkrvgr hjrkjhr rkstg dk cýpucg. K@A^LHDG= K`arlhr ekdlh`tk dlspgsltlvg ig`trhigrrlk`tk (l`tkrihenlhdgr dk ihcgr) k`vlh`dg egstg arlg hc akrek`thdgr.

HDLILG@ DK CH CKQHD[^H= L`giuchr (hjrkjhr) ckvhdurh hc akrek`thdgr.

 

AK^EK@THILG@= sk prgduik dk`trg dk th`quk dk akrek`thilù`. Yk cgjrh cgs pkralcks dkskhdgs y hc elseg tlkepg phrtk dkc egstg sk trh`sagrehrè k` hcigbgc. Yk dkspldk IG> (`g pkreltlk`dg k`trhdh dk hlrk hc l`tkrlgr pgr  pgskkr trheph dk hlrk. ICH^LALIHILG@= Vurjhr th`quk dk akrek`thilù` qulth`dg kc kxikdk`tk dk ch ck ckvh vhdu durh rh (d (dki kih` h`th thdh dh). ). Dk Dkmh mh`d `dg g rk rkpg pgsh shrr rkst rkstg g dk dkcc egst egstg g dk dk`t `trg rg dk dkcc akrek`thdgr. ikrv rvkz kzh h dk`g dk`gel el`h `hdh dh –v –vkr krdk dk―― sk k` k`vh vhsh sh k` ng ngtk tkcccchs hs g K@QHYHDG = Ch ik nhrrlcks, skccè`dgchs h prkslù` ig` igrrkspg`dlk`tks thphs. K` su l`tkrlgr sk prgd pr gdui uilr lrè è u`h u`h skju skju`d `dh h ak akre rek` k`th thil ilù` ù`.. Kc IG> IG> clclnk nkrh rhdg dg prgd prgdui uilr lrè è ch ihrng`hthilù` dk ch ikrvkzh. lkep epg g `ki kiks kshr hrlg lg k` kc iu iuhc hc ch ikrvk krvkzh zh hdqu qulk lkrk rk EHD[^HILÙ@= Tlk prgplkdhdks dkskhdhs (shngr y hrgeh). igrrkspg`dlk`tks. KTLX[KTHDG= Ktlqukthr ngtkcchs igrrkspg`dlk`tks. DKAKITGY DK CH IK^QK]H IH[YHDGY VG^ ELI^GG^JH@LYEGY Kxlstk` Kxlst k` dla dlakrk krk`tk `tkss elirgg elirggrjh rjh`ls `lsegs egs ihphik ihphikss dk hct hctkrh krhrr ch ikrvkz ikrvkzh. h. Cgs elirggrjh`lsegs hctkrh` ch ikrvkzh ekdlh`tk ch prgduiilù` dk susth`ilhs quk ihush` gcgrks y shngrks dkshjrhdhncks g quk prgduik` turnldkz. K`trk cgs eli elirgg rggrjh rjh`ls `lsegs egs `g `gilv ilvgs gs ph phrh rh ch ikrvkz ikrvkzh h sk k`i k`iuk` uk`trh trh` ` ckv ckvhdu hdurhs rhs kcåptlihs ihphiks dk akrek`thrch, pkrtk`kilk`tks hc jì`krg Yhiibhrgeyiks, chitgnhilcgs y thenlì` nhitkrlhs prgduitgrhs dk èildg hiìtlig. Mu`tg h kstgs elirggrjh`lsegs ch ikrvkzh pukdk ig`thel`hrsk durh`tk su ahnrlihilù` ig` ckvhd ckv hdurh urhs, s, nhitkr nhitkrlhs lhs y bg` bg`jgs jgs quk quk `g pch`tk pch`tkh` h` prg prgnck nckehs ehs lep lepgrt grth`t h`tks ks pgrquk k` chs ig`dlilg`ks h`hkrùnlihs dk ch ikrvkzh, h vhcgrks dk pB igeprk`dldgs k`trk 4,6 y 4,; y h`tk u` ig`tk`ldg dk hcigbgc supkrlgr hc 9,6% `g sk dkshrrgcch` g su dkshrrgccg ks l`slj`lalih`tk. Ckvhdurhs ig`thel`h`tks Chs ck ckvvhdu durh rhss qu quk k eès dhøh` øh` ch ikrv krvkz kzh h sg sg` ` dl dlvvkrsh krshss ikp kphs hs dk Yhiibh Yhi ibhrge rgeyik yikss ikr ikrkvl kvlslh slhk k y hcju` hcju`hs hs ckv ckvhdu hdurhs rhs kcåptl kcåptlihs ihs dk ch ks kspki pkilk lk Yhiibh Yhi ibhrge rgeyik yikss uv uvhru hrue. e. Iuh`d Iuh`dg g ch cleplk cleplkzh zh dk chs ken kengtk gtkcch cchdgr dgrhs hs ks dkakitugsh y k` chs ngtkcchs dk ikrvkzh kxlstk hlrk, k` ch supkralilk dkc cåquldg pukdk` k`ig`trhrsk ckvhdurhs agrehdgrhs dk vkcgs igeg Vliblh ekenrh`hkahilk`s, Vliblh ahrl`gsh, Bh`sk`uch h`gehch, Ih`dldh utlcls y gtrhs kspkilks. Ksths ckvhdurhs y cgs bg`jgs `g sk prgphjh` durh`tk kc prgiksg dk ahnrlihilù` dk ch ikrvkzh dknldg h chs ig`dlilg`ks h`hkrùnlihs rkl`h`tks. Yhiibhrgeyiks phstgrlh`us pukdk ig`thel`hr ch ikrvkzh agreh`dg iìcuchs k` eh ehsh sh,, kcåp kcåptltlih ihss g rk rkdg dg`d `dkh khdh dhss qu quk k prgd prgdui uik` k` gc gcgr grks ks y sh shng ngrk rkss dkshjrhdhncks.. Ksth kspkilk akrek`th nlk` ch jcuigsh, ehctgsh y shihrgsh y dkshjrhdhncks >/9 dk ch ahrl`gsh. @g akrek`th ch chitgsh `l ch jhchitgsh. Ch ckvhdurh eès pkcljrgsh phrh chiìcuchs ikrvkzh ks Y.prksk`th` vhcldus, ihphz dk akrek`thr 9/9 sk dk bh ch rhal`gsh y iuyhs thenlì` agreh kcåptlih. Y. vhcldus

 

ldk`tlalihdg igeg Y. uvhrue, ckvhdurh `gilvh quk `g dknk ig`au`dlrsk ig` ch ckvh ckvhdu durh rh dk iu iuctctlv lvg g Y. uvhr uvhrue ue,, g ig ig` ` ch ck ckvh vhdu durh rh dk ik ikrv rvkz kzh h Y. ihrcsnkrjk`sls, ig`gildh thenlì` igeg Y. uvhrue. Ch ig`thel`hilù` ig` ckvhdurhs shcvhmks sk dknk k` ch ehygråh dk cgs ihsgs hc kqulpg y ig`duiilg`ks, k` ehc ksthdg dk cleplkzh, ig` cgs quk ig`th ig `thith ith kc egstg egstg dk ikrvk ikrvkzh. zh. Chs ckv ckvhdu hdurhs rhs shc shcvh vhmks mks sk hdh hdhpth pth` ` ig` ahilcl ahi lcldhd dhd h chs ig` ig`dli dlilg` lg`ks ks rkl` rkl`h`t h`tks ks k` chs ng ngdkj dkjhs hs dk akrek akrek`th `thilù ilù`. `. Iuh`dg ch ig`thel`hilù` giurrk prkigzek`tk chs ckvhdurhs ig`thel`h`tks `g sk prgphjh` durh`tk ch akrek`thilù` prl`ilphc yh quk su irkilelk`tg rksucth l`blnldg pgr chs ckvhdurhs dk ikrvkikråh l`giuchdhs. Vukstg quk ch ehygr phrtk dk chs ckvhdurhs pkrmudlilhcks quk ig`thel`h` ch ikrvkzh tlk`k` ch prgplkdhd dk acgiuchr aèilcek`tk, hc l`ùiucg dk ckvhdurhs sukck høhdlrsk u`h u` h pkqu pkqukø køh h ih`t ih`tld ldhd hd dk ks ksth thss ck ckvh vhdu durh rhs. s. Eu Euib ibhs hs dk ch chss ck ckvh vhdu durh rhss ig`thel`h l`h`tks sg` trhskjhdhs ig` ch ikrvk rvkzh hc dkpùslt ltg g dk hcehik`helk`tg. Vukstg quk ch ckvhdurh quk sk l`giuch k` ch iunh dk akrek`thilù` sukck rkutlclzhrsk, kc l`ùiucg sk k`rlqukik prgjrkslvhek`tk k` ckvhdurhs `gilvhs bhsth kc pu`tg dk pgdkr igeprgnhrsk su prksk`ilh pgr u` slepck ig`trgc elirgsiùplig. Ch phrtk chs ckvhdurhs ig`thel`h`tks ig` ahilcldhd k` ehygr ch ngdkjh dkdk hcehik`helk`tg. Chs ikrvkzhs sk qukdkshrrgcch` igrrk` eès rlksjg sg` chs quk sk hcehik`h` eès dk 4 skeh`hs. Durh`tk ch prlekrh ahsk dk hceh hcehik ik`h `hel elk` k`tg tg ch ikrv ikrvkz kzh h ichr ichrlalali lih h y ehdu ehdurh rh.. H cg cgss 86 86-8 -84 4 dåhs dåhs sk l`irkek`th dk `ukvg ch turnldkz dknldg h ch prksk`ilh dk Y. phstgrlh`us, quk hdkeès lephrtk h ch ikrvkzh u` gcgr y shngr dkshjrhdhnck. Iuh`dg kstg giurrk tgdgs cgs hphrhtgs, rkilplk`tks y ig`duiilg`ks quk bhyh` tk`ldg ig`thitg ig` ch ikrvkzh ig`thel`hdh dknkrè` cleplhrsk iuldhdgshek`tk y dksl`akithrsk. Thenlì` dknkrè` dksl`akithrsk cgs utk`slclgs dk cleplkzh. Iuh`dg Iuh `dg sk l`st l`sthur hurh h u` u`h h l`aki l`akiilù ilù` ` dk ckvhdu ckvhdurhs rhs ks d dk k ks kspkr pkrhr hr q quk uk ch ig`skrvhnlcldhd dk chs ikrvkzhs hcehik`hdhs hcehik`hdhs sk rkduzih dk > h 9 dåhs sl `g sk tg tgeh eh` ` ek ekd dld ldh hs hdk dkiiuh uhd dhs. hs. Vhrk rkil ild dgs prgnc rgnck keh ehss ihu hussh` ch chss ig`thel`hilg`kss ig` chs ckvhdurhs kcåptlihs Y. ikrkvlslhk y Y. uvhrue. ig`thel`hilg`k Dkakitgs dk ch ikrvkzh ihushdgs pgr nhitkrlhs Cgs chitgnhilcgs sg` u`gs ig`thel`h`tks pkcljrgsgs phrh ch ikrvkzh. Hc ljuhc quk chs ckvhdurhs, cgs chitgnhilcgs ig`thel`h` kc l`ùiucg y chs hjuhs dk cleplkzh. Thenlì` sg` auk`tks dk ig`thel`hilù` cgs vkstldgs, zhphtgs y ngths dkc pkrsg`hc.  Hså elseg, mukjh` u` phpkc lepgrth`tk k` ch hctkrhilù` dk ch ikrvkzh dlstl`ths kspkilks dk igigs pkrtk`kilk`tks h cgs jì`krgs Elirgigiius y Yhril` Yhr il`h. h. Chs kspkil kspkilks ks eès pkcljr pkcljrgsh gshss sg`= sg`= Eli Elirgi rgigii giius us ikr ikrkv kvlslh lslhk, k, E. cutkrus, E. arkudk`rklibll, E. achvus, E. ih`dldus, E. ig`jcgekrhtus, E. vhrlh`s, E. pygjk`ks vhr. Hcnus, E. clqukahilk`s, E. pltultgsus y E. hikrnus. K` euibhs ikrvkikråhs E. ikrkvlslhk ks ch kspkilk ihush`tk dk dkakitgs dk ch ikrvkzh. Igeg gtrgs euibgs igigs l`irkek`th kc ig`tk`ldg k` dlhiktlcg dk ch ikrvkzh, quk pukdk hcih`zhr u`h ig`ik`trhilù` dk > ej pgr cltrg dk

 

ikrvkzh. Iuh`dg kc ig`tk`ldg k` dliktg`hs dk ch ikrvkzh kxikdk dk 6,> ej pgr cltrg hphrkik u` gcgr dkshjrhdhnck y shngr h elkc. Cgs elirgigigs quk agreh` tìtrhdhs y shril`hs sg` euy pkrmudlilhcks phrh ch ikrvkzh. Kstg sk dknk h quk quk cg cgss igigs gigs sk hd hdh hpt pth` h` ig` ahi ahilclcld ldhd hd h ch chss ig ig` `dl dlil ilg` g`k ks h`hkrùnlihs dk ch ikrvkzh y ihush` turnldkz y egdlalihilg`ks dkc shngr. Cgs chitgnhilcgs thenlì` prgduik` turnldkz y èildgs. Chs kspkilks eès pkclj pk cljrgs rgshs hs sg` sg` Chitgn Chitgnhil hilccu ccuss pch`th pch`thrue rue,, Cn nrk nrkvls vls,, Cn phs phstgr tgrlh` lh`us us y Cn nuib`krl. Ch eh ehyg ygrå råh h dk cg cgss ch chit itgn gnhi hilclcgs gs,, quk quk tlk`k tlk`k` ` agre agreh h dk nh nhst stg` g`il iltg tg,, sg sg` ` elirghkrùalcgs y hnu`dh` k` chs ig`duiilg`ks dk ch ikrvkzh, ngenhs, alctrgs y gtrgs hphrhtgs. Durh`tk ch akrek`thilù` prl`ilphc sùcg hphrkik` k` ihsgs dk ig`thel`hilù` ehslvh. Iuh`dg ch ikrvkzh sk alctrh y plkrdk ch prgtkiilù` `htu `h turh rhcc qu quk k su supg pg`k `k` ` ch chss ck ckvh vhdu durh rhss ig`s ig`sue ueld ldgr grhs hs dk G> cg cgss cccche hehd hdgs gs –nhstg`iltgs dk ch ikrvkzh― sk dkshrrgcch` euy rèpldhek`tk. K` ch ikrvkzh k`iuk`trh` k`tg`iks nuk`hs ig`dlilg`ks ig`dlilg`ks phrh kc irkilelk`tg, yh quk utlclzh` cgs ihrngbldrhtgs rkslduhcks igeg auk`tk dk ihrng`g y cgs hel`gèildgs igeg auk`tk dk `ltrùjk`g. K` cgs eg egstg stgss dk ik ikrvk rvkikr ikråh åh prkph prkphrhd rhdgs gs k` aråg aråg slk slkepr eprk k hp hphrk hrkik ik` ` chs cche ccK`tkrgnhitkrlhikhs hehd hdhs hs tk tkre regn gnhi hitk tkrl rlhs hs.. Kstg Ks tgss el elir irgg ggrj rjh` h`ls lseg egss pk pkrt rtk` k`ki kik` k` h ch chss K`tkrgnhitkrlhikhs, , jì`krgs Ksibkrliblh y Hiktgnhitkr. Chs tkregnhitkrlhs tlk`k` agreh dk nhstg`iltgs igrtgs Jrhe `kjhtlvgs dk 8,6 h 9,6 »e dk cg`jltud, quk sk prksk`th` hlschdgs l`dlvlduhcek`tk g k` phrkmhs y quk tlk`k` u`h jrh` egvlcldhd durh`tk ch ahsk dk irkilelk`tg. Kstg Ks tgss elir elirgg ggrj rjh` h`ls lseg egss sk pr prgp gphj hjh` h` ig` ig` rèpl rèpldh dhek ek`t `tk k k` kc egst egstg g dk ikrv ik rvkz kzh h aråg aråg y k` k`rl rlqu quki kild ldg g k` gxåj gxåjk` k`g, g, pk pkrg rg dk dksh shph phrk rkik ik` ` du durh rh`t `tk k ch akrek`thilù` hc prgphjhrsk chs ckvhdurhs. Yl` kenhrjg, iuh`dg kc egstg sk l`giuch l`gi uch ig` ckvhd ckvhdurhs urhs dìnlcek`t dìnlcek`tk k akrek`thtlv akrek`thtlvhs, hs, quk rkqu rkqulkrk` lkrk` u` chrjg pkrågdg dk akrek`thilù` dknldg h quk ig`suek` vlthel`hs y hel`gèildgs lepgrt lep grth`t h`tks ks phrh phrh kc irkile irkilelk` lk`tg tg dk chs ckv ckvhdu hdurhs rhs.. Chs tkr tkregn egnhit hitkrlh krlhss lephrtk` h ch ikrvkzh u` gcgr pkrslstk`tk h hplg. Thenlì Then lì` ` pukd pukdk k k`ig k`ig`t `trh rhrs rsk k k` ch ik ikrv rvkz kzh h Ks Ksib ibkr krli libl blh h ig igclcl iuh` iuh`dg dg ch cleplkzh y ch dksl`akiilù` sg` dkalilk`tks. Kstk jkrek` pukdk cckjhr h ch ikrv ik rvkz kzh h dk dlvk dlvkrs rsgs gs eg egdg dgs, s, k` k`trk trk kc kccg cgss ig ig` ` kc l` l`ùi ùiuc ucg g dk ck ckvh vhdu durh rhs. s. Then Th enlì lì` ` kc hj hjuh uh dk clclep eplk lkzh zh bh sldg sldg ig ig` ` arki arkiuk uk`i `ilh lh u` u`h h auk` auk`tk tk dk ig`thel`hilù`. K igcl `g sk euctlpclih k` ch ikrvkzh pgrquk kc nhmg pB dk ch else el seh h y su kckv kckvhd hdg g ig ig`t `tk` k`ld ldg g k` hc hcig igbg bgcc sg` sg` dk dksa sahv hvgr grhn hnck ckss h su irkilelk`tg, pkrg, sl` kenhrjg, pukdk ig`skrvhr su vlhnlcldhd durh`tk dgs g trks skeh`hs. K` kc prgiksg tki`gcùjlig dk ahnrlihilù` dk ikrvkzh kc prl`ilphc pkcljrg dk l`akiilù` sk k`iuk`trh k` kc egstg aråg. Cgs jìrek`ks ig`thel`h`tks quk rkslstk` durh`tk kc k`arlhelk`tg y ichrlalihilù` dkc egstg h ch akrek`thilù` prl` prl`il ilph phcc ig ig`t `the hel` l`h` h` h ch chss ck ckvh vhdu durh rhss quk quk sk utlc utlclz lzh` h` ig igeg eg l` l`ùi ùiuc ucg g k` akrek`thilg`ks suikslvhs, prgphjè`dgsk hså ch ig`thel`hilù`. Hdkeès, ch ikrvkzh, u`h vkz alctrhdh, ks susikptlnck h ch ig`thel`hilù` pgr eýctlpcks

 

elirggrjh`lsegs yh quk kc gxåjk`g quk sk l`igrpgrh h ch elseh durh`tk ch alctrhilù` y kc trhslkjg `g ks ig`sueldg pgr chs ckvhdurhs. K` ch ik ikrvk rvkikr ikråh åh sk rkq rkqulk ulkrk rk u` ig`sth ig`sth`tk `tk ig`trg ig`trgcc eli elirgn rgnlgc lgcùjl ùjlig ig phr phrh h dksiunrlr chs auk`tks dk ig`thel`hilù` y u` prgjrheh hdkiuhdg dk cleplkzh y dksl`akiilù` hc gnmktg dk hskjurhr ch ksthnlcldhd nlgcùjlih dk ch ikrvkzh. 4. EHTK^L EHTK^LHCK HCKY, Y, KX KX[LV [LVGY GY K L@Y[ L@Y[EGY EGY Ehtkrlhcks=  Eksh dk trhnhmg  Eh`dlcks  Iuibhrhs  ^kilplk`tk (gcchs)  Kspètuch  Gcchs dk igil`h  Vrgnkths dk 866 ec  Nhcdk phrh ch akrek`thilù`  Nhzgs prkilplthdg dk >;6 ec y 166 ec  Ehtrhz Krck`ekykr dk 8666 ec 

igchdgr 

Kqulpgs=  Nhch`zh  Kqulpg dk Nhøg ehråh  Cliuhdgrh ig` egcl`g L`suegs=  >oj. dk iknhdh  Ckvhdurh (Yhiibhrgeyiks ikrkvlslhk)   Hzuihr   Hjuh ;. T^HNHM T^HNHMG G V^HITL V^HITLIG IG DK DKYH^ YH^^GC ^GCCHD CHDG G Ch prèitlih sk dkshrrgccù kc dåh 6< dk @gvlkenrk dkc >68-CT.82,rku`lì`dg`gs k l`jrksh`dg h chs 2.66 he hprgxlehdhek`tk, ig` kc pkrelsg rkspkitlvg dk cgs k`ihrjhdgs dk dlibg ksthnckilelk`tg. K` prlekr cujhr, `gs igcgihegs kc eh`dlc, y kepkzhegs ig` `ukstrg prgiksg, igeg ìrhegs jrupg dk 2 l`tkjrh`tks, tgdgs kepkzhegs h trhnhmhr  dk eh`krh ig`mu`th y bhilk`dg chngrks dlstl`ths.

 

^KIKVILÙ@ Yk rkikpilg`þ ch ehtkrlh prleh, k` kstk ihsg ch iknhdh, ckvhdurh y tgdgs cgs l`jrkdlk`tks h utlclzhr cgs iuhcks aukrg` igeprhdgs ig` h`tkrlgrldhd, gnskrvh`dg quk tgdgs kstì` k` ùptlehs ig`dlilg`ks phrh skr kepckhdgs k` kc prgiksg. HIG@DLILG@HELK@TG DK L@Y[EGY \ KX[LVGY K` ksth kthph dkc  prgiksg tgdgs cgs l`suegs y kqulpgs rkikpilg`hdgs aukrg` l`spkiilg`hdgs y hig`dlilg`hdgs phrh su usg durh`tk ch prèitlih. Iuh`dg ek`ilg`hegs kc hig`dlilg`helk`tg dk kqulpgs, `gs rkakrlegs h cgs phsgs `kikshrlgs phrh quk `ukstrg kqulpg k` kstk ihsg kc kqulpg dk nhøg ehråh, kstì clstg phrh su au`ilg`helk`tg. EGCLDG DK CH EHCTH=  K` ksth kthph kepckhegs u` egcl`g phrh gntk`kr u` ekmgr rksucthdg, kc egdg k` quk egclegs ch c h iknhdh auk dk u` ig`tl`ug egcldg dk pgrilg`ks pkqukøhs, kstg phrh gntk`kr u` egcldg kalilk`tk yh quk sl sk egcåh k` jrh`dks ih`tldhdks hc al`hclzhr cgs jrh`gs ihsl k`tkrgs. tkrel`hr ch egclk`dh ch iknhdh sk hprkilù ksthråh` quk kc vgcuek` dk ksthHcsk l `irkek`tù l`irkek`tù hc ljuhc dk quktgdh su hphrlk`ilh.

IHCK@TH^ HJ[H DK EHIK^HILÙ@= Igcgihegs k` u`h gcch 1 cltrgs dk hjuh, y ch puslegs k` kc kqulpg dk nhøg ehråh bhsth quk kc hjuh hcih`ik u`h tkepkrhturh dk :; ½I, hc cckjhr h ksth tkepkrhturh prgikdlegs hc sljulk`tk phsg. KEVHYTK=  Ksth gpkrhilù` ig`slstk k` ch hdlilù` dk ch ehcth egcldh hc hjuh h u`h tkepkrhturh dk :; ½I, cukjg dk kstg kspkrhegs quk sk ksthnlclik h u`h tk tkep epk krhtu rhturh rh dk 1; ½I, ½I, y cu cukj kjg g kspk spkrheg rhegss 8 bgrh egv gvlì lì` `dgcg dgcg ig`sth`tkek`tk ihdh 4 h ; el`utgs. KRT^HIILÙ@/CHQHDG=  Hc al`hclzhr ch gpkrhilù` dkc kephstk, prgikdlegs h ch kxtrhiilù` dk ch ehcth, phrh kccg kepckhegs u` igchdgr pkreltlk`dg kc phsg dkc ihcdg y kc ksth`ihelk`tg dk ch ehcth rkegmhdh, ksth sk kclel`h, elk`trhs kc ihcdg sk ig`skrvh phrh ch sljulk`tk kthph.

BK^QG^= Kc ihcdg gntk`ldg k` ch kxtrhiilù` quk auk hcrkdkdgr dk 1 cltrgs, sk cckvh `ukvhek`tk h ch eèqul`h dk nhøg ehråh phrh dhrck u` bkrvgr durh`tk 46 el`utgs hprgxlehdhek`tk.

K@A^LHDG=

 

 Hc al`hclzhr kc bkrvgr sk prgikdk h k`arlhr kc ihcdg bhsth quk cckjuk h tkepkrhturh henlk`tk, phrh cgjrhr u` sbgio tìrelig, ch tkepkrhturh al`hc auk dk 9> ½ I, y ig` kstg kc ihcdg qukdh clstg phrh ch hdlilù` dk ch ckvhdurh.

HDLILÙ@ DK CH CKQHD[^H= Tk`lk`dg kc ihcdg h ch tkepkrhturh ldkhc phrh ch akrek`thilù`, prgikdlegs h ch l`giuchilù` ch iuhc ig`slstk k` hjrkjhr cgs ; jrhegs dk ckvhdurh hc ihcdg, bgegjk`lzhegs y hbgrh pgdkegs phshr kc ihcdg hc dkpùsltg dg`dk sk akrek`thrè.

AK^EK@THILÙ@= Vhrh al`hclzhr kc prgiksg rkhclzhdg k` kc chngrhtgrlg prgikdlegs h igcgihr  kc ihcdg k` kc dkpùsltg al`hc phrh ch akrek`thilù`, k` dg`dk sk cgjrh cgs pkralcks dkskhdgs y hc elseg tlkepg phrtk dkc egstg sk trh`sagrehrè k` hcigbgc. K` ksth kthph sk iuldh dk quk `g l`jrksk G hc l`tkrlgr y kstk k` ig`thitg egstg, pkrg sk dknk iuldhr dk quk kc IG> prgduildg pgr  ch nhitkrlhig` skhkckclel`hdg hc kxtkrlgr.

ICH^LALIHILÙ@= Ksth kthph sk bh dkshrrgcchdg durh`tk ch prksk`tk skeh`h k` dg`dk qulthegs kc kxikdk`tk dk ch ckvhdurh (dkih`thdh). Dkmh`dg rkpgshr rkstg dkc egstg dk`trg dkc akrek`thdgr.

K@QHYHDG=  Hu` `g cg bkegs rkhclzhdg rkhclzhdg dknldg h quk hý hý` ` `gs k`ig`trhegs k` k` ch kthph dk akrek`thilù`.  HCEHIK@HELK@TG  Hu` `g cg bkegs rkhclzhdg rkhclzhdg dknldg h quk hý hý` ` `gs k`ig`trhegs k` k` ch kthph dk akrek`thilù`. 

 

1. AC[M AC[MGJ GJ^H ^HEH EH DK DKC C V^ V^GI GIKY KYG G ^KIKVILÙ@

HIG@DLILG@HELK@TG EGCLDG DK CH EHCTH

IHCK@TH^ HJ[H DK EHIK^HILÙ@

KEVHYTK

KRT^HIILÙ@/CHQHDG BK^QG^

K@A^LHDG

HDLILÙ@ DK CH CKQHD[^H

AK^EK@THILÙ@ . 

ICH^LALIHILÙ@ K@QHYHDG

HCEHIK@HELK@TG

 

:. ^KY[ ^KY[CT CTHD HDG GY Dkshrrgcchegs ig` ìxltg `ukstrh prèitlih, pkrg hu` `ukstrg prgduitg kstè k` su ilicg dk ehdurhilù`, pgr cg quk hý` `g pgdkegs tk`kr rksucthdgs al`hcks dk cg quk auk `ukstrh prhitlih y chs iuhcldhdks quk vh h tk`kr  `ukstrg prgduitg, kspkrh`dg quk skh dk cg ekmgr y hså igephrhr sus iuhcldhdks ig` u`h ikrvkzh trhdlilg`hc, yh quk `gsgtrgs `g ck hjrkjhegs Cýpucg, kc iuhc ck dhråh kc hehrjgr hc prgduitg. Cukjg quk phsk u`h skeh`h dk ehdurhilù` yh kstè k` ig`dlilg`ks dk h`hclzhr rksucthdgs y vkr kc rk`dlelk`tg y ihcldhd dk `ukstrg prgduitg.

2.  IG@IC[YLG@KY 





  Hprk`dlegs h kchngrhr ikrvkzh dk eh`krh hrtksh`hc, hpclih`dg u` prgiksg prèitlig y rèpldg, tk`lk`dg k` iuk`th dlvkrsgs phrèektrgs y ig`trgch`dg ilkrtgs ak`ùek`gs quk pukdh` pkrmudlihr su ihcldhd. ^kig`gilegs cgs l`suegs `kikshrlgs phrh kchngrhr ikrvkzh hrtksh`hc, y prgnhegs bhikrcg sl` hjrkjhrck Cýiucg, iuhc phshdg skeh`h dk` ak akre rek` k`th thil ilù` ù` pr prgn gnhr hrke kegs gs kc pr prgd gdui uitg tg ycg vk vkrk rkeg egs s ch ch vhrlh vhrlhil ilù` ù` ig ig` rkspkitg h sus iuhcldhdks `grehcks. @gsgtrgs cgs hcue`gs, `gs ahelclhrlikegs ig` kc usg y eh`kmg dk cgs kqulpgs y ehtkrlhcks h `lvkc dk chngrhtgrlg utlclzhdgs k` ch prèitlih h dkshrrgcchr, utlclzè`dgcgs dk agreh igrrkith y ig` kc iuldhdg dknldg.

.dkcglttk.ige/ig`tk`t/dhe/Dkcglttk/ex/Dgiuek `tk`t/dhe/Dkcglttk/ex/Dgiuek`ts/ig`suekr`ts/ig`suekrbttps=//www>.dkcglttk.ige/ig nusl`kss/>68:/Ikrvkzh-Hrtksh`hc-Ekxlig->68:.pda 

bttps=//plrbuh.udkp.kdu.pk/nltstrkhe/bh`dck/8864>/9>>/9>>6 /drhphch-bkr`h`dkz->682.pda  82.pda  bttp=//www.sgegsikrvkikrgs.ige/wp-ig`tk`t/upcghds/>684/88/T bttp=//www.sgegsikrvkikrgs.ige/wp-ig`tk`t/u pcghds/>684/88/Thcckr-Eh`kmghcckr-Eh`kmgCkvhdurhs-Ikrvkikrhs-Ch-Vchth->684.pda 

88.H@KRGY 8>.Ksqukehs